N APOLEON S

M A R S H A LS

R . P . D U NN P AT T I SO N,
-
MA .

36 Ess e x S T R E E T w . c
.
wfi c o

N A POLEON S
’

M A R S H A LS

R . P . D U NN P AT T ISO N,
-
MA . .

I
LATE L E UT ENANT ARG YLL AND S UT H ER LAND G
H I HLAN DE RS . AND
SOM ETI NR LECTURE R AT MAGDALE N COLLEG E OXF OR D
,

W I T H TW ENTY I LL USTRATI ONS

S E CO N D I I
E D T ON

M ETH UE N CO .

36 ES S EX STREET W . C .

LO N D O N
 C O NT E NTS

I NT ROD UCT ION 0

S Y N O PS I S OF TH E M A R S H A LS xv i ii

I L O U I S A L EXAN D RE B E R T H I ER M A R S H AL P R I N C E O F
WA G R A M S O V ER E I G N P R IN C E OF N E U C H AT E L AND
.
, ,

V ALA N G I N

II . J O A C H I M M U R A T M AR S H AL K IN G O F NA P L E S
, .

I II . AN D R E M A S SENA . M A R S H AL , DU K E OF R I V O L I, P R IN C E
or E S S L I N G

IV . JE AN BA PT I S T E J U L E S B ER NA DO TT E, M AR S H AL, PR I N C E
O F P O N T E CO R V O K I N G O F S W E D E N
,

V . JEA N D E D I E U NI C O LA S SO U LT , M AR S HA L, D U KE O F
D ALM A T IA

VI . JEA N LANN E S, MAR SH AL D UK E O F M O N T E B E LL O

,

VI I . M I C H E L N EY, M AR S H AL, D U KE O F E L C H I N G EN , P R I N CE
O F M OS KOW A

vuI . L O U I S NI CO LA S D A V O UT M A R S H AL
, , D U K E OF AU E R S T ADT,
P R I N C E OF E C K MU H L

IX . P
J A C QU E S ET I E NN E J O S E H AL EXA N D R E M A C DO NALD ,
M A R S H AL D U KE O F T A R E N TU M
,

x . A U G U S T E FR ED ER I C L O U I S V I E SS E DE MARM ONT ,

M A R S H AL D U K E O F R A G U S A
,

x1 . LOU I S G AB R I E L S U C H E T, M A R S H AL , D U K E OF ALB U F ER A . 2 19

XI I . LA U RE N T G O U V I O N S T CY R ,
. M A R S H AL
v
 NA P O L E O N S
’
M AR S H A LS
P AG E

XI I I . B O N A D R I E N JE ANN O T D E MO N C EY , M A R S H AL D U KE
,

O F C O N E G LI AN O

X IV . JE AN BA PT I ST E J O U R D AN M A R S H A L
,

XV . P
C H A R L E S I E R RE F R AN CO I S AU G E R E AU , M A R S H AL D U K E ,

O F C AS T I G LI O N E

XV I . G U I LLA U M E M A R I E AN N E B R U N E M A R S H AL
,

XVI I . A DO L P H E ED O U A R D C A S I M I R J O S E P H MORT I ER ,
M A R S H AL,

DU KE O F T RE V I S O

XVI I I . JE AN BA PT I S T E B E SS I ERE S M A R S H AL, DU KE

, OF I STR I A 286

X IX . C LA UD E V I C T OR P ER R I N, M A R S H AL, D U K E OE B E LL UN O 2 96

E MM AN U E L DE G RO U C H Y, M A R S H AL 30 5

XX I . F R AN CO I S C H R I S T O P H E KE LL ER M ANN , M A R S H AL, DUK E

O F V AL M Y

XXI I . F RA N CO I S J O S E PH L E F EB V R E , M A R S H AL , D U KE OF
D AN TZ I G .

XXI I I . N I CO LA S C H A R L ES OU D I NOT, M A R S H AL , D U KE OF
R E GG I O

XXI V . DO M I NI QU E CA T H E R I N E DE P ER I G N O N , M A R S H AL

XX V . J EA N M AT H I E U P H I LI BE RI
' ‘
S ER U R I ER, M A R S H AL

XX VI . PR I NCE JO S E P H P O N I ATO W S K I , M A R S H AL
 L I ST OF I LLU ST R AT I O N S

M A R S H AL N E Y C O V ER I N G T H E R E T R EA T
ro
( F m the pa i ntl ng b y Y v a t V ai ll on
Ph t ers es . oo Neurde ln )

AL E XAN D R E B ERT H I ER P R IN C E O F WA G R A M
( Fro m an g i g f t the p i ti g b y Pajon fit )
,
en rav n a er a n n s

J O A C H I M M U R A T A FT ER WA R D S K I N G O F NA P LE S
ro i
,
rr
( F m the pa n ti ng b y Gé a d at Versa i ll es P h t Neurde ln) . oo
A N D R E M A SS ENA, P R IN C E OF E S S LI N G

J E AN BA PT I S T E B ER NA DO TT E K I N G O F S W E D E N
o n e ,

( Fr m a engravi ng after th pa i ntin g b y H ilai l e D ru) re

J EA N D E DI E U S O U L T, D U KE O F D ALM AI I A ’ ‘

ro
( F m a l i thograph b y B e l pec h after the pai ti ng b y R n o ulllard )

J EA N LAN N E S, D U KE O P M O N T E B E LLO 120

ro n
( F m a en gravi ng b y Am éd ée Ma l t) ne
M I C H E L N E Y, P R IN C E OF MOS KOWA
ro n
(F m a g
e n ra v i ng after the pai nti ng by F . Gé rar d)

LO U I S NI C O LA S DAVOUI PR I N C E O F EC K M UH L
' ‘

( F om li th g ph by D l p h ft th p i ti g b y H
,

r a o ra e ec . a er e a n n . Grev ed on)

J A C QU E S ET I E NN E M A C DO NAL D D U KE OF TA RE N TU M
ro
( F m a li thograph by B e l pech)
,

A U G U S T E D E M AR M O N T D U KE O F RA G U S A
( F ro m an
, 20 2
gr i g ft th p i ti g by M
en av n a er e a n n nneret)

L O U I S G AB R I E L S UC K EI DUK E O F ALB U FER A

‘ ‘

( F ro m an g vi g b y P ll t)
,

e n ra n e e
 NAP OL E O N S MAR S H ALS ’

G O UV I O N S T CY R, CO U N T
ro n e
.

( F m a en gra vi g a fte th pa intin g

n r J by . Guerln)

J EA N BA PT I S T E J O U R D AN
A ter a
( f i g b y A bro se Tar e )
dra w n m i di u

C A R L E S P I ER RE
H D U KE O F
AUGER EAU , CA S T I G L IO N E
Fro m an g
( g
en ravi n b y R uotte
)

M A R S H AL G U I LLA U M E—M AR I E ANN E B R U N E

( Fro m an g i g ft the p i ti g by F J H arri et)
en ra v n a er a n n . .

A D O LP H E EDO U A R D M O R T I E R D U KE OF TR EV I S O
( F m an gr i g aft th p i ti g by L i vlé )
.

ro en av n er e a n n ar re

EM AN U E L D E G R O UC H Y M AR QU I S
( From an eng i g aft th p i ti g by Ro illard )
,
rav n er e a n n u

P
F R AN CO I S C H R I S T O H E KE LLE R M ANN DU KE O F VAL M Y
ro n i , 0

( F m a en grav ng after the pain ti n g by Ansi a ux)

N I CO LA S C H A R L E S OUD I NOT D U K E O F R E GG I O
( Fro m an g a i g aft t he p i ti g by R obert l F m )
,
en r v n er a n n e e
 I NT R O D U C T I O N

T is a melancholy but instru ctive fact to re m em b e r

“

th at i n the O pi n i o n Of h i m w h o m nature h ad
,

adorned with th e greatest i ntellect that th e w o rl d

h as yet seen selfish ness and self i nterest lie at th e root of
,
-

F o r, as Na p o le o n said “ i n ambiti on
"
a ll human actio n .
,

i s to be fou nd th e ch ief motive force Of h umanity, an d a

ma n puts forth h i s best po wers i n proportio n to h is hop es
"
O f a dva ncement I t was on th is cyni cal hypothesis th ere
.

fore with a complete disregard Of th ose h igher aspirations

,

O f self sacri fi
-
ce and self c ontrol which raise man above th e
-

mere brute, that th e Corsica n adventurer waded th ro ugh

s eas of blood to the throne Of France , and th en attempted ,

by the destruction Of a millio n hu man bei ngs to bi nd on ,

his brow th e i mperial crown Of W estern E uro p e I n spite

.

o f loud sou nding ph rases and constitutional S leight O i hand

- - -
,

none kn ew better than Napoleo n th at by the sword alon e

he had wo n his empire and by the sword al one h e coul d
keep it Keen student of h istory, i t was not i n vai n th at
.

agai n and agai n h e had read a n d t e read th e works of

-

C aesar and pondered o n the ach ievements Of Charlemagne

,

a n d th e career Of Cromwell Th e problem h e had to solve

.

w as how to conce al fro m h is lieutenants that h is dynasty

,

rested purely on thei r swords, to bi nd th eir hon ours s o

C lo sely to his ow n fortune that th ey sh ould ever be loyal

s o to distribute h is favours that his servants S h oul d

 NA P OL E O N S
’
M AR S H A LS

never become S O great as to threaten his own posi ti on I t .

was with this Obj ect i n view that at th e time he seized for
h i mself th e imper i al crown he t e establ ished th e O ld rOle -

of M arshal of France fra nkly confessi ng to R oe de rer that

,

h is reason for S howeri ng rewards o n h is lieutenants w as to

assure to hi mself h is own dignity since they cou ld not ,

obj ect to it when they found themselves the recipients Of

such lofty titles But, with the cu n ni ng O f th e serpent
.
,

while he gave with one h and h e took away with the

other H e fixed the nu mber Of M arshals at sixteen o n th e
.

active list and added four oth ers for th ose too Old for active
service H ence he had it i n h is power to reward twenty
.

hu ngry aspi ra nts wh ile h e robbed the i ndividuals Of thei r

,

glory S i nce each M arshal shared h is digni ty with ni neteen

,

o thers Plai nly also h e told them th at lofty th ough thei r

.
,

rank might appear to others to h i m they were still mere ,

serva nts created by h i m an d dependent for th eir positio n

,
”
o n h i m alone Recollect he said that you are soldiers
.
, ,

o nly when wi th the army The title Of Marshal is merel y .

a civil distinctio n wh ich gives you the h o nourable rank at

my court wh ich is your due but i t carries with it n o ,

auth ority O n the bat tlefield yo u are generals at court yo u

.
,

are nobles belonging to the S tate by th e C ivil positio n I

,
"
created for you wh e n I bestowed your titles o n yo u It .

was o n M ay 19 1 8 04 th at the Ga zette appeared with the first

, ,

creati o n Of Marsh als There were fourtee n o n the activ e

.

l ist and fou r h onorary Marshals i n the Senate Two b aton s .

were withheld as a rewar d for future service The origi nal .

fourteen were Berth ier M urat, M oncey J ourdan M ass ena

, , , ,

Au g erea u Bernadotte Soult Bru ne Lannes M ortier N ey

, , , , , , ,

Davout and Be ss i eres ; while on th e retired list wer e

Kell e rmann Lefebvre P erignon and S eruri cr Th e list
, , ,
.

caused much su rprise and dissatisfaction O n the on e .

 I NT R O D U CT I O N xi

hand there were those like M ass ena wh o received their

"
congratulations with a gru nt an d Yes one of fou rteen , .

O n the other hand were th ose like M acdonald Marmont , ,

Victor and many a nother wh o th ough t they ough t to h ave

, ,

been i ncluded An exami natio n Of th e names soon explai ns

.

h ow the ch oice was made Except J ourdan who was too .

,

great a soldier to be passed over, all those wh o cou ld n ot

forget their Rep ublica n pri n ciples were exclu ded Mas sena .

received his b aton as the greatest soldier of France .

Berthier, M u rat an d Lan nes had w on theirs by th eir talents

, ,

as much as by their personal devotio n S oult N ey .

, ,
'
Davout and Mortier were Napoleon s choice from among
,

the coming men who i n the camps Of the Army Of th e

,

O cean were fast j ustifying their select i o n Bessi eres was .

i ncluded becaus e he wo uld never wi n it at a n y later date ,

but h is doglike devo tio n made h i m a priceless subordi nate .

Aug ereau an d Bernadotte received th eir b ato ns to keep

them qu i et Th e names Of M o ncey Bru ne, Kellermann
.
, ,

P erigno n and S eruri er were i ntimately connected with

,

glorious feats of the republican armies an d S O though onl y , ,

fortunate mediocrities they were i ncluded i n th e first

,

creation while Lef ebvre, th e republican Of republicans

,
.

,
'
n ow u nder the glamour Of Napoleo n s power was placed ,

on the list as a stalking horse Of the extreme members Of

-

his party At the time of th e first creation of th e great

.
,

soldiers Of th e Republic M oreau was branded as a traitor

,

H oche M arcea u , Kléb er Desaix a n d P i ch egru were dead

, , ,

Carn ot th e orga niser Of victory , was a volu ntary exile ;

,

while staunch blades like Leclerc R i ch epa n se Le courbe , , ,

Macdonald Victor S t Cyr and S uch et were al l more o r

, , .
,

less i n disgrace By th e e nd of the Empire dea th an d the

.
,

necessity Of rewarding meri t added to the list of Marsh al s

u ntil i n all twen ty S i x b atons were gra nted by the Emperor
- .
xii N AP OL E O N S M AR S H ALS
’

In 1808 Victor was restored to favour and received h is

b aton After W agram Macdonald O u d i n ot a nd M armon t
.
, , ,

received th e prize wh i le the S panish W ar brough t i t to

,

S uch et an d th e Russian ca mpaign to S t Cyr I n 1 8 13 th e

, . .

Polish pri nce Poniatowski , was sent h is tru ncheo n o n th e

,

field Of Le i pzig, while last Of all i n 1 8 15, Grouchy was ,

g

p romoted to on e of th e vacancies caused by th e re fu sa l of

many O f the M arsh als to cas t off their alleg i ance to th e
Bourbons .

I t was a popular saying i n the Napoleonic army th at

every p ri v ate sold i er carried i n his knapsack a M arshal s
'
'

b aton and th e early h istory Of many o f th ese M arshals

,

bears ou t this sa ying But wh ile th e Revolutio n carried

.

a way all th e barriers a nd Open ed the highest ra nks to talent,

be it nev er S O h umble i n i ts origi n th e h istory Of th e ,

M arsh als proves that h eaven born soldiers are scarce a nd

-
,

that th e art of war save i n th e ca se Of o n e o u t of a million

, ,

c a n o nly be acqu ired by years of patient work i n a su b

o rdinate positio n Of the generals O f th e revolutionary

.

a rmi es on ly four , M oreau Mortier , S u chet, and Bru ne had

, ,

n o previ ous military traini ng, and o f th ese four M oreau and ,

S uch et alone h ad clai m to grea tness Th e rough u nlettered .

g enerals Of the early years Of th e war soon proved that th ey

could never rise a bove th e science o f th e drill sergeant -
.

O nce discipli ne and organisatio n were restored th ere was

n o room for a general like th e gallant Ma car d, wh o when ,
“
about to ch arge used to cal l ou t L o o k here I am going
, , ,
”
to dress like a beast and thereo n divest h imself o f every
,

thing save h is leather breeches an d boots a nd th en , ,

like some great h airy baboon with strange oa ths and ,

yells lead h is horsemen agai nst th e enemy A h igh er .

type was requ ired than this Macard wh o could n ot u nder ,

s tand that because a n O fficer could S ketch mou ntai ns

 I N T R O DU C T I O N XIII?

h e could n ot necessarily measure a man for a pai r of

boots .

O f th e twenty S i x M arshals , nine had h eld commissions

-

ranging from l ieutenant general to lieutenant i n th e old

-

royal a rmy o n e was a Polish Pri nce an ex Austr i an o fficer

, ,
-
,

while one had passed th e artillery col lege but had refused
to a ccept a commissi on ; eleven had commenced l ife as
privates i n the Old se rvic e and of these nine had rise n to
, ,

th e rank of sergea nt ; and four h ad h ad n o previous m ilitary

tra ining I t must also be remembered that the standard o f
.

the n on commissio ned rank i n th e royal arm y j ust befor e

-

th e Revolutio n was extremely h igh The reforms Of S t

. .

Ger mai n an d th e popularity Of th e American W ar h a d

enticed i nto the ranks a h igh class of recru its w i th th e ,

res ult that th e authoriti es were able to i mpose tests and n o ,

pri vate coul d rise to th e rank of corporal or from corpora l,

to sergeant without passi ng a n exami natio n F urther si nc e

, .
,

th e O fficers of th e ancient r égime left th e entire organisa ti on ,

discipli ne, an d co ntrol i n th e h ands of the non commissioned -

o fficers , and seldom , if ever visited their compan ies either

,

i n barracks or o n the para de grou nd the n on commissio ned

,
-

ofi i cers i n everyth ing save actual title

, were really ,

extremely well trai ned O fficers I t was th is class which

-
.

really saved France when th e Old O fficers emigrated and the

incapable politicians i n Paris did their best to rui n the army .

H ence it was that, without prej udice to th e se rv ice a sergeant ,

might o n e day be fou nd qu ietly o beyi ng th e orders of hi s

company O fficer and th e n ext day with the rank of lieu
,

tenant colonel com manding h is battalion

-
.

The art of war can O nly be truly lear ned i n the field a n d ,

the o fficers of the French army had such a n experience a s

had never falle n to the l ot of any other natio n si nce the
’
days Of th e Th i rty Y ears W ar W ith continuou s fightin g
.
 NA P OL E O N S M AR S H A LS
’
x iv

winter and summer on every frontier mi litary knowledge

, ,

was easily gai ned by th ose wh o had the ability to acquire

'
it and the young generals of brigade, with but three years
,

service i n commissioned rank had gone through experiences

,

wh ich seldom fall to the lot Of O fficers with th irty years ’

service The cycle of war seemed u nending From th e

. .

day on wh ich i n 1 7 9 2 France h urled her declaration Of

, ,

war on Austria til l the surrender Of Paris in 1 8 14 with the

, , ,

exception Of the year Of peace gai ned at Amiens war was ,

conti nuous . I t began with a ligh t hearted i nvasion of

-

France by Austria a nd Prussia i n S eptember 1 7 9 2 wh ich , ,

e nded i n th e Canno nade Of Valmy , when D u m o u ri ez and

Kellermann with the rem nant of th e O ld royal army
, ,

sh owed such a b ol d front that th e Allies who had never ,

expected to fight, lost heart and ran h ome Th e Austro .

'
Prussian i nvas i on sealed th e Ki ng s death warrant and -
,

F rance i n the hands Of rep ubl ican enth usiasts, went fort h
,

wi th a rabble Of Old soldiers and volu nteers to preach th e

d octrin e Of th e E quality Of M an and the Brotherhood Of
Nations But the sovereigns Of E urope determi ned to figh t
.

for their crowns and the licence Of the French soldiers a nd

,

th e selfish ness O f these prophets Of the new doctri ne o f

Equality so on disgusted th e people of the Rhi ne va lley ;
S O th e revolutionary m ob armies were driven i nto France ,

and for two years sh e was busy on every frontier striving to

drive th e enemy from h er soil I t was during these years
.

th at th e new French army arose The volu nteers were

.

brigaded with the Old regular battalions the ranks were ,

kept full by calling ou t all fit to bear arms and th e i n com ,

petent and u nfortunate were weeded o u t by th e guillotine .

By 1 7 95 Fra nce had freed her ow n soi l and had forged a

weapo n whereby S h e cou ld retali ate o n th e Powers w h o had
a ttempted to an nex her territory i n th e h our Of h er degrada
 I N T R O D U CT I O N xv

tion Th e Rh ine now became her eastern frontier Bu t

. .

Austria wh ose Archduke was Emperor Of th e H oly Roman

,

Empire would n ot give u p th e provinces seized from her ;

,

so from 1 7 9 5 to 1 79 7 on th e headwaters Of the Danube an d

,

in I taly th e representat i ve Of th e Feudal Ages fought th e

,

new democracy I t was th e appearance of th e great m ilitar y

.

talent of Bonaparte wh ich decided the day On the Danube .

the Austrians had fou nd that u nder the excelle nt leading O f

the Arch duke Charles they were fit to defeat the best
French troops u n der capable generals like j ourdan and
Moreau But the military genius Of Bonaparte overbore
.

all resistance an d when peace came , practically all I taly

,

had been added to the domin io n Of France U nfortu nately .

for the peace Of Europe, the ru lers Of France had tasted

blood They fou n d i n th e captured provinces a means Of
.

m aking war without feeli ng the e ffects for th e rich pillage ,

of I taly paid th e war expenses But, gratefu l as the Directors

.

were to Bonaparte for thus opening to them a means of

enrich ing themselves at the expense of Europe, th ey rightly
saw in h im a menace to their own power, and gladly allowe d

him to depart on the mi ssio n to Egypt From Egypt .

Bonaparte returned seized th e rei ns of government an d

, ,

saved France from the imbecility Of her rulers , and by th e ,

battle Of Marengo assured to her all S h e h ad lost i n his

,

absence U nfortu nately for France th e restless ambition Of

.

her new ruler was n ot satisfied with t e establish ing th e -

Empire Of th e W est an d reviving the g l ories o f Ch arle

magne bu t hankered after a vast oversea domi nion to
, ,

i nclude America and I ndia H ence it was that he fou n d i n

.

Great Britai n an implacable enemy ever stirring u p agai nst

him European coa l itions T0 cover h is failure to wrest th e
.

domi nion Of the sea fro m its mistr ess Napoleo n turned h i s,

w rath on Austr i a an d soon S h e lay cowed at h is feet after

,
xvi N A P O LE O N S M AR S H ALS
’

th e ca tastroph e at U l m and the battl e of Austerlitz Austr i a s .

’

fall was due to th e lethargy and hesitation of th e courts of

Berli n and S t Petersburg
. Bu t once Austria w as d isposed
.

o f Prussia and Russ ia met th eir pu nish ment for h av i ng

,

given h er secret or Open a i d The storm fell first on Prussia

. .

At one fell swoop o n th e field of J ena the famed military

-

monarch yof the great Frederick fell i n pieces like a p otter s ’

yessel
. From Pruss ia th e i nvi nci ble French legio ns pe ne
tra te d i nto Poland , and after Eylau and Fri edland th e forces
of Prussia and Russia could n o longer face th e enemy i n
’
the field The Czar, dazzled by Napoleo n s greatness th rew
.
,

over h is ally Pru ss ia an d at Tilsit made friends with th e

great conqueror I n J une 1 8 07 it seemed as if E urope lay
.
, ,
'
at Napoleon s feet but already i n Portugal the seeds o f
,

h is rui n had bee n sown Th e Po rtuguese monarch , th e

.

ally of Great Bri tain , fl ed at th e mere approach of a si ngle

General of th e Emperor The apparent leth argy of th e
.

i nhabitants of th e I berian Pen i nsula an d th e u npopula rity

o f the S panish Bour bo ns tempted Napoleon to establish

h is broth er o n the thro ne of S pai n I t was a fatal error for

.
,

though the Sp anish people might despise th eir King they ,

were i ntensely prou d of their nationality For th e first tim e .

i n his exper ien ce th e Corsi ca n had to meet the forces of a

nation and not of a government The chance defeat of a .

French army at B aylen was the signal for a general rising

throughout the Peninsula and n ot o nly throughout the
,

Pe ninsula, but for th e commencement of a national move

me nt agai nst th e French i n Austria and Germany E nglan d .

gladl y seiz ed th e opport unity of i nj uring her enemy an d

sent aid to th e people of S pai n Austr i a tried another .

fal l with her c onqueror, but was defeated at W agram .

Wagram o ught to h ave taught t he E mperor that h is

troo ps were no longer i nvincible as of old but bli nd to , ,
xviii N A P O LE O N S’
M ARS H AL S

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 SYN O PS I S xix

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 N A P O LE O N S M A R S H ALS
’

LO U I S A L E X A N D R E B E R T H I E R , M AR S H A L ,
P RI NC E O F W AGRAM , S OV E RE I G N PR I NC E
O F NE U C H AI E L AND VA LANG I N
’ ‘

0be content ever to play an i nfer i or part to see all

‘

h onour and renown fall to th e share of anoth er ,

yet loyally to e fface self a nd work for th e glory o f

a frien d denotes a sterling character an d an i nflexibility o f
,

purpose with which few can clai m to be en dowed N obody .

doubts that i f i t had not been for N apoleon Berth ier, good
, ,

busi ness man as he was cou ld never have rise n to th e fame

,

h e attai ned still it is often forgotten that with out this

admirable servant it is more than doubtful if th e great
Emperor could have achieved all h is most sp lendi d success
Berthier co ntrolled by a master mi nd was an i nstru ment
, ,

beyond price Versed i n the management of an army

.

almost from his cradle h e had the gift of drafting orders

,

so clear, so lucid that n o on e could possibly mistake their

,

meaning H is memory was prodigious and h is physical

.
,

endurance such th at h e appeared never to require rest B ut .

above all h e alone seemed to be able to divi ne the thoughts

of his great master before they were spoken a nd th is wonder ,

ful i ntuitio n taught h im h ow from a few disj oi nted utter

,

g conceptions and
’
a n ces to u nravel N a oleo n s most dari n
, p
B I
 N AP OLEON S M AR S HALS
’

work out the details i n ordered perfection Napoleo n call ed

.

h is faithful Achates a gosli ng wh om h e had transformed

into an eagle but history proclaims that long before the
,

name of Bonaparte was known beyond the g ate o f the

mi litary academy at Brienne Berth ier h ad established a
,

record as a staff o fficer of the highest promise wh ile ,

b efore th e young Corsican fir st met hi m i n I taly the future ,

maj or general of the Grand Army had evolved that per fect
-

system o f organisation which enabled th e con queror of

I taly to control every movement an d vibrat ion i n the army ,

to be informed of eve nts as soon as they happened and to ,

be absolutely sure of th e despatch an d performance of his

'

orders.

Al exandre Berth ier h ad seen twenty three years service i n

-
’ ‘

th e o ld royal army before the Revolution broke ou t in 1 7 8 9 .

Born on November 20 17 53 at th e age of th irteen he

, ,

received h is commi ssion i n th e engi neers owing to h is

'
father s services i n prepari ng a map of royal hunti ng forests .

'
But the boy soon forsook his father s old regiment for h e ,

knew well th at the highest commands i n the army seldom if

ever fell to the scientific corps W hen i n 1 7 8 0 th e French
.

Government decided to send o u t an expeditionary corps to

assist th e revolted colonies i n their struggle with Great
Britai n Berth ier after serving i n the infantry and cavalry
, , ,

was employed as a sta ff captai n with the army of N ormandy .

Eager to see active service h e at on ce applie d to be attached

,

to the expedition and offered if there was no room for an

, ,

extra captai n, to resign h is rank and serve as sub lieutenant -

.

Thanks to powerful family i nfluence and to his record of

service h is desire was gratified an d i n J anu ary, 1 7 8 1 h e
, ,

fou nd himself with the French tr0 0 ps i n America employed

o n the sta fiof General Cou nt de Rochambeau Returni ng .

from America i n 1 7 8 3 with a well earned reputation for

-

bravery and abi lity, Captai n Berthier was o n e of the officers

sent to Prussia u nder the Marquis de G ustine to study th e
military organisation of the great Frederick Co nti nuously .
 LO U I S ALEX AN D R E B E RT H I E R

employed o n the staff he had th e adva ntage of serv ing as

,

brigade maj or at the great cam p of instruction hel d at Sa i nt

O mer i n 17 8 8 , and i n that year received as a reward for h is
services the cross of S ai nt Louis Th e year 17 8 9 saw h i m
.

gazetted lieute nant colonel , an d chief of th e staff to B aro n

-

de B ese nv al commanding the troops roun d Paris

, .

When after the capture of th e Bastille Lafayette u nder

, ,

took the work of organising th e National G uard he at once ,

bethough t h i m of his old comrade of American days ,

an d appo inted Berth ier assistant quartermaster general -

.

Berthier fou nd the post wel l su ited to h i m i nspired by th e

liberal ideas which h e had gai ned i n America he threw h im ,

self heart an d sou l i nto th e work S oon h is talent as a n

.

organiser became widely recognised ; many prominent

ofi i cers applied to have h i m attached to their comman d, and ,

after h oldi ng seve ral s taff appoi ntments , h e was entrusted i n

17 9 1 wi th the organ isation an d instructio n o f th e th irty bat

tal ions of volu nteers ca n ton n ed between the So mme and

Meuse W hen war broke out i n 179 2 he was despatched as
.

maj or general and ch ief o f the staff to h is old friend R ocha m

-

beau , and when the Count resigned h is comman d Berth ier

’
was specia l ly retai ned by Rochambeau s successor Luckner , .

But the Revolution , wh ile givi ng h i m h is chance nearly ,

brought about h is fa l l H is i ntimate con nectio n wi th the

.

nobles o f the old royal army his courage i n protecting the

,
’
King s aunts and h is family co n necti ons caused h i m to
,
“ "
become suspe ct . I t was i n vai n th at the leaders at th e
front complai ned of the absolute disorder i n their forces of ,

the necessity of more trai ned staff o fficers and of their desire
for the services of th e brilliant soldier who had gained h is ex
peri e n ce i n war time i n America and i n peace ti me i n Prussia .

I n vai n Gustine wrote to the M inister of W ar, I n th e name

o f the Republi c send Berth ier to me to help me i n my di ffi

cu lti es, i n vai n th e Commissio ners with th e army reported

that Berth ier has gai ned the esteem and confidenc e of a ll
”
good patriots . Vai n a lso was th e v a ur and ability h e
4 N A P O LE O N S M AR S H ALS
’

showed in the campaign aga i n st th e Royalists i n La Vend ee .

B ou ch o tte the i ncapable the friend of the brutish block

, , ,

headed H ebert the i nsulter of the Q ueen the destroyer of

, ,

the army decreed that hi s loyalty to the Republic was not

,

si ncere and by a stroke of the pen dismissed h im ; th us

,

during the whole of the year 179 3 th e French army was

deprived of the service of an officer wh o owing to h is powers ,

o f organisation was worth fifty th ousand o f the butcher

,

generals .

I n 1 7 9 5 with th e fall of the J acobi ns Berth ier was

, ,

restored to his rank and sent as ch ief of the sta ff to

Kellermann commanding th e Army of the Alps and before
, ,

the e nd o f the year th e stafi work of Ke llerm a n n s army ’

became the pattern for all the armies of the Republic .

W hen i n M arch 1 7 96 Bonaparte was appoi nted com , ,

mander of the Army of I taly he at once requisitioned ,

Berth ier as th e ch ief of the sta ff an d from that day till ,

April 1 8 14 Berthier seldom i f ever left the future Emperor s

, ,
'

side servi ng h im with a patience and cheerfulness which

,

neither i llwill n or neglect seemed to disturb Th ough over .

forty two years o f age and sixtee n years o lder than h is new
-

ch ief the ch ief o f th e staff was still i n the pri me of h is

,

manhood S h ort th ick set and athletic h is frame proclai med

.
,
-
,

h is immense physical strength while h is S tro ng a l ert face ,

u nder a mass o f th ick curly hair foretold at a g l ance h is

mental capacity .

A keen sportsman i n peace h e spent a l l h is leisure i n the ,

chase H ard exercise and feats of physical endurance were

.

h is del ight Fatigue h e never knew and on on e occasio n

.
,

h e was said to have spent th irteen days and nights i n th e

saddle To strangers and o fficials h e was silent and stern
.
,

but his aloofness of manner h id a warm heart and a natural

si ncerity and many a poor o fficer or returned em i gre
,

received secret help from h is purse Though naturally o f .

a strong character h is a ffection and respect for h is great ,

commander became the dominating note i n h is career ; i n

 LO U I S ALE X A N D R E B E RT H I E R 5

fact, i t migh t almost be said that i n later years h is person , ,

ali ty became merged to such an extent i n that of Napoleo n

that he was u nable to see the actions of the E mperor i n
their proper perspecti ve From the ir first meeting Bona
.

parte correctly guessed th e impressio n h e had made on his

new sta ff o fficer, and aimed at i ncreasi ng h is i nfluence over
h im. M eanwh i le h e was delighted with h i m h e wrote ,
“
to the Directory Berth ier has talents activity courage
, , , ,

character —all i n h is favour "

Berthier on his side w a s well
.

satisfied as he said to a friend who asked h im how he could

serve a man with such a temper Remember that on e day ,
"
i t will be a fine thi ng to be seco nd to Bonaparte S o the
“

tw o worked admirably together .

Bonaparte kept i n his ow n hands th e movement of

troops the directio n of skirmishes an d battles commis
, ,

sariat discipli ne an d all commu nications from the Govern

, ,

ment Berthier had a free han d i n the organisatio n and

.

mai ntenance o f th e general stafi the headquarter sta ff

‘
, ,

and the transmission of orders subj ect to i nspection by ,

Bonaparte ; he also had to throw i nto writte n form al l

verbal orders and h e alo ne was responsible for their
,

promulgatio n an d execution I t was h is ability to work

.

ou t i n detail and to reduce i nto clear lucid orders th e ,

slightest h i nt of h is commander which as Nap oleon said

‘

later “ was th e great merit of Berth ier, an d was of i n

,

estimable importance to me N o other could p ossibly h ave

.

” ’
replaced h im Thanks to Berthier s admirable system
.
,

Bonaparte was kept i n touch with every part of hi s com

mand O ne of the first pri nciples laid down i n the sta ff
.

regulations was “ That it was vital to the good o f th e

,

service that the correspo ndence o f th e army sh ould be

exceedi ngly swift and regular that noth ing sh ould be ,
"
neg l ected which might contri bute to this end To ensure .

regul arity of commu nicatio n divisional commanders and

,

o fficers de tached i n comma n d of small columns were ordered

'

to report at least twice a day to headquarters W ith each .

6 N AP OLE ON S M AR S H ALS ’

divisio n i n additio n to the divisional sta ff there were

, ,

o fficers detached fro m the h eadquarters staff All importan t .

despatches had to be sent i n du p l i cate ; i n ti mes o f great

danger commandi ng o fficers had to send as many a s eight
di fferent orderly o fficers each with a copy of despatches .

But it was n ot o nly as an organiser an d transmitter of

“ ‘

orders that Berth ier proved h is usefulness to his chi ef At .

Lodi h e sh owed h is personal courage and bravery among

the ban d of h eroes wh o forced the bridge and Bonaparte ,

p aid him a fi ne tribute when h e wrote i n h is des p atches ,

I f I were bound to mentio n all th e soldiers wh o dis

ti n g u i sh ed themselves o n that wonderful day I sh ould be ,

o b l iged to mention all the carabin iers and grenadiers o f the

advance guard an d nearly al l the o ffi cers of th e staff ; but
,

I must n ot forget the courageo us Berthier wh o on that day ,

p layed the part of gu n ner trooper and grenadier, ,

At .

Rivoli i n additio n to h is staff duties Berth ier commanded

, ,

th e centre of the army a nd fought with a stubbornness

,

beyond al l praise By the end of th e campaign o f 1 7 9 6 he

.

had proved that h e was as great a ch ief o f th e staff as

Bonaparte was a great commander Doubtless i t is true
.

that before th e commencement of a campaign an army

possesse s i n i tself the causes of its future vi ctory or defeat ,

and the Army o f I taly with i ts masses o f enth usiasti c

,

veterans a nd the directi ng gen ius o f Bonaparte was boun d ,

to defeat the Austrians with their listless men and i n co m

petent ol d generals ; but with ou t the zeal activity and
, , ,

devotio n which Berth ier transfused th ro u gh the wh ole of

th e general s ta ff success could not have been so sudden
,

or so complete .

After Leoben the conqueror o f I taly employed h is trusty

frien d on nu merous diplomatic missi ons i n co nnection
with th e annexatio n of Corfu and the government of the
Cisalpi ne rep ublic M eanwhile h e was i n close c om
.

m u n i ca ti on with h i m i n regard to th e proposed descent

o n E ngland an d th e possibl e expeditio n to th e East To .
 LO U I S ALE X AN D RE B ERTH I E R
Berthier if to any on e Bonaparte e ntrusted h is secret
, ,

designs for h e knew that he could do so i n safety Ao

,
.

cordi n g ly i n 1 79 8 fi ndi ng an i nvasion o f E nglan d i m p os

, ,

si b le at the moment he per suaded the Directory to sen d

,

Berthier to I taly as commander i n ch ief his obj ect being - -

,

to place h i m i n a positio n to gather fu nds for the Egyptian

expeditio n Fro m I taly Berthier sent h is former com
.

mander th e most mi nute descriptio n of everyth ing o f

importance , but h e fou n d the task di fficult a nd u ncongenial ,

and prayed h i m “ to recal l me promptly I much prefer .

being your aide de camp to bei ng commander i n ch ief

- - - -

here S till h e carried out h is orders and marched o n

.

'
Rome to place the eight million francs worth of diamon ds
,

wrung from the Pope to th e credit o f the army From .

Rome he returned with coffers well filled for th e E gyptian

expedition but leaving beh in d h i m an army h alf muti nous
,
-

for want o f pay ; h i s bli n d devotion to Bo naparte h id th is

i ncongruity from h is eyes .

As i n I taly i n 179 5 so i n Egypt Berthier was Bonaparte s ,

'

right hand man methodical i ndefatigable an d trustworthy

-
, , , .

But even his iro n frame co uld scarcely withsta nd th e strai n

of three years
’
co nti nuous act i ve service th e i ncessant ,

office work day and night an d the trials of an u nac ,

customed climate After the battle of th e Pyramids he

.

fell sick and before th e S yrian expeditio n applied to return

, ,

to France U nk i nd frien ds h i nted th at h e longed for h is

.

mistress M adame Visconti but Bonaparte knowi ng th at it

, , ,

was not this but sheer overstrai n wh ich h ad caused h is

breakdown i n health gave h im th e desired leave and made
,

a ll arrangements for his j ourney h ome H owever at th e .

,

moment of departure Berthier s love for h is ch ief overcame ’

his longi ng for rest and i n spite o f i ll health h e withdrew

, ,
-
,

his resignation and set o u t with the army for S yria As .

ever he found p lenty o f work for even i n th e fa ce of th e

, ,
'

i l l success of the expedition Bo naparte determined to

-
,

adm inister Egypt as if the French occupation was to be

8 N A P O LE O N S M ARS H ALS
’

for ever permanent ; and Berth ier i n additi on to h i s ,

ordinary work , was ordered to edi t a carefu lly executed

map from the complete survey which was being made o f
the cou ntry .

I t was to Berth ier that Bonaparte first divulged hi s i n

tentio n o f leaving Egypt and returning to France and h is ,

determinatio n to upset the Directory Li beral by nature .

,

but essenti ally a man of method and a discipli narian the ,

’
ch ief of th e staff was qui te i n accord with h is comman der s
ideas o n th e regeneratio n of France and loyally supported,
’
hi m d uri ng the coup d éta t o f the 1 8 th Bru maire There .

after the First Consul appoi n ted his friend M i nister o f W ar ,

a positio n that gave full scope to h is talents All th e .

admi nistrative services h ad at once to be reorganised the ,

frontier f ortresses garrisoned and placed i n a state of

defence and th e army coveri ng the fro ntiers supplied with
,

food pay equipment an d rei nforcements wh ile the forma

, , , ,

ti on of the secret Army o f Reserve was a task whi ch alon e

would have occupied all the attention of an ordi nary man
i n fact the safety of France h ung o n this army
, C on .

sequently since by the constitution the First Consul w as

, , ,

u nable h imself to take command i n th e field i n April 1 8 0 0 , , ,

he transferred Berth ier from the W ar O ffice to th e head of

this most important force I t i s n ot generally known th at
.

the idea of the passage o f the Alps by the S t Bernard .

Pass actually origi nated with Berthier and h ad first been ,

proj ected by h i m as early as 17 95 S o i t was at th e e xecu

.

tio n o f what was really h is own idea that for two

months Berthier slaved At times even hi s stout heart
.

“
quailed as when h e wrote to the First Consul I t i s my
, ,

duty to complai n of the position of this army o n wh ich you

have j ustly spent s o much i nterest a n d wh ich i s para lysed
,

because it can on ly rely o n i ts bayonets on accou nt of th e ,

"
lack o f am mu nitio n a nd means to transport th e artillery .

