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2 Handouts Patterns of Development

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2 Handouts Patterns of Development

Uploaded by

heydaphnie
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT

CONTENT
The logical arrangement of ideas is known as the pattern of development. The pattern helps you follow ideas easily and understand a
text better. Having the ability to recognize it will help distinguish major details from minor ones and predict ideas.

There are different patterns by which ideas are developed. In determining the pattern of development of ideas in a text, note the signal
words used. These signal words may help you identify the pattern of development, but it is more important that you understand the
meaning of the text.

1. DEFINITION
Using definition to develop an idea helps to clarify and explain concepts by answering the questions “What does it mean?” This
pattern explains the information through the use of illustrations, examples and descriptions. It may include one or more different
patterns.

Signal Words for Definition


Is defined as Means To define
As defined Refers to To illustrate

2. EXEMPLIFICATION
An exemplification pattern presents the general statement and then provides specific and concrete examples to expound on the
main idea. Simply put, this pattern is used to provide an example of something.

Pay attention to the main idea and the specific examples, as these are the most important parts of this pattern.

Signal Words for Exemplification


After all For instance Namely That is
As an example In other words Put another way To be specific
Consider the following In particular Specifically To clarify
For example In short Stated differently To illustrate

3. DESCRIPTION (Sensory and Spatial)


A descriptive pattern basically provides details on the idea by using either a sensory or spatial pattern. Through a sensory
pattern, ideas are arranged based on one or all of the five senses. A spatial pattern, on the other hand, arranges ideas by
location or physical space.

Signal Words for Spatial Pattern or Visual Description


Above Around Between In front of Onto
Across Away from Beyond Inside Opposite to
Adjacent to Back of By Into Outside
Against Behind Down Near Over
Along Below Farther Off Throughout
Alongside Beneath Here On To the right
Amidst Beside In On top of Under

4. CHRONOLOGY/PROCEDURE
A chronological pattern organizes ideas or events according to time. It can either be in the form of a narration or a process. A
narration sequences events in the order in which they occurred in time, while a process organizes details based on stages or
steps.

Signal Words for Chronology


About Before In the meantime Prior to Tomorrow
After During Later Second Until
Afterwards Eventually Meanwhile Soon When
As soon as Finally Next Then Yesterday
At First Next week Till
At this/that point Immediately Presently Today

5. LISTING
A listing pattern organizes ideas using enumeration. Unlike a chronological pattern, listing does not require the items to be
sequenced chronologically because it does not have the elements of time. It basically presents a series of items (facts,
examples, features, reasons and tips) that support a main idea. make sure to pay attention to these essential aspects when
writing down your notes.

The following signal words will also help you in identifying such a pattern.

Signal Words for Listing


Additionally And then Further Likewise
Again Another Furthermore Moreover
Along with As well In addition Next
Also Besides In the same way Together with
And Equally important

6. COMPARISON-CONTRAST
A comparison-and-contrast pattern organizes ideas based on how events, places, people, things and concepts are similar to or
different from one another. There are two ways on how ideas can be arranged: separately, which involves describing one item
first followed by the second item; or side-by-side, which means discussing both items based on each point of comparison. The
sample text on the next page compares and contrasts two items side-by-side.

Signal Words for Comparing


Also Equally In the same way Similarly
As In a similar fashion Like To compare
Both In comparison Likewise

Signal Words for Contrasting


Although Despite Instead Otherwise
And yet Even so However Still
As opposed to Even though Nevertheless The fact remains
But In contrast Nonetheless Unlike
Conversely In spite of On the contrary Whereas
Counter to In the meantime On the other hand Yet

7. CLASSIFICATION AND DIVISION


A classification pattern organizes ideas into categories or divisions based on criteria and standards. This pattern can be used
when classifying people, objects, events, things, places and other items. Make sure to always double-check whether each term
is undeniably part of certain category. Avoid oversimplifying just so you may be able to assign something to a category, as it
may result in stereotyping.

Take note of the superordinate (name of the larger group) ideas, the subordinate (subcategories of a larger group) ideas, and
the relationship between them, since these are the most important parts of this pattern. You can also use a network tree to
better understand this pattern. The following signal words will also help you in identifying such a pattern.

Signal Words for Classification and Division


Another Classified as One kind The last group
Another kind Final type The first category The next part

8. CAUSE AND EFFECT


A cause-and-effect pattern organizes details based on the cause, the reason and the result or consequences of a certain
phenomenon. This pattern may discuss both the causes and effects, the causes only, or the effects only.

To better comprehend a text that follows a case-and-effect pattern, a fishbone map can be used. Other graphic organizers that
can be used are as follows:

Single Cause, Multiple Effects Single Effect, Multiple Causes Multiple Causes, Multiple Effects

Effect Cause Cause Effect

Cause Effect Effect Cause Cause Effect

Effect Cause Cause Effect

Alternating Causes/Effects in a Chain


(Domino Effect)

Cause
Effect
Cause
Effect

Signal Words for Causes


As For In view of (the fact) Owing to (the fact)
Because (of the fact) For the reason that In as much as Seeing that
Being that In that One reason since
Due to (the fact that)

Signal Words for Effects


Accordingly Consequently In consequence So that
As a consequence For this reason So Therefore
As a result (of this) hence So much (so) that Thus
Because (of this)

9. PROBLEM-SOLUTION
A problem-solution pattern organizes ideas into problems and proposed solutions. The problem section usually includes the
what, who, when. where, why and how of the problem. The other part then presents the major effects of the problem and the
possible solutions to address it, as well as the steps in implementing the solution. Note down these parts when you encounter
a problem-solution text.
Signal Words for Problem-Solution
But Nonetheless One solution is The problem
First, Second One reason for the One way is The solution

10. PERSUASION
A persuasion pattern organizes ideas to show how a set of evidence leads to a logical conclusion or argument. Specifically, this
pattern presents the issue, the position and the supporting evidence that supports the position. Make sure to check these three
essential elements while reading a persuasion text.

Signal Words for Emphasizing a Point


Again In that case To emphasize Truly
For this reason Indeed To repeat With this in mind
In fact

Signal Words for Concluding and Summarizing


Accordingly Consequently In brief Inevitably In a nutshell
All in all Due to In conclusion On the whole Therefore
As a result Finally In short Since Thus
As I have said In any event In summary In essence To sum up

Signal Words for Conceding a Point


Admittedly It is true that Obviously True
Assuredly Needless to say Of course Undoubtedly
Certainly No doubt To be sure Unquestionably
Granted

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