I ncessant work and toil were at last rewarded ; but when the
Army of th e Reserve debouched on the Austrian lines of
 LO U I S ALE XA N D R E B E RT H I E R 9

commu nication the F i rst Consul appeared i n perso n and

, , ,

though nominally i n command Berth ier o nce agai n re ,

sumed h is position of chief o f the sta ff W ithout a murmur .

h e allowed Bo naparte to reap all the glory of Marengo for ,

h e knew that without the Fi rst Consul h owever excellent ,

h i s ow n dispositio ns were they would have been lacking i n

,

the driving power wh i ch alone teaches men h ow to seize

o n victory .After M arengo Berth ier was despatched as
,
“
Ambassador Extraordi nary to M adrid to exhort S pai n by ,

every possible means to declare war on Portugal the ally ,

"
o f E ngland The resu lt of this m issio n was eminently
.

successful ; a special treaty was drawn u p and S pai n sold

Louisiana to France By O ctober th e ambassador was
.

once agai n back i n Paris at h is old post of M i nister o f W ar

—a p ost wh ich h e held continu ously duri ng peace and war
ti ll August 18 0 7 The positi o n was no ligh t one, for even
,
.
.

during the s hort years of peace it i nvolved the s u pervisio n

o f the expedi tio n to S a n Domi ngo the defence o f I taly the
, ,

reorganisatio n of the army an d the re armament o f th e

,
-

artillery i n addi tion to the ordinary routine o f o fficial work

,
.

Moreover the fou ndations of th e Consulate being based o n

,

the army, i t was essential that th e army should be efficient

and content a nd consequently th e Fre nch soldier of that
,

day was not as i n other cou ntries neglected i n peace ti me

, , .

The officers i n command of the troops were constantl y

“
reminded by the W ar M i nister that the French soldier is
a citizen placed u nder m ilitary law — n ot an o utcast or
serf whose well being and co mfort concern n o o n e
,
-
.

O n th e establishment of the E mpire Berth ier like ,

many another received the reward for his faithfulness to

,

Napoleon . H onours were showered upon hi m The .

’
first to receive the Marshal s b aton h e was i n succession ,

created senator by righ t as a dignitary of the E mpire grand ,

officer of the palace and grand hu ntsman to the crown ,

while at the coronatio n h e carried the i mperial globe But .

though the Emperor th u s h o noured, and treated him as his

10 NA P O LE O N S MARS HALS
’

most trustworthy confidant the cares of state to some ,

extent withdrew Napoleo n from close i ntimacy with his o ld

companion At the same time the M arshal was i nsensibly
.

separated from h is former comrades i n arms by h is h igh - -

rank and employment, which while it tended to make h i m ,

more th e servant than th e friend o f the Emperor also ,

caused h im to be regarded as a superi or to be obeyed by

those wh o were formerly h is equals At all times a strict .

disciplinarian and o n e wh o never passed over a breach o f

,

orders the M arshal as voicing th e commands of the

, ,

Emperor gradually began to assume a stern attitude to

,

al l su bordi nates and spared neither pri nces or marshals

, ,

wh en he considered th at the good of th e service required

that they should be repriman ded and shown their duty .

8 0 strong was the sense o f subordination i n the army and

th e desire to stan d well with Napoleon that even the fiery ,

M urat paid attention to orders and repri mands signed by

Berth i er i n the name o f the E mperor .

M eanwh ile th e work of the W ar M i nister increased day by

day The organisation and supervisio n o f the Army of the
.

O ce an added considerably to his work which was much ,

i nterfered wi th by visits of i nspectio n i n company with the

Emperor or far distant ex peditions to th e frontiers and
,
-

to I taly for the coro nation at M ilan .

O n August 3 rd 1 8 0 5 the E mperor created th e M arshal

, ,

maj or general and chief o f the staff to th e Army of th e

-

O cean an d h imself assumed command of the Army and

,

h eld a grand review of one h u ndred thousand m en E very .

body thought that the moment for th e i nvasio n o f E ngland

had arrived Berth ier and perhaps Talleyrand alone knew
.
, ,

that Aus tria not England was the i mmediate quarry and
, , ,

al l through August th e maj or genera l was busy working -

ou t the routes for the concentration of th e various corps i n

the valley of the Danube ; whilst at th e same ti me as W ar

M inister h e was responsible for th e supervision of all the
tr00 ps left i n France and i n garrison i n I taly Belgiu m , ,
xz NA P O LE ON S MARS HALS
’

that i n war nothi ng is really ach ieved as long as there

remai ns somethi ng to ach ieve a victory is not complete as
"
long a s greater success ca n still be gai ned .

After th e treaty o f Pressb urg on December 2 7 1 8 0 5 '

, , ,

Na p oleon quitted the army and returned to Paris leaving ,

the maj or general i n command of the Grand Army with

-

orders to evacuate the conquered territory when the terms

o f th e treaty h ad been carried o u t by th e Austrians but th e
Emperor reta ined the real con trol and every day a courier ,

had to be despatched to Paris with a detailed account of

every event and every day a courier arrived from Paris
,

bearing fresh orders and i nstructio ns For Napoleon .

refused to allow the slightest devi atio n from h is orders

“
Keep strictly to the orders I give you h e wrote ; “ execute ,
"

pu nctually your instr uctio ns I alone know what I want .

done M eanwh ile th e maj or general w as sti l l W a r M inister

.
”
-

and had to supervise all th e more important business of the

W ar O ffice ; while he also fou nd t ime to edit an o fficial
h istory o f th e campaign of 1 8 0 5 an d to superi ntend th e ,

execution of a map of most o f the Austrian possessions .

Th e work was i mmense but Berth ier never flagged and

, ,

the E mperor sh owed h is appreciatio n of h is zeal when

o n March 3oth 1 8 0 6 he co nferred on h im th e p ri ncipality o f
, ,

Neuch atel with the title of Pri nce and Duke to hold i n ,

full possessi on and suzerainty for h imself h i s heirs and ,

successors with o n e stipulation , that h e sh ould marry

, .

’
H e added that the Pri nce s passio n for M adame Visco nti
had lasted to o long that i t was not becomi ng to a dignitary
,

of th e E m p ire and that he was n ow fifty years old and

,

ought to thi nk of provi di ng an h eir to h is h o nours The .

Pri nce Marshal never h ad ti me to visit personally h is

principality but h e sent one of h i s i nti mate friends General
, ,

D uta illi s to provide for the welfare of h is new subj ects

, ,

and to the best of h i s ability h e sa w that they were well

governed wh il e a battal io n of p icked troops fro m Neuch atel
,
-

was added to th e I mperial Gu ard But, orders or no orders .

,
 LO UI S ALE XAN D R E B E RT H I E R 13

the Prince cou ld never break h i mself free from the trammels
o f his mistress and Napoleon gave h i m but little leisure i n
,

which to find a congenial partner so that i t was not till ,

after Tilsi t i n th e brief pause before th e Peni nsular W ar,

,

th at Berth ier at last took a wife H is chose n Pri ncess was .

Elizabeth the daughter of W illiam Duke of Bavaria

,
'

, ,

brother of th e King S he was married with all due

.

solemn i ty i n M ar ch 1 8 0 8, and th ough the exigencies of

,

war gave her but little opportu nity of seei ng much of her
husband affection existed bet w een them as also between
, ,

Berthier and h is father i n law th e Duke o f Bavaria All

- -
, .

cause of di fficu lty was smoothed over by the fact that i n

time the Pri ncess herself conceived a n affection for M adame
Visconti .

By September 1 8 0 6, th e Grand Army had evacuated

,

Austria and th e Prince M arshal was h opi ng to return to

,

Paris when suddenly he was informed by the E mperor o f

the probability of a campaign against Prussia O n th e 2 3rd .

definite orders arrived i ndicati ng the poi nts o f assembly ;

by th e next day detailed letters of i nstructions for every
corps h ad been worked ou t a nd despatched by the head
quart ers staff Napoleon himself arrived at W ii rz b urg on
.

O ctobe r z u d an d fou nd h is army concentrated bu t

, ,

deficient of supplies At first h is anger b urst out against

.

th e chief of the staff but a moment s reflectio n proved to

,
'

him that there was not su fficient transport i n Germany to

mass both me n and supplies i n the time h e had given and ,

he entirely exonerated Berth ier wh o by h ard work co n ,

tri v e d i n three days to collect su fficien t supplies to allow

’
of the opening of the thirty days campaign wh ich
commenced with j ena and ended by carrying the French
tr 00 ps across the Vist u la Th e fresh campaign i n the
.

spring of 1 8 0 7 was attended by an additional di fficulty ,

there existed no maps o f the district and th e topograph ical ,

department of the staff was worked off its legs i n supplyi ng

this deficiency M eanwh ile during th e h alt a fter Pultusk
.
, ,
14 N A P OLE O N S M ARS H ALS
’

th e maj or gen eral was busy t e clothing and re eq uippi ng

- - -

the army and h urryi ng u p reinforcements ; while i n

additio n to the work of th e W ar O ffice h e had to supervise
th e French forces i n I taly and N aples After Tilsit as after .
,

P ressburg Napol eon h urried back to France and left the

,

Pri nce o f N euch atel to arrange for th e withdrawal of th e

Grand Army an d it was not til l j uly 2 7 th that Berth ier at
,

last returned to Paris .

The Pri nce came back more tha n ever dazzle d by th e

genius of the Emperor ; n ot even Eylau had ta u ght hi m
that there were limits to h is idol s powers Bu t with more ’
.

than eight h u ndred thou sand men o n a war footing, with

divisions and army corps scattered from th e Atlantic to th e
N iemen from Lubeck to Brindisi it was impossible for on e
, ,

man to be at o nce ch ief of the staff and M in ister o f W ar .

Accordingly on August 9 th the Emperor made General

,

Clarke M i nister of W ar and to show that this w as n o slight

, ,

on h is old friend on the same day h e created th e Pri nce o f

,

Neuch atel Vice co nstable of France F or the next three

-
.

month s Berth ier was able to enj oy his h onours at h is h ome

at Grosbois o r i n h is h onorary capacity at Fontai nebleau
, ,

bu t i n November the Emperor carried h i m off with h im to

I taly o n a tour of i nspection During the whole of th is .

hol iday i n I taly the Pri nce was busy elaborati ng the details
of the coming campaign i n S pai n and i t w as th e S panish ,

trouble which cut sh ort his ho neymoon for o n Apri l 2 n d ,

h e had to start with th e E mperor for Bayon ne From th e .

outset the Pri nce warned the E mperor that th e question o f

supplies lay at the root of all di fficu lties i n S pain ; but
Napoleo n clu ng to h is idea that war should support war ,

and Berthier knew that it was hopel es s to attempt to remove

a fixed idea from h is head an d still believing i n his om ni
, ,

potence h e th ought a l l would be well M eanwh ile as th e

,
.
,

summer went o n it was n ot o nly S pai n that occupied the

,

Pri nce s attention for the conquest of Denmark h ad to be

’

arra nged and th e passes i n S ilesia and Bohemia careful l y

,
 LO U I S ALE XAN D RE B E RTH I E R 15

mapped i n view of hostili ties with Prussia or Austr i a Early

,
.

i n August Berthier was at S aint Cloud making arrange

ments to reinf orce Davout i n S ilesia owi ng to the growing
,

hostility of Austria when o n the 16th , arrived the news

, ,

that J osep h h ad had to evacu ate a l l the cou ntry west of th e

Ebro B ut Napoleo n and Berth ier could n ot go to his help
.

unti l after the i mperial meeti ng at E rfurt i n S eptember .

’
H owever, on reachi ng S pai n , th e magic o f the Emperor s
personali ty soo n restored the vigour an d prestige o f th e
French arms S till the Pri nce Marshal could not h ide fro m
.

’
himself that all was not as i t used to be ; Napoleon s temper
was more u ncertain and th e Marshals sm a rting u nder
, ,

reprimands were not pul li ng together W he n the Emperor

,
.

“
returned to France after having missed th e opportu nity
,

of givi ng th e English a good lesson h e left Berth ier ,

“
be hind for a fortnight to be sure that King J oseph had a
proper u nd erstanding of everythi ng B ut tro uble was .

bou nd to come for the E mperor hi mself was breaking h is

,

own canon of the i m p ort ance of “ th e u nity o f command

by nominally leaving J oseph i n control of all the troops i n
S pain , but at the same ti me maki ng the M arsh als responsibl e
to himself through the maj or general -
.

I n 18 09 Napoleo n made a nother grave mistak e H e had .

calculated that Austria could make n o forward movement

before Apri l 15th and accordingly he se nt Berth ier early i n
,

M arch to take temporary command of th e Grand Army,

with i nstructions to order Davout to concentrate at Ra tisbon
and Mass ena at Augsburg H is idea was that there would
.

be ample ti me later to order a concentratio n on either wi ng

or o n the cen tre But th e Austrians were ready quite a
.

fortnight before h e had calculated The maj or general kept

.
-

him well informed of every movement o f th e enemy and ,

pointed out the dangerous isolation of Davout S till the .

Emperor did not believe the Austrian preparations were so

forward and a despatch from Paris, written on Apri l 10th ,
which arrived at headquarters at Donauworth o n th e 1 1th ,
16 N A P O LE O N S M ARS H ALS
’

ordered th e maj or general to retai n Davout at Ratisbon and

-

move h is own headquarters there “ and that i n spite of

,
"
anythi ng that may happen U nfortu nately a semaphore
.
,

despatch sent a few hours later, w hen Napoleo n had really

grasped the situation went astray and never reach ed
,

Berthier The Pri nce of Neuch atel u nderstoo d as clearly

.

a s any o n e th e dangerous positi o n o f Davo ut ; th e Duke

o f Eckm uhl himself th ought th at th e maj or general was -

trying to spoi l h is career by layi ng h i m open to certai n

defeat ; depressi on spread through all the French corps .

But after years of bl in d devoti on to his great ch ief Berth ier

co uld n ot steel h imse l f to break disti nct orders emphasised ,

as they were b y the expression i n spite of whatever may

”
happen and a great catastrophe was only j ust averted by
,

the arrival of Napoleon wh o at o nce ordered Davout to

,

withdraw and Mass ena to advance Berth ier h imself was

.

'
visited by the fu ll fury of the Empero r s anger B ut th e .

cloud soon passed for B erthier was as i ndispensable as

,

ever, a nd more so when after th e failure at Aspern E ssli ng,

,
-

i mmense e fforts had to be made to h urry up troops from

every available sou rce At the end of th e campaign th e
.

Emperor j ustly rewarded his lieutenant by creating h i m

Pri nce of W agram .

O nce agai n Napoleo n left Berth ier to arrange for th e

with drawal o f th e army and i t was not till December I st
,

that the P ri nce o f W agram regai ned Paris and took u p the
threads o f the Peni nsular campaign H is stay there w as .

sho rt for by th e e nd of February h e was b ack agai n i n

,

Vien na th is time not a s maj or general of a victorious army

,
-
,

but as Ambassador Extraordi nary to clai m the hand o f the

Archduchess M arie Lou ise for h is master the Emperor ,

Napoleon , and to escort her to her new h ome For th e .

next two years th e Pri nce remai ned at h ome at Grosbois or

o n d uty at Fo ntai nebleau , but i n spite of great domestic

h appi ness h e was much worried by th e terri ble S panish

war N o on e saw more clearly that every e ffort ough t to
.
 LO U I S ALEXA N DR E B E RTH I E R 17

be made to crush the English , but he was powerless to

persuade th e Emperor and h e h ad to endure to the ful l
,
“
all the di fficulties arising fro m breaki ng th e u nity o f
comman d No o n e u nderstood better what h opeless
.

diffi culties wou ld arise when Napoleo n ordered h im to

“
write ,
The Ki ng will command the army Th e .

Guard does n ot form part o f th e army To add to these .

troubles i t became m 0re and more evident that Germany

,

was riddled wi th secret societies an d that war with Russia

was i nevitable S o i t was with a sigh of relief that i n
.

January 1 8 1 2, h e received th e order to turn h is attentio n

,

from S pai n and resume h is functions as maj or general of -

the Gran d Army Not that he desired further active

.

service ; like many a noth er o f the E mperor s soldiers h e ’

mistrusted the distant expeditio n to Russia and feared for ,

the honour and Safety o f France Already i n his sixtieth

-
.

year there was little h e could gain personally from war

, .

“
As he said to Napoleon W h at is the good o f h aving give n
,

me an i ncome of sixty thousand pou nds a year i n order to

in fl ict o n me th e tortures of Tantalus ? I shall die h ere
”
with all th is work Th e simplest private is happier th an I
. .

The E mperor knowi ng th e attitude of many of h is Marshals

, ,

and h imself feeling the strai n of this i mmense enterprise ,

w as u nusually i rritable Co nsequently relations at h ead

.

quarters were often strai ned an d the M arshals were angry

,

at the severe repri mands to wh ich they were subj ected Th e .

contro lli ng leaders be i ng o ut o f gear the machi ne did n ot

ru n smooth ly there was nothing bu t friction and tensi on .

Th e Marshals were i nclined to attri bute their disgrace to

the ill wi ll of Berth ier and n ot to the temper o f Napoleon
-
.

Particularly was this the case with Davout who si nce 18 0 9 ,

had suspected that Berth ier desired to rui n h is reputation .

Accordingly the Prince o f E ckm ti h l se t down th e succes

sion of reprimands wh ich were h urled at his head to the
machi natio ns of the maj or general a n d n ot as was th e case
-
,
‘

, ,

to Na p oleo n s j ealousy of him because people had prophesied

’

,
C
18 NA P O LE O N S M ARS H ALS ’

he wo u ld become King of Pola n d This misu nderstanding .

was most u nfortunate for it prevented Berth ier from e ffect

,

i ng a reconciliation between Davout and th e Emperor H ence .

Napoleo n was drive n more an d more to trust to th e advice

’
o f the rash u nstable King o f Naples
,
The maj or general s .
-

lo t through th e ca mpaign wa s most miserable W orki n g .

day and night to su p ervise the organisatio n o f the h u ge

force of six h u ndred thousand men ; mistrusted by h i s
former comrades ; blamed for every mishap by the E m
p ero r whatever the fau l t might be h e had to pu t up with
, ,

the bitterest i nsul ts an d while working as n o other man

,

cou ld work to en dure such tau n ts as N ot only are you n o

,
“
,
”
good but you are i n the way Everyth i ng that went wrong
, .

was the fau lt of the general staff wh ich is so organised ,

"
that it foresees noth ing whether it was th e sh ortcomings
,

o f the c ontractors or th e burning of their own magazi nes

'
by the Russians But what most moved Napoleo n s anger
.

“
agai nst the chief of th e staff was that Berthier with th e ,

parade states before h i m em p hasisi ng the enormous

"
,

wastage of th e a rmy constantly harped o n th e danger of

,

pressing o n to M oscow S o strained became the re l ations

.

between them that for the last part o f the advance they
,

no longer met at meals B ut d uri ng th e ho u rs of the

.

retreat the o ld friendsh ip was resu med Berth ier bore n o .

malice and sh o w ed h is bravery by h imself opp os i ng the

,

enemy with musket and bayo net ; and o n o n e occasi on ,

with Bessi eres M urat and Rapp h e saved the Emperor

‘

, , ,

from a sotnia of Cossacks .

W hen Napoleon quitted the army at Vil na he left the

maj or general behi nd to help the Ki ng of Nap l es to with
-

draw the remnant of the Grand Army M arching on foot .

th rough the deep snow, with fingers and nose frost b itten the ,

sturdy old veteran of sixty e ndured the fatigue as well as the

hardies t young men i n their prime ; and i n additio n to th e
physical fatig u e of m arching had to carry out all th e ,

administrative work , and be ar th e moral responsibility for

20 NAP OLE ON S M ARS H ALS ’

to th e new govern ment W hen all save M acdonald had.

deserted the fa l len Emperor, Berth ier stayed on at F on ta i n e

bleau directing the withdrawal of the rem nants o f th e army
, ,

an d making arrangements for the guard wh ich w a s to

accompany Napoleon to Elba But th ough he remai ned .

with h i m u ntil the day before h e started for Elba Berth ier ,

refused to share h is exile and at th e time Napoleon was,

magnani mous e nough to see that owing to h is age and th e ,

care of h is ch ildren h e could n ot expect such a sacri fice

, .

S o far the Prince had done all that h onour and affectio n
,

could deman d of hi m But u nfortu nately for his fame

.
, ,

i nstead o f withdrawing i nto private life h e listened to the ,

p rayers o f h is wife wh o keenly felt the loss of h er title of

,
”
S ere ne Princess I t w as at her desire that he continued
.

to fr equent th e Bourbo n court and actual l y accepted the

captai ncy of o n e of the new companies of royal guards .

Th is and the fact that, as senior of the Marsh als Berth ier ,

h ad led h is fellow M arshals to meet th e King at Compi egne ,

caused th e Pri nce o f W agram to be regarded as a traitor

by N apoleo n an d the I mperialists M oreover the Prince .
,

M arshal n o w saw i n Napoleon the disturber of the peace o f

Europe s o when th e Emp eror suddenly returned fro m
,

Elba h e withdrew from France, and retired to Bamberg i n ,

h i s father i n law s dominions

- -
’
.

I t is commonly supposed that Berth i er committed suicide,

but the medical eviden ce shows that h is fall was probably
th e resu lt of gidd i ness arising from dyspepsia I t w as o n .

J une I st that th e accident happened H e was watching a .

division of Russian troops passi n g through th e town and ,

was much distressed by the sigh t and heard to murmur, ,

M y poor cou ntry I Ever i nterested i n soldiers h e g ot on ,

a chair o n th e balcony before th e nursery wi ndows to get a

bett er view o f the troops and while doing so l ost h is balance
,

an d fell to th e grou nd .

F or th e m oment the tragic death of the M arshal was th e

talk of Europe but only for th e moment for th e fate of the
, ,
 LO U I S ALE XA N DR E B E RT H I E R 21

world was hanging o n the issues of the great battle wh ich

was imminent i n Belgi um I f th e Pri nce of W agram had .

been there i t is more than co nceivable that th e scales would

,

have falle n other th an they did ; for it was th e i ndiff erent

staff work of S oult and the bad drafti ng of orders which
lost the Fre n ch th e campaign O f this Napoleo n was so .
,

firmly convi nced that h e n ever cou ld effac e i t from h is

“
memory ; agai n a nd agai n h e was heard sayi ng If ,

Berthier had bee n here I should never have met this m is

”
fort u ne
. The Emperor i n spite of the fact that i n 1 8 14 h e
,

had to l d Macdonald that Berth ier could never return was ,

convi nced that he would and h ad told Rapp that h e was ,

certai n he would co me back to h i m I t was th is fai l ure to .

return wh ich so embittered the fallen Emperor agai nst th e

Pri nce of W agram and led to those cruel stricture s o n his
,

character to which he gave vent at S t H elena M oreover . .

,

Napo l eon so great i n many thi ngs was so j ealous o f h is

, ,

ow n glory that he could be mean beyond words Eve n i n .

the early years When he heard people praising Berth ier s '

work i n 1 7 96 h e told h is secretary B ou rri e n ne, As for

, ,

Berthier si nce you have b ee n with me you see what he is

, ,

—h e is a blockhead ” At S t H elena forgetting h is o ld

. .
,

opi nions “ Berth ier h as h is talents activity courage

, , , ,
—
character all i n his favour ”
Forgetting that he h imself .

had taught Berth ier to be imperious he derided his rather ,

“
pompous manner saying Nothing is so imperious as
, ,

weakness wh ich feels itself supported by strength Look at .

"
women . Berth ier with h is admirably lucid mind great
, ,

physique methodical powers and ambition wo uld have

, ,

made hi s name i n any profession H e u ndoubtedly chose .

to be second to Napoleon ; h e served h i m with a fidelity

that Napoleon h imself cou ld not u nderstand and h e wo n ,

hi s great commander s love and esteem i n spite of th e

’

selfish ness of the Corsican s nature “ I really cannot ’

.

" “
understand said Napoleo n to Talleyrand
,
h ow a relation ,

that has th e appearance of friendship has established itself

22 N A P O LE O N S M AR S H ALS ’

betwee n Berth ier and me I do n ot i ndulge i n useless

.

senti ments and Berthier is so u ninteresti ng that I do not

,

know wh y I should care abo ut h i m at al l , and yet when I

"
think of i t I really h ave some liking for h i m I t is .

because h e believ es i n you said the former bishop an d

,
’
reader of men s souls I t was th is belief i n Napoleo n wh ich
.

i n time obs essed the Pri nce o f W agra m s mi nd wh ich killed ’

h is ow n i nitiative and was responsible for his blu nders i n

18 09 a n d at Leipzig and turned h i m i nto a machi ne which
,

“
merely echoed the Emperor s commands M onsieur le
’
.

” “
Mar échal , the Emperor orders M onsieur i t is not me .
, ,
"
it is the Emperor you ought to thank These hackneyed .

phrases typified more than anythi ng else the bou nds of th e

career wh ich the M arshal had deliberately marked ou t for
’
h imself I n Berthier s eyes it was n o reproach , but a testi
.

mony to his o w n pri nciples “ that h e never gave an order

, ,

never wrote a despatch which did not i n some way emanate

,
"
from Napoleon . I t was this which with some appearance ,

of truth poi nting to h is n otable fai lures a l lowed Napoleon

, ,

to say of hi m at S t H elena. H is ch aracter was u ndecided

, ,

n ot strong enough for a commander i n chief but he - -

,

p ossessed all the qualities of a good ch ief of the staff : a

complete mastery of the map great ski l l i n recon naissance , ,

minute care i n th e despatch of orders magni ficent aptitu de ,

for prese nting with the greatest simplicity the most comp l i
"
ca te d situation of an army .
j oAC I I I M M U RAT, MAR S H A L, K I NG O F NAP L E S
-

TAB LE B O Y, seminar i st M arshal , Ki ng M urat

-
, ,

h olds th e u nchallenged position of Pri nce o f

Gascons : petulant perseveri ng ambitious and
, ,

va in he surpass es D Artag n an h imself i n h is overwhelm

,
’

i ng conceit The third so n of an i nnkeeper of La Bastide

.

F ortu n i ere i n upper Q uercy J oach im M urat was born on

,

March 2 5 17 67 From h is earliest ch ildhood J oach im w as

, .

a horse lover and a frequenter of the stables ; but h i s

-

parents h ad h igher aims for th eir bright smiling i n te lli , ,

gent darling and desti ned h i m for th e priesthood The

, .

you ng seminarist was h igh ly though t o f b y th e preceptors

at the College of S aint M ichel at Cahors and the Lazarist
Fathers at Toulouse ; but neither priest n or mother had
tru ly grasped his dash ing character, a n d o n e Fe b ruary
morning i n 1 7 8 7 J oachi m slipped quietly out o f the semi
nary doors and enlisted i n the Chasseurs of the Ardennes ,

who were at the moment billeted i n Tou louse Two years .

later this promising recruit havi ng fa l len fou l of th e mi l itary

,

authorities had to leave th e service u nder a cloud A post

, .

’
as draper s assistant was a poor exchange for th e you ng

soldier w h o fou nd th e cava l ry service of th e royal army

,

scarcely dashi ng enough but th e Revolutio n gave an outlet

,

which M urat was quick to seize For three years th e fut u re

.

King harangued vi l l age audiences of Q uercy o n the i niquities

of caste and the equality o f a l l m e n ; so that when in ,
23
24 N AP OLE ON S M ARS H ALS ’

February, 17 9 2 the Assembly called for volu nteers for th e

,
“ "
Garde Constitution nelle of Louis XV I what better choice .
,

could the n ational guard o f M ontfaucon make than i n nomi

nati ng J oach i m M urat the han dsome e x sergeant o f th e ,
-

Chasseurs of th e Arden nes ?

I n Paris J oach i m soon found that the royal road to
,

success lay i n denounci ng loudly all superior o fficers o f

lack of patriotism S oon there was n o more brazen voiced
.
-

accuser than M urat I n th e cou rse of a year h e worked h i s

.

“ "
way out of th e Garde Constitution ne l le and by April , ,

7
1 93 he had attai ned th e rank o f captai n i n the 1 2 th
,

Chasseurs M eanwh ile he had been selected as aide de

.
,
-

camp by Ge n eral d Ure de M ola ns ’

H avi ng seen n o .

service h e owed h is appoi ntment largely to his conceit

,

and good looks Blue eyed with an aquiline nose and

.
-
,

smi l i ng lips with long chestnut curls falling over h is well

poised head e ndowed with great physical strength shown ,

i n h is strong supple arms and i n the long fla t th ighed legs

,
-

of a horseman h e appeared the most perfect type of th e

,

dare devil dashi ng cavalry soldier The moderate repub l i ca n

-
.

general d U re de Mola n s was useful to hi m for a time but

, , ,

the you ng Gasco n saw that th e days of the extremist were

close at h and ; accordi ngly, h e a l lied h i mself with a n a d
venturer called Landrieux wh o was raising a body of ,

cut th roats whose obj ect w as plunder n ot fighting Th e

-
, .

Conve ntion which had licensed Landrieux to raise th is

,

corps of patriotic def en ders of th e cou ntry, accepted h is

nominatio n of M urat as acti ng lieutenan t colo nel B ut -
.

they soo n fell ou t for M u rat had the audacity to try an d

,

make these patriots fight i nstead of merely seeking plu nder .

Th e consequence of this quarrel was that, early i n 1 7 94 h e ,

fou n d h i mse l f accused as a ci devant noble I mpriso ned -

.

at Amiens and brought before the Co mmittee of Public

,

S afety i n a fit of rep ublican enthusiasm he changed h is

,

name to M arat B ut th is did n ot save hi m, an d h e

.

owed hi s life to a deputation from h is native Q uercy,

J OAC H I M M U R AI ' '

A F I E R W A R DS
’ '
K I NG OF N AP L ES
G
,

m om ‘ '
l HF . F A I N I I NG
’ ‘

m
'
ER A R D ' '
Al v mcs m u fi s
26 NA P O LE O N S MARS H ALS ’

on Vienna and later with a delicate independent missio n

,

i n the Va l te lli n e B ut M urat, u nlike Lan nes M armo nt

.
, ,

and Duroc was not yet i ndispensable to Bonaparte and

, ,

accordi ng l y was lef t with the Army of I taly when the general
re turned i n triu mph to Paris I t was mainly owing to .

M ass ena s e nt husi astic report of h is service i n th e Roman

'

campaign at th e close of 17 9 7 that he was selected as on e

, ,

of the supernu merary o ffi cers i n th e Egyptian expedition .

S o far M urat had n ot yet bee n able to disti nguish

,

h imself above h is comrades i n arms M ass ena Au gerea u , - -

.
,

S eruri er and Laharpe left h i m far i n th e rear bu t Egypt

, ,

was to give h im the chance of proving his worth and ,

showing th a t h e w as not only a dashi ng o fficer, but a

cavalry commander of the first rank H e led th e cavalry .

o f the advance guard i n the march up th e N ile and was ,

present a t the battle of the Pyramids and the taking o f

Cairo But so far the campaign i nstead of bringi ng h i m
.
,

fresh honours nearly brought hi m disgrace ; for h e j oined

,

th e party o f gru mb l ers and w as one o f those wh o were

,

“
addressed i n th e famous reprimand I know some generals ,

are mutinous and preach revolt let them take care I .

am as h igh above a general as above a drummer and if ,

necessary I will as soo n have th e one sh ot as the other

, .

O n J u ly 2 7 17 9 8 M urat was appointed governor of the

, ,

province of Ka li ou b which lies north of Cairo ; to keep

,

order among h is turbulent su bj ects h is whole force co n

sisted of a battal io n o f infantry, twenty fiv e cavalrymen
-

-
,

a nd a three pou nder gun-

H is governorship was only p art
.

of the work Bonaparte required o f h i m for he was con ,

s tan tly away organising and leadi ng light columns by land

or river, harryi ng the Arabs and disbanded M amelukes ,

sweepi ng the cou ntry co l lecting vast dep ots of corn a nd

,

cattle remounting the cavalry — proving h imself a past

,

master i n irregular warfare 8 0 well did he do his work .

that th e comman der i n chief selected h im to command the

- -

whole of the cavalry i n the S yrian expeditionary force .

 J OAC H I M M URAT 27

Thanks to h is handli ng of h is horsemen , th e marc h through

Palesti ne occasioned the Fre nch but lit tle loss During .

the siege of Acre h e commanded the covering force a nd ,

pushed reco nnaissances far and wi de So feared was h is .

name that the whole Turkish army fled before h i m o n the

banks of th e J ordan and left th e i r c amp an d i mmense
,

booty i n th e hands of the French But th ough h e h ad .

th us destroyed the relieving force Acre victua l led by the , ,

English fleet, still held ou t and Bo naparte had to retreat to

,

Egypt .

I t was at Aboukir that M urat co nsolidated h is reputation

as a great commander The Turkish general had neglected
.

to rest the right fl ank of h is first l i ne o n th e sea an d M u rat , ,

seizing his opportunity fell o n the u nguarded fl ank with

,

th e full weigh t of h is cavalry and rolled the unfortu nate ,

Turks i nto the water Thereafter, by th e aid o f a battery

.

of arti l lery th e centre of th e second line of the Turkish

,

army was broken and th e French horse dash ing i nto the
,

gap o nce agai n made short work of the enemy an d their

, ,

leader captured with his own h ands th e Turkish com

mander Bo naparte i n h i s despatch di d ful l j ustice to
.
, ,

his subordi nate “ Th e v i ctory is mai nly d u e to General

.

Murat I ask you to make h i m ge neral of division : his

.

"
brigade of cavalry has achieved the impo ssible M urat .

h imself was much distres se d at bei ng wou nded i n the

face as h e feared it migh t destroy h is good looks ; h ow
,

ever he soo n had the satisfactio n of writing to h is father

,
“
The doctors tell me I sh al l not be i n the least disfigured ,

so tell a ll the young ladies that eve n i f M urat has lost some
of his good looks they wo n t find that he h as lost any of
'

,
"
his bravery i n the war o f love .

H is grumbles forgiven M urat left Egypt among the chosen

,

band of followers of whose fidelity Napoleo n w as assured

hi s special missio n was to gai n over th e cava l ry to th e side o f
his chief H e i t was wh o with Leclerc o n th e 18 th Bru
.
, ,

maire forced his way into the O rangerie at th e head of th e

,
28 N A P O L E O N S M ARS H ALS
’

grenadiers and hurled o u t the deputies Th e First Consul .

rewarded h i m amply appoi nti ng h i m i nspector of the

,

Consular Guard and later sti l l i n preference to h is riva l

, , , ,

Lannes gave h i m i n marriage hi s sister Caroline

, Murat .

had met C a roli ne Bonaparte at M ontebello duri ng th e

I talian campaign of 1 7 96 and h ad at once been struck,

by her beauty Like many anoth er cavalier h e had a

.
,

flame i n every cou ntry or rather i n every town wh ich

, ,

he visited But by 1 7 9 9 the gay Gascon saw that it was

.

time to fi nish sowi ng his wild oats, si nce destiny was

offeri ng h i m a chance wh ich falls to the lot of few
mortals . I t was by now clear that the First Consu l s ’

star was in the ascen da nt Already h is fami ly were reaping

. .

the fruits o f h is success Ambition pride and l ove were

.
,

the cords o f the net which drew the wil l i ng M urat to

Caroline As brother i n law to th e First Co nsul J oachim
.
- -
,

felt secure against hi s b itter rival Lan nes To add poi nt , .

to this success h e knew that the victor o f M onte b ello

,

was straining every nerve to gai n this very prize M oreover .

,

Fortune h erself favoured his suit Bonaparte had o ffered .

the h and of Caroli ne to th e great General M oreau but ,

the future victor of H ohenli nde n refused to j oi n h i mself

to th e Corsican triumph To cover h is confusion th e
.

'
First Consu l w as glad to give h is sister s hand to o n e
of his most gallant o fficers , especially as by so doing
h e once and for all removed the h au nti ng fear of a n
i ntrigue betwee n hi m and J osephi ne Accordi ngly on .
,

J anuary 2 5 1 8 00 M urat and Caro l i ne were pronou nced

, ,

man and wife i n the temple of the canton of Plailly by ,

the president of th e canto n Though Caroline o nly .

brought with her a dot of forty thousand francs , sh e stood

for what was better still , i mmense po ssibilities .

Mu ra t s h oneymoon was cut short by the M arengo

’

campaign I n April h e started as lieutenant genera l i n

.
,
-

command of the cavalry to j oi n the Army of th e Reserve

,

at Dij on O nce the corps of Lannes had by the capture

.
,
 J O AC H I M M URAT 29

of I vrea secured the openi ng i nto I taly th e cavalry

, ,

were able to t ake up their r ole and with irresistible weight ,

they swept down the plains o f Lombardy forced the river ,

crossi ngs and o n J u ne an d entered M ilan Thence th e

,
.

First Consul despatched h is h orse men to seize Piacenza the ,

important bridge across the Po the key o f the Austrian ,

lines of commu nication Murat with a few troops crossed

.
, ,

the river i n s ome twenty small rowi ng boats and dash ing -
, ,

forw ard captured th e bridge h ead o n the southern bank

, ,

and thus secured not only the peaceful crossi ng of h is

force but the capture of the town and the immense
,

Austrian dep ots At M arengo the cavalry acted i n separate

.

brigades a nd the decisive stroke of the battle fel l to th e

,

lot of the younger Kel lermann whose brilliant charge ,

decided the day i n favour o f th e French Th e despatches .

on l y mentio ne d that General Murat s clothes were r i ddled ’

”
by bullets .

S o far M urat had always held subordi nate commands ;

his great amb i tio n was to become th e commander i n ch ief - -

o f an independent army H is wife, C aroline and h is .

,

sister i n law J oseph i ne were constant i n their endeavours

- -
, ,

to gai n th is distin ction for h i m from th e First Consul B ut .

it was not till the end of 1 8 00 that they succeeded ; and

then only partially for i n December the l ieutenant general
,
-

was appoi nted commander of a corps of observation whose ,

headquarters wer e at M ilan and whose duty was to ,

overawe Tuscany a nd the Papal S tates H is campaign .

i n central I taly is more noticeable for h is endeavours to

’

shake himself free from the control o f General Bru ne the ,

commander i n chief of the Army of I taly than for any very

- -
,

brilliant man oe uvres Tuscany and the Papal S tates were

.

easily conquered and the King of Naples w a s o n ly too gl ad

,

to buy peace at Foligno I taly lay at the feet of the French

.

general but what was most gratifying of a l l after h is

, ,

successful negotiation with the King of Na p les the First ,

Consul tacitly accepted the title which h i s bro ther i n law - -

 30 N AP OLE ON S M ARS HALS ’

had assumed of commander i n chief of the Army of Naples - -

.

M urat had the satisfactio n of having u nder h is orders

Lieutenant General S oult three generals o f division and four
-
,

generals of brigade F or the moment h is Gascon vanity

.

was satiated w h ile his Gasco n greed was appeased by

,

substantial bribes from all the conquered cou ntries of the

“ ”
P eninsula . Th e commander i n chief was j oi ned at Flor - -

en ce i n May 1 8 0 1 by h is wife Caroline and h is you ng son ,

, , , ,

Achille born i n J anuary whom he fou nd “ ch arming

, , ,
”
already possessed of two teeth I n the capit a l of Tuscany .

M urat gravely delivered to th e i nhabi tants a historical

lecture o n their science their civilisatio n and the S plendou r
, ,

of their state u nder the M edici H e spent th e su m m er: .

i n visiting th e watering places of I taly I n August the -

.

First Consul raised h i m to the command o f the troops of

the Cisalpi ne Republic and h e retained th is post for th e
,

next two years and had his h eadquarters i n M ilan making

, ,

occasional expeditions to Paris and Rome and on th e ,

whole content with h is position save for occasional ,

quarrels with M elzi the president o f the I talian Republic

, .

The i r j ur i sdictions overlapped and the Gasco n would play

se co nd fiddle to n o o n e save to his great brother i n law - -
.

I n J anu ary 18 04 th e First Consul recal led M urat to Paris

, , ,

nominati ng hi m commandant of th e troops of the first

mili tary divisio n and of the National Guard a nd G overnor ,
'
of th e city Bonaparte s obj ect was not so m uch to
.

please h is broth er i n law as to strengthen h imself H e

- -
.

w as concentrating h i s o w n family clan and all hi s most , ,

faithful followers i n readin es s for the great event th e ,

proclamation of the E mpire Men l ike Lannes wh ose .

,

views were republican were discreetly kept ou t o f the way

,

on foreign missions ; but M urat as Bonaparte k new was a , ,

pliant tool As early as 1 8 0 2 h e had hotly favoured the

.

Co nc ordat and had had h is m arriage recelebrated by

,

Cardi nal Consalvi ; and bo th Caroline and J oachim i n

fin i tely p referre d be i ng mem bers of the imperial family
'
 J O AC H I M M U R AT 31

of th e Emperor of the French to being m erely relations

of the s uccessful general and First Consul o f the French
Republic They were willing also to obey th e future
.

Emperor s com mands and to aid hi m socially by e nte r

'

tai ning on a lavish scale, and their residence i n Paris ,

the H otel T h élusson became th e centre of gorgeous ,

entertai nments W h ile M urat strutted about i n sky blue

.
-

overalls covered with gold spangles i nvented new u ni

, ,

forms and bought expensive aigrettes for his busby hi s

, ,

wife showed her rococo taste by fur nish i ng her drawing

room i n red satin and gold and h er bedroom i n ,

rose coloured sati n and old poi nt lace

- They had their .

reward Five days after the proclamation o f the Empire

.
,

after a furious scene Napoleon conceded th e ti tle of ,

Imperial H igh ness to h is sister with the bitter words

“
To listen to you people would think that I h ad robbed
,
,
“

you of the heritage of the late King ou r father , .

Meanwhile the Governor of Paris had received h is

’
Marshal s b aton , and i n the following Februar y was
created senator prince and Grand Admiral of France
, , .

The rupture o f the peace of Amiens did n ot affect

the life of the Governor o f Paris for two years he enj oyed
this o ffi ce with al l its opportu nities of ostentation and
,

display But i n August 1 8 0 5 the approach ing war with

.
, ,
-

Austria caused the Emperor to summon his most brilliant

cavalry leader to h is side I n th at month h e despatched .

him travelling i ncognito as Colonel Beaumont to survey

, ,

the military roads i nto Germany and especially to study ,

the converging roads round W urzburg and the suitability ,

of that town as an advance dep ot for an army operating

o n the Danube From Wurzburg M urat travelled hurriedly

.

through Nuremberg Ratisbon and Passau as far as the , , ,

river I nn returning v ia M un ich U lm th e Black Forest

, , , ,

and S trassbu rg I mmediately o n h is return th e E mperor

.

“
appointed h i m Lieutenant of the Empire and c om man ,

dant i n h is absence of all th e t10 0ps ca n ton n e d a long th e

32 NA P O LE O N S M AR S HALS
’

Rh i ne and o f such corps o f the Grand Army as reached

,

that river before h imself W he n war actually broke ou t

.

Mura t s duty w as to mask with h is cavalry i n the Black

’

Forest the turni ng movemen t of the other corps of the

'

Gran d Army wh ich were striking at th e Austrian rear

-
.

O nce th e turning m ovement was completed th e Pri nce

was entrusted with the command of the left wi ng o f
the army which i ncluded h is o w n cavalry division and
,

the corps of Lan nes and Ney Excellent as h e was as .

caval ry commander i n th e field M urat had n o head for ,

great combinati ons I nstead of profiting by th e advice

.

of those able soldiers Lannes and Ney he spent h is time

, ,

quarrelling with them H e accordingly ke p t his troops

.

o n the wrong side of the Danube with th e result that ,

i n spite of N ey s brilliant action at E lch ingen two divisions

’

o f th e Austrians u nder the Archduke Ferdinand escaped

from U lm Pri nce M urat, however retr i eved h is error

.
,

by h is brilliant pursuit of the escaped Austrians and by ,

hard rid ing an d fighting c aptured quite half of the Arch

'
duke s co mmand .

I mpetuosity perseverance and dash are u ndoubtedly

, ,

usefu l traits i n the character of a cavalry comma nder, and

o f these h e had h is fair share B ut h is j ealousy and vanity
.

often led h im as tray Duri ng th e advance down th e Danube ,

.

i n h is desire to gai n th e credit of capturi ng Vien na, h e lost

touch completely with the Russians and Austrians wh o had ,

retreated across the Danube at Krems an d h e i nvolved th e ,

E mperor i n a dangerous position by leavi n g the u nbeaten

-

Russians o n the flank o f h is li ne of communications But .

th e Pri nce quickly made amends for h i s rash ness The ruse .

by wh ich he and Lannes captured the bridge below Vien na

was discredi table no doubt fro m the poi nt of view of
morality I t was a direct lie to tell th e Austrian commander
.

th at an armistice had been arranged an d the bridge ceded

to the French B u t the fact remai ns th at M urat saved th e
.

Emperor and the French army from the di ffic ult and costly
34 N AP OLE ON S M ARS H ALS ’

Gasco n i n nkeeper s son became i n 1 8 0 6 J oachi m Pri nce

’

and Gran d Adm iral o f France and Grand Duke o f Berg ,

.

H e gai ned th is h onour not as M urat the brilliant cavalry ,

general , bu t as Pri nce J oachim t h e brother i n law of the ,

- -

E mperor Napoleon The Gran d Duke a nd the Grand

.

Duchess did not however reside long i n their capital

, , ,

D ii sse ld orf th ey i nfin itely preferred Paris I n their eyes .

Berg was but a step p ing sto ne to h igher th ings a source

-
,

o f p rofit an d a pretext for exalting th emselves at the

expense of their neigh bours Th e Grand Duke entrusted .

th e i nterior management of th e Duchy to h is old friend

Agar wh o h ad served h i m well i n I taly and wh o later
, ,

became Cou nt o f M osburg Any prosperity wh ich the .

Gran d D uke enj oyed was entirely due to the fi nancial

a b ility of Agar M urat however kept foreign affairs i n h is
.
, ,

o w n hands As Foreign M i nister by simply ta ki ng what

.
,

he wanted h e added considerably to th e extent of h is

,
'
duchy B ut like al l Napoleo n s satellites he constantly
.
, ,

fou nd his positio n hu mi liating for i n spite of h is tears and ,

prayers h e had continually to see h is duch y sa crificed to

,

France I t was no use to c omplai n that Napoleon had

.

taken away th e for tress of W esel which h ad been h anded ,

over to th e Grand Duch y by special trea ty by th e King of

“
Prussia for as Q ueen H ortense wisely asked him
, ,
Wh o ,

had really made that treaty ? W h o had given h i m the

"
duchy the fortr ess an d eve rythi ng ?
, ,

I n S eptember, 1 8 0 6 M u ra t s secon d and last visit to

,
'

D usseldorf was brought to an abrupt close by the opening

o f the Prussian campaign O n th e eve of the battle o f J ena
.

h is ca valry covered forty m iles and arrived i n time to give

the enemy the coup de grace on th e following day drivi ng ,

them i n flight i nto W eimar Th en followed the famous .

p u rsuit across Prussia i n wh ich Murat captured first cla ss

,
-

fortresses with cavalry regiments and divisions o f i nfantry ,

with squadrons of h orse, and ended by seizing Bl ucher and

th e wh ole of the Prussian artillery on th e sh ore of the
 J OAC H I M M URAT 35

Baltic at Lubeck But though h i s cavalry had th us wiped

.

th e Prussian army out of existence the war d ragged on , ,

for as i n 1 8 05 th e Russians h ad entered the field

, ,
In .

N ovember th e Emperor despatched his bro th er i n law to - -

command th e French corps wh ich were massi ng rou nd

War sa w . Th e Gran d Duke read i nto th is order the idea
that he w as desti ned to become the King of a revived
P oland ; accordi ngly h e made a tr i umphant entry i nto
Warsaw i n a fantastic u niform red leather boots tu n ic o f
, ,

cloth o f gold sword belt g l ittering with diamonds and

,
-
,

a h uge busby o f rich fur bedecked with costly plumes .

The Poles greeted h im with enthusiasm an d M urat ,

“
hastened to write to the Emperor that the Poles desired
to become a natio n u nder a foreign Ki ng given them by ,
”
your Maj esty W hile the Grand Duke dreamed of h is
.

Polish crown the climate defeated the French troops and

, ,

when the Emperor arrived at th e front the Prince had to

lay aside h is royal aspirations But i n spite of h is dis
.

appointment he was still too much o f a Fren ch man and

a soldier to allow his personal resentment to overcome h is
duty to his Emperor a nd he conti nued to hope th at by h is
,

daring and success he might still wi n h is Polish crown At .

Eylau he showed his customary bravery an d h is magnificent

talent as a cavalry leader, when h e saved the shattered corps
of Aug ereau by a successful charge o f over twelve thousand
sabres At th e battle of H eilsberg the celebrated ligh t
.

cavalryman Lasalle, saved his life but a few mi nutes later

, ,

the Grand Duke was able to cry quits by h imself rescuing

Lasalle from the midst of a Russian charge U nfortu nately .

for M u rat the prospective a l liance with Russia once and for
,

all compelled Napoleon to lay aside al l thought of reviving

the kingdom of Poland an d when th e would b e King
,
-

arrived with a P o l ish guard o f h o nour and h is fantastic

uniform he was met by the biting words o f th e Emperor
,

Go and put o n your proper u niform ; you look like a clown ” .

After Tilsit th e d isappoi nted Grand Duke returned to

36 N A P O LE O N ’
S M ARS H ALS

Paris, where his equally ambitious wife had been i ntrigu i ng

with J osephine Talleyrand and F o u ch é to get her h usban d
,

nominated N apoleon s successor i n case the accident s of

’

the campaign should remove th e E mp eror But Napoleon .

had no inte ntion of dying wi th out issue Thanks to h is .

brother i n law s generosity M urat was able to neglect h is

- -
’

half million subj ects i n Berg an d spend h is revenues right

-

royally i n Paris But early i n 1 8 0 8 h is ambitio n was o nce

.

agai n i nflamed by the h ope of a crown — n ot a revived king

S hi p i n Poland but th e a ncient sceptre of S pai n Napoleo n
, .

had decided that th e Pyre nees shou ld n o longer exist and ,

that Portuga l and S pai n S h ould become French p rovi nces

ruled by pup p ets of h is ow n J u not already h el d Portugal ;
.

it seemed as if it needed but a vigorou s movement to oust

the Bourbons from M adrid Family q uarrels had alread y .

caused a revolutio n i n S pai n Ch arles h ad fled the king .

dom leaving the throne to h is son Ferdi nand Both had

,
.

appeal ed to Napoleon ; consequently there was a decent

pretext for sending a French army i nto S pai n O n Februar y .

’
2 5th M urat w as despatched at a few h our s notice, with
orders to take over th e supreme comman d of all the French
corps which were co ncentrati ng i n S pai n to seiz e th e ,

fortresses of Pampeluna and S t S ebastian and to advance .

,

with a l l speed on Madrid but he was give n n o clue as to

,
’
what the Emperor s ulterior obj ect migh t be H e was .

ordered , h owever, to keep the Emperor daily informed of

the state of p ub l i c opi n i on i n S pai n Pri nce J oach im very .

so on perceived that King Char l es was rej ected by every

body th at the Prime M i nister th e Pri nce of Peace was
, , ,

extremely u npopular, and that Ferdinand was weak and

i rreso l ute it seemed as if h e would follow th e example of
th e King o f Portugal and would flee to the colon ies when
,

th e French army approached h is capital The o nly dis .

quieting feature of the situatio n was the constant a nnih ila

tion of small parties of French sol diers an d th e brutal
murder of all s tr agglers O n M arch a3rd the Fr e nch army
.
 J OAC H I M M URAT 37

entered Madrid All was tranquil Meanwhile th e ex King

. .
-

Charles had ret i red to Bayon ne and , by th e orders o f th e ,

Emperor, the Pri nce o f Peace was se nt th ere also where ,

upon King Ferdinand , fearing that Napoleo n m igh t take

his fa ther s part h urried off to France At Bayon ne both
’

,
.

th e claimants to the S pan i sh throne surrendered their rights

to the E mperor wh ile at M adrid M urat h oping agai nst
, , ,

h ope played the royal part an d kept th e i nhabitants quiet

,

with bull fig hts and mag nificent f etes S o far the S paniards
- .
,

though restless, were waiting to see whether the French

were friends as they protested or i n reality steal thy foes
, ,
.

The cri sis came o n M ay an d wh en th e Fre nch troops were

,

compelled to evacuate M adrid o n acco u nt of the fury of

the popu lace at the attempted abduction o f the little Pri nce ,

Don Francisco M urat sh owed to th e full h is i n dom itable

.

courage fighting fiercely, n ot o nly for h is E mperor, but

,

for the crown wh ich h e though t was h is Bitter i ndeed .

were his feelings when he received a letter dated th at fatal

day M ay 2 n d, informing h i m th at J oseph was to be King
,

o f S pain and that he migh t choose e ither Portugal or

,

Naples as h is kingdom I n fl oods of tears he accepted

.

Naples but so cruel was th e blow that h is h ealth gave way

, ,

and instead of hurryi ng off to his new k i ngdo m h e h ad to

spend the summer dri nking the waters at Bar eges ; h is
sensitive Gasco n feeli ngs had comp letely broken d own
u nder th e disappoi ntment and for th e time being h e was
, , ,

physical l y and morally a wreck .

M urat was i n no hurry to commence h i s reign and h is ,

subj ects showed no great anxiety to se e their new ruler .

But whe n King J oachi m Napoleo n to give h im h is new ,

title arrived at Naples h e was received with u nexpected

,

warmth Th e new monarch with h is striking personality

.
,

and good looks at once captivated th e hearts o f h is fickle

,

S outhern su bj ects J oseph had bee n prudent a nd cold

.
,

J oach im was ostentatious and fiery The N eapolitans had .

never really cared for th eir Bourbo n sovereigns S ome .

3s NAP O LE O N S M ARS H ALS
’

of the n oblesse h ad fro m i nterest clung to the ol d dynas ty ,

but the greater part of th e n obility cared little wh o ruled

them so long as their privileges were not i nterfered with .

Among th e middl e class there Wa s a strong party wh ich

h ad accepted th e doctri nes of th e French Revolution Th e .

lower class were i dle and lazy a nd wil l i ng to serve any

'
,

sovereign wh o appealed to them by ostentation Th e .

people who really held the key of the h earts of the mass
o f the populatio n were the clergy J oseph with h i s l iberal
.
,

ideas had attempted to free th e people from clerical

,

thraldom J oach im however, with his S outhern i nsti ncts

.
, ,

refused to deny h imself th e use of such a powerful lever ,

and quickly i ngratiated h i mself with h is n ew subj ects .

From the moment that h e arrived at N aples th e new Kin g

determined if not to rule Naples for the Neapolitans at
, ,

least by pretending to do so to rule Naples for hi mself an d

, ,

not for Napoleon I t i s not, th erefore, surprising that

.

before th e close of the year 1 8 0 8 friction arose, which

was furth er i ncrea sed by th e i ntrigues o f Talleyrand and
‘

Fouch e These mi nisters , firmly conv i nced that Napoleo n

.

would never return from the S pan ish war had decided that ,

i n th e event of h is death they would declare M urat his

successor rath er th an establish a regency for the young so n
of Lo uis Napoleo n the Ki ng of H olland
,
.

I n p ursuance of the plan o f wi n ning h is subj ects '

a ffections J oachi m ha d at o nce called to h is aid Agar ,

who had so successfully managed the fi nances of the Grand

Duchy of Berg Th e di fficulties of fi nance i n Naples were
.

very great, an d w i th Agar the Ki ng had to associate th e

subtle Corsica n S ali cetti wh o had so powerfu lly c o n
, ,

tributed to the ri se of Napoleon Taxation i n Naples .

was heavy for the Neapoli tans h ad to find th e money for

,

th e war with their o ld dynasty which was threateni ng them

,

from S icily, aided by th e E nglish fl eet To secure the .

kingdom agai nst the S icilians and E nglish a large ,

N ea politan army o f th irty th ousand troops had to be

 J O AC H I M M URAT 39

mai ntained alo ng with an au xi liary force o f te n thousand

French M oreover, th e Neapol itans had to pay for havi ng
.

a King like J oach im and a Q uee n Co nsort like C aroli ne .

The royal househ old alone required ducats per

annum To meet this heavy expense th e mi nisters h ad
.

to devise all sorts of exped ients to raise money Regular .

taxation monopolies mortgages and loans barely su fficed

, , ,

to provi de for the bu dget S till the King managed to retai n .

his popularity and i n h is own way attempted to ameliorate

,

the lot of h is subj ects H e i ntroduced the Code Napoleo n

. .

H e foun ded a mi l itary college an artillery an d engi neer ,

college a naval college a civil engi neer college an d a

, ,

polytech nic school H e also i nstitut d pri mary schools

.
e
i n eve ry commune and started an Ecole N ormale for
,

the trai ni ng of teachers H e expanded th e sta ff of the .

U niversity and established a n O bservatory a nd Bota nical

Garden at Naples H e attempted to con ciliate the Neap o
.

litan nobl esse by gradually dismissing h is French m i nisters

and o fficers and appoi nting Neapolita n n obles i n their place .

At the same time he abolished feudal dues and customs .

H e also attempted to develop i ndustries by giving them

protection Above all by the strict measures of his
.
,

mi nister Ma n he s h e established peace i n th e i nterior by

brea ki ng down the organised system of the freebooters .

and ro b bers As time we nt o n h e fo u nd that th e clergy

.

and monks were too h eavy a burden for h is kingdom

to bear and at the expense o f his popularity h e had to cut
, , ,

down the numbers o f the d ioceses and parishes an d a bolish

the religio us orders .

From th e first the new King grasped the fact that h is

kingdom would al w ays be heavily taxed a nd h is throne ,

insecure as long as the Bourbons backed by the E nglish , ,

held S icily H is plan of cam p aign therefore was to drive

.
, ,

his enemy o u t o f the smaller islands, a nd thereafter to

demand the aid of French troops a n d make a determi ned
e ffort agai nst S icily I n O ctober, 1 8 0 8, by a well plan ned
.
-
40 N A P O L E O N S M AR S HALS ’

expedition , h e ca ptured th e island of Capri and caused th e ,

E nglish commander S ir H udso n Lowe to capitulate I t

, , .

w a s not till the autu mn of 1 8 10 h owever th at h e was ready , ,

for the great expedi tion Relyi n g o n the traditional hatred .

o f the people o f M essin a for the Bou rbons h e collected

“

a strong force o n th e S traits and waited till the moment ,

when , after a gale the English fleet had n ot yet arrived from
,

th e roads of M ess i na O n th e even ing o f S eptember 17 th

.

h e sent away h is advance guard o f two th ousand men i n

eighty smal l boats Cavaignac the commander of th is
.
,

force secured the i mportant villages of S anto S tefano a nd

,

Sa nto Pa olo But at the critical moment th e commander

.
“

'
of the French d i vision acting according to the E mperor s ,
,

orders refused to allow h is troops to cross Before fresh

,
.

arrangements could be made the E nglish fl eet reappeared

o n th e sce ne and Cavaignac and h is force were thus
,

sa crificed for n o p urpose J oachi m as time showed n ever .

, ,

forgave the E mperor for the failure of his cherished

plan .

By th e commencement of 1 8 12 th e comi ng Russian ,

campaign overshadowed all other questions M u rat, wh o .

had earnestly begged to be al lowed to share th e Austrian

campaign o f 18 09 was delighted to serve i n person But
,
.

as King o f Naples he refused to send a division of ten

thousand me n to rei nforce the Grand Army a s a Fre nch ,

man and a soldier h e d ec lared h i mself to th e core a subj ect

o f th e E mperor bu t as Ki ng of Naples h e aspired to
,

pe rfect i ndependence I t was th i s double attitude which

.
,

from the momen t M urat became K ing clouded the t e ,

la ti ons betwee n h im and Napoleon But nevertheless once .

,

h e rej oi ned th e Emperor at Dantzig h e laid aside a l l ,

h is royal aspiratio ns and be ca me the faithful dash ing leader

o f ca v alry .

Duri ng the adva nce o n M oscow the caval ry suffered

terribly from th e di fficulties of constant reconnaissances and
wa nt of supplies but i n spite of this M ura t ur ged th e
,
42 NA P O LE O N S M ARS HALS
’

M etternich had at once sen t to Naples I f Napoleon had .

'
not in h is despatch glorified Pri nce Eugene s conduct to
the disparagement of the Ki ng of Naples if he had only ,

vouchsafed some reply to th e Ki ng s persistent letters o f ’

i nquiry whether h e still trusted h is old comrade and

lieutenant M urat would have thrown h imself heart an d soul
,

I nto th e m el ee o n the side of h is o ld friend But i n Apri l .

Napoleon quitted Paris for th e army i n Germany witho u t

sending o n e li ne i n reply to these imploring letters M ean .

while o n April 2 3 rd came a letter from Colonel Co ffi n

suggesti ng th e possi b i l ity of e ffecting an entente between th e
E nglish a n d N eapolitan Governments or at any rate a com ,

m erci al convention Thereupon M urat sent o fficers to

.

e nter i nto negotiations wi th Lord W illiam Bentinck who ,

represented the E nglish Govern ment i n S icily All through .

th e su mmer th e negotiati ons were co ntinued but M urat i n , ,

s p ite of the guar a ntee of the thron e of Naples which the

E nglish o ffered could not bre ak entirely with h is Emperor
,

and benefactor S till Napoleo n i n h is blindness i nstead o f

.
, ,

attempting to co nciliate h is brother i n law allowed articles to

- -
,

h is disparagement to appear i n the Mon i teu r N evertheless .

'
M urat at bottom was Napoleon s man Elated by the .

'
Emperor s success at L ii tz en a nd Bautzen alth ough he ,

refused to allo w the Neapolitan troops to j oi n the Army

of I tal y u nder Prince Eug ene he h urried off i n August to
,

j oi n th e Fren ch army at Dresden There a reconciliation

.

took place between the brothers i n law But after the defeat
- -
.

at Leipzig King J oachi m asked and obtai ned leave to

return to h is o w n do mini ons .

H is presence was needed at h ome for i n I ta l y also the ,

w ar had gone against th e French Prince E u gene h ad had

.

to fall back o n th e li ne of the Adda and the defection of th e

,

Tyrol had opened to the Allies th e passes into th e Pen i nsula .

M urat i n h is h urry had to leave h is coach s nowed up i n the

, ,

S implo n Pass an d proceed on h orseback to M i lan where ,

he halted but a few hours to write a despatch to th e E m

 J O AC H I M M URAT 43

p ero r, which practically foretold h is desert ion H e declared .

that if h e i nstead of E ug ene w as en trusted w i th the defence

, ,

of I taly h e would at o nce march north from Naples with

,

forty thousand men H e had i ndeed never forgotten the

.

slight put upo n h im by the article i n the Mon i teu r, after th e

Russian campaign an d h e was ready to sacrifice even h is
,

kingdom if only he co uld revenge h i mself o n h i s enemy ,

Eugene As Napoleon woul d not gran t hi m this request

.
,

he determined to h umiliate Eugene and at the same time , , ,

to save h i s crown by negotiating wi th the enemy O n .

reaching Naples he fou nd th at h is wife who h itherto h ad

, ,

been an u nbendi ng partisan of the French had entirely ,

changed her politics an d was n ow pledged to an Austrian

alliance The King was ever u nstab le, vanity always
.

governed h is conduct : the Q ueen was always determi ned ,

governed solely by a cold calculating ambition Negoti , .

a ti o n s were at once opened with the Austrians Th e King .

“
protested that h e desired nothi ng i n th e world so much
as to make common cause with the allied Powers He .

promised that h e would j oi n them with thirty thousand

troops, on co ndition that he was guaranteed the throne of
Naples and that he should have the Ro man S tates i n ex
,

change for S icily M eanwh ile h e addressed an order of the

.

day to his army stating that the Neapolita n troops shou ld

,

only be employed in I taly Th is o f course did n o t commit

.

him either to Napoleon or th e Austrian al l iance Mean .

while the Emperor had despatched Fouch e to try to bi nd

hi s brother i n law to France bu t that dis ti ng u ished dou ble
- -
,

dealer merely advised th e Neapolitan Ki ng to move north

wards to th e valley of the P 0 with al l h is troops and there ,

to wait and see whether i t would be best to he l p the French ,

o r to enter France with the Allies and perha p s the Tui l eries ,

as Emperor .

J oachi m Napoleon quietly occupied Rome and pushed

for ward h is t10 0 ps towards the P 0 using the French maga ,

zines and dep ots but still negotiating with the Austrians ,
,
44 N AP OLE ON S M AR S H ALS
’

and at th e same time holding o u t h opes to the purely

, ,

I talian party F or the national party of the Risorgimen to

.

were strivi ng h ard to seize th is opportu nity to u nite I ta l y

and drive o u t the foreigner and n o o n e seemed more ,

capable of carryi ng out their policy than the popular King o f

“ ”
Naples Th e Austrians flattered th e hopes o f young I taly
.

by declaring i n th ei r proclamatio n that they had only

entered I ta l y to free her from the yoke of the stranger an d ,

to aid th e Ki ng of Naples by creating a n i ndependent king

dom of I taly S till M urat h esitated o n the bri nk As late
. .

as the 2 7 th of December h e wrote to the E mperor pro p osing

that I taly should be formed i nto two kingdoms that h e ,

sh ould govern all the peni nsula south o f th e P o and that ,

the rest o f th e cou ntry should be left to E ug ene Three .

days later the Austrian envoy arrived with the p re p osa ls of

th e Allies But h e could not yet make u p his mind and
.
, ,

moreover th e English had not yet guaranteed hi m Naples

, .

I n J anuary h owever these guarantees were given and

, , ,

against h is will h e had to sign a treaty S carcely was the .

writing d ry when he began to negotiate with Prince Eugene .

H e used every artifice to prevent a collision between the

French and Neapolitan troops Wh e n the campaign opened .

h is tr0 0 ps abandoned their posi tion at th e first sh ot whi le ,

he hi mself took good care n ot to reach the front u ntil the

'
news of Napoleon s abdication arri ved .

But Mu ra t s conduct had alienated everybody

’
Th e .

French loathed h i m for h is du p l icity ; the Al l ies suspected

h i m of treachery and th e p arty of th e Risorgi mento looked
,

o n hi m as th e ca u se o f th eir subj ection to th e foreigner ;

for th e Austrian vic tory had n ot brought I taly u nity and

i ndependence but h ad merely established th e fetters o f the
,

o ld r eg i m e During the remai nder o f 1 8 14 the l ot o f the

.

King of Nap l es w a s most u nenviable The restored Bour .

bo ns of France and S pai n regarded h im a s th e desp oiler o f

the Bourbon h ouse of S icily Russia had been n o party to
.

th e guarantee of h is ki ngdom E ngland desired n othi ng so

.
 J O AC H I M M URAT 45

much as h is expuls i on Austria a lone uph eld h im , for sh e

.

had been th e ch ief party to the treaty ; bu t Metternich was

waiting for h im to make some slip wh ich might serve as a
pretext for teari ng up that treaty Eve n the Pope refused .

th e bribe which the Ki ng o ffered hi m when h e proposed

to restore the M arches i n return for receiving th e papal
i nvesti ture .I n despair M urat on ce again entered i nto
negotiations with th e I talian party A general rising was .

planned i n Lombardy but failed as the Austrians received

, ,

news of th e proposed cession of M ilan W ith cruel cu n ning .

they spread the report th at th e Ki ng of Naples had sold

th e secret H enceforward M urat h ad no further h ope
. .

Foreigners I talians, pr i ests, carbonar i and freemasons, al l

,

had turned agai nst h i m .

S uch was th e si tuatio n when on March 8 , 1 8 1 5 th e ,

King heard that Napoleo n h ad left Elba As usual he dealt .

double H e at o nce sent a message to E nglan d th at h e

.

would be faithful while at th e same t i me h e sent agents to

,

S icily to try to stir u p a revolt agai nst the B ourbo ns As .

soon as th e news o f Napoleon s reception i n France arr i ved ,

'

h e set ou t at th e head of forty thousand troops th i nki ng ,

that all I taly wou ld rise for h im But th e I tal i ans mis .

trusted the fickle King ; the Austri an troops were already

mobi lised and accordingly, early i n May t he Neapoli tan
, ,

army fled homewards before i ts enemies King J oachi m s .

’

popularity was gone A grant of a constitution roused n o

.

enthusiasm among th e people City after city Opened its.

gates to the enemy Resistance w as hopeless so o n th e night

.
,

of May 19 th th e King of Naples, with a few h u ndred thou

sand francs and h is diamonds accompanied by a h andful o f
,

personal friends fled by sea to Cannes But the E mperor

, .

refused to receive the turncoat, though at S t H elena h e .

bitterly repented th is action lamenting “ that at W aterloo

,

M urat might h ave given us th e vi ctory F or what did we .

need To break three or four English squ ares M urat was .

j ust the man for th e j ob After W aterlo o the poor King

.
46 N A P O L E O N S M AR S H ALS
’

fl ed before the W hite Terror an d for some ti me lay h id i n

,

Corsica There he was given a safe conduct by the Allies

.

and permission to settle i n Austri a But the deposed .

monarch could not overcome hi s vanity H e still believed .

himself indispensable to Naples S ome four hu ndred C or .

si ca n s promised to follow h i m th ither Th e fili b u steri n g .

expeditio n set ou t i n three small ships on the a 8 th of S ep

tember A storm arose and scattered the armada but i n
.
,

S pite of th is o n O ctober 7 th the ex King decided to land at

, ,
-

“
Pizzo Dressed i n full u n iform ami d cries of Long live
.
,

our King J oachim the u nfortu nate man landed with

,

twen ty si x followers H e was at once arrested and o n

-
.
,

O ctober 13 th tried by court martial condemned to death ,

an d executed a few h ours later .

J oachi m M urat met his death like a soldier As he wrote .

to h is wife his only regret was that he died far off without
, ,

seeing h is ch ildren Death was what he courted when

.

landing at Pizzo , for he must h ave known how impossible it

was for h i m to conquer a kingdom with tw enty S i x men -
.

S till he preferred to die i n the attempt to regai n h is crown

,

rather than to spen d an ignoble ol d age a pensioner on the ,

bou nty of h is e nemies M urat died as h e had lived brave

.
,

but vain wi th h is last words calling out S oldiers do your

, , ,

duty fire at my heart , but spare my face .

The Ki ng o f N aples owed h is elevatio n e ntirely to his

’
fortunate m arriage wi th the E mperor s sister ; otherwise it
i s certai n he would never have reached such exalted rank ,

for Napoleo n real l y did n ot l ike h im or trust hi m , and had

a true knowledge of h is ability “ H e was a Paladin said .
,

the Emperor at S t H elena i n the fie l d but i n the

.
, ,

Cabi net destitute of either decision or j udgment H e loved .

,

I may rather say adored me ; h e was my righ t arm ; but

,

with out me he was nothing I n battle he was perhaps the

.

bravest man i n the world left to h imse l f h e was an imbeci l e ,

"
wi thout j udgment M urat was a cavalry leader pure and
.

simple H is love of horses his i ntuitive knowledge of

. ,
 J OAC H I M M URAT 47

exactly h ow mu ch he could ask from h is horsemen h i s ,

reckless bravery h is fi ne swordsmanship h is dash i ng

, ,

manners, capt i vated the French cavalry and enabled hi m

“ ”
to achieve the impossible Co ntrary to accepted opinio n
.

Napoleo n believed “ that cavalry if led by equal ly brave and ,

”
resolute men must always break infantry
,
Consequently .

we find that at Austerlitz Jena and Eylau the decisive , , ,

stroke of the day was i n each case given by immense bodies

of some twe nty th ousa n d me n u nder the command of

Murat whose geniu s lay i n h is ability to manoeuvre th ese

,

huge bod ies o f cavalry o n the field o f battle, and i n the

tenacity with which he clu ng to and pursued a beaten
enemy But th is was the su m total of h is military ability
. .

H e had no conceptio n of the use of the oth er arms

of the service and never gai ned even the most elementary
,

knowledge o f strategy W hen trusted wi th anything like

.

the command of a m ixed body of troops h e proved a n utter

failure Before U l m he nearly ru i ned Napoleo n s co mbi na
.
’

tion by faili ng to get i n contact with the e nem y I n th e .

later half of th e campaign of 1 8 06 h e hopelessly failed to

make any headway against the Russians east of th e Vistula .

I n the retreat across the N iemen h e proved h imself a b so

lu te ly i ncapable o f reorganisi ng a beaten force As a ki ng .
,

M urat was full of good i ntentio ns to w ards his people but ,

his extravagance, his van ity h is i ndecisio n cost hi m h is,

crown As a man h e was generous a n d extr aordinarily

.

brave I n the Russian campaign he used to challenge

.

the Cossacks to single combat and when he h ad beaten ,

them h e sent them away with some medal or souvenir of

h imself H e was a good h usband and l ived at peace and
.
,

amity with h is wife and was exceedingly fond of h is

,

chi l dren H i s fau lts were nu merous ; h e was by nature

.

intensely j ealous especially o f th ose wh o came between

,

him and Napo l eon an d he stooped to anything whereby h e

,

might inj ure h is rivals Lan nes a nd Pri nce E ugene H is

, .

hot S outhern blood led h im i nto nu merous quarrels .

48 NA P O LE O N S M ARS HALS
’

Alth ough extremely arrogant , at bottom h e was a moral

'
coward and before the Emperor s reproach es h e scarcely
,

dared to open h is mouth But h is great fau lt th rough

.
,

wh ich h e gai ned and l ost h is crown was h is vanity

, .

Vanity worki ng o n ambitio n and an u nstable character

, ,

is the key to all h is career H is blatant J acobi n ism his

.
,

i ntrigue with J osephi ne h is overtures to the Directors

, ,

h is u nderhand treatment o f h is fellow Marshals h is di s ,

content with h is Grand Duchy h is subtle dealings i n

,

S pain , h i s system of government i n Naples h is oppositio n

,
'
to N apoleon s schemes, h is dissimulatio n and desertion ,

h is al most theatrical bravery and h is very death were d ue

,

to noth ing save extravagant vanity .

50 N A P O LE O N S M AR S HALS ’

rapidly, and with less than two years service h e became

sergeant o n April 1 5 1 7 77 F or fourteen yea rs M ass ena
, .

served i n the Royal I talians b u t at last h e retired i n ,

disgust . U nder the regulations a commission was u n

attainable for those wh o were n ot of n oble birth and ,

th e o fficers o f th e regiment had taken a strong dislike

to the sergeant whom the colonel constantly held up as
,

an examp l e telling them “ Y our ignorance o f drill is

, ,

sh ameful your i n te ri ors M ass ena for example can

, , ,

manoeu v re the battalio n far better than any of you .

O n h is retirement M ass ena lived at N i ce To occupy .

h is time and earn a livi n g h e j oined h is cousi n B av a stro ,

and carried on a large smuggling busi ness both by sea

and land ; h e thu s gai ned that i ntimate kn owledge of th e
defi les a nd passes o f the M aritime Alps wh ich stood h i m
i n such good stead i n the n umerou s campaigns of the
revolutionary wars wh ile th e necessity for keeping a watch
,

o n th e preventive men a nd thus co nceal ing h is o w n move

me nts deve l oped to a great extent h is activi ty resource, ,

and daring 8 0 successful were his operations th at h e soon

.

found h imself i n the position to demand th e hand of

Mademoiselle Lamarre daughter of a surgeo n possessed
, ,

o f a considera b le dowry W h en th e revolutio nary wars

.

broke ou t th e M ass enas were established at A ntibes where ,

they did a fair trade i n ol ive o i l an d dried fruits ; but a

respectable h umdrum existence c ould not satisfy the restl es s
nature of the ex se rgeant and i n 17 9 1 he applied for a sub
-
,

lieutenancy i n th e gendarmerie and i t is to be presumed ,

that o n the pri nciple o f setting a thief to catch a thief

, ,

h e wo u ld have made an excel l ent po l iceman I t w as at .

this moment that th e i nvasion of France b y the monarchs

.

o f E urope caused all p atri otic French me n to obey th e

summons to arms M ass ena gladly left his sh op to serve

.

a s adj utant of the volunteers of the Var H i s military .

knowledge hi s erect an d proud bearing his keen i ncisive

, ,

speech , and absol ute self con fiden ce i n a l l di fficulties soo n

-
A N D R E M A SS E N A, PR I NC E or E SS L I N G
 A N D R E M ASSEN A 5;

dominated h is comrades and it was as lieutenant colon el

,
-

commanding the seco nd battalio n that he marched to th e

front ier to meet the enemy Lean a nd spare bel ow middle
.
,

height with a h ighly expressive I talian face a good mo uth

, , ,

an aquili ne nose a nd black sparkli ng eyes fro m th e very

, ,

first Mass ena i nspired confidence i n all w h o met him but

it was n ot till he was seen i n action that th e greatness
of h is qualities could best be appreci ated As Napoleo n .

“
said o f h i m at S t H elena
. M ass ena was at his best
,

and most brilliant i n the middle of th e fire and disorder

of battle ; the roar of the can non used to clear his ideas ,

give h i m i nsight penetration a nd gaiety

,
I n th e
, .

middl e of the dead and dyi ng among the hai l of bullets ,

wh ich swept down all arou nd h im M ass en a was always ,

himself giving his orders an d maki ng h is dispositions with

the greatest c almness and good j udgment There you see .

th e true nobility o f blood I n th e saddle fro m morning

.

till night absolutely i nsensible to fatigu e ready at a ny

, ,

moment to take the responsibility of h is actions he returned ,

from the fi rst campaign i n th e Riviera as maj or general -

.

Du ring th e siege o f Toulo n he commanded th e “ Camp

de milles i ncluded the company o f arti llery
commanded by Bonaparte and dis ti ngu ished h i mself by
,

taki ng th e forts o f Lar tig u es and S t Cath ari ne thus earning .

,

h is step as lieutenant general while h is future commander

-

was still a maj or i n the artillery I n the campaign of 17 94

.

it was Mass ena who conceived and carrie d ou t the turning

movement wh ich drove th e S ardinians fro m the Col de
’
Tenda wh ile Bonaparte s share i n th e acti o n merely con
,

sisted of commanding the artillery As the trusted cou n .

se llor of D u merbi o n Kellermann and S ch erer for th e next

, , ,

two years th e lieutenant general was th e i nspirer of the

,
-

successive commanders o f the Army of I taly H e it was .

w h o, amid th e snow and storms planned and carried out ,

the combinatio ns wh ich gai ned for Sch erer th e great winter
victory at Loano and th us first taught the French the
,
5: N A P O L E O N S M AR S H ALS ’

secret wh ich the English had grasped o n the sea and

,

Napoleo n w as to perfect o n land of breaking the e nemy s ,

’

centre and falling o n one wi ng with overwhelming force .

The campaign of 17 9 6 for the time being altered the current

' '
of M ass ena s m ilitary life Before the young Corsican s .

eagle gaze even th e i mpetu ous I talian quai led and from ,

being the brai n of the o fficer commanding th e army h e

had to r evert to the positio n o f th e righ t arm an d faithful
i nterpreter o f orders Two things h owever compensated
.
, ,

M ass ena for the change of r ole for Bonaparte gave his ,

subordinate fighting and glory with a lavish han d and ,

above all wi nked at nay rather e ncouraged the amassi ng

, , ,

of booty ; and wealth more even than glory was th e desire

’
o f M ass ena s soul .

At the very commencemen t of the campaign M ass en a

committed a fault which almost rui ned h is career After .

'
defeati ng th e enemy s advance guard near Cairo h eari ng by ,

chance that the Austrian o fficers h ad left an excellent di nner

i n a neigh bouring i n n h e and some of h is sta ff left his
,

divisio n o n the top of a h igh h il l an d set o ff to enj oy the

good th i ngs prepared for the e nemy At daybreak the .

e nemy attempted a surprise on the Fre n ch position o n

the hi ll and the tr 0 0 ps withou t their general and staff
, , ,

were i n great danger Fortu nately, M ass ena h ad time to

.

m ake his wa y through the Austrian skirmishers an d resume

h is comma nd H e w as greeted by h oots and j eers but
.
,

with absolute i mperturbabi lity h e reorganised h is forces

and checked th e enemy B ut o n e battalion w as isolated o n
.

a spur from which there seemed n o way of escape save

,

u nder a scorch i ng flank fire M ass ena made his way alo ne .

to this detached post scrambli ng up the steep slop e o n h is

,

h ands and knees and when h e at last reached the troo ps

, , ,

remembering h is old smuggl ing expedients h e sh owed ,

them h ow to glissade down th e steep part of th e hill , and

brough t them all safely back wi th out a single casualty .

This escapade came to Bo naparte s e ars and i t wa s o nly ’

,
 AN D RE MASS EN A 53

Mass ena s great share i n th e victory of M ontenotte which

’

saved h i m fro m a court martial -

.

Bonaparte at the commencement of th e campaign h ad

, ,

ended a letter of i nstructions to h is lieutenant with th e

"
words W atchful ness and b lu ff, that is the card and well ,

Mass ena learned h is lesson M ontenotte the bridge of .

,

Lodi the long struggle at Castiglione the two fights at

, ,

Rivoli and the marshes of Arcola proved beyo nd doubt that

’
of al l the you ng conqueror of I ta ly s lie utenants no ne h ad ,

the i nsight activity and endurance of Mass ena But empty

, ,
.

fl attery did not satisfy hi m for as early as Lonato , greedy

,

for renown h e considered h is success had n ot been fully

,
“
recognised I n bitter anger h e wrote to Bonaparte : I
.
‘

complai n of your reports of Lo nato and Roveredo i n which ,

you do n ot render me the j ustice th at I merit This forget .

fulness tears m y heart and throws discouragement o n my

soul I will recall the fact u nder compulsio n that the
.

victory of S ai n tes Georges was due to my disposit i ons to ,

”
my activity to my sangfroid and to my prevision
, , Th is .

frank republican letter greatly displeased Bonaparte wh o , ,

since Lodi had cherished vision sof a crown and to realise

, ,

this desire h ad begun to issue h is praise a nd rewards

irrespective o f merit and to appeal to the private soldier
,

wh ile visiting h is displeasure o n the o fficers But Massena s .

'

brilliant conduct at the seco nd battle o f Rivoli for the ,

moment blotted out all rancour, for it was Mass ena wh o

,

had saved the day wh o had rushed u p to the commander

,

o f the shaken regi ment bitterly upbraiding h im and h is

,

o fficers showering b l ows on them with the fl at o f h is

,

sword and had the n galloped o ff and brought up two tried

,

regiments of his o w n i nvincible division an d driven back

th e assailants from that moment Bonaparte confirmed h im
“ ”
i n the title of the spoilt ch i ld of victory I n 17 9 7 .

Bonaparte gave h i s lieutenant a more substantial reward

when he chose h im to carry the despatches to Paris which
reported the prelimi nary treaty of Leobe n ; thus it was as
54 N A P O LE O N S M AR S H ALS
’

the right hand man o f the most distingu ished general i n

-

Eu rope that the I talian saw for th e first time th e capital of

h is adopted cou ntry .

I n choosing Mass ena to carry to Paris the tidings of

peace it was not o nly h is prestige and renown wh ich
,

i n fl uenced Bo naparte For Paris was i n a state of half

.

suppressed excitement, and signs were only too evident that

the Directory was unsta b le according l y the wily Corsican ,

wh ile despatch ing secret agents to advance h is ca u se was ,

careful to sen d as th e bearer o f th e good news a man wh o

was well known to care for no political rewards and wh o ,

would be sure to turn a deaf ear to the i nsidious schemes of

'

those wh o we re plotting to restore th e monarchy or to set ,

up a dictatorsh ip a nd were searchi ng for a sovereign or a

,

C ae s ar as th eir political views suggested I t was for th ese .

reasons an d because h e was tired o f Mass ena s greed a nd ’

a varice that B onaparte refused to admi t him among those

chosen to accompany h i m to Egypt M ass ena saw clearly
.

al l the secret i ntrigu e of the capital and fou nd l itt le ,

pleas ure i n h is new l y gamed dignity o f a seat among th e

A ncients for h e was extremely afraid of a royalist restor
,

ati on i n which case h e feared “ ou r h onourable wou nds

,
”
will become the tit l es for ou r proscription .

Tired of Paris i n 17 9 8 h e w as glad to accept th e com

, ,

mand o f th e French corps occupyi ng Rome when i ts

former commander, Be rthier was called away to j oi n the
,

E gyptian expedition . O n h is arrival at Rome, to take over

h is new command h e fou nd h imself face to face with a
,

mutiny Th e troops were i n rags and badly fed th eir pay

. ,

was months i n arrea r and meanwhile th e civil servants of th e

,

Directory were amassing fortu nes at the expense of th e Pope,

the Cardinals and the Pri nces of Rome Discontent was so
,
.

widespread that the n e w general at o nce ordered all troops ,

save some three thousan d to leave th e capi tal Un for

, .

tu n ate ly M ass ena s record was n ot such as to i nspire con

fid e n ce i n the puri ty of h is i ntentions I nstead of o beyi ng
.
,
56 NA P O LE O N S M ARS H ALS ’

fare . W ell of th e di fficulty o f keeping u p com

avirare

m u n i ca ti on betwee n th e di fferent parts of his line o f

defence M ass ena ski lfu lly withdrew h is outposts as the
, ,

enemy pressed on with the i ntentio n o f co ncentrating h is

,

troops rou nd Zurich thereby cov ering all the p ossible li nes
,

o f advance But early i n the su mmer h is di fficulties were

.

further i ncreased by the rising of the S wiss peasan try ;

luckily h owever the Arch duke Charles advanced most
, ,

cautiously, wh ile the Auli c Cou ncil at Vie nna u nable to ,

grasp the vital poi nt of the problem stupidly sent its reserve ,

army to I taly to reinforce the Russians u nder S uv aroff By .

J u ne 5th th e Arch duke had drive n i n all the o utlying

French columns and was i n a positio n to attack th e li nes
,

of Zurich with h is e ntire force Thanks h owever to .

, ,

M ass ena s courage an d presence o f mind , th e attack was

'

driven off but so overwhel ming were th e nu mbers of th e

,

enemy that during the night the French army evacuated

Zurich though only to fa l l back o n a strong position o n
,

M ou nt Albis a rocky ridge at the north e nd of the lake

, ,

covered o n one flank by the l ake and on the other by th e

river Aar Th e two armies for th e time being lay opposite
.

to each oth er too exhausted after th e struggle to re co m

,

mence operations Th e Arch duke Charles awaited the

.

arrival from I taly o f S u va roff wh o was to debouch on the ,

French right by the S t Gothard Pass But fortun e or . .

,

rather the Aulic Cou nci l at Vien na o nce agai n i ntervened ,

and saved France Th e Archduke Charles was ordered to

.

leave fifty five thousand Russians u nder Korsako ff before

-

Zurich and to march northwards and across the Rh i ne .

Protests were useless the Court of Vien na merely ordered

“
the Arch duke to perform the i mmediate execution of i ts
"
will with out further obj ections But even yet disaster .

threatened the French for S u va roff was commenci ng h is ,

advance by the S t Gothard Bu t M ass ena at o nce

. .

grasped the opportunity fortune h ad placed i n h is power

by Opposing h i m to a commander like Korsako ff who was ,
 AN D RE M AssENA 57

so i mpressed by h i s own pride th at he cons i dered a Russian

company equal to an Austrian battali on O n September .

2 6th by a masterly series Of man oeuvres th e mai n French

, ,

force surprised Korsako ff and drov e h i m i n rout ou t of

Zurich S uvaroff arrived j ust i n time to fi nd M ass ena i n
.

victorious array thrust i n betwee n hi mself and his cou ntry

men , and was forced to save h imself by a h u rried retreat
through the most diffi cult passes of the Alps .

The campaign of Zur i ch will a lways be studied as a

masterpiece i n defensive warfare Th e skilful use the .

French general made of the mou ntai n passes, th e methods

’
he employed to check the Arch duke s advance on Zur i ch ,

the ca re with wh ich h e kept u p commu nicatio ns between

h is different colu mns , th e skilfu l choice of th e positions o f
Zurich and M ou nt Albis h is retur n to th e i nitiative o n
,

every opportu nity and h is masterly i nterpositio n between

,

Korsako ff a nd S u varofl alone entitle h im to a h igh place

,

a mong the great co mmanders of h istory and M ass ena w a s ,

rightly thanked by the legislature and hailed as the saviou r

of th e cou ntry .

S ix weeks after the victory of Zurich came the 18 th

’
Brumaire and N apoleon s accessio n to th e consulate
, .

M ass ena, a staunch republican was conscious of the defects ,

of the Directory but could n ot give h is h earty consent to

,

the coup d etat for h e feared for th e liberty oi h is cou ntry

'

,
-
.

S till h e said if France desired to entrust her in dependence

, ,

and glory to o n e man sh e could choose n one better than

Bonaparte Th e latter on his S ide was anxious to retain
.
, ,

Mass ena s affections and at o nce o ffered hi m the command

’

of the Army of I taly But the conqueror o f Zurich foresaw

.

that everything was to be sacrificed to the glory of the First

Consul and it was on ly after great persuasion profuse
, ,

promises and appeals to h is patriotism that h e u n dertook

,
“
the command with th e stipulatio n that I will not take
,

command of an army condemned to rest o n the defensive .

My former services and successes do n ot permit me to

58 N AP OLE ON S M ARS H ALS ’

change the rOle that I have h eretofore played i n the wars

of th e Republic The First Consu l rep lied by givi ng
.

Mass ena carte blanch e to requisitio n whatever he wanted ,

and promised h i m that the Army of I taly sh ou ld be h is first

care But wh en M ass ena arri ve d a t Genoa h e discovered ‘

.
,
'
as h e h ad suspected that Bonaparte s promises were only,

made to be broken ; for h e fou nd th e troops entrusted to

h is care th e mere sh adow o f an army the h ospita l s fu ll , ,

bands o f soldiers even wh ole battalions quitting thei r posts

, ,

and trying to escape i nto France and the o fficers and ,

generals absolutely u nable to contend with th e m ass o f

m isery and want I n spite of h is able lieutenants S oult
.
,

a nd S uchet h e could make n o head against th e Austrians

,

i n the field and after some ga l lant engagements was driven

,

back i nto Genoa where for two mo nths h e h eld o u t agai nst
, , ,

famine an d the assau lts of the en emy W h ile th e wretched .

i nh abitants starved th e troops were fed o n “ a miserable

,

ratio n of a quarter of a pou nd o f h orse flesh and a qu arter -

of a pou nd o f what was called bread— a horri ble compou n d

o f damaged flour sawdust starch h air powder oatmeal
, , ,
-
, ,

li nseed ranci d nuts and other n asty substances to wh ich

, , ,

a little so l idity was given by th e admixture of a sma l l

p ortion of cocoa Ea ch loaf moreover was held together
.
, ,

by little bits of wood with out wh ich it wou ld have fallen to

,

powder .A revolt threatened by th e i nha b itants was

, ,
'
checked by M ass ena s order that an assemblage of over
five perso ns should be fired on an d the approaches to the ,

pri ncipal streets were commanded by gu ns S till h e .

refused to surrender as every day h e expected to h ear ,

th e canno n o f the First Consul s army thu nderi ng o n th e ’

Austrian rear O ne day the h opes of all were aroused by a

.

distant roar i n the mountai ns on ly to be dashed by fi ndi ng ,

it to be th u nder I t w as si mply the ascendancy of M ass ena s

.
’

personality wh ich prolonged th e ago ny an d upheld h is

authority and i n bitter earnestness the soldiers used to say
,
“
H e wi ll m ake us ea t h is bo o ts before h e will surren der .
 AN DR E MAssENA 59

At last the accu mu lated ho rrors sh ook even h is firm spirit ,

and o n J u ne 4th a capitulation was agreed on The terms .

were most favourable to the French ; but as Lord Keith , ,

the English admiral said General your defence h as been

, , ,

so heroic that we can refuse y ou nothing H owever th e .

,

su fferi ngs of Genoa were not i n vain for M ass ena had ,

played h is par t and held th e mai n Austrian force i n check

for te n days longe r than had been demanded of h i m thu s
the First Consu l h ad ti me to fal l o n the e nemies li ne o f ’

commu n ication an d it may be truly said that without the

,

siege of Genoa there could have bee n n o M are ngo .

M ass ena had once again demonstrated th e imp ortance of

the i ndividual i n war ; as Bonaparte wrote to h i m during the
siege “ I n such a situation as you are, a man like you
,

is worth twenty th ousand men I n spite of this, at S t

. .

H e l ena the E mperor ever j ealous of h is own glory a ffected

, , ,
'
to despise Mass ena s generalship an d endurance at Genoa ,

and b l amed h i m for not taki ng th e O ffensive i n th e field ,

forgetti ng the state o f h is army and the paucity of h is

troops But at th e moment h e showed h is appreciation
.

of h is services by giving h im the com man d o f the army

when h e h imself retired to Paris after the victory of

'
Marengo U nfortu n ately M ass ena s avarice and greed were
.

unable to withstand the temptations of the position and th e ,

First Consu l had very soo n to recall h i m fro m I taly an d -

mark his displeasure by p lacing h im o n half pay -

.

For two years the disgraced general bro oded over h is

wrongs i n retirement and showed h is attitude o f mi n d
,

by voting against the Consu late for life an d th e establish

'
ment of th e E mpire The gift of a M arshal s b ato n did
.

little to recon cile h i m to th e E mperor for as he sco fli n g ly , ,

replied to Thi e ba u lt s congratulations “ O h there are four

’

, ,

teen oi us S o u ncertai n was the Emperor of h is M arshal s

.
'

disposition that o n the outbreak of the war with Austria

, ,

Mass ena alone of all th e g reater M a rsh a IS held no command

’

But with the prospect of heavy fighting i n I taly the E mperor

60 N A P O LE ON S M AR S H ALS
’

could not a fford to entrust the I talian div i sions to a

blu nderer and h e once agai n posted M ass ena to h is old
,

com mand Th e Austrians had occupied the strong positio n

.

o f C a l d i ero near th e marshes of Arcola and the French i n

, ,

vai n attempted to force them fro mit, but the success of the
E mperor on the Danube at last c o mpelled th e Arch duke
J oh n to fall back o n Austria Th e M arshal at once com
.

m e n ce d a S pirited pursu it and ultimately j oi ned hands with

,

the Grand Army south o f th e Danube

, .

After the treaty of Pressburg Napoleon despatched

M ass ena to conquer Naples wh ich he had given as a ,

kingdo m to h is brother J oseph W ith fifty thousan d men .

th e M arshal swept through I taly I n vai n the gallant Q ueen.

Caroli ne armed th e lazzaron i Capua opened its gates ,

’
Gaeta fel l after twelve days bombardment and J oseph ,

entered Naples i n triumph Calabria al o ne o ffered a stern

.

resistance, and th is resistance th e French brought u po n

themselves by their cruelty to the peasantry whom they ,

treated as brigands U nfortu nately h is success i n Naples

.

was once agai n tarnished by h is greed for the Marshal , ,

by selli ng l icences to merchants and conniving at their

escape from the custom house dues amassed with in a few
-
, ,

months of his entering Naples a su m of three million ,

francs Napoleo n heard o f this from h is spies and , writing

.
,

to h im demanded a loan of a millio n francs The D uke o f

,
.

Rivol i replied that he was the poorest o f the Marshals and ,

h ad a nu merous family to mai ntai n an d was heavily i n debt ,

so h e regretted that h e could send h im n othi n g U n for .

tu n a te ly, the E mperor kne w where h e banked i n Legh orn ,

and as h e refused to disgorge a third o f h is i llicit profits the ,

E mperor sent th e i nspector of the French Treasury and

a p olice commissary to the bank and demanded that the ,

three millio ns wh ich lay at h is accou nt there shoul d be

, ,

handed over The seiz u re was made i n legal form ; the

.

banker who lost noth ing was bou nd to comp l y with it

, ,
.

M ass ena, on hearing of this misfortu ne, was so furi ous that
 A N D R E M ASS ENA 61

he fell ill but h e did n ot dare to remonstrate knowi ng that

, ,

h e was i n the wrong but h e never forgave th e Emperor

,

h is titles and a pensio n never consoled h i m for what h e lost

at Leghorn and i n spite of h is cautious h abits h e was
, , ,

sometimes heard to say I was fighting i n h is service and

,

h e was cruel enough to take away my little savings wh ich I

"
had i nvested at Leghorn .

From what he called a mi litary promenade i n I taly th e

Marshal was summoned early i n 1 8 0 7 to th e Grand Army i n
Poland and was present i n command of one of th e ar m y
,

corps at Pultusk , Ostra le n ka and Friedland I n 1 8 0 8 h e ,

.

received h is title of Duke of Rivoli and a pension of three

hundred thousand francs per an num but i n spite of this h e ,

absented h i mself from th e court W hen J oseph was given .

the crown of S pai n h e requested h is broth er to send

M ass ena to ai d h i m i n h is n e w sphere but the E mperor , ,

full of mistrust refused while the Marshal h imself h ad no

, ,

great desire to serve i n S pai n W hen i t was clear that .

Austria was going to seize the occasion o f th e S panish War

once agai n to fight France N apoleo n hastened to send th e ,

veteran Duke of Rivoli to the army on the Danube At .

Abensberg and E ckmi I h l for the first time si nce 1 797 h e

‘

, ,

fought u nder the eye of Napoleo n h imself “ A ctivité .

,
”
activité vitesse wrote the E mperor, and w ell his lieutenant
, ,
’
carried ou t h is orders Followi ng u p the Five Days
.
-

Fighting M ass ena led the advance gu ard to Vien na an d

, ,

commanded th e left wing at Aspern Essling S tanding -

.

i n th e ch urchyard at Aspern with the boughs swept down ,

by grapeshot crash ing round h im h e was i n h is element ; ,

ne ver had h is tenacity h is resource an d skil l been seen to

, ,

such advantage B ut i n spite of h is skill an d th e courage

.

of his troops
'
at th e end o f the first day s fighti ng h i s
,

shattered forces were driven ou t of the heap of smoking

ruins wh ich marked all that remai ned of Aspern O n the .

morning of the sec on d day he had regai ned half of th e

village when news came that the bridge was broken , an d
62 NA P O LE O N S MARS H ALS
’

that h e was to h old of the Austrians while communicatio n

with the I sle of Lo bau was bei ng established Th e e nemy .
,

i nvigorated by th e news of the su ccess of their plan for

breaking the bridges strai ne d every nerve to an n ih ilate th e
,

French force o n th e left bank Of th e river bu t M ass ena , ,

Lan nes and Na p oleon worked m arvels with their exhausted

,

troops Th e Duke of Rivol i seemed u biqu itous : at on e

.

moment on horseback and at another o n foot wi th drawn

sword wherever th e enemy pressed he was there animating
,

his troops directing their fire h urrying u p supports th us

, , ,

thanks to h is exertions the Austrians were held off th e, ,

cavalry and the artillery safely crosse d the bridge an d th e ,

veteran M arsh al at m idnigh t brough t th e last of th e rear

guard safely to th e I sle o f Lobau where exhausted by , , .

fatigue the troops fell a sl eep i n the i r ranks

,
.

Th e death of Lan nes threw Napoleon back on the Duke

of Rivoli wh o for the ti me became h is confidant and right
,

han d man I t was M ass ena wh o commanded at Lobau

.

and made al l th e arrangements for th e crossing before

W agram The E mperor and h is lieu tenant were in de
.

fatigable i n the care with wh ich they made their pre

p arati o n s O n o ne occasi on wish i ng to i nspect the
.
,
'
Austrian position dressed i n sergeants greatcoats at
, ,

tended by a sing l e aide de camp i n th e kit of a private

- -
,

th ey went alon e up the north bank of th e island and took

their coats off as if they wanted to bathe The Austrian .

senti nels seei n g as they th ought two French soldiers

, , ,

enj oying a wash took n o notice of them and thu s th e

, ,

E m p eror a n d th e M arshal were able to determine th e

'

exact spot for lau nch ing th e bridges O n another occa .

sion while they were riding rou nd th e island th e M arshal s

, ,
’

h orse pu t i ts foot into a hole and fell and i nj ured th e ,

rider s leg so th at he could not mou nt agai n Th is u n for

’
.

fu nate accident h appened a few days before th e battle of

W agr am so th e D u ke of Rivoli went into battle lying in a
,

light cal eche, drawn by four white horses wi th h is doctor ,

64 NA P O LE O N S M AR S HALS
’

than at Essling ? Y our health ? Does n ot i magi nat i on

play a great part i n your weakness ? Are yo u wors e
than at W agram ? I t is rheu matism that is troubling
~

you The climate o f Portugal is as warm and h ealthy as

.

I taly and will pu t you on your legs

, S et ou t then with .

confidence Be prudent and firm and th e obstacles you

.
,
"
fear will fade away ; you h ave surmou nted many worse .

U nfortunately for the M arshal h is forebodi ngs were truer ,

’
than the Emperor s optimism O n arriving at S alamanca .

h is troubles began Delays were i nevitable before h e cou ld

.

bring into order h is u nruly team J unot and Ney were .

openly contemptuous Regnier h ung back and was three

, ,

weeks late i n his arrangements M eanwhi le all that .

,

M ass ena saw o f the enemy wh om the Em p eror had i n ,

“ "
past years stigmatised as th e slow and clumsy E nglish ,

c onfirmed h i m i n h is opi nio n that th e campaign was going

to prove th e most ardu ous h e had ever u ndertaken .

I n spite of everythi ng operatio ns Opened b rilliantly for

,

th e Fre nch Ciudad Rodrigo and Almeida fell with out the
.

E nglish commander maki ng any apparent e ffort to relieve

them O n S eptember 1 6th the i nvasion of Portugal com
.

m e n ce d But losses disease , an d garrison duty had

.
,

already reduced h is troops to some seventy thousand

“
men an d the French fou nd an enemy behin d every
,
“
stone while, as the Pri nce of Essli ng wrote W e are ,

m arch i ng acro ss a desert ; women ch ildren an d old men , ,

”
h ave all fl ed ; i n fact n o gui de is to be fou n d anywh ere
,
.

S till th e English fell b a ck be fore h im and he was u nder the ,

impressio n that they were goi ng to evacuate Portugal with

o u t a blow although h e grasped th e fact that it was the
,

i mmense superi ority o f the French cava l ry which h ad pre

vented th e “ sepoy general making any e ffort to relieve
the fortresses B u t o n S eptember 2 6th M ass ena foun d
.

that th e E nglish had stayed their retreat and were wait ,

i n g to figh t h i m o n th e rocky ridge o f B u sa co U n fortu .

n ate ly for his rep utation he m a de no recon na i ssan ce of

,
 AN D R E M ASS E NA 65

th e position and trusting entirely to the reports of Ney

, , ,

Regnier, an d J u not who asserted th e positio n was much

,

less formidable than it looked , sustai ned a heavy reverse .

After the battle h is l ieutenants urged h im to abandon th e

i nvasion o f Portugal but the veteran refused such
timorous advice and , rous i ng h imself soon showed th e
, ,

energy wh ich had made h is name so famous at Zurich

and Rivoli . Turni ng the posit i on th e Fre nch swept ,

down on Portugal wh ile th e E nglish hurriedly fell back

,

before them W hat caused M ass ena mos t anxiety was

.

the omi nous desertion o f th e cou ntryside H e was well .

aware of the bitter ha tred o f the Portuguese and knew ,

that h is soldiers tortured an d h ung the wretched i nh abi

tants to force them to reveal h idden stores o f provisio ns ,

but it was n o t u nti l O ctober 10 th wh en th e French had ,

arrived w i thi n a few miles of the lines o f Torres Vedras,

that he learned of th e vast entrenched camp wh ich the
“

English commander had so secretly prepared for his army

and the i nhabitants of Portugal Mass ena was furious and .
,

covered with accusations the Portuguese o fficers on his

“ ” “
f
f
'
sta . Que diable h e cr i ed , W ellingto n n a pas con
,

stru i t des montagnes B ut there had been n o treachery ,

.

only so well had th e secret been kept that hardly even a n

offi cer i n th e English army knew o f the existence of the
work and as W ellingto n wrote to th e mi nister at Lisbon
,

on O ctober 6 th I believe th at you and th e Government do

,
”
not know where th e li nes are F or six weeks the i n.

domitable M arsh al lay i n front o f th e position , hOp i ng

to tempt the E nglish to attack h is army n ow reduced to ,

sixty thousand men Bu t W ellington wh o h ad planned

.
,

th is victorious reply to th e axiom that war ought to feed

war grimly sat beh ind h is lines wh ile the E ng l ish army
, , ,

well fed from the se a watch ed th e French writhe i n the

,

toils of hunger M ass ena was now roused and as h is

.
,
“
opponent wrote I t is certainly aston ish ing that the
,

enemy have been able to rem ai n i n th is cou ntry so -

r
66 N A P O L E O N S M ARS HALS
’

long . I t is an extraordinary i nstance of what a

"
Fre nch army can do At last even M ass ena h ad to
.

confess h imself beaten and fal l back on S antarem Th e .

wi nter passed i n a fruitless endeavour o n th e part of the

’
E mperor and the M a rshal to force S ou lt d E rlon and , ,

Regnier to c o o perate for a n advance o n Lisbo n by the

-

left bank of th e Tagus M eanwhi le i n spite o f every

.
,

e ffort th e French army dwin d l ed owing to disease d eser

, ,

tion and u nending fatigue S o dangerous was the cou ntry

,
.

that a despatch could n ot be sent along th e li nes of com

mu n i cati o n wi thout a n escort of three h u ndr ed men Th e .

wh ole cou ntryside had been so swept bare o f provisio ns

that a Portu guese spy wrote to W elli ngton saying H eaven ,

forgive me if I wrong th em i n believing th ey have eaten

"
my cat .

By March , 1 8 1 1, it became clear that the French could

n o longer mai ntai n themselves at S antarem ; b ut so ski lfu l
’
were M ass ena s dispositions that it was three days before
W ell ington realised th at at l ast th e enemy had commenced
th eir retreat Never h ad the genius of the M arshal stood
.

h igher tha n i n th is d i ffi cu lt retirement from Portugal .

W ith his army deci mated by hu nger and disease, wi th

th e victorious enemy always hanging o n h is h eels wi th ,

h is subordinates i n open revolt and a M arshal of France ,

refusing to o bey orders i n the face o f th e enemy h e lost ,

n ot a single gun baggage wagon or i n valid S till the

,
-
.
,

morale o f h is arm y was great l y sh aken ; as he h imself

wrote “ I t is su fficient for the enemy to S how th e h eads
,

o f a few col umns i n order to i ntimidate th e o fficers and

m ake them loudly dec lare that the whole of W ellington s '

army is i n sight W hen the Marshal at last placed h is

.

wearied troops beh i nd th e fortress of Ciudad Ro drigo

and Alm eida he fou nd his di ffi cu lties by n o means at
,
“ ’
an end The Emperor who j udged men only by resu lts,
.
,

wrote h i m a letter fu l l of thi nly veiled criticism of h is -

operations, while h e fou nd that the cou ntry rou nd th e

 A N D R E M ASS EN A 67

fortresses was now included i n the comma n d o f th e

northern a rmy u nder Bessi eres Accordi ngly h e had to
.

apply to th at M arshal fo r leave to revictual a nd equip

h is troops M eanwhile W elli ngton proceeded to besiege
“

Almeida .

By th e e nd of April after a vigorous c orrespondence

,

with Bessi eres, M ass ena had at last reorganised h is army

and was o nce agai n ready to take th e field against th e
English Rei nforced by fifteen h u ndred cavalry of the
.

Guard u nder Bessi ere s, at Fuentes d O n oro he surprised

'

th e E ngl ish forces coveri ng the siege of Almeida ; after

a careful recon naissa nce at dawn o n M ay 5th he atta cked
and defeated th e E nglish righ t, and had i t not been for
the action of Bessi eres wh o spoiled h is combinatio n by
,

refusing to allow the Guard to charge save by h is orders ,

the E nglish would have been total l y defeated M ass ena

.

wished at all hazards to conti nue the fight o n the morrow,

but h is pr i ncipal o fficers were strongly opposed to it .

O verborne by thei r cou nsels after lying i n front of the

,

positio n for three days h e with drew to Ciudad Rodrigo .

I t was through n o fault of h is that h e was bea ten at

Fuentes d On oro
’
W ellingt o n h imself co nfessed h ow
closely he had bee n pressed when he wrote : “ Lord Liver
pool was qu ite righ t not to move thanks for the battle
of Fuentes, though it was th e most d i fli cu lt I was ever
concerned i n and agai nst the greatest odds W e h ad .

nearly three to one against us engaged : above four to

o n e o f cavalry : and moreover our cavalry had not a
gallop i n them wh ile some of that of th e enemy were
,

quite fresh and i n excellent order I f Bo ny had bee n

.

"
there we should have bee n beaten .

S oon after th e battle Mass ena was superseded by

Marmont and retired to Paris
, The m eeti ng with the
.

“
Emperor w as stormy . W ell , Pri nce of Essli ng ,
sai d
“
Napo l eo n, are you n o longer M ass ena ? Explanati ons
followed , and th e Emperor at last prom i sed that o nce
68 N A P O LE O N S M ARS H ALS
’

again he should have a n opportunity of regai ning h i s

glory i n S pai n But Fate willed otherwise After S ala
. .

manca when Marmont was recal led M ass ena set ou t

, ,

agai n for S pain o nly to f all i ll at Bayonne a nd to

,

return home and try to restor e h is shattered health at

N ice I n 1 8 13 and 1 8 14 h e commanded the eighth m ilitary
.

district composed of the Rhone Valley but h e was getti ng

, ,

too old to take strenuous measures and was glad to make

submissio n to the Bourbo ns .

Very cruelly the new Government placed an a ffront

o n the M arshal by refusing to create h i m a peer of
France under the plea that h e was an I talian and a
foreigner b u t i n spite of th is the Pri nce remai ned faithfu l
,

duri ng the first part o f th e H u ndred Days and o n l y went , .

over to Napoleo n wh en he found that the capital and

army had recognised the Emperor At Paris the Emperor .

“
greeted h i m with W ell M ass ena did you wish to serve
, ,

as lieutenant to the D u ke of Angoul eme an d fight m e

would yo u have h urled me back i nto the sea if I had given
”
you ti me to assemble your forces ? Th e Old warrior
“
replied : Yes S ire i n asmuch as I believed that you were
, ,
”
not re called by the maj ority of French men I ll health .
-

p revented the M arsh al fro m actively servi ng th e Emperor .

’
But during the i nterval between Napoleo n s abdication and
th e second restoratio n it fell to the M arshal s lot to keep ’

order i n Paris as Governor and Commander of the N ational

G uard The new G overnment to p unish hi m for th e aid h e
. ,

h a d given to the E mperor nomi nated h im o n e o f the j udges

,

o f M arshal Ney Th is was th e last occasio n the Pri nce of

.

Essling appeared i n public S uspected as a traitor by the.

’
auth orities weighed down by the horro r of N ey s death
,

an d the assassi natio n of his old friend Bru ne and racked ,

by disease after a li ngeri ng pai nfu l i llness the con queror of

,

Zurich breathed hi s last at the age of fifty n ine on Apri l 4 -

,

1 8 17
.
Even then the u ltra royalists could n ot conceal their
ha tred of h im The W ar M i nister Clarke Duke of Fe ltre,
.
, ,
 AN D RE MAssENA 69

h is Old comrade now turned furious legit i mist had h ith erto
, ,

withheld th e M arshal s new b ato n , and it was only the threat

’

of M ass ena s son i n law Re ille to place on th e co ffi n the

’
- -
, ,

bato n the M arsh al h ad rece i ved fro m the Emperor which

at last forced the Government to send th e emblem .

'
Great soldier as h e was Mass ena s escutcheon was ,

stai ned by many a blot H is a varice was d isgusti ng .

beyond words an d with avarice went a tendency to

,

u nderhand dealing harsh ness, a nd malice During th e

, .

’
Wagram campaign th e M arshal s coachman and footman
drove h i m day by day i n a carriage th rough all the heat
o f th e fighting Th e E mperor compli mented these brave
.

me n and said that of all the h u ndred an d thirty thousand

men engaged they were the bravest M ass ena after this .
, ,

felt bound to give them some reward a nd sai d to o n e o f ,

his staff that he w as going to give them each four hu ndred

francs Th e staff offi cer replied th at a pensio n of four
.

hu ndred francs wou ld save th em from want i n th eir old

age The Marsh al i n a fury turned o n h is aide de camp
.
, ,
- -
,
“
exclaiming W retch do you want to rui n me
, ,
W hat an ,

an nuity o f four h u ndred francs I No no no , four h undred , ,

“
francs o nce and for all adding to h i s staff I would ,

sooner see you all shot and get a bullet through my arm
than bi nd myself to give an annu ity o f fou r h u ndred francs
"
to any one . The Marshal never forgave the aide de camp - -

who had thus urged hi m to spend his money H is harsh .

ness was also well known and the excesses of the French,

troops i n S witzerland Naples and Portuga l were greatly

, ,

owing to his callousness ; i n the campaign i n Portugal h e

actua ll y allowed detach ments of soldiers to se t o u t with th e
express intention of capturing all girls betw een twelve and
twenty for the use of h is me n But while obli vi ous to th e .

sufferings of others, as a father he was affectionate an d

indu l gent As h e said a fter W agram of h is son Prosper,
.

That young scamp has given me more trou ble than a wh ole
army corps so careful was h e of h is Safety that he refused
70 N A P O LE O N S MARS H ALS
’

during the second day of the battle to allow him to take his
t urn among the oth er aides de camp b ut th e young
- -

M ass ena was too spirited to endure this and Napoleon , ,

hearing o f the occurrence, severely reprimanded the

M arsh al S tau nch republican by profession blusteri ng
.
,

and outspoken at times h e was at bottom a true I talian

, ,

a nd knew wel l h ow to u se th e delicate art of flattery .

W riti ng i n 1 8 0 5 to the M i n ister of W ar he th us ends a ,

despatch : “ I made my first campaign with H is M aj esty ,

and it was u nder h is orders that I learned what I know o f

"
the trade of arms W e were together i n the Army of I taly
. .

Agai n when at Fontai nebleau h e had the misfortu ne to

,

lose an eye when o u t ph easant sh ooting he attacked Berthier

,

as the culprit although h e knew full wel l that the Emperor

,
'

was the only perso n wh o had fired a shot .

B ut i n spite of all th i s meanness and his many defects he ,

must always be remembered as on e o f th e great sol diers

o f France , a name at all times to conj ure with Both .

Napoleon an d W elli ngton have paid their tribute to h is

talents At S t H elena th e fallen Emperor said that of all
. .

“ ”
h is generals th e Pri nce of Essling was th e first an d th e ,

Duke speaking to Lord Ros o f the French commanders

, ,

said “ M ass ena gave me more trou ble than any of them
, ,

because whe n I expected to fi nd h i m weak h e gene rally ,

"
contrived somehow that I sh ould fi n d h im strong Th e .

M arshal was a born soldier W ar was with h im an i n

.

spiration ; being all bu t i lliterate he never studied i t theo

,

re ti cally but as o n e o f h is detractors admits

, ,
H e was a ,

born general : his courage a nd tenacity did th e rest I n .

the best days of h is military career h e sa w accurately ,

decided promptly a nd never let h imself be cast down by

,

reverses I t w as owing to th is obsti nacy combined with

.

c lear vis i o n that his great successes were gai ned and th e ,

dogged determinati on h e sh owed at Zurich Loan o Rivoli , ,

and Ge noa was no whi t i mpaired by success or by o ld

age, as he proved at Essli ng, Wagram , and before th e li nes
J E AN BAPTI S T E J U LE S BE RNAD O TTE M AR S H A L , ,

PR I N C E O F P O NTE C O RV O K I NG O F S W E DE N ,

AS C O NY
h as ever been th e mother o f ambit i ous
men a nd many a ru ler h as sh e supplied to
,

France But i n 17 89 few Gascons even would

.

h ave believed that ere twenty years had passed one Gascon
would be sitting on the Bourbo n th ron e o f Naples and
a seco nd would be Crown Prince o f S weden th e adopted ,

so n of th e H ouse o f Vasa .

J ean Baptiste Bernadotte the son of a petty law yer was

, ,

born at Pau on J anu ary 2 6 1 7 63 At the age of seventeen

, .

he enlisted i n th e Royal Mari ne regiment and passed the

next n i ne year s of h is life i n garrison towns i n Corsica ,

Dauphi n e a nd Provence H is first notable exploit occurred

.

i n 1 7 88 wh en as sergeant h e commanded a section of th e

, , ,

M ari nes whose d uty i t was to maintai n order at Grenoble

during the troubles wh ich preceded the outbreak of the
Revolution The story goes that Bernadotte w as resp on
.

sible for the first sheddi ng of blood O ne day when th e .

,

mo b was threatening to get ou t of hand a woman rushed ,

ou t of the crowd and caught the sergeant a cu ff on th e

face whereon the fiery Gascon ordered h is men to open
,

fire. I n a moment th e a nswer came i n a sh ower of

bricks . Blood had been shed and from that moment
,

the people of France declared war to the death on the

old reg i me I mpetuous, generous warm hearted and a m
.
,
-

7:
 J EA N BA P TI STE J ULES B E RNA D OTTE 73

bi ti ou s,for th e next three years J ean Baptiste pursued a

po l icy which is typical of his whole career Ready when .

at white heat of passio n to take the most extreme measures ,

even to fire on th e crowd, i n calmer moments full of

enthusi asm for th e Rights of Man and the well being o f -

h is fellows ; spending long hours haranguing h is comrades

on the i niquity of kingship and the necessity of taking u p
arms against all of n oble birth , yet standing firm by h is
colonel , because i n former days he had done h im a kind
ness and saving h is o fficers from the mutineers wh o were
,

threatening to hang them ; watch i ng every opportun ity to

push h i s own fortunes Bernadotte pursued his way towards
,

success Promotion came rapidly : colo nel i n 1 7 9 2 the

.
,

next year general of brigade and a few months later ,

general of division h e owed h is advancement to th e w ay

,

i n which he handled h is men Naturally great neither as .

tactician or as strategist he cou ld carry out the orders

.
,

of others and above all impart h is fiery nature to h is

troops ; his success o n the battlefield was due to h is

personal magnetism, whereby he i nspired others with his
ow n self con fi d en ce
-
But with all th is self con fiden ce there
.
-

was blended i n his character a curi ous strai n of hesitation .

“
Again and agai n during h is career he let I dare not
“ ”
wait upon I would Gasco n to the backbone ful l of
.
,

craft and wile with an eye ever o n the future at times

, ,

he allowed his restless imagi nation to conj ure up dangers

i nstead of forcing it to show hi m the means to gai n h is end .

W he n o ffered th e post of general of brigade and again ,

when appointed general of divisi on h e refused the step ,

because h e had divi ned that J acobi n would persecute G i

ron d i st that u ltra Jacobi n wou ld overthrow J acobi n
,
-
and ,

that a reaction would sweep away the Revolutionists and ,

he feared that the generals of the army migh t share the fate
of those who appoi nted them After h is magn ificent attack
.

at Fleurus he was at last compelled to accept promotio n by

,

K l eber who rode u p to him and cried out “ Y ou must

, ,
74 NAP OLEON S M ARS HALS ’

accept the grade of general of brigade here o n the field

of battle where you h ave so truly earned it I f you refu se
, .

you are no friend of mi ne Thereo n Bernadotte accepted

.

the post considering that he cou ld if necessary p rove that

, , ,

he had not received i t as a political favour Th e years .

17 94— 6 saw Bernadotte on co nti nuous active service with

the Army of the S ambre and M euse n ow i n the Rh i ne ,

valley now i n the valley of the Danube E very engage

, .

ment from F leu ru s to Al tenkirch en added more and m ore

to h is reputation with th e authorities and to hi s hold o n
the a ffectio n of h i s men H e i s the God of armies cried
.
,

h is soldiers as they followed h i m i nto the fire swe p t zone

,
-
.

H is courage personality and physical beauty captivated all

,

wh o approached h im Tall erect with masses of coal black

.
, ,

hair th e great hooked nose of a fa l con and dark flashi ng

, ,

eyes i ndicating M oorish blood i n hi s vei ns h e cou l d crush ,

the soul o u t o f an i ncipient revolt with a torrent of c utting

words and i n a moment turn the mutineers i nto the most
,

loyal and devoted o f soldiers Duri ng the long rev ol u .

ti o n ary wars h e always kept before h im the necessity of

prepari ng for peace an d fou nd time to educate h imself i n
,

h istory and political science I t was with th e reputatio n of

.

being o n e of the best divisional o ffi cers of the Army o f

the S ambre and M euse and a political power of no smal l
,

im p ortance, th at at the end of 1 7 96 Bernadotte was trans

, ,

ferred with his division to the Army of I taly commanded by ,

Bonaparte From th eir very first meeti ng frictio n arose

. .

“
They were like C aesar and Po mpey the on e would have ,

no superior, the other would endure n o equal Bona .

parte already foresaw the day when France sh ould lie at h is

feet he i nstinctive l y divi ned i n Bern adotte a possible rival .

Bernadotte accustomed to the adulation o f all with whom

,

he came i n contact felt the loss of it i n h is n ew com

,

mand where soldiers and o fficers alike coul d thi nk and

,

speak o f nobody save the conqueror of I taly Yet nei th er .

could afford to break wi th the other neither could as yet ,

 J EAN B A PTI STE J ULES B E RNA D OTTE 75
foretell what the future would bri ng forth so amid a n 0 0 ,

casi o na l flourish o f compliments a secret and vi ndictive ,

war was waged between the two As commander i n chief .

- -
,

Bonaparte for the ti me bei ng h eld the whip ha nd and

, ,
“
could show his dislike by severe reprimands W herever .

your divisio n goes there is noth ing but complai nts o f its
,
"
want of discipline Bernadotte on h is side anxious to wi n
.
, ,

renown would appeal to the esprit o f his soldiers of th e

,
’
S ambre an d M euse and would spoil Bo naparte s c areful
,

combi nations by attempti ng a frontal attack before the

turning movement was effected by the I talian d ivisions .

By the end of th e campaign i t was clear to eve rybody

that there was no love lost be tween th e two After Leoben .

Bonaparte was for the moment the supreme figure i n

France As plenipotentiary at Leoben and commander i n
.
-

“ ”
chief o f th e Army o f E ngland h e could i mpo se his will
o n th e Directo ry Bernadotte i n d isgust at seeing the suc
“

.
,

cess of h is rival for some time seriously considered with

,

drawi ng from public l ife, or at any rate from France where ,

his reputation was thus overshadowed Among various .

posts the Directory offered hi m th e command of th e Army

,

of I taly but h e refused them all till at last h e consented to

, ,

accept that of ambassador at Vien na Vien na was for th e .

time being the pole rou nd wh ich the whole of Eu ropean

politics revolved and accordingly there w as great possibil ity
,

there of ach ievi ng diplo matic renown But scarcely h ad .

the new ambassador arrived at h is destination when h e

'
heard of Bonaparte s proj ected expedition to Egypt H e .

at once determined to return to France H e felt that h is .

return ough t to be marked by somethi ng wh ich migh t

appeal to the populace Accordingl y he adopted a device
.

a t once simple and e f fective .

Jacobi n at heart when his interest did not clash with h is

principles h e h ad fro m his a rrival at Vienna determined
,

to show the pr i nces and dignitaries o f an effete civilisati on

that Frenchmen were proud of their Revolution and be lieved
76 NA P O LE O N S MARS HALS
’

i n nothi ng but th e equali ty of al l men ; h e refused to con

form to court regulations and turned h is house into a club
for th e German revol utionists H is attitude was of course .

resented a nd there was co nsiderable feeling i n Vienna

,

agai nst the French E mbassy I t only required therefore .

, ,

a little more bravado and a display of th e tricolour on the

balcony of the E mbassy to i nduce the m ob to attack the
house . I mmediately this occurred Bernadotte lodged a
complai nt threw u p h is appoi ntment and withdrew to
, ,
“ ”
France as a protest against this scou ndrel ly attack o n
the honour of h is cou ntry and the doctri ne of the equality
o f men .

O n h is arri Va l at Paris he fou nd the Directory sh aken to

its fou ndation S i eyes the i nveterate constituti on monger
.
,
-
,
“
who saw the necessi ty of a man with a h ead a nd a
”
sword greeted h i m j oyfully the banish ment of P i ch eg ru
, ,

the d eath of H oche the disgrace of M oreau , and th e absence

,

o f Bonaparte h ad left Bernadotte for the moment the most

important o f the political soldiers of th e Revolution Acting .

’
o n S i eye s s advice Bernadotte refused a l l posts offered h im
,

eith er i n the army or i n the Government and awaited de

v e lop m e n ts Meanwh ile h e became very i ntimate wi th
.

J oseph Bonaparte who i ntroduced hi m to hi s sister i n law

,
- -
,

Désiré Clary The Clarys were merchants o f M arseilles

.
,

and Désiré h ad for some ti me been engaged to Napoleo n

Bonaparte who h ad j ilted her o n meeting J oseph i ne
, .

Dés iré very bitter a t this treatment accepted Bernadotte

'

, , ,
“
a s sh e said i n later life because I was told that h e was
,

a man who could h ol d his ow n agai nst Napoleo n Thi s .

marriage was a masterstroke of policy ; i t at once gave

Bernadotte th e support of the Bonaparte family for Bona ,

part e i n h is way was still fon d of D esi re and at the same ,

ti me i t gave Bernadotte a partner wh o at bottom h ated

Napoleo n with a rancour equal to his ow n After the .

disasters i n I taly and o n th e Danu be o n J uly 2 17 99 , , ,

Bernadotte thi nki ng th e time was come, accepted the post

,
78 N A P O L E O N S M ARS H ALS
’

During the years wh ich succeeded th e establishment of

th e Co nsulate Bernadotte waged an u nending subterranean
,

war against Napoleo n S carcely a year passed i n which h is .

n ame was not con nected w ith some conspiracy to overth row

th e First Consul O f these Nap oleon w as well advised but

.
,

Bernadotte was too cu n ning to allow h imself to be com

promised absolutely H owever much h e might sympathise .

with the conspirators and lend them what aid he could he ,

always refused to sig n h is n ame to any documen t Accord .

i n g ly altho u gh o n o n e occasion a bu ndle o f seditious

,

proclamations was found i n th e boot o f h is aide de camp s - -

’

carriage the charge cou ld n ot be brough t home

, On .

another occasion wh en it was proved that he had advanced

,

twelve thousand francs to th e conspirator C e rrach i h e ,

.

could prove that it was th e price h e h ad paid th e artist for

a bust I n spite of th e fact that n o definite proof could b e
.

brough t agai nst h im th e First Consul cou ld easi ly if h e , ,

ch ose have produced fraudulent witnes ses or have had

,

h im disposed o f by a court martial as h e got rid of the -

,

D u e d E ngh i e n
'
Napoleon waited his time H e was afraid
. .

o f a J acobi n outbreak if he made a direct attack agai nst

h im Furth er Bernad otte had a zealo us friend and ally i n

.
,

J oseph Bonaparte S o when pressed to take stern measures

.

agai nst h is e nemy Napoleo n always refu se d to do so p artly

, ,

from policy partly because of h is former love for Désiré

, ,

and partly from th e horror of a scandal i n h is family wh ich ,

might weaken h is position wh en h e seized the imperial

throne Accordingly h e attempted i n every way to con
.

ciliate h is rebell ious subj ect and at the same ti me to p lace ,

h i m i n positions where he cou ld do n o political h arm .

Together with Bru ne an d M armont h e made h im a ,

Senator H e offered hi m the command of th e Army o f

.

I ta l y, and wh en Bernadotte refused and demanded em

,

pl oyment at h ome h e posted h im to th e command of th e ,

d ivisio n i n Brittany wi th h ea dquarters at Ren nes B ut the

, .

First Consu l fou nd that Ren nes far off as i t w a s, was too ,
 J EA N B A PTI STE J ULE S B E RN A D OTTE 79

close to Paris ; accordingly h e tried to tempt h is J acobi n

general by important posts abroad H e prop osed i n suc .

cession the embassy at Constanti nople the captai n generalcy ,

-

a t Guadaloupe an d the govern orship o f Lou isiana, bu t

,

Bernadotte refused to leave France At last early i n 1 8 0 3 .

,

Napoleo n nomi nated h im mi nister to th e U nited S tates .

Three times the squadron of frigates got ready to aecom

pany th e new m in ister but each ti me th e minister post
,

poned h is departure Meanwh ile war broke out with

.
_

England and Bernadotte w as retai ned i n France as

,

general o n the u nattached list, owi ng to th e e fforts of

J oseph.

O n the establish ment of the E mpire Napoleon i ncl uded

’
Bernadotte s name among the nu mber of the M arshals ,

partly to please h is brother J oseph and to maintai n th e

prestige of his family and partly, as i n th e case of Au g ereau ,
M ass ena a n d J ourdan to wi n over th e stau nch republicans
,

and J acobins to the imperial r égime For th e mo ment the .

Emperor achieved his obj ect The ex J acob i n proud of .

-
,

his new title and luxuriating i n his lately acquired estate

o f Grosbois , was actually gratefu l ; but still Gascon like ,
-
,

he wanted more and complai ned he h ad n ot enough to

maintai n his proper state Napoleon , heari ng of this from
.

F o u ch é exclaimed :
,
Take from the pu blic treasury
enough to put this right I want Bernadotte to be content
. .

H e is j ust begin ning to say h e is fu ll of attach ment for my

person ; this may attach hi m more B ut a few days later .

the Marshal revealed h is true feeli ngs when talki ng o f ,

Napoleon to Lucien h e said “ There will be no more glo ry

, ,

save i n h is presence and by h is side and through his means ,

"
and u nfortunately all for hi m .

Though the Emperor had promoted h i m to h onour it ,

was no part o f h is scheme to allow to remai n i n Paris a

“
man who as Tal l eyrand said
, was capable of securing ,

four cut throats and making away with Napoleon h imself

-

if necessary a furious beast, a grenadi er capable of al l an d

,
80 NAP OLE ON S M ARS HALS ’

"
everyth ing a man to be kept at a d istance at al l c ost
, .

Accordi ngly th e M arshal very soon fou nd h imself sent to

“
replace M ortier i n command o f the Army of H anover .

For fifteen month s Bernadotte admi nistered H anover ,

and the subtle cou rtesy h e sho wed to friend and foe alike
made him as usual the adored of a ll with whom h e came i n
contact But whatever he did the Emperor still suspected
.
,

h im and gave th e cue to all that Bernadotte was n ot to be

, ,

trusted an d w as no soldier Napoleon always took care that

.

Bernadotte should never have u nder h is comman d French

soldiers H is troops i n 1 8 0 5 were Bavarians ; i n 1 8 0 7 Poles ;
.
,

i n 1 8 0 8 a mixture o f Dutch and S paniards and i n 1 8 0 9 o f

, ,
’
Poles an d S axons Berth ier work i ng ou t the E mperor s
.
,

i deas an d h imself a l so hati ng Bernadotte took care th at i n

, ,
"

the allotment of d uties the disagreeable and unimportant

tasks sh ould fall to th e M arshal I n s p ite o f the i nferiority .

o f h is troops Bernadotte as usual distinguished h imself i n

,

the hour o f b attle At Austerl itz at the critica l moment h e

.
, ,
’
saw that u nless the centre was h eavily supported Napoleon s
plan of trapping the Russians must fail so with out waiti ng ,

orders he detached a divisio n towards the northern slopes

o f th e plateau and thus material ly assisted i n wi nning the
,

da y . But th ough quickwitted and alert o n the battlefield,

he never shon e i n strateg y I n the movements wh ich led .

up to a battle h e was always slow and i ncli ned to hesitate ,

and h is detractors seized on this fault to declare with ,

'
Napoleon s con nivance th at h e was a traitor to th e,

E mperor an d to France A n i ncident of the campaign of

.

’
1 8 0 6 gave th e Marshal s enemies an excellent open ing for

sh owi ng their dislike Napoleon th i nking h e had cornered

.
,

the whole Prussia n army at J ena o n the nigh t of

O ctober 1 3th sent orders to Bernadotte to fal l back from
,

Naumburg and get across the Prussian line o f retreat I n .

pursuance of these orders th e Marshal left N aumburg at

dawn on the m orni ng o f the 14th and m arched i n the
directi on o f Apolda wh ich h e reached i n sp ite of the
, ,
82 NA P O LE O N S M A RS HALS ’

During th e i nterval between th e peace o f Tilsit and the

outbreak of th e w ar with Austria i n 1 8 09 th e Prince o f ,

Ponte Corvo returned to his d uty of admi nisteri ng H anover .

Pursuing h is former p olicy of i ngratiating himself with

everybody he renewed his old friendships with all classes
, ,

an d gained the goodwill of his neighbours i n Denmark an d

S wedish Pomerania showi ng a suavity wh ich was i n marked
,

contrast to rigid d iscipli narians o f the school of Davout .

S uch conduct h owever di d n ot gai n th e approval of the

, ,

Emperor whose policy was by enforcing the conti nental

, ,

system to squeeze to death the H anseatic towns wh ich were

, ,
'
E ngl and s best customers .

Th e M arshal was so keenly aware of th e displeasure of

the E mperor a nd the hatred of many of h is advisers,
especially of Berth ier th e ch ief of the staff that h e actually
, ,

asked to be placed o n half pay at th e commencement o f th e

campaign of 1 8 0 9 but th e E mperor refused his request
, .

H e had determi ned to end th e u nceasing struggle between

h imse l f and Bernadotte The battle of W agram gave h i m
.

h is opportu nity O n the first day o f the battle the Marshal

.
,

had severely criticised i n the heari ng of some of h is offi cers

, ,

the methods th e Emperor h ad adopted for crossing th e

Danube and attacki ng the Arch duke Charles boasting that ,

if h e had been i n comman d h e would by a scientific

man oeuvre have compelled the Archduke to lay down h is
arms almost with ou t a blow S ome enemy told the .

’
Emperor of this boast O n th e n ext day Bernadotte s .

corps w as broke n by th e Austrian cavalry and only saved

from absolute an nihilatio n by the person a l exertio n of the
M arshal and h is staff wh o b y mai n force stopped and
, , ,

re formed th e crowd o f fugitives

- The Emperor arrived on .

the scene at the moment the M arshal had j ust succeeded i n

staying the rOu t and sarcastically i nqu ired
,
I s that th e ,

scientific man oeuvre by which you were goi ng to m ake the

Archduke lay down h i s arms and before the Marshal
could make reply conti nued I remove you sir from th e , , ,
 J EA N B A P TI STE J ULES B E RNA D OTTE 83

comman d o f the army corps which you handle so badly .

Withdraw at once and leave th e Grand Army withi n twenty

”
four h ours ; a bungler like you is no good to me S uch .

'
treatment w as more than the Marshal s fiery temperament
could stand and accordingly con trary to al l military regu la
, ,

tions and etiquette h e issued a bu lleti n without th e authority

,

of the E mperor praisi ng the S axo n troops and thus magn i ,

fyi n g h is o w n importance The E mperor w as fu rious and

.
,

sent a private memorand um to th e rest of th e M arshals

declaring that i ndependently of H is M aj esty having com
“
,

m a n de d h is army i n person i t is for hi m alone to award

,

the degree of glory each has merited H is M aj esty owes .

the success of h is arms to the French troops and to n o

foreigners . To M arshal M acdo nald and his troops is
due the success wh ich th e Pri nce of Ponte Corvo takes
” ’
to himself I t seemed as if Bernadotte s career was
.

finished .

The Emperor fou nd h e h ad n o longer any reason to fear

him and for the moment determined to crush h i m co m
,

p lete ly .S o wh en h e hear d that Clarke h ad despatched the

Prince to organise th e resistance to the E nglish at Flush ing ,

he at o nce superseded h im by Bessi eres But the prospect .

of a n alliance by marriage wi th either Russia or Austri a

once agai n caused the Emperor to reflect o n th e necessity

o f avoiding scandal and discord i n his o w n family accord
i ng ly he determined to try and propitiate the Marshal by
sending h im as h is envoy to Rome To a born i ntriguer like .

Bernadotte Rome seemed to spell absol ute exile and accord

, ,

i n g ly i n the lowest of s p irits he set about to fi nd excuse

, ,

to delay his j ourney li ttle thi nki ng th at fortune had turned

,

and was at last about to raise hi m to th ose h eights of which

he had so long dreamed Long before i n 1 8 04 at the time
.
, ,

of the establishment of th e Empire h e h ad secretly visited ,

the famous fortu ne te l ler M ademoiselle L e n orma n d wh o

-
, ,

had told him that he also should be a king and reign bu t ,

hi s kingdom woul d be across the sea Hi s bou ndless ambi .

84 NA P O LE O N S MARS HALS ’

tion stimulated by S outhern superstition h ad fed itself o n

, ,

this prophecy even wh en the breach with Napoleo n seemed

,

to close the door to all h ope .

I n M ay 1 8 09 a revolutio n i n S weden had deposed th e

, ,

i n capable Gustavus I V and set u p as King hi s un cle Charles .

,

Duke of S u derm a n i a Th e new King Ch arles X I I I , was .

,
.

old and childless Accordingly the questio n o f the succes

.

'
sion filled all men s mi nds W ith Russia pressing i n on th e .

east and Denmark h ostil e o n the west it was important to ,

fi nd some o n e rou n d wh om al l migh t rally by preference ,

a soldier I t was of c ourse o bvious that France the tradi

.
,

ti o n a l ally o f S weden dominated E urope Accordingly th e , .

S wedes determi ned to seek th eir Crown Pri nce fro m th e

hands of Napoleon N ow of all th e M arshals Bernadott e .
, ,

h ad had most to d o wi th the S wedes At H amburg h e had .

h ad co nstant question s to settle with the Pomeran ians At .

the time o f Bl ucher s surrender at Lii be ck h e h ad treated

'

with great courtesy certai n S wedish prisoners I t seemed .

’
therefore to the S wedish King s advisers that the Prince of
Ponte Corvo the brother i n law of King J oseph the h ero
,
- -
,

o f Austerlitz was the most suitable candidate they could

,

fi nd Napoleon however w as furi ous whe n h e h eard that

.
, ,

a deputation had arrived to o ffer th e p ositio n o f Crown

Pri nce o f S weden to Bernadotte T o o diplomatic to refuse .

to allow the offer to be made he set to work at once secretly ,

'
to u ndermi ne the M arsh al s popularity i n S weden and ,

wh ile pretending to leave th e decisio n to Bernadotte h im

self assured h is friends that the M arshal would never dare
,

to accept the responsibili ty But Napoleon had m i scalcu .

Iated S ome ki nd friend informed the M a rshal of wh at th e

.

E mperor had said and as Bernadotte himself admitted, it

, ,
”
was the ta u nt H e will n ever dare which deci ded h im to
, ,

accept th e S wedish o ffer Before th e Crown Pri nce elect .

qui tted France th e E mperor attempted to place on h i m th e

co ndition that he sho uld never bear arms against h i m but
'

Bernadotte, forese ei ng th e future refused to give any such ,

86 NA P O LE O N S M ARS H ALS
’

the S wedes were learning th e folly of fighti ng th e mistress

of the sea, th e Crown Pri nce h ad ti me to make h is plans so ,

that when the moment arriv ed h e might step forward as the

saviour of th e cou ntry I t was quite clear th at a breach
.

with France must mean the loss of Pomerania and all h Op e

o f regai ni ng th e lost provinces o n the southern sh ores of th e

Baltic . But Bernadotte determined to fin d i n N orway a

q u id
pro q u o for Pomerania To force Russia the hereditary
.
,

foe o f S weden to make h er h ereditary ally Denmark grant

, , ,

Norway to S weden wou ld be a master stroke o f dip l omacy

,
-
,

wh ile an al l iance with Russia would guarantee the S wedish

fr ontiers an d would bri ng peace with E ngland because ,

Russia was o n th e poi nt of breaking with th e continent al

system The S wedes would th us gai n N orway and recove r
.

their sea borne trade whi le the Crown Prin ce would be

-
,

acknowledged as the legitimate h eir o f the royal h ouse o f

Vasa and n o longer regarded as an interloper, a mere puppet
of Napoleon .

S uccess crowned the e fforts of th e elated Gascon Th e .

Czar with th e prospect of a French i nvasio n at h is door

, ,

was delighted b eyond measure to fi nd i n S weden an ally

i nstead o f a foe I n August 1 8 1 2 h e i nvited the Crown
.
, ,

Pri n ce to Russia and the treaty of Abi) w a s signed whereby

'

Russia promised to lend h er ai d to S weden to gai n Norway

as th e price of her h e l p agai nst France ; a little later a treaty
was concluded between E n g la n d and S weden The Crown
o
.

Pri nce returned from Ab o full of relief ; not on ly was he

now received i nto the i n ner circle of legitimate sovereigns ,

but th e Czar had actually volu nteered that if Napoleon fe l l

I woul d see w ith pleasure th e destinies of France i n your
"
hands . Alexander had ki ndled a flame wh ich never died
as long as Bernadotte l ived Th e remai nder of h is l ife
.

m ight be summed up as an effort to gain th e crown of

France followed by a period of vai n regrets at th e failure of
,

h is hopes .

O n returning to S tockhol m th e Crown Prince foun d

 J EAN B A PTI STE J ULES B E R N A D OTTE 87

h i mself surrou nded by a crowd of cosmopolita n adm i rers ,

the most important of wh om was Madame de S ta el who ,

regarded h i m as the o n e ma n wh o could restore France to

prosperity H is flatterers likened h i m to H enry I V an d
. .

harped on the fact that h e also came fro m B earn B ut i n .

France men cursed th e traitorous Frenchman wh o was

going to turn h is sword agai nst h is country a nd h is name ,

was expu nged from the list of the M arshals a nd fro m th e

rolls of the S enate while the Emperor bitterly regretted that
,

he had n ot sent h i m to learn S w edish at V i ncen nes the ,

great military prison W hen i n accordance wi th h i s

.
,

treaty obligations early i n 1 8 13 the Crown P rin ce o f

,

S wed en landed at S tralsund to take part i n the war

against Napoleo n h is positio n was a di ffi cult one Th e
, .

one obj ect of th e Allies was to overthrow Napoleo n th e ,

o n e obj ect of the Crown Pri nce was to become Ki ng of

’
France o n Napoleon s fall Th e Allies therefore had to beat
.

the French troops, but the Crown Prince would ru i n his

hopes if French soldiers were beate n by the troops u nder
his command I t was clear that Napoleo n coul d only be
.

overcome by the closest co operation of al l th e Allies

-
.

Accordingly th e Czar a nd the Ki ng of Prussia summoned

the Crown Prince to a confere nce at Trach e nberg i n
S ilesia and di d their best to gratify h is pride Th e plan .

of campaig n was then arranged and the Prince returned to ,

command the allied forces i n N orthern Germany At S t . .

H elena the E mperor declared th at it was Bernadotte who

showed the Allies how to wi n by avoiding al l co nflict with
himself and defeating the M arshals i n detai l W ith great .

bitterness he added H e gave our enemies the key to ou r

,

policy the tactics o f our armies and showed them the way
, ,
"
to the sacred soi l of France Be th is as it may his co nduct
.
,

during the campaign j ustified the suspicio n with wh ich h e

was regarded by friend and foe O nl y three ti mes di d the
.

’
Prince s army come i n co ntact with the forces of th e
Emperor .A t G rosbeeren and Den newitz , where h is
88 NA P O LE O N S M ARS HALS ’

divisional offi cers fought and wo n , the Pri nce kept d i s

erectly i n the rear At Leipzig h e held back so long that
.

the French army very nearly escaped I t was the tau nt of .

h is ch ief of the staff Do yo u know that the soldiers say

,

you are afraid and d o n ot dare to advance wh ich at last

forced h im i nto batt l e But while th us he o ff ended his
.

allies he gained n o respect fro m h is former cou ntrymen

,
.

H e had al w ays believed that h is presence alone was suf

fici e n t to bri ng over th e French tro o p s to h is side but h is ,

first attempt ought to h ave shattered th is delusi on At .

S tettin duri ng the armistice he entered the fortress an d

, ,

tried to seduce the govern or a n ex J acobi n and erstwhile

,
-

fri end As he left the town a canno n was fired and a ball
.

wh istled past his ear H e at once sent a flag o f truce to

.

demand an explanation for th is breach o f the etiquette

o f war , whereon h is friend the ex J acobi n replied I t was
-
,

simply a police affair W e gave the signal that a deserter

.

was escaping and th e m a i n g uard fired I n spite of th is .

warning and many other indications Bernadotte failed to ,

u nderstand how completely h e had lost h is i nfluence i n

France an d wh ile th e Allies were advanci ng o n Paris h is
,

secret agents were busy especially i n S outhern France

, ,

trying to wi n the people to h is cause Keeping well i n .

th e rear of th e i nvadi ng armies h e entirely neglected h is,

mi li ta ry duties an d passed h is time listeni ng to the reports

o f worthless spies Th e result of h is i ntrigues was that h e
.

q u ite lost touch with the trend of e vents at the front and
.

when Paris fell i nstead o f bei ng o n the spot h e was far

, ,

away The Czar, long disgusted with h is delays n o longer

.
,

pressed his suit, and findi ng an apparent desire for a Bourbon

restoration accepted the return o f that house S o when th e
,
.

Crown Pri nce came to Paris h e fou nd nothi ng for i t but to

make his best bow to the Bourbons and s l i nk away h ome to
gai n what comfort h e could i n the co nquest o f Norway .

’
Th u s o nce agai n was S i eyes saying p roved correct H e is
a blackbird wh o th inks himsel f an eagle ”
.
90 NA P O LE O N S MARS HALS
’

the trend of French politics with an anxious eye Even as .

late as th e Revolution of 1 8 3 0 h e still thought it was possible

that France might call h im to be h er ruler and h e never ,

lost the chance of doi ng th e Bourbons an i ll turn I n spite -

.

o f these i ntrigues , save for an appeal lodged i n 18 1 8 agai nst

the high handed conduct o f the Quadruple Alliance i n i nter

-

fe ri n g between S weden and Denmark Bernadotte s Euro

’

pea n career really ended with th e fall of Napoleon As .

Charles X I V h e ascended the S wedish throne o n February

.

1 8 , 1 8 18 on the death o f h is adoptive father As King

, .

h e pursued th e same policy as Crown Pri nce alliance with ,

R u ssia H is i nternal p ol icy was based o n the principle of

.

mai ntai ni ng h is dynasty at all costs W ith this obj ect i n .

,

S weden b e ruled more or less as a b enevolent despot con ,

s ul ti n g h is S tates General as little as possible paying th e ,

greatest attentio n to commerce and i ndustry and Opening ,

up the mi nes and waterways of th e cou ntry I n N orway .

,

h owever where the S torthing h ad long enj oyed great

,

powers h e ruled as a li beral constituti on al monarch an d

, ,

with such good fortune did h e and h is successors p u rsue

their policy that o f all th e diplo mati c expedients arranged at
the Congress o f Vien na the cessio n of N orway to S wede n
,

stood the test o f time the longest and it was not till 190 6
,

that the pri nciple of nati onality was at last enforced i n

S candinavia .

Though Ch arles X IV m ade n o attempt to i nterfere i n

.

E uropean politics the pri nces of Europe could never shake

,

of f th eir dislike o f h i m , standing as h e did as the o n e sur

W hen th e time came for h is
’
v i va l of Napoleo n s system .

so n O scar to seek a bride, th e S wedish proposals were met

with scorn i n Denmark and Prussia and even i n M e cklen ,

burg Anhalt and H esse Cassel As the Austrian e nvoy at

- - .

the S wedish court wh ispered to h is E nglish colleague All ,

Europe wou ld see the fal l of these people h ere without

regret .
"
Co nsequently the S wedish King was driven to seek
’
a bride for h is son from Napoleon s family, an d eventual ly
 J EA N BA PTI ST E J ULE S B E R NA DOTT E 91

the you ng Pri nce marr i ed th e daughter of E ug ene Beau

’
h arnais th e old ex Viceroy of I taly Napoleo n s stepso n
,
-
,
.

Charles X I V , a man o f regrets spent th e remai nder of h is

.
,

life buried i n the memories of th e past H e seldom got u p .

till late i n the day dictat i ng h is letters and receiving h is

,

ministers i n bed W hen he was dressed he spent some h ours

.
,

going over h is private a ffairs a nd revising h is i nvestments .

for h e feared to the end that he might be deprived of h is

crown I n th e evening he e ntertai ned the foreign rep re
.

sen tati v es and h eld h is courts after wh ich h e passed the

,

small h ours of the nigh t with his particular cron ies fighting
and re fig h ti n g his battles and provi ng how he alone could
-
,

have saved Europ e from the misery of the Napoleonic wars .

H e died o n March 3 rd 1 844 at the age o f eighty, having

, ,

given his subj ects th e precious boo n of twenty fiv e years -

of peace .

I n S pite o f h i s brilliant career, Bernadotte must ever

remai n on e of the most patheti c figures i n h istory H e .

stands co nvicted as a mere opportu nist a man wh o never ,

once possessed h is soul i n pe ace and wh o was i ncapable of

u nderstanding h is ow n destiny S o much was this the case
.

that i n h is latter days th e o ld J acobin n ow a crowned Kin g , ,

really believed he was speaking the truth when h e said that

a l ong wi th Lafayette h e was th e only public man save the ,

Count of Artois w h o had never changed si n ce 1 7 8 9 H e saw

'

, .

no i nconsistency between the declaratio n of h is yo uth “ that ,

royalty was a mo nster wh ich must be mutilated i n its ow n

”
interest an d h is speech as an old man to th e French
,

ambassador I f I were King of France with an army o f two

,

or three h undred thousand men I would put my tongue ou t

”
at your Chamber of Deputies H e was Gascon to the
.

backbone and h is tongue too often betrayed his most secret

,

and h is most transient tho u ghts For th e moment h e woul d

.

believe and declare that Napoleon was not beaten by mere

men he was greater than all of us the greatest
captai n who h as appeared si nce J ulius C aesar I f, like .
92 NA P O LE O N S M AR SH ALS
'

H en ry I V h e had had a S ully h e woul d have governed

,

empires . Th en th inki ng of h imself as S ully h e would

, ,

gravely add Bonaparte was th e greatest soldier of o u r age

, ,

b ut I surpassed h im i n powers of organ isation of Observa ,

Y et with i t all h e had many o f th e

”
tio n and calculation .

q u alities wh ich go to make a man great H is personal .

magnetism was i rresisti ble h e had cons u mmate tact a keen

, ,

eye for i ntrigue a clear vision to pierce the mazes of political

,

tangles and considerab l e strength of purpose backed by an

,

intensely fiery nature Frank and generous h e i ncli ned

.
,

natural l y to a li beral policy but h is i nnate selfish ness too

q
,

often con uered h is generous pri nciples I t was this con .

fli ct between his li beral ideas and h is perso nal i nterest wh ich

caused that fatal hesitati on wh ich agai n and agai n threatened
to sp oil h is career and which made h im so i mmensely
i nferior to Napoleon T o gai n h is crown h e willingly threw
.

over h is re l igion an d became a Lutheran ; to keep h is crown

he was ready to sacrifice h is h onour As a S wedish m onarch .

h e thought more o f the i nterests o f h is dynasty than o f th e

i nterests of his subj ects but h e w a s far too wily to S how
,

this i n action Posi ng a s a patri ot Ki ng an d boasting of h i s

.

love for h is adop ted cou ntry, he ever remai ned at heart a
French man .

W hen i n 18 40 the remains of the great E mperor were

transferred to Paris h e mournfu l ly exclai med to h is re p re
,
“
se n ta ti ve : Tel l them that I who was o nce a M arsh al o f
"
France am now only a Ki ng of S weden .
94 NA P O LE O N S M ARS HALS
’

W eissen bu rg and the siege of Fort Louis h e forced h imself ,

to the fro nt by his gallantry an d his rapid coup d oe i l B ut i t ’

.

was th e battle of Fleuru s wh ich o nce and for all established

h is reputatio n S oult was by then colonel and ch ief of th e
.

staff to General Lefebvre The gal lant M arceau s battalions

.
'

were hurled back i n rou t by the enemy and their ch ief i n ,

agony rushed up to Lef ebvre cryi ng o ut for four battalions

o f the reserve that he migh t regai n th e ground h e had lost .

“
Give them to me h e exclaimed or I wi l l blow o u t my
, ,

brai ns S oult qu ietly observed that he would thereby o nly

.

th e more endanger h is troops Marceau i ndignant at bei ng .

,

rebuked by a young staff o ffi cer, rough ly asked “ An d wh o ,

“
are you W h oever I am replied S oult “ I am calm
,
"
, ,

which you are n ot do not kil l yourself but lead your men ,

to the charge and you shal l h ave th e fo ur battalio ns as soo n

”
as we can spare them S carcely h ad he uttered these words
.

'
than the Austrians fell wi th fury o n Lefeb vr e s d ivision .

For h ours the issue h ung i n the balance and at last even ,

th e stubborn Lef ebvre began to th i nk of retreat But S oult, .

calmly casting a rapid glanc e over th e field called ou t I f I , ,

am not m istaken from what I j udge of th e enemy s second ’

”
l ine the Austrians are preparing to retreat
,
A few moments .

later came the order to advance from J ourdan the com ,

mander i n chief and thanks to S ou lt s sou ndness of j udg

- -
,
'

ment the divisions of M arceau and Lef ebvre were chargi ng

,

th e enemy i nstead o f fighti ng a rearguard acti on to cover a

rout After the battle the generous M arceau sought ou t
.
,
“ ” “
S oult . Colonel said h e ,
forgive the past you h ave
,

this day given me a lesson I shall n ever forget I t is you i n .

"
fact who have gai ned the battle S oult had not long to .

wait for h is reward for i n 1 794 h e was promoted general of

,

brigade .

Duri ng the campaign o f 1 79 5 S oult was entrusted with a

ligh t column of three battalions of i nfantry and si x squad
rons of cavalry and w a s constantly empl oyed a s a n
,

a dvance or rear guard O n o n e occasion while covering

.
,
 J EAN DE D I EU NI CO LA S S O ULT 95

th e retreat at H erborn his s mal l force was su rrou nded by

,

four thousand Austria n cavalry S ummoned to surrender .

,

h e i ndignantly refused a n d forming h is i nfantry i n tw o

,

colum ns with the cavalry i n the i nterval between them ,

during five h ou rs he beat off repeated charges of th e

enemies horse and fought h is way back to the mai n body
'

with out losi ng a si ngle gu n or a s i ngle colou r Te n days .

later h e added to this triumph by i nflicti ng the loss of two

thousand men on the e nemy i n the mou ntain combat at
Ratte Eig wh en both sides struggl ed to gai n the heights
,

knee deep i n snow

- During th e campaigns of 1796 and
.

17 9 7 S oult i ncreased his reputatio n amid the marches and

,

cou nter marches and battles i n th e valleys of the Rhine an d

-

the Danube Bu t i t Was i n S witzerlan d that he laid most

.

firmly the fou ndation o f his future success for there h e ,

gained the frien dsh ip an d goodwill of Mass ena an d it w as ,

the con queror of Zurich wh o first called Bonaparte s atten ’

tion to the sterli ng qualities of th e future Duke of Dalmatia ,

“
telling the First Consul th at for j udgment an d courage
S oult had scarcely a superior I n 1 8 0 0 M ass ena took h is
.

trusty subordinate with h i m to I taly as lieutenant general o f -

the centre of th e army During th e fierce struggle which

.

ended i n th e Austrians drivi ng the French i nto Genoa the ,

lieutenant general was seen at h is best exposi ng his person

-
,

i n a way he seldom did later and sh owi ng that strategi c ,

insight and power of organisatio n for wh ich h e was so

celeb rated O n o n e occasion when cornered by Bellegarde,
.
,

h e was summoned to surrender Th e Austrian parlementaire .

pointed out th at it w as hopeless to co nti nue th e struggle as

he had neither provisions n or ammu nition To th is S oult .

replied : “ W ith bayo nets and men wh o know h ow to use

them on e lacks noth ing and i n spite of every e ffort of th e
, ,
“ ”
enemy with the wh ite arm alone h e cut h is way i nto
,
’
Genoa Duri ng the siege he was Mass ena s righ t h and ever
.
,

ready with shrewd advice the soul o f every sortie til l

, ,

u nluckily he was wo unded at the c ombat of M o nte Cretto,

96 NA P O LE O N S M AR S HALS
’

and captured by the Austrians whose prisoner h e remained ,

till after M arengo .

O n the establish ment of the Consulate S oult whose '

, ,

politics rested solely on personal ambition and n ot on

pri nciple at o nce d ivined the ai ms of Bonaparte Thanks
, .

'
to M ass ena s warm i ntroduction and h is own reputation ,

he fou nd h imself cordially received by the First Co n

sul . H onours were sh owered u pon h i m H e was o n e .

of the fou r trusted commandants o f the Consular Guard ,

a nd when N apoleon began to organise his forces for

the struggle with E ngland h e entrusted S oult with the ,

comman d of th e im p ortant army corps at Boulogne .

Th e First C onsul could have made n o better selection .

U nder h i s rough exterior S oult hid great powers o f “

busi ness a keen perspicaci ty and much tact Q uick

, , .

wi tted with a subtle res tless spirit h e h a d great strength

, , ,

o f character and h is ambitio n spurred h i m on to a

,

diligence wh ich knew neither mental nor physical fatigue .

But i n S pite of h is cold air and self restraint he love d -

,

th e pleasures o f th e table and was passionately fond o f

,

women while hi s wife exercised a complete dominatio n

,

over hi m and before h er he quailed like a ch ild

,
In .

war h e had the keen i magination and quick penetration

of a great strategist H is S pecial forte was the planni ng
.

o f vigorous enterprises But h e preferred to direct

.

rather than to lead Though h is courage w as u ndoubted

.
,

as h e grew ol der he w as chary of riski ng his p erson ,

and had n ot the dashi ng qualities o f Lannes and Ney .

As an admi nistrator h e w as the equal of Davout O nce .

entrusted with th e command of th e army corps at

Boulogne the you ng general of thirt y fiv e laid aside all
,
-

thoughts of personal p l easure and ease and set h i mself

to manufacture a fighting mach ine wh ich sh ould be the
most perfect o f its time Never was su ch attentio n shown
.

to details o f administratio n and i nstruction and th e d i s ,

ci p li n e of the corps at Boulogne was th e severest that

 J EA N DE D I EU NI C O LAS S O ULT 97

French troops had ever u ndergone As migh t be ex .

p ecte d there were many gru mbles and soon ru mours

, ,

and complaints reached the First Consu l wh o h imsel f ,

remonstrated with h is lieutenant telling hi m that the “

troops would sink u nder such treatment ; bu t h e was

greeted with the reply “ S uch as can not withstand th e
,

fatigue which I myself u ndergo wi ll remai n at th e dep Ots

but th ose wh o do stand it will be fit to u ndertake the
conquest of the world S oult was righ t i n h is esti mate
.
,

for i n spite of the d emands he made o n their endura nce ,

he had won their love and admiratio n ; the weak and

the grumblers fell ou t an d wh en war was declared h is
,

corps marched to the front a body o f picked men with

,

absolute confidence i n their leader I n spite o f the fact .

that he had never held an i ndependent command , there

was no surprise when h e was i ncluded among the nu m
ber o f the M arsh als for his brilliant record his selection
, ,

a s comm a n d an t of the Guard h is su ccess at Boulogne

, ,

and the favour which the First Consul h ad long sh own

to h im had marked h im ou t as o n e of th e co ming men
, .

The campaign of 18 0 5 bore witness to the j ustness o f

the Emperor s choice I t has often been said and i n
’
.
,

deed W elli ngto n h imself lent credit to th e dictu m that ,

S oult was pri marily a strategist and n o tactician but ,

at Austerlitz he sh owed that calm capacity to read the

signs of the conflict an d that knowledge of when and
,

where to strike wh ich had first brought hi m to the fron t

,

i n the days o f Fleurus E ntrusted with th e command of

.

the centre in spite of the entreaties of h is s ubordinates

,

and even th e commands of the Emperor he refused to ,

O p en his attack u ntil he saw th at the Russian left w as

h opelessly compromised Thanks to h is clearness of fore
.

sight when once he lau nched h is attack h e not o nly

,

put the issue out of doubt, but completely overwhelmed

the Russians Their left was surrou nded an d an nihi lated
.

wh ile the centre and right were driven fro m the field
H
 NA P O LE O N S M ARS HALS ’

i n complete rout At the moment when th e M arshal was

.

di recting th e movement wh ich wrested from the enemy

the key of th e positio n Napoleo n an d his sta ff arrived ,

on the scen e The M arsha l explai ned h is m an ce uvre

.

“
and asked the E mperor for orders Carry o n carry .
,
”
on, my dear Marshal said the Emperor ; you k now
,

qu ite as well as I do h ow to fi nish th e a ffair Then .

,
‘

stretching o u t his ar ms to embrace h im h e cried o u t , ,

”
M y dear M arshal you are the finest tactician i n E urope
, .

After the treaty o f Pressburg S ou lt s corps remai ned as ’

p art of the army of occupatio n i n the valley of the

Dan ube and i n 1 8 0 6 formed on e of the corps o f th e
,

Grand Arm y duri n g the Prussian W ar At J ena h e had .

th e satisfactio n of playi ng an important part i n the battle ,

'
for when N ey s rash advance had compromised the situ
ation it w as h e w ho C hecked th e victorious rush o f th e
,

enemy . But later the M arsh al h ad bitter cause to repent

these triumphs won over his rival Already th e enemy .

o f Bert h ier and consequently often misrepresented to the

,

E mperor So ult n ow i ncurred th e bitter hatred o f Ney ;

,

an d what the enmity o f Berthier and N ey meant h e

fou nd to h is cost d uring the Pe ni nsular W ar I mmediately .

after J ena th e M arshal was detached i n pursui t of th e

Pru ssians and o n th e day followi ng defeated Marshal
,

Kalkre u th at Greussen an d proceeded to blockade Mag d e

burg From M agdeburg h e hurried off to j oi n i n the
.

pursui t o f Bl ucher and aided by Bernadotte he cornered

,

the crafty o ld Prussian at Lfib e ck But bri l lian t as h is .

performance w as h e did n ot gai n the credit h e deserved

, ,

for on th e day o f th e action M urat arrived and took

over the command arrogating to h imself al l th e h onours
,

o f th e surrender The M arshal was j ustly i ndignant but

.
, ,

bitterly as he rese nted th e i nj ustice he w as too p olitic ,

to storm at the E mperor like M arshal Lan nes I n th e .

terrible campaign i n P o l an d the M arshal added to his

laurels At Eylau wh en Aug ere au had be en routed , Davout
.
,
10 0 NA P O LE O N S M ARS H ALS
’

Fro m S tettin the Duke of Dalmatia was su mmo ned i n

S eptember 1 8 0 8 to attend the Conference at Erfurt
, , ,

and fro m there h e was h urriedly despatched to S pain .

The E mperor w as much displeased with many of h i s

corps c ommanders an d so o n the arrival of the Duke
,

h e ordered h i m to take over from M arshal Bessi eres th e

comman d o f th e seco nd corps S oult w as delighted at.

the prospect of service Full of zeal he set ou t for his

.
,

new command an d p ush i ng o n i n spite of all obstacles

, ,

h e arrived at h is h eadquarters a IO n e o n a j aded post

h orse twenty four h ours before his aides de camp
-
A - -
.

few days later h e dashed to pieces th e semblance o f a

S panish arm y a t G a m oral an d o ccupied Burgos where ,

h e was unable to prevent h is new com mand from sack

i ng th e town and i nflicting every possib l e horror o n th e
i nhabitants Fro m Burgos the E mperor despatched h im
.

to the north west and th us i t was that the cavalry of

-
,

S ir J oh n M oore s army surprised S ou lt s outpost at S ahagu n

' ’
.

The E mperor could scarcely believe that a n E nglish

army had actually dared t o advance agai nst h i s troops ,

but h e at o nce ordered S oult to co operate with the -

divisions h e led i n perso n fro m M adrid and wh en h e ,

fou nd that th e E nglish were bou nd to escape h e handed ,

over the command to th e Marsh al The French suf

.

fe re d almost as much a s the E nglish i n the terrible pur

suit and i t was the tried soldiers o f both armies wh o
,

at last met face to face at Coru n na After the battle .

S oult wrote to th e Emperor that withou t fresh rei nforce

ments h e could effect n oth i ng agai nst the English but ,

whe n later he fou nd that the enemy had evacuated

Coru nna h e C laimed that he h ad w on a victory
,
W ith .

a generosity that must be placed to h is credit h e took ,

great care of th e grave of h is adversar y S ir J oh n M oore , ,

“
and erected a mo nument with the i nscription H ie ,

ce ci d i t J ohan nes M oore dux e xerci tu s Britan nici i n pugna

Ja n u arI I xvi 1809 c ontra Gallos a duce Dalmati a d u cto s

.
,
.
 J E AN DE D I EU NIC O LAS S O ULT 10 1

Before leaving for France the Emperor had drawn up a

cut and dried p lan for th e systematic conquest of the wh ole
Pen insula The pivot of the whole scheme rested o n th e
.

supposed ability o f S oult to overru n Portugal and drive

th e British out of Lisbon by February 1 6 1 8 09 U n , .

fortu nately Napoleo n left o ne factor out o f h is calcula

,

tions and that the most i mportant namely the feeli ngs o f
, , ,

the S panish and Portuguese populations Th e Duke o f .

'
Dalmatia very soon perceived the E mperor s mistake, but,
anxious n ot to be accused o f S hirki ng his task an d of allow
ing himself to be stopped by what were termed bands of i ll
armed peasants h e started o n h is expeditio n to conquer the
,

kingdom of Portugal with but three thousand rou nds for

h is guns and five h u ndred th ousand cartridges for h is
i nfantry carried o n the backs of mules for owi ng to th e
, ,

state of the roads i n the north west corner of th e Peni nsula

-

wheel traffi c was impossible I n spite of th e di fficult i es o f

.

transport and the murmurs of many of h is o fficers the ,

i ndefatigable M arshal hurled all obstacles aside and with

sixtee n thousan d troops forced his way i nto O porto o n
M arch 29th six weeks beh in d h is schedu led time Bu t
, .

there he had to call a halt for h e had not the men n or th e

,

material for a further advance o n Lisbon Th e S ituatio n .

was by no means reassuring To reach O porto h e had been

.

obliged to cut h imself adrift from h is base and he h ad no ,

tidi ngs of what was happeni ng i n the rest o f the Peni nsula .

During April be set hi mself to conciliate th e people of

'

Portugal and at th e same time to try and get into touch

with the other French corps i n S pai n Th e M arshal s .
’

attempt at concili atio n was o n the wh ole successful bu t ,

h is ki ndness resulted i n a n u nsuspected turn i n the situa

tion A movement was started among a certai n sectio n of
.

the Port u guese nobility and o ffi cials to o ffer the crown of
Portugal to the M arshal The Duke of Dalmatia greedy
.
,

and ambitious but ever cautious was of opi ni o n that ,

th ough the Emperor migh t disapp rove of the i dea, h e

10 2 N A P O LE O N S M AR S H ALS ’

would accept a fait accompli Accordingly h e secretly .

sanctioned the movement and allowed placards to appear ,

“
i n O porto stati ng that th e Pri nce Regent by h is departure ,

to Brazil h ad formally resigned the crown an d that th e

, ,

only salvation of Portugal would be that th e Duke o f

Da l matia th e most distinguished of the pupils of th e great
,

N apoleon S hould ascend the vacant throne

,
”
Furth er h e .
,

actua l ly on Apri l 19 th ordered h is chief of the staff to send

, ,

a circular to com manding o fficers i nvi ting their co operatio n -

i n h is se izure of the crown stating that by so doi ng they ,

would in no way be disloyal to the E mperor Luckily for .

the Marshal th e arriva l o f S i r Arth ur W ellesley and the

,

E nglish army before the plot could succeed o nce an d for

, ,

all blew aside this cloudy attempt at kingship F or th e . .

E mperor o n heari ng of the affair although h e pardoned

, ,
“
the Marshal saying I remember n othi ng but Austerlitz
, , ,
“
sti ll wrote i n th e same despatch that it wo uld have been a
”
crime clear l ese maj esté, a n attack o n the imperial dignity
, ,

a nd added that it was n o wonder that th e army grew dis

contented since th e Marshal was working not for Fran ce
, , ,

but for hi mself and that disobedience to the M arshal s

,
'

orders was qu ite j ustified For once then the Marshal .

, , ,

usually so clever an d cautious, had allowed ambi tion to

ru n away with prudence M eanwh ile the military situatio n .

grew day by day more disqu ieting I n th e French army .

there was a section of th e offi cers ready to dec l are agai nst
.

the E mpire whenever a chance occurred an d o n e of them , ,

Argento n by name actually entered i nto a treaso nable

,

negotiation with S ir Arth ur W ellesley I t w as thanks to .

th e discovery o f th is plot that the M arshal first got i nforma

’
tion of h is e nemies proj ected advance .

W ith thirty thousan d E nglish march ing against h i m and

S pan ish a nd Portu g u ese forces across th e main lin e of
retreat it was i mpossible to expect to h old O porto and
, ,

accordingly the M arshal began preparations for withdrawal .

But having secur ed, as h e th ought a l l the boats on th e ,

10 4 NAP OLE ON S M ARSH ALS ’

to co operate with Ney i n the paci ficati on of Galicia

-
,

actual ly did noth ing an d seriously compromised h is rival ,

whereo n Ney refused to obey any orders given by the Duke

of Dalmatia S u ch w as the situatio n whe n a summons
.

from Madrid cal led the two M arshals to th e succo u r o f

J oseph wh o w as threatened by the combined armi es o f
,

C uesta and S ir Arthur W ellesley i n the valley of the Ta gus .

The M arshals arrived i n time to save M adrid but n ot i n ,

time to surrou nd th e Al l ies wh o escaped south across the ,

Tagus and the o n e chan ce o f success the Span ish o ffered

,

them w as lost si nce S oult eager for personal agg randise

, ,

ment attacked Al buquerque before Marshal Victor had

,

time to arrive On the scene of action Th e consequen ce o f .

th is was far reachi ng for Victor like N ey refused i n future

-
, , ,

to work i n conj u nctio n with S oult M oreover when a .

,

counci l was held to decide on the next operations and ,

S oult wisely no doubt i nsisted that at Lisbo n lay the key

, , ,

to th e situati on all the other Marshals voted agai nst h is

,

scheme as each o ne determined that he would not be made

,

subordi nate to the Duke o f Dalmatia S oult accordi ngly .

h ad to content h imself with occupying th e valley of th e

Tagus while the oth er M arshals returned to th e districts
,

which h ad been allotted to them before th e allied advance

o n M adrid .

W h ile co ntemplating th is u nsatisfactory situation th e

Duke of Dalmatia was rej oiced to receive a despatch from
th e E mperor appoi nti n g him ma jor general of th e forces i n -

S pai n i n place o f J ourdan and entr usting h i m with the

i nvasi on of Anda l usia Before setting ou t for the S outh
.
,

S oul t had th e satisfacti on of completely routi ng the

S paniards at Oca fia I t was early i n 18 10 that he entered
.

A ndalusia and seized S evi l le Granada and M alaga The , , .

M arshal fou nd h imself i n the congenial positi on o f absolute

r uler of th e richest provi nces of S pai n But th ough the .

important towns fell easily and with them th e accumulated

,

rich es of centuries , the people remained sullenly h osti le, an d

 J E AN -
DE D I EU NIC O LA S S O ULT 10 5

bands o f armed peasantry h u ng ever o n the rear an d fl anks

of the French columns , and stragglers and despatch riders -

were fou nd by th e roadside with their th roats cut To meet .

this situation at the E mperor s orders S oult issued a pro

,
’

clamation setting forth th at whereas J oseph Bonaparte was

King of S pai n and n o S panish Govern ment existed a l l ,

S paniards taken i n arms were rebels agai nst h is Cathol ic

Maj esty and would be i mmediately shot The Cortes from .

Cadiz rep l ied by at once issuing a cou nter proclamatio n -

stating that for every S paniard executed and for every h ouse
burned three French men sh oul d be hu ng Still i n spite .
,

of this war of reprisals the French gradua l ly tightened th ei r

,

grip o n S outhern S pain and soon Cadiz remained th e only

,

important fortress still i n the hands of the enemy The .

M arsh al fou nd it was i mpossi ble to take this important

position by storm and contented h imself wi th maski ng i t
,
’

by a strong corps u nder Marshal Victor M eanwh ile h e .

was busily engaged i n organisi ng the new government of

Andalusia, and so successfu l were h i s e ff or ts that neither
the S panish Government at Cad i z or th e constant i ncursi ons
of S pan ish and British armies were able to shake h is hold

o n that provi nce Bu t wise and successful as were h is

.

meth ods the glo ry of his rule was darkened by h is h arsh

,

n ess and greed The ch urch es an d convents were ruth

.

lessly despoiled o f their treasures and ma ny a fine M urillo

,

and Velasquez was despatched to Paris to decorate h is

salons.

I n the eyes o f the Duke of Dalmatia Andal usia was a vast

,

reservoir of wealth wh ich migh t be used as a base from

which a well eq u ipped force could threaten Lisbon the real
-
,

focus of all the Oppositio n to the French dominatio n o f the

Peninsula I t was i n pursuance of th is plan that h e con
.

ciliated the municipal authorities strengthened the police

, ,

and built u p huge reserve magazines by a system of imposts

so carefu l ly arranged that they S hould not u nduly press o n
the S panish populatio n B ut u nfortu nately for the Duke s
.
'
10 6 NA P O LE O N S M ARS HALS
’

schemes they ran cou nter to those of King J oseph F or .

the Marshal determined to u se the wealth of h is rich pro

vi nces for the special obj ect of an attack o n the British
power at Lisbo n but J oseph d esired that the revenu e th u s
,

acquired should be sent to assist h im to maintai n h is king l y

state S oult strong i n h is positio n as maj or general and
.
,
-

'
backed by the Emperor s approval refused to listen to th e ,

demands of the King and there began a struggle wh ich did

,

more than anythi ng else to bri ng about th e fall of the

Napoleo nic ki ngdom of S pain I n spite of the fact that
.

th e Marshal gradually wore down th e guerillas actually ,

raised and trained large bodi es of S pan ish troo p s built up ,

vast magazines and arsenals at S eville exp l oited th e lead ,

mi nes a t L i n ares and the copper mines of the Rio Ti nto

‘

establ ished fou ndries for military accessories and fitted o u t ,

privateers the j ealousy of J oseph brought th e M arshal s

,
’

great schemes to nought .

The contin u al and vexatious demands o f th e King acted

i n a most u nfortu nate way o n S ou lt s charact er for this ’
,

stupid opposition so irritated h is hard a nd egotistical nature

that h e sa w i n every scheme n o t planned by h imse l f a
desire to belitt l e h is glory U nfortu nately for h i s own
.

re p utation and th e success of the French ar ms h e allowed ,

this feeling to obscure h is j udgment an d h e ref u sed to ,

give more than a half hearted co operation to any measures

- -

not actually suggeste d by h imself Thus it was that i n .

,

spite o f the commands of the E mperor and th e e n treati es

o f J oseph he refused to make any attempt to co operate
,
-

wi th M ass ena i n his advance o n Portugal u nti l it was too

late Then when h e actually did advance he sh owed all
.
, ,

h is old e nergy a n d S kil l for i n fifty days h e mastered four

,

fortresses and i nvested a fifth h e captured twenty th o u sand

,

prisoners and ki l led or disper sed ten thousand men ; but

he disregarded th e mai n o b j ective the ex p ulsi on of th e ,

E ngl ish from Lisbon and contented himself wi th the siege

,

of Ba daj oz, a nd thus, wh ile win ning a fortress h e lost a ,

 NAP O L E O N S M A R S H A LS
'

was not o nly the valour of th e enemy wh ich cost S oult h i s

success i t w as h is own errors Th e co mmencement of th e
, .

attack was a magn ificent co nception but the Marshal failed ,

to u nderstand the tactics of h is enemy and it was h is blin d ,

attempt to crush the li ne with heavy columns w hich allowed

th e E ngl ish musket fire to an nih ilate h i s dense ma sses .

After the cessatio n of th e com b at he com mitted anoth er

great fau lt Though his attack had been beate n back i t
.
,

w a s kn own that th e Allies had su ffered much more severely

than th e French and o n th e strength of thi s h e claimed a
“
signa l victory I But i nstead of h oldi ng h is grou nd h e
withdrew a day later whereas if he had S h own a confide n t
,

front B ere s rd would have been bou nd to retire and ,

Badaj oz wo u ld have bee n relieved After the bat tle of .

A l buera S oult was rei nforced by the Army of Po rtugal

,

u nder M armont ; but d iscord soon broke ou t between the

two M arshals the Duke of Dalmatia mai ntai ning that
,

the way to attack Lisbo n was from his ow n base i n the

south and th e Duke of Ragu sa advocating the northern
,

route After lyi ng together for some time th e two armies

.

se p arated and S oult moved south to complete h is operations

,

against Cadiz and Gi braltar I t was wh ile the M arshal was

.

thu s engaged early i n 1 8 1 2 that th e Duke of W ellingto n

, ,

suddenly capt u red Ciudad Rodrigo a nd Badaj oz and was ,

thus able after defeati ng M armont at S alamanca to

, ,

march i n the summer o n M adri d S oult replied to .

J oseph s summons to come to h is h elp by telli ng h i m that

’

h is best po l icy was to j oi n h i m i n Andalusia an d make a

counterstroke at Lisbon But the Ki ng refused to listen to
.

this wise advice so the Marshal was ob l iged to give u p all

,
’
h is achievements and go to J oseph s help M eanwh ile the .

King wrote complaini ng to the E mperor but Nap oleon ,

re p lied that S oult was the only mili tary head i n S pain and ,

cou ld not be moved But after more bickeri ng early i n

.
,

1 8 1 3 J oseph wrote to sa y that if the Marshal remained i n

,

S pain he h imself m ust leave th e cou ntry and the Emperor , ,

 J EA N DE D I EU NIC O LAS S O ULT 16 9

anxious to regain h i s military prestige so weakened by the ,

Russian campaign was glad to summo n the Duke of

,
’
Dalmatia to the Grand Army But S ou lt s gloomy p ro
.

“
p he cy was s oo n fulfilled that th e loss o f Andalusia and
the raising of the siege of Cadiz are events that will be fel t
” ’
throughou t th e wh ole o f Europe The Marshal s serv ice
.

at the head of the I mperial Guard w a s termi nated by

the news of the fatal battle o f Vittoria ; for th e E mperor
i mmediately h urried h i m back to try to prevent th e
E nglish fro m forci ng th e barrier o f th e Pyrenees .

Th e Duke of Dalmatia gladly accepted th e mission i n ,

spite of th e repugnance o f th e Duch ess w ho h ated S pai n , ,

where as S h e said noth ing is got but blows S o hearty

“

.
, ,

was her dislike of th e cou ntry that she actually went to the
E mperor saying h er husband was too shattered i n health
“
for the task But sh e met with a ster n rebuff
. M adam ,

said Napol eon recollect I am n ot your husband ; if I

,
"
were you sh ould conduct yourself very d i Eeren tly
,
.

The campaign of the Pyrenees bore ample testi mony to

the wisdom of th e co nfidence th e E mperor h ad placed i n
th e power of hi s lieutenant W ith marvellous sagacity S oult
.

reorganised the scattered relics of the French armies and ,

within ten days of h is arrival at headquarters h e was ready

to assume the O ffensive a nd actually all but surprised th e
,

Duke of W el l ingto n at S orauren But great as were h is

.

strategical powers an d h is meth ods of organisation h e was ,

n o match for W ellingto n o n the field o f battle and step by

,

step he was forced back i nto France Rou nd Bayon ne h e .

showed h is complete mastery of th e art of war by the a d m i r

able way he used h is c ommand of the in ner li nes always to
’
oppose th e enemy s attack by superior force Then when .
,

retreat was i nevitable i nstead of falli ng back towards Paris

, ,

he withdrew south th us forcing h is adversary to divide u p

,

h is army ; for the E nglish h ad to detach a strong divisio n

to cover their commu nications at Bordea u x During th e .

retreat agai n and agai n S oult turned at bay, at O rth ez a nd

,
1 10 NA P O LE O N S M ARSH ALS
’

many another good position ; bu t W ellington ever ou t

manoeuvred hi m on the field and eve n turned hi m ou t of ,

the seemi ngly impregnable positi on of Toulouse Never .

was a retreat more admirably carried out Every Oppo r .

tu n i ty a fforde d by the grou nd every advantage of position ,

was seized o n to u se to th e fu ll the French dash i n th e

,

attack N o more ad mirable ill ustrati on ca n be fou nd of

.

the truth that th e essence of defence lies i n a vigorous

local o ffence W ellingto n himself bore testimony to S o u lt s
.
’

virtu es maintai ning that of the M arshals he was seco nd

,

only to M ass ena .

W ith the Restorati o n th e M arshal at once accepted th e

change of govern me nt an d gave h is adhesion to the
Bourbons H i s general repu tatio n and th e h igh place h e
.

h eld i n th e opi nio n of Welli ngto n and others cau sed th e

King i n the December o f 1 8 14 to appoi nt h i m M inister of
W ar . S uch was h is position when news arrived of
Napoleon s landi ng at Fr ej us The Duke of Dalmatia did
’
.

’
all i n h is power to organise resistance to th e E mperor s
advance but h e had many enemies , and th e King listening
, ,

to their advice repl aced hi m a s mi nister by Clarke Duke o f

, ,

Feltre S ou lt the n retired to h is cou ntry estate at Ville

.

neuve I Eta n g near S ai nt Cloud O n h is arri val at Paris

-
’

,
.
,

th e E mperor at o nce sent for h im but at first h e refused to ,

'
go to court U l timately fi nding th e E mperor s cause i n
.
,

the ascendant h e cast aside h esitatio n and threw i n h is

,

l ot with h i m I t has been said that the Duke betrayed

.

’
the Bourbons and was privy to th e E mperor s return but ,
“
this is a cal umny N apoleon at S t H elena said S oult
. .
,

did not betray Louis n or was h e privy to my return For ,

.

some days h e th o u ght that I was mad an d that I m ust ,

certai nly be lost N otwithstan ding th is appearances were

.
,

so agai nst him and without i ntendi ng i t h is acts turned

, ,

o u t to be so favourable to my proj ect that were I on h is , ,

j ury and deprived o f wh at I know I shou ld have con ,

d e m n e d h im for havi ng betrayed Louis But h e re al ly .

 NAP OLE ON S MAR S H ALS
’

that because W el li ngton defeated you h e m ust be a

great general I te l l you that h e is a bad general th at the
.
,

E nglish are bad troops a n d that th is wi ll be th e a ffair o f a

,
”
déj euner Th e Marshal , with th e memory of many a
.

battle with th ese poor troops f rom O porto to Toulouse ,

"
could only sorrowfully sa y I ho p e so , .

O n th e seco nd Restoration th e Duke of Dalmatia foun d

h imself i ncluded among th e proscribed and for th ree years ,

h e retired to the Duchy o f Berg the h ome of hi s wife , ,

duri ng which time h e occupied hi mself i n the composition

of h is M emoirs B u t i n M ay 1 8 19 h e was recalled to
.
, ,

France and soon found means of i ngratiati ng himself with

,

the Bourbons I n J anuary, 1 8 2 0 h i s M arsh al s b aton and

.
,
’

h is other honours were restored to him and he entered the ,

fie ld o f politics W ith h is vast i ncome acquired fro m th e

.
,

spoil s o f nearly every cou n try i n E urope h e mai ntained h is ,

high rank in lordly fash ion A visitor wh o i n 1 8 2 2 went to

.

see h is famous collection o f pictures thus d escribes h im

W e were received by the M arshal a middle sized though ,

-

somewhat corpulent perso nage of from fifty to sixty years

o f age wh ose dark curling h air rendered somewhat co n
,

sp i cu ous the bald patch i n th e middl e of h i s head wh ile ,

h i s su nburnt complexion accorded well with h is dark

i ntelligent eye H is plai n stock plai n dark coat and loose
.
,

blue trousers which capacious as th ey were , could n ot h ide

, ,

h is bow legged form obviously suggested th e soldier rath er

-
,

th an the courtier th e Marshal rather than the Duke though

,

if I had encountered such a figure i n Londo n I should rather

”
have guessed him a n hon est East or W est I ndian captain .

The M arshal knew well h ow to wi n favou r with th e new

Govern ment, and wh en the reactio naries attempted to
restore the ancient positio n of the Ch urch , no on e was more
regular i n h is attendance at Church festivals and processions
than th e Duke of Da l matia, who always appeared with an
enormous breviary carried before h i m th ough people were ,

u nkin d e nough to say that it would be more to the p urpose

 J EAN DE D I E U N IC O LAS S O ULT 1 13

i f b e restored some of th e v ast plun der of the ch ur ches and

mo nasteries of S pai n .

W i th the fal l of th e Bourbo n dynasty i n 1 8 30 the sub tle

o ld soldier at o nce gave his adherence to th e O rleanists and ,

w as appointed M in ister o f W ar ; and i t was thanks to his

energy and wisdom that th e numerous revolts wh ich
th reatened the early days of the new régime were stamped
ou t. S oult like W ellin gton hated th e idea o f civil war but
, , ,

knew that strong measures were th e best means to prevent

bloodshed so when , as at Lyons i t was essential to strike
, , ,

h e took good care to h ave th e necessary force at hand A .

year later when th e Commu ne threatened to raise i ts h ead

,

in Par i s h e overawed the mo b by the sudden mobi lisation

,

o f eighty thousand troops Th e weakness of th e Gover n

.

ment an d th e courage and decision th e M arshal sh owed

during the émeute caused Louis Ph ilippe on O ctober 18 ,
1 8 3 2 to entr ust h i m with th e headsh ip of the admi nis tra
,

tion Th e M arshal proved h ow ofte n a strong soldier may

.

be a weak politician and i n 1 8 34 h e resigned office But

, .

duri ng his term of office h e did n ot forget th e needs of th e

army as his measures for recruiting military pe nsions and
, , ,

the trai ning o f ofl i ce rs prove W hen , agai n , i n 1 8 3 9 Par is

.

was seeth i ng with disconten t th e Ki ng sent for th e Marshal , ,

and u nder h is iro n hand order was easily t e established -

.

But the old soldier was no orator, and was listened to more
from respect for h is character th an th e cogen cy of his
ar guments and when the crisis was passed h e w as soo n
,

glad to resign h is appoi ntment and though always ta ki ng

an active part an d ever ready to give h is advice to his
,

sovereign , h e never agai n held o ffice I n 1 8 3 8 th e Duke of .

Dalmatia visited Lo ndo n as representat i ve of Fra nce at the

Coronation of Queen Victoria and once again met h is o ld ,

opponent the Duke of W elli ngton Lady S alisbu ry th us

, .

“
describes their meeting : The Duke and S oult met i n th e
music room at th e Queen s concert for the first time for
-
’

many ye ars, and sh ook han ds S ou lt s appearance i s differ .

’
1I 4 N A P O LE O N S M ARS H ALS ’

ent from wh at I expected : he is a gentleman like ol d man

wi th rather a be nevolent cast of cou ntenance such as I ,

shou l d h ave expected i n W i lliam Pen n or W ash ington tall

and rather stoopi ng the top of th e head bald , The . .

Duke th ough the li nes on his face are deeper, h as a fresher

,
"
colour and a brigh ter eye .

Th e Duke of Dalmatia clung to the O rleanist dynasty

till the end a nd attended the last cou ncil hel d by Lou is
,

Ph ilippe H e had a special liking for the Ci tizen M on a rch

.
,

wh o reciprocated th is affection a nd h ad i n 1 847 re estab ,

-

li sh e d for th e veteran the title o f M arshal Ge neral of France ,

a designatio n h eld previ ously only by Turen ne Vi llars and , ,

S axe W ith th e fal l of the dynasty h e appeared no more i n

.

public and at last , on N ovember 2 6 1 8 57 he died at his

, , ,

ch ateau at S t Amand i n h is eighty seco nd year

.
-
.

“ "
S oult is able but too ambitious Th us Napoleon .

appreciated the Duke of Dalmatia when d isc ussing the

ch aracters of h is Marshals But S ou l t was possessed of a .

crafty caution wh i ch seldom if ever allowed h is ambition to

hi nder the su ccess h is ability deserved Cold a nd calcu .

lati ng by nature he knew exactly where to draw the l ine

, .

Th e attempt to seize th e thron e of Portugal was th e only

occasion o n which h e seemed to throw caution to the
wi nds a nd those wh o knew h i m best were so astou nded at
,

h is lack of circumspectio n th at they cou ld scarcely believe

that h e h imself approved of th e proclamations wh ich
appeared i n O porto The hard crafty nature of the
.
,

M arshal was responsible for h is many e nemies among th e

o ffi cers of th e army H is o w n staff never loved h im much
.
,

a s th ey marvelled at h is i ndefatigable i nd u stry an d h is

suppleness of mind , wh ich permitted h im to turn with ease
from the h ighest political and strategic problems to the
drudgery of admi nistrative details an d b ring to bear on all ,

questions th e cold h ard ligh t of luci d reason ing H e could

,
.

attract men to hi m by sheer admiratio n of h is ability but ,

h e cou ld make no real friends, for those who came i n con

1 16 NA P O LEO N S M AR S HALS
’

c ruel , and i t was e asy to gu ess that h is proclamation

agai nst th e S pan iards was really the work of th e Emperor .

That th is was th e case was borne ou t by the followi ng letter

’
written by Berthier at N a p oleon s dictation Let the Duke
o f Dalmati a know that I lear n with i ndignatio n that some

of the priso ners take n at O ca fia h ave been released an d

their arm s restored to th em W h en I witness such
.

’
behaviour I ask I s this treason or i mbecili ty ? I S it
,
‘

th e n o nly Fren ch blood that is to fl ow i n S pai n withou t

regret and with out vengeance As a soldier the M arshal
sta nds h igh among h is compee rs I n spite of h is defeats at
.

O porto Albuera and Toulouse through out h is career he

, , ,

c learly sh owed that h e h ad th e essential qual ity of a great

commander, the ability to see an d the capacity to perform
what w as po ssible with th e material at hand H is strategic .

i nsigh t w as great h e had a magnificent eye for cou ntry and

,

th e power o f calmly s u rveyin g a field o f battle but as , ,

W elli ngto n poi nted out he had on e great fault for th ough
, ,

he knew h ow to bri ng his troops to th e field h e did not ,

k now so well h ow to use them when h e had brought th em

”
up . Thus it was that at S orauren after h e h ad surp ri se d
,

W ellin gton an d upset th e wh ole of th e English strategic

plans h e was u nable to wi n the battle wh ich w as necessary
,

to reap th e h arvest o f h is labours But th e passage of th e

.

Pyrenees th e operatio ns rou nd Ba yon ne and th e retreat o n

, ,

Toulouse will always be studied as examples of the most

,

perfect mi l itary operatio ns of their type They show to th e

.

’
fu l l the secret of the M arsha l s success as a soldier, the
blending o f ardour with meth od and dash with caution .

As a politician the Duke of Dalmatia met with little success ;

his meth ods were those of a dictator rather th an th ose of a
statesman When th e h our of action was passed h e i n
.

variably showed weakness B ut whatever were h is faults

.
,

it must be laid to h is credit that through out the reign of

Louis Ph ilippe h e lent all the weight of his great name and
reputatio n to the ma intenance of order at h ome and peace
abroad .
 J EAN LAN N E S MAR S H AL D U K E, ,
OF
M O NTE BE LL O

EAN LAN N E S the future Duke o f Montebello was

, ,

born o n April 10 17 69 the year which saw the birth

, ,

o f many famous soldiers, Napoleon , W ellington , Ney ,

and S oult H e was the fourth so n of a peasant pro

.

p ri e tor of Le ctourn e a little town o n th e slopes of th e

,

Pyrenees H is family had long be en settled i n th e com

.

mune of O met i n the department of th e Gironde Th e first

,
.

’
to rise to any sort of disti ncti o n was J ean s eldest broth er ,

who S h owed at a n early age such ability that th e episcopal

authori ti es of Le ctou rn e ed ucated h im an d i n due ti me h e ,

became a priest I t was to his brother, th e abbé that th e

.
,

you ng J ean owed such elements of learn ing as h e possessed .

But the pressure of need compelled h is father to i ndenture

him at an early age to a dyer i n Lectou rn e The young .

apprenti ce was of middle h ei ght very well built amazing l y

, ,

active and able to bear the utmost fatigu e H is face was

, .

pleasant and expressive , h is eyes s mall and kee n Behi nd .

those eyes lay a brai n o f extraord i nary activity wh ich was ,

con trolled by a b ou n dless ambition E nthusiastic an d .

’
passionate, Lannes spirit could brook but little control .

Actio n was the zest of h is life A dmin istration and contro l

.

’
came to h im n ot as Nature s gifts but as th e result of h is ,

great common sense wh ich gu ided h is ambition along th e

,

paths which led to success A natu re wh ich could not

.
1 18 NA P O LEO N S M AR S HALS ’

e ndure the dulness o f the dyer s trade i n Lectourn e could '

h owever compel the you ng soldier during th e severest

,

campaigns to give up part of h is night s res t to study and ’

to th e expans i o n of his knowledge beyo nd th e elements of

readi ng writing and ari th metic all the learning h is brother
, , , ,

the abbé h ad had ti me to i mpart to h im Even i n the

, .

later years of h is li fe the successful M arshal strove by

'

midnight toi l to educate h i mself up to the positio n h is

mi litary talents had won for h i m .

’
J ean Lan nes had already had a taste of the soldier s life
before th e outbreak of th e revolut i o nary wars B ut h is .

u ncontrollable tem p er h ad brought th is short military ex

p eri e n ce to a n abrupt end and he had been compelled to ,

return to his work at Le ctou rn e after being wou nded i n a '

duel H i s employer had greeted h is return with the words

.
,

There i s n ot the price of a dri nk to be made i n th e trade .

"
Return to the army ; you may perhaps become captai n .

But J ean La nnes did n ot need such advi ce to drive h i m to

the path o f glory I n J une 1 7 9 2 th e G overnment of France
.
, ,

called for volu nteers to resist the comi ng i nvasion of th e

’
Duke of Bru nswick s army Lan nes enlisted i n the second .

battalion of the vol u nteers of Gers, and was at o nce elected

s u b lieutenant by h is fellow citizens
-
This promotion h e -
.

owed partly to h i s former military experience partly to h is ,

personal magnetism and i p a rtly to h is extreme political

,

opi nions .

W hen S pai n decla red war on France th e two battalions

of Gers were sent to form part of the Army of the Eastern
Pyrenees Th ere Lan nes gai ned h is first practical mi l itary
.

experience Both armies were extremely ill led i ll d isci

.
-
,
-

p li n e d and ill equipped Consequently there was a great deal

-
.
,

o f desu l tory h and to han d figh ti ng i n wh ich the young sub

- -
,

lieutenant disti nguish ed h imself by his courage an d talent .

H e enj oyed hi mself hugely fighting all day an d dancing all

night when h e could spare the time fro m h is books W hen
,
.

mi lita ry knowledge was al most entirely abse nt i n th e army ,

120 NA P O LEO N S M ARS HALS ’

on half pay Fortu nately at th e moment he w as retiri ng

.
,

dej ected to France , Bo naparte ass umed comman d o f th e

Army of I taly Th e n ew general fel t h e co u ld i ll S pare a
.

capable o fficer l ike Lannes a nd consequently h e retai ned ,

h i m provisionally The you ng colo nel i mmediately j ustified

.

h is action At the critical moment o f the Austrian cou nter

.

attack at Dego La nnes cleared th e village by a brisk

,

bayonet charge Thereo n B onaparte gave h i m command

.

o f two battalions o f gr enadiers an d o n e of carbi neers ,

wh ich formed part of hi s permanent advance guard u nder

General D alle m ag n e From th is time o nward Lannes had
.

fou nd h is proper rOle As nature had i ntended M arshal Ney

.

for the comma nd of a rear guard and M urat for th e com ,

mand of cavalry , so sh e had equ ipped La nnes with those

qualities which are specia l ly required by th e commander of
an adva nce guard W iry an d s trong he never knew what i t
.
,

was to be tired and n ever sparing h i mself h e never spared

, , ,

h i s men h is ki nd a nd ch eery dispositio n and h is personal

magnetism carried a l l before h i m H is fiery enthusiasm .

swept aside al l diffi culties h is i nventive genius ever sh owed

h i m the way to surmount all obstacles W h en danger was .

most pressing Lan nes was there the first to h ead th e charge , ,

the first to rally the di sco m fited Never had Fortu ne a .

more zealous wooer At Lodi h e was th e first m an o n the

.

bridge Later at the head of three h u ndred men h e t e

.
, ,

estab l ished order i n Lo mbardy ; at one ti me especially

attached to the headqu arter sta ff at another hurried o ff to ,

suppress some outbreak i n the rear at another repelli ng a ,

determi ned sortie from M antua more and more day b y , ,

day h e made himself indispensable to his yo u ng chief

,
.

At th e battle of Bassan o of the five flags wrested fro m ,

the enemy Lan nes captured two with h is o w n hands .

W ou nded s l ightly at Bassano and more seri ous l y at

Governolo h e yet managed to creep out of hospital i n ti me
,

to take h is place beside B onaparte at Arcola E arly i n th e .

battle he rece ived two fl esh wounds , and h ad to retire to

J EA N LA N N E S D U K E o r Mb NT E B E LLO
G G
,

F RO M AN EN RA V I N HY A M ED EE M A U J ZI
l -
’ ‘
12 2 NA P O LE O N S MAR S HALS ’

returned with enhanced re p utations I t was from th e com .

panions wh o had stood the test o f the fiery trial i n Egy p t

and Syria that Bonaparte later selected his most trusted
M arsh als .

O n May 19 179 8 La nnes sailed for Egypt i n the Ori en t as

, ,

a n u nattached general of brigade o n the headquarter staff .

For his successful actio n at the h ea d of o ne o f the assaulti ng

columns i n M alta h e was appoi nted to th e c ommand o f a
’
brigade i n Kl eber s divisio n H e took part i n the capture of .

Alexandria th e march o n Cairo and the battles of C h e b rass

, ,

a nd th e Pyramids ; bu t it was not so mu ch h is success i n

'
these engagements wh ich enh anced h is worth i n Bonaparte s
eyes as the fact that La n nes alone of all the general O fli cers
,

i n Egypt did not share i n th e gru mbl i ng and depression

which threatened to cripple the army after its arrival at
Ca i ro S oldiers and o fficers alike had but one desire — to
.

‘
return h ome Lannes secretly i nformed Bonaparte o f the
.

plans of those who led th e discontent and i n the words , ,

“ ”
of M urat, sold th e cocoa nut Th us he gai ned the future .

E mperor as his life l ong friend and M urat as h is l ife -

long e nemy W hen i n February 1 799 Bonaparte started

.
, ,
’
for S yria h e took with hi m Lannes i n command of Me non s
,

divisio n .

W hen Bonaparte fou nd that h is mi litary reputation was

l ikely to su ffer by a more prolonged stay i n Egypt and ,

above all that France was now ready to accept the rule of a
dictator he deserted h is army i n Egypt leaving Kl eber
, , ,

whom he hated i n command ; he took with h i m his

,

most trustworthy o ffi cers Lannes M urat Marmo nt An dré , , , ,

ossy and Berth ier orderi ng Desaix to follow Th e return

, ,
.

to France so lo nged for by most was less agreeable to

, ,

Lannes : wh ile i n hosp ital after the battle o f Aboukir h e

had heard th at h is wife h ad give n birth to a son whose
fath er h e coul d not be Conseque ntly o n e of h is first .

acts o n h is return was to divorce her But Bonaparte gave .

h i m little ti me to bewail his m i sfortune for h e relied on ,

 J EAN LANN ES 123

h im wi th Berthier, M urat an d M armont to debauch the

, , ,
'
army and bring i t over to h i s side Berthier s busi ness was .

to wi n over the general staff, M urat the cavalry M armont ,

th e artillery and Lannes the i nfantry

,
S hortly after the .

’
coup d etat General Lan nes was appoi nted commandant an d
i nspector of the Co nsular Guard i n preference to M urat .

But this was a h ollow victory over h is rival for wh en after , ,

th e Marengo campaign , th ese l ife long enemies met i n open -

rivalry for th e hand of C aroli ne Bonaparte th e First ,

'
Consul s sister M urat aided by J oseph i ne became th e
, , ,

accepted su itor an d La nnes had to submit to see h is hated

,

rival i n quick success ion th e brother i n law of Napoleon a - -

,

Pri nce of th e H oly Roman E mpire th e crowned King of ,

Naples and most bi tter of all , th e co nfide ntial friend of

, ,

h is idol .

I t was i n th e M arengo campaign that th e general had his

first opportu nity of dist i ngu ish ing h imself as an i n dep e n
dent commander, and wi n ning the renown which the
victory of M ontebel lo i nseparably connects with h is nam e .

Whe n Bonap arte made h is famous march i nto I ta ly with

the Army of the Reserve, b e appoi nted La nnes to command
the advance gu ard Th e wh ole success of the operations .

depended on th e rapidity with wh ich they were carried ou t ,

for the First Co nsul i n his endeavour to get astride the ,

Austrian li ne of c om mu nication was exp osing h is flank to ,

the enemy and the French army i f beaten had n o other

, , ,

li ne of retr eat save the terrible de hles of th e Alps Accord .

i n g ly Napoleo n s selectio n o f Lan nes to c ommand the

’

advance guard is the h ighest possible testi mo ny to h is

“

military ability The battle of M ontebello was La nn es s first

.
’

i ndepe ndent engagement I n i t h e showed h is genius for .

war I f he had allowed th e Austrians to reoccupy S tradella

.

he would have rui ned th e wh ole of Napoleo n s scheme '

of operatio ns but though h is force was o nly a th ird of th e

, ,
’
enemy s, he remembered the advantage th at comes to the
a ssa ilant ; i nstead of wait i ng i n an entrenched position h e
,
1 24 NA P O LEO N S MARS H ALS
’

attacked and by his i ndomi table courage and tenacity and

, ,

h is tactical ability h e kept th e enemy pi n ned to h is

,

entrench ments u ntil th e arrival of fresh troops u nder Vic tor

enabled h im to p ulverise h is foe The battle was one .

“ ”
of th e finest of the campaign The bo nes said Lan nes , .
,
"
cracked i n my divisio n like glass i n a h ailstorm .

At Marengo La nnes had to reverse h is us u al rOle and fight

a rear guard action for d uri ng the ear ly part of th e engage
-
,

ment the French were o utn u mbered by th irty th ousan d

men against eighteen thousa nd and yet the general was ,
“
able to report I c a rried o u t my retirement by successive
echelo ns u nder a devastati ng fire of artillery amid succes ,

sive charges of caval ry I had n ot a si ngle g u n to cover

.

"
my retreat and yet i t was carried out i n perfect order
, .

The soldier wh o i n th e h our of success w as full of

impetuosity and élan i n the h our o f retreat was able
,

to i nspire h is troops wi th stu bborn courage and u nfaili ng

self c on fide n ce which di d much to secure the victory
-
, .

After M arengo came a peri od of peace Lannes as .

,

commander of th e Consular Guard had h is h eadquarters ,

i n Paris and owi ng to h is offi cial positio n , was constantly

, ,

i n touch with Bonap arte But necessary as h e was i n war

.
,

time his compan i onship duri ng peace was n ot altogether

,

congeni al to th e First C onsul and as ti me went o n i t ,

became almost distasteful Alth ough h appi ly married to .

M ademoiselle Louise Antoi nette G u éh en e u c th e daughter ,

o f a senator he felt hi mself aggrieved that Bonaparte

,

had not su pported h is suit with Caroli ne, a nd was

’
extremely j ealous of many o f the First Consu l s frien ds .

The constant bickering between Lan nes and M urat never

ceased M oreover Lannes as an ou t and out republican
.
,
- -
,

treated the First Co ns u l i n a fra nk spirit o f camaraderi e ,

relying on h is services at Arcola and M ontebel l o This .

Bo naparte not u n natu rally resented Th e i ncreased cere .

mo nial of th e court and the prospect of th e Co ncordat

were abhorrent to the stern republicans but necessary to ,
 NAP OLEON S MARS H ALS
’
r 26

served the cause of France better than th e skilful ness of a

co nsu mmate diplomat F or from this time onwards French
.

i n fl uence began to increase at Lisbon Lannes was courted ,

by the mi nister an d th e Prince Regent h imself stood god

,

fath er to h is son Th e story goes that after the ceremony

.

the Pri nce Regent took the ambassador i nto a salo n of th e

palace where the diamonds from Brazil were stored an d ,

the n gave h im a handful saying That is for my godson

, , ,

then a second handfu l for th e mother and a th ird for h im ,

self Wh atever the truth of th e story the fact remai ns

.
,

that Lan nes returned to Fran ce a rich man able not ,

only to repay his loan to Aug ereau bu t to i ndulge i n

fresh extr avagance .

From Lisbon th e a mbassador was summoned to attend

the coro natio n o f th e Emperor an d to take h is place among
the M arshals Bu t he was not yet received back i nto
.

full favour by th e E mperor and had to return to his ,

embassy at Lisbon I t was not till M arch 2 2 1 8 0 5 that

.
, ,

h e was recalled to France to comman d th e r i ght wing

of the Army of th e Ocean , which when war broke ou t ,

between Austria and France, became th e Gran d Army .

Th e fifth corps u nder Lannes reached th e Rhi ne at Kehl on

’
S eptember 2 5th N apoleon s scheme of operations was, by
.

making vigorous demonstrations i n the direction of the

Black Forest to persuade the Austrians that h e was
,

advancing i n force i n that directi on wh ile all th e time h is ,

wings were sweeping rou n d th e Austrian rear and cutting

their li ne of commu nicatio n o n th e Danube, i n th e
direction of Ratisbon Th e task o f deceivi ng the Austrians
.

was performed to perfection by M urat wi th th e reserve

'
cavalry and La n n es s corps I mmediately after M ack s .
’

surrender at U lm the Emperor detached Lannes an d

,

M urat i n pursuit of the Arch duke Ferdinand wh o had ,

successfully broken th rough the ri ng of French troops .

La n n e s s infan try tramped sturdily behin d M u rat s cavalry,

' ’

and fight i ng proceeded day an d night Th e soldiers .

 J E A N LANN ES 1 27

marched th i rteen , fo urteen and fifteen hours a day an d

, ,

captured i n five days fifteen th ousand men with e l even

colours one hundred and twent y eigh t gu ns, an d six
,
-

hundred limbers and provisio n wagons .

During the rapid advance down th e Danube o n Vienna,

th e fifth corps conti nued i n close su pport of M urat s '

caval ry Vienna capitulated and the M arshals pressed o n

.

to seize the bridge before the city The defence of the .

br i dge had been entrusted to General Auersperg with seve n ,

thousand men The bridge was commanded by a battery

.

of artillery and th e engi neers were prepari ng to blow i t up

,

when M urat Lannes and Bert ran d arrived The th ree

, ,
.

general o fficers qu ietly walked dow n to the bridge an d

sh outed ou t to the Austrian picquets that an armistice
had been arranged Th ereo n th e commander of th e
’

picquet proceeded to withdraw his me n an d sent word

to Auerspe rg M ea nwhile the th ree o ffi cers strolled
.

u nconcernedly across, wh ile a considerable way beh i nd

’
them a strong body o f La n n es s i nfantr y followed .

W hen the F rench generals reached the Austr i an en d

they fou nd a sergeant of engineers actu a lly proceeding
to fire th e fuse Lan nes caught h i m by th e arm a nd
.

snatched the match from his hand , telli ng h i m that i t

was a crime to blow up th e bridge, and that h e
would be disgraced if h e di d such a thing } Then the two
Marsh als ran up to the o fficers commanding the art illery,
who, growi ng restive at the continual advance of th e
French i nfantry, were prep ari ng to Open fire M eanwhi le .

Auersperg himself arrived and th e Marsh als told h i m the same

,

tale a ffirming that the French were to occupy th e bridge

,

head U ncertain like h is subordinates and but half con

.
, ,

v i n ce d he allowed h i mself to be bl u ffed and th us Napoleon

, ,

secu red with out dispute th e crossing of th e Danube Th e .

boldness and au dacity of the scheme so successfully carried

o u t by Murat and Lan n es di fficult as it is to condone from
,

a moral point of view, brings out With great cle arness

12 8 NA P O LE O N S MARS HALS
’

the audac i ty sa ngfroid , a nd resourceful ness of both th ese

,

M arshals .

Th e successfu l crossi ng of the Danube w as soo n followed

by th e decisive battle of Austerli tz The battle was brough t
.

on by Napo l eon i m p ressing the Allies with the idea that i t

w a s p ossible to slip past the French left flank and surrou nd
h im much as h e h ad surrou nded Mack at U lm F or this
,
.

purpose the right u nder Davout was drawn back and con
c e a le d by skilful use of the grou nd The centre u nder .

S oult and the left u nder Lannes were to h old th eir grou nd
u ntil th e Russian left was absolutely compromised when ,

S oult was to push forward and seizing th e commandi ng

, ,

h ill of Pratzen to cu t the Russian force i n two , while

,

La n n es and M u rat were to fall with all their weigh t on the

isolated Russian righ t For o nce M urat a nd Lannes lai d
.

asi de th eir j ealousy and worked hand i n hand and the ,

success of th e French left was due to th e perfect combinati on

o f i nfantry an d cavalry Of th e Russian right, seve n th ou
.

sand five h u ndred were made prisoners a nd two colours ,

and twenty seve n p i eces of artillery were captured But

-
.

hardly h ad th e battle ceas ed when bickeri ngs broke ou t

agai n and La nnes thi n ki ng N apoleo n d id not appreciate
, ,

h im sent i n h is resignation , wh i ch the Emperor, much to

,

h is surprise accepted , .

The M arshal spent th e greater part of th e year 1 8 0 6

i n retirement at h is native town of Le ctourn e where he was ,

j oyfu l ly received by h is erstwhile neighbours and friends .

H e was always popular with h is f ellow citizens not only -

,

be cause of h is republican ideas an d h is u naffected si mplicity ,

b ut because h e never forgot those wh o at any time had

befriended h im —a man wh o h ad o nce lent h i m a th ousan d
francs was presented with a beautiful house and garden ;
th e ol d soldi er who had carrie d h i m o u t of th e trenches at
S t j ean d Acre was established as a local postmaster, and
.
’

received a smal l property an d an an nu ity an d th e Marshal ,

never pas sed th e hou se without goi ng in , taki ng a meal wi th

13° NAP O LE O N S MAR S HALS ’

N apoleon lear n ed tha t on th e sam e day Davout had co m

Th on h e s e nt forw ard his vari ous corps to sei ze all th e

ere

i mpo rtan t fortr es s of P russ i a, an d deta i l e d La nnes to

support M urat i n purs ui t of the Prussia n h o ops u nda '

H ohen l oh e a nd B li i ch er whi ch re tre at e d in th e di re cti on of

'

th e O der I f th e ba tt le o f Iena h ad bee n foll ow ed by

“

pa ce 3 ha d ha p pen ed after Austeri i tz i n th e pr evio u s yea r

, ,

i t i s m ore th a n p ro ba bl e th at o n ce ag ai n Lann es w ou ld ha ve
thrown u p h i s co mma nd, for w hen the bu ll eti n a ppeare d,
th e part th at his corp s had ta k en w as al most e n ti re ly

n e gl ec ted Th e Mar shal s letter to h i s wi fe sh ow e d that he

.
’

w as vexe d be yond w o rds wi th his tre a tme n t by Nap oleo n ,

and h e starte d ou t i n th e wors t of tempers to su pp ort

M ura t B ut he was too keen a sol dier to le t his per sona l
.
'

gri e va n ce s i nt erfe re wi th hi s ac ti ve w ork and alth ough he , ,

gave v ent to hi s spleen i n the u sua l re a i mi nafio ns he

pe rformed hi s w ork to ad mi ra ti on S o ha rd di d he p ush h is .

i nfantry , mard rin g si xty mi les i n forty-e ight h ours , t hat he

w as ne ver m ore th an five m ile s be hin d the li gh t ca va lry, a nd

Murat was a ble to surr oun d flohenlohe an d force him to

surre n d er at P ri nzlow . Bu g m sp ite d th i g hi mat i n
hi s despa tch n ever me nti one d th e nam e of La nnes It .

took all N a pole o n s tac t to smooth th e M arsha l s ru flie d

' ’

temp er, an d i t was o n ly th e pro ) e ct of further ac ti on q

By th e be gi nn i ng of Nove mba the th ea tr e of w ar was

Ulm, so after
] ena, th e Russi a ns a p p a red on the scene too
late to gi v e e ffe cti ve md to th d r d h a bu t i n su fi i ci en t finm
‘

to pr eve nt the war fro m endi ng Napole on w h o al w ays

.
,

ha d an in tens e es te em for th e Mars ha l s co mm on se ns e an d

’

mi li tar y abili ty m ked hi m a t th is ti me to f ur n is h :

,

c on fid e nti a l re port o n th e pos si bi li ti es o f Po l and as a th e atre

 J EAN LAN N E S r3 1

of war and the M arsh al w i th h is keen i nsight i nto char

, ,

acter replied I am co nv i nced that if you attempt to make

, ,

th e Poles rise on ou r behalf with i n a fortnight th ey will be

,
"
more against us than for us .

The French troops crossed the Vistula at W arsaw and ,

“ ”
encountered the fifth eleme nt mud Led by M urat , .
,

u nable to make headway i n m ud up to th eir knees ba ffl ed ,

by the Fabian tactics o f the Russians and lacki ng the ,

mighty brain o f their Emperor, the Marshals fough t without

co Operation each for h is ow n glory
-
,
La n nes was as bad .

as the rest showing i n h is refusa l to give due praise to h is

,

brother generals for their help at Pultusk the same petty

spirit of which h e had complai ned i n M urat During th e .

long winter weeks spent i n cantonments along the Vistula ,

the Marshal was ill with fever i n hospital at W arsaw and , ,

was n ot able to return to the head of h is corps i n time for

the bloody battle o f Eylau During M ay h e comma nded
.

the covering force at the siege of Dantzig and was su m ,

m one d thence to take part i n the last phase of the campaign .

The Russian General , Ben nigsen , allowed h imself to be

outgeneralled by Napoleon and the French were soo n ,

nea rer K onigsberg than the Russians Ben nigse n made .

desperate efforts to retrieve h is mistake an d o n j un e ,

13 th actually managed to throw h imself across the Alle at

Friedland j ust at th e moment that Lan nes arrived on

,

the scene Th e Marshal at o nce saw his opportu nity

. .

The Russians were draw n up with th e Alle at their backs ,

so that retreat was impossible and only victory could save

,
’
them The Marshal s design therefore was to h old th e
.
, ,

enemy till the mai n French army arrived Ben nigse n made .

the most determined e fforts to throw h i m off attempti ng ,

to crush h im by su p erior weight of h orseme n and artillery .

But the Marshal held o n to him gri mly and by m agnificent ,

hand l ing o f O u di n ot s grenadiers th e S axon horse and

’

, ,
'
Grouchy s dragoons he maintai ned hi s position i n spite of
,
'

a l l the Russian e ffor ts during th e n i ght of j une 13 th O n .

x3 2 NAP OLE ON S M ARS HALS ’

th e morning of the 14th with ten thou sa nd troops Opposed

,

to forty th ousand he fought for fo ur h ours with out givi ng

,

ground ski l fully availing h imsel f of every bit o f wood an d

,

cover till at last rei nforcements arrived W hen the mai n

, .

French columns were deployed Lan nes with the remnant , ,

o f his i ndomitable corps had a brief peri od of rest But

, .

during the last phase of th e battle the enemy made a

desperate e ffort to break o ut of the trap th rough his
shattered corps an d o nce agai n the Marshal led h is troops
,

with i nvi nci ble élan and drove the Russians right i nto th e
,

death trap of Friedland

-
.

Tilsit followed and Napoleon sh owered h onou rs o n h is

,

trusty lieutenants O n j u ne 30 1 8 0 7 h e gave to Lannes

.
, ,

th e principa l ity o f S ievers i n the depa rtmen t o f Kalish , a nd

o n M arch 19 18 0 8 h e conferred o n hi m a greater h onou r
, ,

wh e n he created h im Duke of M ontebello i n memory of h is

famo u s victory .

The Duke of M on tebello spent h is days of peace for th e .

most part at Lectou rn e H e was su mmo ned thence i n .

O ctober 1 8 0 8 to accompany the E mperor to Erfur t and

, , ,

th ere the Czar Alexander made a special hero of h is old

adversary o f Austerlitz P u ltusk and Friedland and presented
, , ,

h im with th e g ran d cordo n of the O rder of S t Andrew . .

Th e period betwee n Tilsit and E rfu rt gave Lan nes th e

last peaceful days that he ever spe nt for from Erfurt h e w as ,
r
hurried ofr again to war, th is time to; S pain As us u al when .

there was h ard fighting i n prospect Napoleo n knew that h e ,

could i ll a ff ord to do without h is most t rusty an d able

lieutenant B u t Lan nes h ad bu t l ittle e nthusiasm for th e
.

S panish W ar H is reputation stood so high that there was

.

l i ttle chance o f enhancing i t an d by n ow the fire eati ng ,

-

republica n soldier was settling down i nto a qu iet coun try

gentleman wh o preferred the domesti c circle and th e
,

p leasure o f playi ng the grand seigneur before an audience

o f frie nds to the stir of the camp and the pomp o f th e court .

But he was too well drilled i n soldierly in s ti ncts to refuse to

134 NA P O LE O N S M ARS HALS
’

when Nap oleon arrived th ere i nstead of driving th e rem

,

nants of th e S panish armies before hi m and sweeping down

to S eville h e fou n d that there was a pressi ng danger i n
,

the north T o give the scattered S pan iards a chance of

.

rallyi ng S ir j oh n M oore was maki ng a bold advance o n

,

M adrid and was close to S alamanca Napoleon at o nce

, .

ordered Lan nes to hand over h is corps to M on cey and to

’
j oi n h eadquarters Th e corps of Ney an d a part o f Victor s
.

corp s were sent o ff to oppose the E ng l ish and o n December ,

2 8 th Na p oleon and th e Duke of Montebello set o u t to over

take them Th e weather w as awfu l an d the passage o f the

.
,

mou ntai n passes i n face of th e blizzards o f snow tried the

endurance of the troops to th e u ttermost Lan nes i n spite .
,

of the fact that h e had not entirely recovered from his fall ,

j oined Napoleon i n sett ing an example to th e troops At .

th e head of the column marched the E mperor with o ne arm

li nked to Lan nes an d the other to Duroc Wh en completely .

worn ou t by th e u naccustomed e fforts and by the weight

of their riding boots the Emperor and Lannes at ti mes took
-
,

a brief re st o n th e li mber of a gu n carriage, a n d then got

down an d marched again .

W hen Napoleo n handed over the pursui t to S oult he ,

despatched th e Duke of M ontebello to take command of the

corps o f j u not and M oncey at S aragossa O n h is arrival , o n .

J anuary 2 2 1 8 0 9 the M arshal fou nd that th e garriso n of

, ,

S aragossa was i n much better heart than the besiegers for ,

o n the west the third corps owi ng to illness and fatigue ,

,
'
nu mbered barely thirteen tho usand and Gazan s divisio n ,

across the Ebro, before the eastern suburb was scarcely ,

seven thousand strong wh ile the total strength o f th e

,

garrison was almost sixty th ousand Consequently j u not .

and Gazan were serio u sly contem p lating raising the siege .

La n n es s first duty was to restore th e mora l e o f the troops

’

to repriman d the general o ffi cers wh o had been slack i n

,

their duty to set an example to them by h is fiery diligence ,

wh ich refused to let h i m go to bed once during th e whole

 J EAN LA N N ES 135

of the first week he was before S aragossa ; to restore th e

cou ra ge o f the troops by dai ly exposi ng h is life i n the
trenches and, whe n necessary , reconnoitr i ng i n person
,

wi th the utmost sangfroid right up to the S panish

p ositions supervising hospitals reorganising commissariat , ,

plan ning wi th the engineer o fficers new methods o f sap — i h a

word to be everywhere and to do everyth ing N othi ng can
,
.

“ '
more clearly i llustrate Napoleo n s dictum A la guerre les ,
' "
h ommes n e sont rien c est u n homme qu i e st tout ,
.

'
W ithi n five days of L an n e s s taki ng over command th e
wh ole complexion of th e situatio n had altered The French .

were maki ng the most resolute assaults with i rresistible

élan carrying ou t the most di fficu lt street fig h ti n g with the
,
-

greatest zest sappi ng mi ning and blowing up convents and

, , ,

fortified posts fighting above grou nd an d below grou nd

, ,

suffering the most terrible losses yet ever eager to fight ,

agai n By February r 1th thanks to th e new morale of the

.
,

troops , and to the fact that dysentery and enteric were

playi ng havoc i n th e garrison Lannes had captured house ,

by house the western half of th e town an d had arrived at ,

the Corso But o nce aga i n murmurings broke ou t among

.

the French troops wh o had by now lost a fourth of their

,

nu mbers and at the same time a strong force of S pan iards

,
'
u nder P a la fox s brothers threatened to overwhelm S uchet ,

wh o was covering the siege Lan nes pro ved superior to all .

di fficulties ; by h is fiery speeches an d fact h e reanimated

both o fficers and men pointing ou t to them th e triumph
,

they had already won i n p e n n i n g i n fifty thousand S paniards

with a mere handful Then h urryi ng o ff with reinforce
.
,

ments for S uchet h e d u g the covering force i nto an

,

entrenched position o n the heights of Villa M ayor, and

four days later was back at S aragossa i n time to super
intend the attack across the Corso O n February 1 8 th .

the French captured the suburb o n the left bank of

the river and th us placed the i nner town between two
,

fires.
 NA P O LE O N S M ARS H ALS
’

D i sease and th e success of their enemies had taken al l th e

heart out of th e S panish defence and on February 2 0 th ,

Palafox surrendered Between December a rst an d February

.

z rst the S panish losses had been fi fty four thousand dead -

from wou nds and disease and S aragossa itself was but a
,

h eap of crumbling ruins La nnes di d all i n h is power to

.

alleviate th e su ff eri ngs of th e u nfortu nate inhabi tants yet i n ,

spite of all his efforts a nother ten th ousand died within th e

next month U nfortu nately also for h i s reputation the
.

Marshal acting on dis ti nct orders from Napoleon treated

, ,

h is military prisoners with extreme severity and executed

two of the most prominent Th e great strai n o f the siege
.

tol d heavily on the health of th e Marshal wh o had n ever

'

completely recovered from his accident near Tolosa ;

accordi ngl y after refitting th e corps u nder h is command h e
, ,

handed them over to M ortier and j u not a nd at the end o f ,

March se t ou t for Le ctou rn e But his stay there was short

.
,

for Napoleon with th e S pan ish a nd Austrian wars on h is

,

h ands co uld n ot a ff ord to do without h is assistance

, .

By April 2 5th Lan nes fou nd h imse l f once agai n at the

post of danger but this ti me on th e Danube at the battle o f
, ,

Abensberg As he h i mself said th e first rumou r o f war

.
,

always made hi m shiver but as soon as h e had taken th e

,

first step forward h e had no th ough t but for h i s profession .

But much as h e would have liked to dally at Le ctou rn e an d

, ,
’
much as h e grumbled at Napoleon s overweeni ng ambition ,

o nce at the front he was the dashing soldier of th e fir st

I ta l ia n campaign H e arrived i n time to take his share
.

i n the five days fighti ng at Abensberg Landsh u t E ckm ii h l

'

, , ,

and Ratisbon At Ratisbon h e h ad an opportu nity of

.

sh owing that time had had no e ffect on hi s spirit after tw o

storming parties had been swept away h e called for ,

volunteers for a third attempt : no ne stepped fo rward ,

a nd h e h i mse lf rushed to seize a ladder H is sta ff h eld h i m .

back but the lesson wa s not i n vai n volu nteers crowded to

'
seize the scaling lad ders, led by two of the M arshal s aides
x3 8 NA P O LE ON S MARS HALS ’

H e w as removed to th e rear and the doctors decided that i t

,

was necessary to ampu tate the right leg Th e M arshal bore .

the operation well H e was moved to Vien na and sent for

.
,

th e celebrated mechanician Mesler to make h i m a false leg,

, ,

but u nfortu nately th e hot weather a ffec ted the wou nd

an d m orti ficati on set i n The E mperor i n spite o f his
.
,

anxieties ca me daily to visit h im and the dying hero had

, ,

the last consolation of seei ng how much h e was va l u ed by

hi s august master and frien d The end came soon O n . .

M ay 3oth the Duke o f M ontebello died and Napoleon , ,

on hearing th e news with tears i n hi s eyes cried out

, ,
“ "
W hat a loss for France an d for me 1
_

The death of Lan nes removed th e first of Napoleon s ’

chosen Paladi ns and i n the opi n io n of the E mperor

, ,

himself perhaps the greatest soldier of them all At

, .

S t H elena the fa l le n E mperor th us appraised h is old

.

“
comrade : Lannes was a man of extraordinary bravery .

Cal m u nder fire, he possessed a s ure and penetrating

’
coup d oeil he had great experience i n war As a general .

h e was infinitely superior to M oreau a nd S oult But .

high as this e ulogy i s the fact remai ns that Lannes was

,

lucky i n the ti me of h i s death Fortune had not yet set

’
her face agai nst Napoleo n s arms and h e was spare d the ,

terrors of the Russian retreat the terrible fighting at ,

Leipzig and the gloom and m isery of the wi nter cam

,

p a ig n i n France Th at Lan nes wou ld h ave emerged

.

superior to th ese trials his previous career affords strong

reaso n to presu me Y et brilliant as were h is actions at
.
,

M on tebello S aalfeld Pultusk and Tudela m asterly a s

, , , ,

were h is operations at the siege o f S aragossa they only ,

prove th e M arshal s command of the tech n ique o f tactics

’
.

As Davout has poi nted o u t the D u ke o f M onte b e l l o had

,

never an Opportunity of sh owi ng h i s abili ty i n the field

o f grand tactics o r i n the h igher conceptions o f strategy ;

he was a past master i n the art of manoeuvring twenty fiv e -

thousand infantry , but he had never th e opportu nity of

 J EAN LAN NES r39

devising and c a rry i ng out a complete c a mpaign i nvolvi ng ,

the handli ng of h u ndreds of th ousands of men and th e

successful solution of problems both military and political .

“
The Roland of th e French Army had by nature many
qualities wh ich go to form a great soldier H is bravery .

“
was u ndou bted ; before Ney he was ca l led the Bravest
”
o f the Brave . H e had personal qualities which i nspired
his troops with his own courage and élan H e had th e .

m ilitary eye, and a mi n d of extraordinary activity wh ich

"

worked best when u nder the pressure of necessity and

danger . H e w a s physically strong and able to endure
fatigue and h e had great capacity for taking pai ns B ut
,
.

his temper was often at fault causi ng h i m to burst i nto fits ,

o f u ncontrollable rage while from j ealousy he was apt

,

to sulk and refuse to c o Operate with h is fellows -

I f an .

offi cer failed to grasp h is meani ng h e wou ld storm at hi m ,

and atte mpt h imself to carry ou t th e task B ut o n o n e .

occasion he h eard th e E mperor cry o u t “ That devi l ,

Lannes possesses al l the qualities of a great commander ,

but h e will never be o n e because h e ca nnot master h is ,

temper and is constantly bickeri ng with h is subalterns, the

,
”
greatest fault that a commander can make From th at .

day forward La nnes m ade the resolutio n to command

h is temper, and i n spite of h is nature h is self co n trol
, ,
-

became extraordi nary B ut though h e co nquered this

.

weakness h e never overcame h is j ealousy of h is fellow

,

M arshals and generals Agai n a nd agai n h e threw up h is

.

command beca use he thought h e was slighted or that others

were preferred to hi m At times he broke o u t i nto violent
.

tirades agai nst th e Emperor h imself a nd on o n e occasion , ,

i n h is j ealousy told h i m that M urat h is brother i n la w , was

, ,
- -

“ ”
a mountebank a tight rope dancer
,
Napoleon remon
-
.

strafed with h i m , exclaiming I t is I alo ne w h o give you both ,

”
glory and success Lan nes livid with anger retaliated
.
, , ,

Y es yes ; because you have marched up to your ankles i n

, i

gore on this bloody field , yo u thi n k you rself a great man

 NA P O LE O N S M ARS H ALS
’

and your emplumed brother i n law crows o n h is ow n - -

du ngh ill Twelve thousand corpses lying o n the plai n

.

to keep th e field for your h o n our and yet to deny me

—to me Lan nes— my due share i n the h onours o f th e day l
,

O n the day before his death h e could not resist hu miliati ng

h is hated enemy, Bessi eres wh om Nap oleon had put ,

u nder h is c ommand and he actually i nsu lted h i m o n

,

the fiel d of battle by sendi ng a j un ior ai de de camp to - -

“ ”
te l l th e M arshal to charge home, imp lying that h e was
S h irking his duty .

As a man , Lannes was warm h earted and beloved by h is -

family his sta ff a n d h is me n Rough diamond as h e w a s h e

, , _
.
,
’
was truly one of nature s gentlemen H e never forgot a .

friend th ough he se l dom i f ever forgave an enemy H is

,
.

sympathies were esse ntially democratic h imself o n e of the

peop l e h e bel ieved thoroughly i n republican i deas O ut
,
.

spoken to a fault he would flare out agai nst Napoleo n

,

h imself but o ne ki nd word from h is great ch ief would cause

,

h im to forget all h is bitterness H is i mpetu osity an d his .

republ ican ideals of equality were, nat u rally extremely ,

offensive on occasions to the E mperor and the new nobility ,

an d Lannes i n spite of all his e fforts was too genui ne to

, ,

conceal h is hatred o f all flu n keyi sm I t was th is Gascon .

self co n fid e n ce blended with singular amia b i li ty of char

-
,

acter which wh ile it o ffended th e court attached to th e

, , ,

M arshal h is soldiers and th e provincial society of Le ctou rn e ,

where even to th is day the name of the D u ke of M ontebello

is h eld i n the most a ffectionate esteem and regard .
 NA P O LE O N S M ARS HALS ’

than h e agai n challenged h is opponent Th is ti me th ere .

w as n o i nterference and Ney s o severely woun ded his

,

adversary that he w as u nable to contin ue h i s profession .

Th ough h e thus early i n h is career distinguished h imself by

h is bravery tenacity and disregard of ru l es it must not for
, , ,

a moment be th ought that h e was a mere swashbuckler .

W ith the determination to rise firmly before h is eyes he set ,

about from the day h e enlisted to learn th oroughly the

, ,

rudi ments of h is profession and to acq u ire a know l edge o f

,

French and the faculty of reading a nd writing thus h e was

able to pass th e necessary tests and quickly gained the ,

rank of sergeant N ey was fortu nate i n that he had not to

.

spend long years as a n on commissioned o ffice r w ith n o

-

obvi ous future before h i m Th e Revolutio n gave h i m the

.

opport uni ty so lo ng desired by M ass ena a nd others and i t ,

was as l ieutenant that h e started o n active service with

D u m o u ri ez s army i n 1 7 9 3
’
O nce o n active service i t w as
.

not long before his great qua l ities made themselves recog
n i se d
. Th ough absolutely u ncultivated save for th e smat ,

teri ng of readi ng an d writi ng wh ich h e had picked up i n the

regi mental school and to outward appearances rather heavy
,

and stup i d i n the midst o f danger h e showed an energy a

, ,

quickness of i ntu ition a nd a clearness of u nderstanding

,

wh ich hurled aside th e most formidabl e obstacles Physi cal .

fear h e never knew ; as he said when asked if h e ever felt ,

"
afraid N o I never had time
, ,
I n h is earliest engagements
.

at Neerwi nden and i n the north of France h e foreshadowed ,

h is future ca reer by the extraordi nary bravery and resource

h e showed i n handli ng h is squadro n of cavalry during the
retreat , on one occasion wi th some twenty h ussars com
, ,

routing three hu ndred f the enemy s horse This '

p l e te ly o .

ach ievement attracted the attention o f General Kl eber wh o ,

sent for Captai n Ney and entrusted h im with the formatio n

o f a body of franc tireurs o f all arms
-
Th e franc tireurs were .
-

really recognised brigands Th ey received n o pay or arms

.

and l ived entirely on plunder but were ex tremely useful for

,
 M IC HEL N E Y, P R I NC E O F M OS KO WA
F RO M A N E NC R A V I NC F
A T E R T HE P AI N T I N G m
'
i f . G ERA R D
r44 NAP OLEON S M ARS H ALS ’

the r i ver h imself and reco nnoitre th e position i n person .

Accordingly general of division as he was, h e disgu i sed h i m

,

self as a Prussian an d trusting to h i s early knowledge of

,

German h e crossed the river secretly and carefully noted all

, ,
'
th e enemy s preparatio ns ru nning the risk of bei ng fou nd o u t
,

and shot a s a sp y The following eveni ng with a weak

.
,

d e ta ch m e n t h e agai n crossed the river attacked the enemy s

’
'

, ,

guards with the bayonet drove back a sortie of the garrison

, ,

and e ntered the town pell mell with th e flyi ng enemy ; and-

u nder cover of the darkness which h id the paucity of h is ,

troops he bluffed the en emy i nto surre nder The year 1 8 00

,
.

brought h im further glory u nder M ass ena an d M oreau and ,

h e became known through ou t the armies of France as the

”
I ndefatigable .

After the Treaty of Lu n evi lle th e First Consu l summoned ,

Ney to Paris and wo n his affectio n by the warmth with

,

wh ich h e received h i m O n h is dep ar ture Bonaparte

.

“ "
presented h im wi th a sword Receive th is weapon he .
,

said, “ as a souvenir o f th e frien dsh ip and esteem I h ave

towar ds you I t belo nged to a pasha wh o met h is death
.

"
bravely on th e field of Aboukir The sword be came N ey s .
’

most treasured possessi on he was never tired of handli ng

it and h e never let it go o u t of h is sight but h e little th ought
,

what ill l uck i t wou ld bring h i m later, for i t was th is famous

sword which i n 1 8 15 revealed to th e police h is h idi ng place,
, ,
-

and thus i ndirectly led h i m to death The relations between .

Ney and the First Consul soon became closer The .

general married a great friend of H ortense Beauh arnais ,

M ademoiselle A n guie th e daughter o f M ari e A ntoin ette s

,
’

lady i n waiti ng S ure o f h is devotio n an d perceivi ng the

.

sternness with whi ch he obeyed orders i n 1 80 2 the First ,

Co nsu l entrusted h i m with the su bj ugation of S witzerland .

Th e S wiss army fled before h im and a deputation ch arged , ,

to make their submission to France arrived i n h is camp ,

with th e keys of the pri nc i pal towns The general met .

th em, l istened courteously to their words of submission,

 M IC H E L NE Y 14 5

then with a wave of the hand refused the keys W ith that .

i nsight wh ich later led h i m to warn N apoleo n against

attempting to trample o n the peopl e of S pai n and Russia he ,
“
replied to the deputation I t i s n ot th e keys I demand my
,

cannon can force your gates bri ng me h earts full of su b

”
m ission worthy o f the friendsh ip o f France
,
S oo n after .

wards with S oult and Davou t Ney was h onoured with th e

, ,

command of one o f the corps i n th e army wh ich the First

Co nsu l was assembling for the i nvasio n of E ngland I n .

selecting h i m for th is i mportant post Napoleon sh owed that

power of discriminatio n wh ich con trib uted so greatly to h is
success } For save i n the rai d i nto S witzerland N ey h ad
, ,

not yet bee n called upo n to deal with compli cated questi ons
of administration and finance H is reputation rested p urely
.

o n his ex traordi nary dash and bravery i n th e face of th e

enemy and h is power of using to the full th e élan which lies

latent i n all French arm ies F or when not i n touch with
.

the enemy h e was notoriously i ndolent H e never made any .

attempt to learn the abstract science of war an d u ntil stirred ,

by danger h is character seemed to slumber O thers j udged .

h im as th e Emperor di d at S t H elena when h e said H e .

,
"
w as the bravest of men there termi nated all h is faculties .

But i n spite of th is li mitatio n i n his ch aracter Napoleon

, ,

employed h im again and again i n positions of responsibility ,

’
for he knew that N ey s word once passed was never broken ,

that h is devotion to France and to its ruler was steadfast that ,

in spite of his p eevish ness and h is fierce outbursts of temper

and bi tter tirades when it came to deeds there would be n o
,

waverin g Conseque ntly the First Consul availed h imself

.

glad l y of h is great reputation for bravery co nsideri ng that ,

hero worsh ip did more to turn th e young recr u its i nto

soldiers than the greatest organising and admin istrative
talents Moreover Napoleo n kept an eye o n the composition
.
,

o f the sta ff of h is Marshals and ge nerals and h e knew that

,

Ney had i n j omi n i the chief of his staff a ma n o f a d m ir

, ,

a b le talent and sagacity wh o wo uld turn i n their proper

,

1.
14 6 NA P O LE O N S M ARSH ALS ’

direction the sledge h ammer blows o f th e “ Bravest o f the

-

"
Brave .

W ith the creatio n of th e E mpire Ney was i ncluded among

the Paladins o f the new Charl emagne and received h is
’
M arshal s b aton the Gran d Cross of th e Legio n of H onour
, ,

and th e O rder o f the Christ Of Portugal But the new .

Marshal cared little for th e li fe o f a courtier, much as he

p rized his m ilitary disti nctions Banquets and feasting .

o ffered l ittle attractio n to the hero and he despised riches ,

"
and rank Gentlemen , said h e o n e day to h is aides de
.
-

camp wh o were boasting of th eir fami lies and rich appoi nt

,
“
ments Gentlemen I am more fortu nate th an you : I got
, ,

nothi ng from my family and I es teemed myself rich at ,

"
M etz when I had two loaves of bread o n th e table .

Accordingly n o you ng subaltern th irsting for glory was

,

happier that M arshal Ney when i n August 1 8 0 5 the order , , ,

came to m arch o n Austria The campaign so suddenly .

,

commenced brough t th e M arshal the h ard fighting and th e

,

glory h e loved so well I n the operations rou nd U lm h e .

,

surpassed h imself by the tenacity with wh ich h e stuck to the

e ne m y an d thanks to th e skill o f Jo m i n i h is errors only
, , ,

added to his fame and th e combat of E lch i ngen b ecame

,

i mmo rtal wh en Napoleon selected this name as a title for

th e M arsh al wh e n h e created hi m Duke D u ring the fighti ng .

wh ich penned th e Austrians i nto U lm two sides of th e

M arshal s character were clearly see n — h is extraordinary
'

bravery and h i s j ealousy Th e Emperor anxious for the .

,

com p lete success of h i s plans despatch ed an o ffi cer to ,

comman d N ey to avoid i ncu rring a repu l se and to awai t

rei nforcements Th e aide de camp fou nd hi m i n th e fau
.
- -

bourg o f the town amongst the skirmish ers H e delivered h i s .

message wh ereupo n the M arshal replied Tell th e E mperor

, ,

that I share the glo ry with no one I h ave a l ready provided

"
for a flank attack I n S eptember 1 8 0 6 Ney w as ordered
.
, ,

to march to W firz b u rg to j oi n the Grand Army for the war

against Prussia The campaign gave h i m j ust those o pp or
.
r4 8 NA P O LE O N S MARS H ALS ’

exclaim W hat a massacre l and as he added “ without

,
“
, ,

any issue Fri e dla n d was a battle after Ney s o w n h eart

.
’
.

H e arrived on th e field at th e momen t Napoleo n was open

i ng h is grand attack and with h is corps he w a s ordered to
,
’
assa u lt the enemy s left H urli ng division after division , .

by hand to h and fighting he drove the e nemy back from

- -

their li nes and flung them i nto th e trap of Friedland there

, ,

to fal l by hu ndreds u nder th e fi erce fire of the French

massed batteries I t w as h is sangfroid which was re
.

spo nsible for the devotion with wh ich th e soldiers rushed

agai nst the enemy At th e begin n in g of the action som e O f
.

the you nger grenadiers kept bobbi ng their heads u nder th e

“ "
h ai l of bullets wh ich almost darke ned the air Comrades .
,
“
called out th e Marshal wh o w as on horseback the enemy , ,

are firi ng i n th e air h ere am I high er than the top of you r

” ’
busbies and they don t h urt me
, .

After the peace of Ti lsit Ney soon Duke of E lchi ngen , , ,

'
had a year s repose from war but i n 1 8 0 8 h e was on e of ,

th ose su mmo ned to retrieve th e errors arising from

'
Napoleon s mistake n calculation of th e Spanish problem .

Th e selectio n was an u nfortu nate o n e Accustomed to the .

ordinary warfare of Central E urope, at his best i n the m el ee

o f battle i n S pai n where organ ised resistance was seldom
, ,

met where th e foe vanished at the first contact th e Marshal

, ,

showed a hesitation and vaci llatio n strangely i n c ontrast

with h is dashi ng co nduct o n th e battlefield Fi ne soldier .

as he was he lacked th e essentials of th e successful general

,

— imagi nation and moral courage H e was u nable to .

discern i n hi s mi nd s eye what lay o n the other side of

’

a h il l an d the b l ank wh ich this lack of imagi natio n caused

,

i n h is mi nd a ffected hi s nerves an d made hi m irresol u te ,

and irritable M oreover i n S p ai n th e success o f th e

.
, ,
'
E m p eror s plans depended o n the loyal co o p erati on of -

M arshal with M arshal B ut u nfortunately N ey obsessed .

,

by j ealousy was most di ffi cu lt to work with as Napoleon

,

h imself said N o o n e knew wh at it was to deal with two

,
 M I C H E L NE Y 14 9

men l ike Ney and S oult From th e very ou tset o f h is

.

career i n S pai n h e showed a lack o f strategic i nsight and

a want of rapidity o f movement Th us it was that h e .

w as u nable to assist Lannes i n the operations which the

Emperor had p lan ned for the annihi l atio n of th e S paniards
at Tudela H is heart was not i n the work and h e made no
.
,

attempt to h ide this fro m Napoleon W h en the E mperor .

before leavi ng S pai n reviewed h is troops and told h i m th at ,

“
Romana would be accou nted for i n a fortnight ; the
English are beaten and wil l make n o more effort ; that al l
”
will be quiet here i n three months the Duke of Elch i nge n ,

boldl y told h im “ Th e men of th is cou ntry are obsti nate

, ,

and th e women and children fight ; I see n o end to th e

war . I t was with gloomy forebodi ngs therefore that h e , ,

sa w the Emperor ride o f f to France But what i ncreased .

his dislike of the wh ole situation was that his Operatio ns

.

were made su bservient to those of S oult h is old enemy and ,

rival Th e hatred wh ich existed between th e tw o was of

.

long standi ng a nd had burned fiercely ever si nce th e days

,

of ena when S oult had been mai nly i nstrumental i n

j ,
’
retrieving the disaster threatened by Ney s impetuosity .

I t came to a head when after the Duke o f Dalmatia s ,

'

expulsio n from Portugal th e armies o f the tw o Marshals

,
'
met at Lugo S o u lt s corps arrived without can no n or
.

’
baggage, a mere armed rab b le and Ney s men j eered at ,

the disorganised battalions Th e M arshals themselves took .

sides with their men M atters were not i mproved when

.

j oseph sent orders that N ey w as to co nsider h imself u nder

S oult and though N apoleon hi mself confirmed the decision
, , ,

it b rought no peace between the rival commanders A l l .

through the Talavera campaign th ere was perpetual discord ,

’
and it w as Ney s h esitation , arising from vacillation or
j ealousy wh ich prevented S oult from cutti ng off the E nglish
,

retreat across the Tagus .

After the battle o f W agra m M ass ena was despatched to ,

S pai n to command the Army of Portugal The Duke of .

1 50 N A P O LE O N S M AR S H ALS
’

Elchi ngen showed to h is new ch ief th e same spi rit of dis

obedience and hatred of control At ti mes slack and supin e.

i n his arrangements as i n the pr eparations for th e siege of

,

Ciudad Rodrigo and i n h is want o f energy after th e siege

o f A l meida at other ti mes upsetti ng h i s superi ors plans by
’

h is reckless i mpet u osity h e w a s a su b ordinate wh om n o one

,

cared to command S ti ll when it came to actual contact

.
,

with th e fo e no o fficer w as able to extract so much fro m

,
’
h is men an d hi s defeat o f Crawford s d ivision o n the C oa
,

and h i s dash at E nsaco were quite u p to hi s great reputatio n .

Before th e l ines o f Torres Vedras h is i l l h umour broke o u t -

agai n H e bi tterly opposed the idea of an assau lt and h e

.
,

gru mbled at bei ng kept before the positio n I n fact n othing .

,

that h is chief co ul d order was righ t I t was to a great .

extent owi ng to th e conduct o f the Duke of E lch ingen that

M ass ena w as at last compelled to retreat As h e wrote to .

Berth ier “ I have done all I could to keep th e army ou t

,

o f S pai n as long as possible but I h ave been con?

ti n ua lly opposed I make bold to say by the commanders
, ,
'
of th e corps d arm ec wh o have roused such a spirit amongst
,

o fficers and men that i t woul d be dangerous to h old our

”
present position any l onger W hen h owever the retreat
.
, ,

was at last ordered N ey showed to the fu l l his i mmense

,

tactical ability Alth o u gh the army w a s greatly demoralised

.

d uri ng th e retreat through Portugal h e never lost a sing l e

,

gun or baggage w a g On As Napier wrote Day after day

.
“
,

N ey— the i ndomita b le Ney— offered battle with the rear

guard and a stream o f fire ran along the wasted va l leys
,

of P ortu gal from the Tagus to the M ondego fro m the

, ,

M on dego to th e Coa As ofte n as W ellingto n with h is

.

forty thousa nd me n overto ok the M arshal with h is ten

thousand he was ba ffled by th e tactica l cleverness with
,

wh ich his adversary compel l ed h i m to deploy h is wh ole

force , o nly to find before h im a vanish ing rear guard But .

while disp l ayi ng such brilliant abili ty th e Duke of ,

E lchi ngen would take n o orders from his superior an d ,

15 2 N AP OLE ON S M A R S HALS
’

self the title o f Prince o f Moskow a i n the hard fough t battle -

outside th e walls o f M oscow But it is th e retreat that has .

made h is name so glorious After the first few days h e w as .

entrusted with command of th e rear guard an d as demora ,

li sa ti on set i n h e alone was able to keep the soldiers to their

duty At Krasn oi h is feeble corps of six th ousand men was
.

surrou nded by th irty th ousand Russians The mai n body .

was beyon d recall W hen summo ned to lay down his arms
.
,
“ ”
h e replied A M arshal o f France never surrenders, and
,
'
cl osi ng h is shattered colu mns , h e ch arged th e enemy s
batteries an d drove th em from the field F or three days .

he struggled o n surrou nded by th e fo e O n one occasion .

wh en the enemy sudden l y appeared i n force where least

expected h is men fel l back i n d ismay but the M arshal w ith
, ,

admirable presence of mind ordered the charge to be beaten ,

shouti ng ou t “ Comrades , now is the m oment : forward !

,

they are ours At last with but fiftee n hu ndred men left
.
, ,

h e regained the mai n body near O rcha W hen Napoleon .

heard of their arrival , h e ru sh ed to meet the M arshal ,

'

“
exclai mi ng I h ave three h u ndred mi llio n francs i n my
,

coffers at the Tuileries ; I would will i ngly have give n them

"
to save M arshal N ey H e embraced th e Duke sayi ng
.
,
“
h e h ad no regret for the troops wh ich were lost beca u se ,
"
they h ad preserved h i s clear cousi n th e D u ke of E lch i ngen .

At the crossing of the B eresi n a Ney once agai n covered ,

h imself with glory an d through th e remainder of th e

,

terrible retreat h e commanded th e rear guard and was the ,

last man to cross the N iemen at Kovno and reach German

soil Ge neral Dumas one of the o fficers of the general
.
,

staff, relates h ow h e w as resting i n an i n n at G u mbi n nen ,

when o n e eveni ng a man en tered clad i n a long brow n

cl oak weari ng a long beard h is face blackened with
, ,

powder h is wh iskers half burned by fire, but h is eyes

,
“ "
sparkling with brillian t lustre W el l h ere I am at last .
, ,

h e said W hat General D umas do you not know me

.
, ,
“
No ; w ho are yo u I am the rear guard o f the Grand
 M IC H EL NEY 1 53

Army—Marsh al Ney I have fired the last musket o n the

.

bridge of Kovno I have thrown i nto th e N iemen the last

of our arms and I have walked hither, as you see across the
, ,
”
forests
.

The ca mpaign of 1 8 13 saw the Duke of Elch i ngen once

’
again at the E mperor s side At Lutzen his corps of
. ,

conscripts fought nobly : fi ve times the ga l lant Ney led

th em to the attack ; five ti mes th ey respo nded to the cal l
“
o f their leader As he h i mself said , I doubt i f I could
.

have done the same th ing with th e old gre nadiers of th e

Guard . The docility and perhaps i nexperience o f those
brave boys served me better than th e tried courage of
”
veterans The French infantry can never be too yo ung
. .

But at Bautzen he showed another phase of h is character .

E ntrusted with sixty thousand men with orders to make

’
a vast turn i ng movement his timidity spoiled the Emperor s
,

careful plans S o hesitating and uncertai n were his disposi

.

tions that the Allies h ad ample ti me to meet h is attack an d

q uietly withdrew without be i ng compromised leavi ng not ,

a cannon or a prisoner i n th e hands of the French W ell .

“
might th e E mperor cry ou t W h at after such a butchery
, ,
"
no results ? n o priso ners ? But i n spite of Ney s lack '

o f strategic skill an d his we l l known vacillation when

-

confronted with problems h e did n ot u nderstand Napoleon ,

was forced to employ h im o n an i ndependent command .

After O u di n ot was beaten at G rosb eere n h e despatched

,

h im to take command of the army Opposed to the m ixed

force of the Allies u nder Bernadotte, wh ich was threatening
his commu nications from the direction of Berli n But .

Ney was no more s u ccessful than O u di n ot H is disposi .

tions were even worse than those of the Duke o f Reggio ,

and at Dennewitz, night alone s aved h is force from absolute

annihilation while he had to confess to n i ne h u ndred killed
,

and wou nded and fifteen thous a nd taken prisoners H e .

bu t wrote the truth i n h is despatch to the E mperor “ I

-
,

have been totally beaten, an d sti l l do n ot know whether my

1 54 N A P O LE O N S M AR S H ALS
’

army has reassembled At Leipzig also h e was re S p on

.

si ble for the want of success d u ri ng th e first day of th e

battle and spent the ti me i n useless march ing an d cou nter
,

marching ; i n this case h o w ever the faulty orders he

, ,

received were largely respo nsible for his errors B u t all .

through th e c am p aign he fe l t th e want of the c l ear counsel

o f the born strategist j o m i n i h i s former ch ief of th e sta ff
, ,

wh o h ad gone over to th e Al l ies .

D u ri ng the wi nter campaign i n 1 8 14 i n France n o o n e

fought more fiercely and stub b orn l y than the D u ke o f
E lch i ngen W h e n th e end cam e and Paris had surren
.

dered he was o n e o f those wh o at Fontai nebleau refused

,

to march on P aris i n spite of the cries of the Guard “ To

,
”
Paris l Angered by the tenacity with wh ich the M arshals
protested agai nst th e folly o f s uch a march th e E mperor at
“

last exclai med Th e army wi ll obey me

“
,
” “ ”
N o replied .
,
”
N ey it wi ll obey its co m manders
“
,
M acdo nald wh o had .
,

j ust arrived with his weary troops backed hi m up exclaim , ,

i ng W e h ave h ad enough Of war with out ki nd l ing a civi l

,

war .Thereo n Na p oleon w as i nduced to sign a proclama

tion o ffering to a b dicate ; and Cau l aincourt M acd onald , ,

a nd Ney se t o u t for Paris to try and get terms fro m th e Czar .

O nce i n the ca p ital th e M arshal seemed to despair of h is

commission Feeb l e an d irresol u te he was easi l y gai ned
.
,

over by Talleyrand a nd at on ce made h is formal adhesion

,

to th e provisional gov ernment W hen the commissi oners .

returned to th e E mperor h e saw but too c l early that hi s

,

day was done “ O h h e exclaimed “ you want repose

.
,
"
,

h ave it th en ; alas ! you k now n ot h ow many disappoi n t

"
ments and dangers await you on your beds of down .

'
The Emperor s p rophecy was but too true Th ough .

h o no u rs were showered upo n h i m the peace wh ich ,

fol l owed the restoration of the B ourbons bro u gh t but

l ittle satisfactio n and enj oyment to th e D u ke o f E l chi ngen .

Accustomed to the bustle a nd h urry of a soldier s l ife h e ’

was too old to ac q uire the tastes of a life o f tranqui l lity .

1 56 N A P O LE O N S M ARS H ALS
’

that the Duke of O rleans and M onsieur h ad been compelled

to withdraw from Lyo ns That same eveni ng emissaries .

arrived from Napoleon alleging that all the M arshals had

promised to go over and that th e C on g re ss o f Vienna had
'

approved of the overt h row o f th e Bourbons assuri ng the ,

M arshal that the E mperor woul d receive h im as o n the

day after the battle of M oskow a Wh ile but half con .

v i n ce d by these specious argu ments and a prey to doubt ,

news arrived that his vanguard at Bourg h ad deserted an d ,

that the inhabita nts o f Ch alo ns sur S a one h ad seized h is - -

artillery I n h is ago ny he exclaimed to th e emissaries

.
,
“
I t is i mpossible for me to stop the water o f th e ocean
”
with my o w n hand O n the morrow he ca l led the
.

generals of divisio n to give h i m cou nsel o n e of them was

Bourmont a double dyed traitor wh o deserted Napoleo n on
,
-

the eve of W aterloo ; th e other was the stern old republi

ca n warrior Lecourbe They could give h i m but little
.

advice so at last the fatal decisio n was made , and Ney

,

called h is troops together and read the proclamatio n

d rawn u p by N ap oleo n .

S carcely had h e done so than h e began to perceive the

enormity of his action M eanwhi le h e wrote an i mp as
.

si o n e d letter to N apoleo n urging h im to seek n o more wars

'
o f conquest I t might suit the E mperor s poli cy to cause
.

the M arshal to desert those to wh om h e had sworn a lleg i

ance but he mistrusted men w h o broke their word, and
,

though he received Ney with outward cordiality h e saw ,

”
b ut little o f th e black beast as h e called h im duri ng th e
, ,

H undred Days for the Duke of E lch ingen full of remorse

, ,

and shame h id hi mself at C ou d reau x I t was n ot till th e

, .

end of M ay that Napoleo n summoned h im to Paris and ,

greeted h i m with the words, “ I thought you had become

”
a n em ig re . I ought to have done i t long ago replied ,
"

“ ”
the M arsh al ; now it is too late S ti l l th e E mperor .

kept h im with out employment ti l l on j u ne r 1th h e sent

h i m to i nspect the troops arou nd Li l le and from there ,
 M IC H E L NEY 1 57

summoned him to j oi n the army before Charlero i o n the

afternoon of j u ne 1 sth I mmediately o n h is arrival h e
.

was put i n comman d o f the left wing o f the army co m ,

'
posed o f Reille and D E rlon s corps and received verbal
’

orders to push northwards and occupy Q uatre Bras Th e .

Marshal s task was not an e nviable o n e H e had to i mp ro

'
.

vise a staff and make h imself acquai nted with h is subordin

ates and at th e same time try and eluci date the contra
d i ctory orders o f h is Old enemy S oult now ch ief o f th e staff
,

to th e Emperor Accordingly when on the eveni ng o f the

.
,

1 sth h is advance guard fou nd Q uatre Bras h eld by the

enemy, he decided to make n o attack that nigh t But o n .

the morni ng o f the roth he made a still greater error .

F or not only did h e neglect to make a reconnaissance ,

which would h ave sh owed h im th at h e was opposed by

a mere hand fu l Of troops, but slothfu l as ever he omitted to
, ,

give orders for th e proper co ncentratio n of h is divisions ,

which were strung ou t along sixteen miles of road A .

day begun thus badly was boun d to bri ng di fficulties .

But these di fficulties were enormously i ncreased i n the

afternoon After three despatches ordering h i m to carry
.

Q uatre Bras with all h i s force h e received a fourth written

,
’
by S oult at Napoleo n s order tel ling h im to move to the
right to support Grouchy i n his attack o n the Prussians ,

ending with th e words “ The fate of France is i n you r

,

hands th erefore do n ot hesitate to move accordi ng to

,
’ ”
the Emperor s commands To add furth er to h i s d i ffi
.

c u lti e s d E rlon s corps was detached from hi s command

’ ’

without h i s knowle d ge I n th is distracted condition th e

.
,
“
M arshal lost all co ntrol over h i mself call ing out Ah , , ,

those E nglish ba lls l I wish they were all i n m y belly

Thus it w a s mad with rage that h e rode up to Ke l l erman n
, , ,
“
calling out W e must make a supreme e ff ort Take your
, .

cavalry and fling yourself upon the E ng l ish centre Crush .

them—ride them down I But i t w a s t oo late W ellington .

h imself wi th thirty thousan d men n ow held Q uartre Bras .

1 58 N A P O LE O N S M AR S H ALS
’

The M arshal had h imself to thank for his want O f success ,

for if he had been less slothful i n the morn i ng th e battle ,

would h ave been w on before the contradictory orders could

h ave had any effect o n h is pl ans O n the morni ng o f .

the 1 7 th the dis p irited Pri nce of M oskow a took no steps

to find o u t wh at h is enemy w a s doi ng alth ough he received ,
’
orders from the E m p eror at ten o clock to occu p y Q uatre
B ras if there w a s only a rear guard there Accordingly .

th e E n glish had ample ti me to retreat W he n Napoleo n .

h urried u p i n pursuit at 2 p m he greeted h is lieutenant . .

“ ”
wi th the bitter reproach Y ou have rui ned France I But
,

t ho ugh the Emperor recognised that he was n o longer th e

N ey of former days h e sti ll retained h i m i n his command
, .

At W aterloo th e M arshal showed h is old dash o n the

battlefie l d Th e left wi ng w as h urled against the Allies
.

with a vehemence that recalled the Pri nce of M oskow a s ’

cond uct i n the Russian campaign Bu t i mpetuous as ever .

, ,

fi nding he co u ld not crush the stub b orn foe with h i s

i nfantry b e rushed back a n d prematurely ordered u p
,
“
o f the cavalry of th e Guard H e h as com p romised us
.

" “ "
,
hi
again growled s old enemy S ou l t a s h e di d at j ena , .

"
I t i s too early by an hour exclaimed th e E mperor but we
, ,
”
must support h i m now that h e has do n e i t Th e mistake .

'
w a s fatal to Na p oleo n s plans I n vai n th e French cavalry .

charged the E nglish squares sti ll u nshake n by artillery ,

and infantry fire M eanwhi le th e Prussians ap p eared o n

.

the allied left The Emperor staked hi s last card an d

.
,

ordered the G uard to make on e last e ffort to crush the

E ngl ish i nfantry S word i n hand the gallant P ri nce o f
.

M osko wa led th e magnificent veterans to th e attack But .

the fire of th e E ng l ish lines swept th em down by h u ndreds .

“
A sh out arose La garde recu l e
,
Ney th e in domitable .
, ,

i n vai n seeki ng death w as swe p t away by the mass h i s

, ,

cloth i ng i n rags foaming at the mouth h is broken sword

, ,

in his hand rush i ng from corps to corps tryi ng to rally

, ,

the runaways with tau nts of Cowards have you forgotten ,

1 60 NA P O LEO N S M ARS H ALS ’

accustomed to face both ball and bullet ? Then taking ,

“
o ff h is h at h e said I declare before God and ma n that
, ,

I have never betrayed my cou ntry M ay m y death render .

”
her h appy Vi ve l a France !
. Th en turn ing to the ,
“ ”
soldiers h e gave th e word S old iers fire l
, , ,

Thus i n his forty seventh year the Pri nce o f Mosko w a

,
-
, ,
’
a peasant s son but now i mmortal as the Bravest of the
,
"
Brave expiated h is error Pity it was that h e had n o t the
, .

courage o f his gallant subordi nate at Lons l a S au lnier wh o ,

h ad broken h is sword i n pieces with the words I t i s easier ,

for a man of h o nour to break iron than to i nfri nge h is

word Looki ng backward and calmly readi ng the evidence
.
,

of the trial it is clear that Ney se t out i n M arch 18 1 5 with

, , ,
;

every i ntentio n to remai n faith ful to the King But h is .

moral courage failed h i m a nd th e glamour o f h is o ld l ife ,

and th e contact with the i ro n will o f the great Corsican ,

broke down his pri nc iples To some the p unish ment .

meted o u t to h i m seemed h ard but when the Emperor

h eard of h is executio n he sai d that he o nly got h is deserts .

N o one sh ould break his word I des pise traitors N ey . .

"
has dish o noured h i mself And the Duke of W ell ington .

refused to plead for the M arshal for h e said “ it w as a bso ,

”
l u te ly necessary to make an example B ut the clearest .

proof of the j ustice of the penalty was th e fact that from

the fatal day at Lons la S aul nier th e Marshal wa s never
hi mse l f agai n and he wh o d uring th ose terrible days i n
, ,

Russia had been able to S leep like a little ch i ld never

, ,

could sleep i n peace .

Among th e M arshals of Napoleon Ney with his title , ,

"
o f th e Bravest of the B ra Ve a nd h is magnificent record ,

Of h ard fighti ng will always appeal to those wh o love

,

romance But great fighter as he was he was not a great

.
, ,

general At times at S t H elena N ap oleon remembering

.
,
.
, ,

h i s mistakes at Quatre Bras and W aterloo u sed to say that ,

h e ought n ot to have made h i m a M ar shal for h e only had ,

the co urage and ho nesty of a h ussa r, forgetti ng h is words

 M IC H EL NEY 16 1

“
i n Russia, I have three h undred mill ions francs i n my
co ffers at the Tui leries ; I would willi ngly have given
them to save Marshal Ney But cruel as i t may seem
.
, ,

perhaps the Emperor expressed h is real opi nio n o f h i m

“
when h e said H e w as precious o n the battlefield bu t
, ,
”
too i mmoral and too st u pid to succeed I n actio n h e .

w as always master of h imself but as j o m i n i , h is o ld ,

ch ief of the staff wrote of h i m “ Ney s best qualities

, ,
’

his heroi c valou r his rapi d coup d oe i l and h is energy

,
’

, ,

diminished i n the sa me proportion th at the extent o f h is

command i ncreased h is responsibility Admirable on th e .

battlefield b e displayed less assurance n ot only i n cou ncil

, ,

bu t whenever h e was not a ctually face to face with th e

”
enemy . I n a word h e lacked that marked i ntellectual
,

capacity wh ich is th e ch ief characteristic of great soldi ers

like H anniba l C ae sar Napoleon and W e l lington
, , , .
 L O U I S N I C O LA S DAV O UT MAR S H A L , ,

DU KE O F AU E R S T ADT P RI NC E O F EC KM U H L
,

H E RE was an ol d sayi ng i n Burgu ndy that “ when

a Davout comes i nto the world another sword h as
,
”
leaped from the scabbard but so finely tempere d
a weapon as Louis Nicolas had never before bee n produced
b y the warrior n obles o f An noux th o u gh th e line stretched
,

back i n u nbroken descent to the days of th e first Crusades .

Born at Auxerre on M ay 1 8 1 7 7 0 th e future M arshal

, ,

was destined for the serv i ce , and at the age of fifteen

entered the Royal M ilitary S chool at Paris I n the.

fatal year 17 8 9 h e received his commission i n th e Royal

Champagne regiment o f cavalry stationed at H esdi n but ,

h is period of servi ce with the royal army was sh ort From .

h is boyhood , yo u n g Davout was o n e o f those whom it was

impossible to drive w h o wh ile they submit to no authority
, , ,

are as clay i n th e h an ds of the master m i nd wh o can gai n

th eir affections H is turbulent spirit had early become
.

captivated by th e specious revolutionary logic of a brilliant

young l awyer T u rrea u wh o a few years later became h is
, , , ,

ste p father Full of burning zeal for h is new p oli ti ca l tenets

.
,

chafi ng under th e du l l routi ne of garrison l ife despisi ng ,

his mediocre companions the you ng sub lieutenant

,
-

soon found h imse l f i n trouble and was dismissed th e

,

servi ce for th e part he took i n aidi n g the revo l utionaries

i n their attempts to sed u ce th e privates and n on com -

163
1 64 N AP O LE O N S M ARS HALS
’

Davout fell enti rely beneath h is spell I n spite of the fact .

that h e was n ot i ncluded among the few friends wh om

Bonaparte selected to return with h im i n 1 8 00 h is e n th u ,

s i a sm for th e First Co nsu l i ncre ased day by day Return .

i ng to France with Desaix j ust b efore the Marengo ,

ca m p aign h e at once hastened to Paris to congratulate the

,

new head of the Government Davout s republicanism had .

'

received many shocks Like all other h onourable men , h e

.

h ad hated and loathed th e Terror M oreover h e had seen .

,

on service how little th e preachers of th e equality of man

carried ou t their doctrin e i n practi ce As early as 1794 we .

“
fi nd h im writing to a frien d O ught we to be exposed to
the tyranny of any chance revo l utionary committee or .

club ? W hy are not all Fren ch men witnesses of

fraternity and of the republica n vi rtues wh ich reign i n
o u r camps ; we h ave n o brigands here but have we n ot ,

plen ty at h ome ? Bonaparte k new well that Davout was

n ot only his enth usiastic personal follower, but also
’
th orough ly approved of the coup d etat of th e 18 th Bru
maire and i n h is desire for peace and stab i lity at h ome
,

would warmly back h i m up i n his scheme of fou nding a

tyran ny under the guise of an I mperial Republi c Accord .

i n g ly the First Consul published a most flatt ering accou nt

o f him i n the o f fi cial M om teu r an d gave h im command
’

o f the cavalry o f the Army of I taly u nder General Brune , .

I n j une 1 80 1 after th e trea ty of Lu neville i n pursuance o f

, , ,

h i s plan o f congregating his friends at headquarters he ,

recalled h im to Paris as i nspector general of caval ry -

.

I t w as while thus employed that Davou t met hi s wife,

Ai m ee Leclerc Ai m ee a sister o f that Leclerc wh o
.
,

married Pauline Bonaparte had bee n educated at Mada me

,

Campan s sch ool i n Paris along with the young Beau

’

harnais and Bonapartes , and was the bo som friend o f

Caroline an d H ortense From many poi nts of view the
.

m arriage was extremely appropriate ; for alth ough the

'
Davouts belonged to the old nobi lity an d A i m ée s father .
 LO U I S NIC O LAS DA V O UT 165

was only a corn merchant of Poitou , h e had prosp ered

i n h is business and had been able to give h is daughter
,

an excellent educatio n The marriage brought Davou t

.

'
i nto close co n nectio n with th e First Co nsul s family and ,

was successful from a worldly and a domest i c p oi nt o f

view The future M arshal was deeply attached to h i s wife
.
,

and spent every moment with her which h e could snatch

from his military duties W he n absent o n servi ce scarcely
.

a day passed on wh ich he d id not write to her, and h i s

h appi ness was completely bo u nd up i n h er welfare and that
of h is large family Th e year following th eir marriage th e
.

Davouts bought th e beautifu l estate of S avigny sur O rge - -

for the su m of seve n hu ndred thousan d francs Th is w as .

a great s trai n on their rather l imited resources and for ,

some years they had to practise stri ct eco nomy .

I n S eptember, 1 8 0 3 th e general was summoned to

,

Bruges to command a corps o f th e Army of the O cean ,

which later became the third corps of th e Grand Army .

There, i n close commu nicatio n with h is great ch ief h e ,

began to sh ow those trai ts wh ich made h i m respected as

the most relentless an d careful adm i n istrator of all the
M arshals of France H is energy wa s i ndefatigable ; every
.

th ing had to u ndergo h is personal scru ti ny be it the best ,

means of securi ng the embarkatio n of a company i n o n e o f

th e new barges or the careful i nspectio n of the boots of
a battalio n : for Davout like W elli ngton knew that a
, ,
'
soldier s march i ng powers depended o n tw o things h is feet ,

and his stomach , and e very man i n th e third corps h ad

to have two pairs o f good boots i n h is valise and one o n
h is feet S ecrecy also i n h is eyes was o f pri me impor
.
, ,

tance ; he was quick to give a lesson to all spies or would ,

b e spies i n Belgium a nd i t was with stern exultation i n

, ,

h i s d u ty that he wrote to the First Consul “ Y ou r orders

,

for the trial of the spy ( B ulow) will be carried o u t and ,

w i th i n a week he wi ll be executed Day by day as h e

.
,

ga i ned experience th e i ndefat i gable soldier drew o n h i m

,
166 NA P O LEO N S MARS HALS
’

the approbation of th e First Consul and it was with n o ,

sense of favouritism that Napoleon whe n he became E m ,

p eror nomi nated h i m among his n ewly created Marshals

,
-
,

although i n th e eyes of th e army at large h e h ad not yet

done enough to j ustify th is ch oice .

Th e campaign o f 1 8 05 gave the Marsh al h i s first opp or

tu n i ty o f h andli ng large bodies o f troops o f all arms i n the
field and though it did n ot bri ng h im i nto such c o n
, ,

sp i cu ou s notice a s M urat Lan nes S o u lt and N ey it j ustified

, , ,
’
N apoleo n i n his selection o f h i m as worthy of th e M arshal s
b aton I n the Operati ons rou nd U lm Davout proved h im
.
,

se l f a n excellent su bordi nate wh ose corps was ever ready

, ,

at full strength i n the field and at the hour at which i t

, ,
'
had bee n ordered wh ile th e M arshal s stern checking o f
,

marauding w as a new feature i n French military discipli ne ,

and on e wh ich n o other M arsh al could su ccessfully carry

o u t without starvi ng h is troops But i t was Austerlitz .

wh ich taught the stu dents o f war the true capabilities of

'

this risi ng o ffi cer There the E mperor relying on h is

.
,

stubborn methodical character entrusted hi m with a d uty

, ,

which emine ntly suited hi s gen ius : he ch ose h is corps as

the scree n to cover the trap which h e set for the Russian
left and a ll day long it h ad to figh t a stern rear guard action
,
-

agai nst overwhelmi ng odds u nti l i t h ad tempted the enemy

,

i nto dissi p ati ng h is forces and so weakeni ng h is centre

,

that h is left and right were defeated in detail After Au s .

te rli tz Davou t w a s entrusted with th e pursuit of the left

,

wing of the Allies Flushed with victory th e third corp s

.
,

pushed th e disorgan ised e nemy i n hopeless ro u t and i t ,

seemed as if th e annih ilation of the Russians was certain .

M eanwhile u nknown to th e Marshal the Emperor had

, ,
'
accepted the Czar s deman ds for an armistice Davou t first .

h eard of th e cessation of hostilities from the enemy but , ,

remembering M urat s mistake h e refused to halt h is troops

’

, .

“ ”
Y ou want to deceive me he sa i d to th e fl ag of truce ;
,
“
you want to make a fool of me I am going to crush
.
LO U I S N I C O LA S D AV O U T P R I N C E O F E C K M UH L
O G G G
,

FR M AN E N RA V I N A FT E R T HE PA I N T I N B Y C A UT H B R O I
‘ ‘
 LO U I S NI C O LAS D A V O UT 167

you and that i s the o nly order I have received

,
S o the .

th ird corps push ed on and it was only the productio n o f a

,

despatch i n th e handwriting of the Czar h i mself th at caused

the victor at last to stay h is h an d .

Though Davout emerged from the Austrian campaign

with the reputatio n i n the army o f havi ng at last earned h is
Marshal s b ato n to th e general publi c he sti ll appeared as
’

,
“
a little smooth pated u nprete nding man wh o was never
-
, ,
"
tired of waltzi ng but th e campai g n of 1 8 0 6 made h i m
,

nearly the best known of a ll the Marshals Au e rstadt was a

'

masterpiece of mi nor tactics Napoleon th i nking that h e .

,

had before h i m at j ena th e whole of th e Prussian army ,

summoned to h is aid Bernadotte an d th us left Davout with ,

a force o f twenty three thousand men isolated on his righ t

-

wing with orders to push forward and try to get astride of

,
’
the enemy s li ne o f retreat .

I t was i n pursuance of this order that early i n the morn

i ng of O ctober 14 1 80 6 the Marshal at th e head of the
, , ,

advance guard of h is corps crossed the river S aale at Kosen

,

and proceeded to seize the defile beyond the bridge through

which ran th e road to N aumberg Tru e to h is motto o f .

never leaving to another anyth i ng wh ich he could possibly

do h imself he had personally o n th e previous even i ng
, , ,

car efully reconnoitred the line of adva nce an d k new the ,

importance of the village of H assenhausen at th e further

e nd of the defile H ardly had h is advance guard seized
.

this position and the h eights comman di ng th e road whe n ,

through the fog they saw app roachi ng th e masses o f th e

'
enemy s caval ry ; the fiery Prussian commander B l ii che r , ,

at once haste ned to the attack and agai n and agai n led h i s ,

horsemen to th e charge M eanwh ile Bru nswick counter

.

ordered the retreat o f the i nfantry and artil lery S oo n the .

who l e o f the Prussian army forty fiv e thousand strong w a s

,
-
,

engaged i n the attempt to crush th e small French force .

B u t th e Marshal was i n h is element Carefully husbanding ,

h is reso u rces only to h ur l th em i nto the fray at the critical

1 68 NAP OLEON S MARSHALS ’
,

’
moment ; fe i nting at h is enemy s fl anks ; uti lising every
feature of th e grou nd to prolong h is resistance ; ga l loping
from square to square his u niform black from powder h is
, ,

cocked hat carried o ff by a bu llet enco u ragi ng h i s troops ,

“
with short sharp words cryi ng out Th e great Frederick
, , ,

believed that God gave the victory to the big battalions but ,
’
h e l ied ; i t is the obsti nate people that wi n and th at s you ,
”
and you r general From si x i n the morni ng the battle
.

raged but towards mid day th e Prussians fin ding that they

,
-
,

could make no impressio n o n the enemy began to slacken ,

th eir attack Davout seized the psychological moment to

.

order h is w h ole line to advance Thereon the King of .

Prussia commanded h i s forces to retire leavi ng a strong m an ,

guard u nder Kalkreuth to prevent the French pursui t But .

the French were i n n o co nditio n to carry on a n acti ve pursui t ,

for ou t o f twenty th ree thousand men engaged they had

-

lost almost eight thousand killed or wou nded I t is quite .

true th at man for man the French soldier i n 1 8 0 6 w as

superior i n i ntelligence an d patri otism to the Pr ussi an ,

that th e French staff was i nfin itely superior to th e Prussi an

sta ff an d that there was no comparison between the morale
,

Of the two armies but th at alone does n ot exp l ai n h ow an

army h alf the size of th e enemy caugh t as i t was i n the act ,

of deployi ng from a defile not only was not beaten a bso

,

l u te ly but actually defeated the superi or force

,
Th e secret .

o f the Fre nch succe ss at Au erstad t lay i n th e character of

’
th eir general I t was Davout s carefu l reconnaissance h is
.
,

qu ickness to perceive i n H assenhausen the key of th e

positio n h is careful crown ing of the h eigh ts coveri ng th e
,

defile the masterly way i n wh ich wh ile massi ng h is men i n

, ,
’
the open to resist B lti ch er s fierce charges , h e at th e same
time contrived so to expand h is l i ne as t o th reaten the
flanks of his vastly superior foe hi s i ndomitable courage ,

i n throwi ng h is last reserve i nto th e firing li ne an d ,

his audacious cou nter attack the moment h e saw the

-

Prussians waveri ng, which saved his force from what at

1 70 N AP OLE ON S MARS HALS ’

the good fortu ne the th ird corps had i n b eati ng th e King of

Prussia .

A wi nter spent i n Poland amid these j ealousies and far

from h is family was o nly endurable because of his attach
ment to the service and perso n of the E mperor I mm e d i .

ately on ent eri ng the co un try which h e was to govern for

the next two years the Marshal summed up the situati on ,

at a glance and to l d the Emperor that the nobi l ity wou ld

,

throw cold water o n all schemes u nless the French

guaranteed them their i ndependence .

W ith the spri ng o f 1 8 0 7 came the last phase o f the war .

At H eilsberg Davout f ough t well and two days l ater took

, ,

h is p art i n the great battle of Eylau the most bloody o f a l l ,

'
N a p oleon s bat tles Benn igsen the Russian commander .
, ,

h ad turned at bay o n h i s pursuers O n the morn ing of .

February 8 th th e French corps came h urryi ng up fro m a l l

'
sides at the E mperor s commands I t was not h owever .
, ,

til l mid day that the th ird corps arrived o n the scene of the
-
,

action H eavy snow blizzards obscured th e scene but th e

.
,

struggl e raged fiercely o n al l sides the Russians fighting ,

’
like b ulls as the French said Th e Emperor o n Davout s
,
.
,

arrival placed his corps o n the righ t and ordered h i m to

,

advance but the enemy s cavalry and arti llery e ffectually

,
’

barred h is way All day long the contest lasted me n fig h t

.
,

i ng hand to hand i n a confused m el ee All day long Davout .

,

with o b stinate courage clung to the vi llage wh ich h e seized ,

i n the morn ing whence h e threatened the Russian li ne of

,

retreat W hen night came he still h eld h is position ; at

.

l a st the Emperor feari ng a renewal of th e figh t o n the next

,
’
day gave orders at eight o clock for th e third corps to fall
,

back o n Eylau But the Marshal hearing of the commence

.
,

ment o f the Russian retreat disobeyed the E mperor and , ,

thus by his bold front i n conj u nction with S oult he w a s

, , ,

mai nly i nstr u mental i n causi ng the enemy to leave the field .

I f Davout had been less obstinate the French would have ,

h ad to fight another battle on the following day but thanks ,

 LO U I S NIC O LA S D AV O UT 17 1

to h i m they were spared this fate and th e twen ty five th ou

,
-

sand dead and wou nded French men h ad not spent their
blood i n vai n The th ird corps escaped th e horrors of
.

’
Friedland as it had been detach ed to intercept the enemy s
,

l ine of retreat i n the direction of KOn ig sb erg and Ti lsit saw ,

’
the end of Davout s second campaign agai nst the Russians .

But peace d id not bri n g the opportu nity of return ing to

h is beloved France and the j oys Of h ome life the Emperor
i n peace, as i n war could not spare th e great admi nistrative
,

capacity the stern discipli ne and the rigid probity of the

, ,

M arshal . I t is quite fair that I sh ould give h i m enormous

presents sai d the Emperor
,
for h e takes no perqu isites
,
.

S o Davout fou nd h imself established nominally as com

mander o f th e army o f occupation a nd really as special ,

adviser to th e Govern ment of the newly constituted Grand

Duchy of W arsaw I t was a situatio n that required i nfinite
.

tact patience an d a stern will The Poles longed for a

, , .

restored kingdom Of Poland Th e E mperor could not

.

grant th is with out offending h i s new friend the Czar wh o , ,

with th e Emperor of Austria looked with suspicion o n the

,

experiment of creati ng a Grand Duchy S o on one side the .

M arshal had to try to i nspire confidence i n the Poles by

pretendi ng that th e Gran d Duch y was merely a temporary
experiment i n the larger policy o f resto ri ng th e ki ngdom ,

while o n the other h and h e h ad to assure the Austrians and

Russians th at nothi ng w as further from th e Emperor s '

thoughts than creating a power at Warsaw dangerous to

them M eanwhi le there was plenty of occu p ati on i n get
.

ti ng provisions for h is troops i n a land always poor and

but lately devastated by war a nd i n attempting to maintain
,

order i n a country full of adventurers where police were

u nknown I t was useless to attempt to get assistance from
.

the Government for there was n o organisation n o division

, ,

of duties among the different mi nisters , and n obody knew

what h is o w n particular busi ness w as The S ituatio n was .

well summed up in a caricature wh ich S h owed th e m i nisters

17 1 NA P O LE O N S M AR SH ALS ’

nicely dressed i n their var i ous u niforms but with out heads .

I t was well for the new Government that they h ad at their

side such a stern disi nterested adviser as Davout ready to
, ,

take the i nitiative and accept the responsibility o f any act

wh ich he thought good for the commu nity U nder h is .

’
supervisio n th e m i nisters spheres o f actio n were duly
arranged : the state was saved from bankruptcy by import
i ng bullion from Prussia and deporting th e adventurers
who wer e filling their o w n co ffers by drai ni ng the money
from the cou ntry The monks wh o preached against the
.

Govern ment and fanned popu lar discontent were three times
’
given twenty four hours notice to p ut th eir houses i n order
-
,

and then qu ietly esc orted across the frontier A s trong .

Polish force was raised armed an d equipped by Pri nce

,
'
Pon iatowsk i un der the M arshal s su pervision As a reward .

for h is labours th e E mperor gra nted Davout three hu ndred

th ousand francs to bu y a town h ouse i n Paris and foll owed ,

this up i n M ay 1 8 0 8 by creati ng h im Duke of Au e rstadt

, , , .

But what pleased th e Marshal more than all was th at the

E mperor allowed the Duchess to j oi n h i m at W arsaw This .

w as a po litic move for the Emperor knowi ng well the secret

, ,

i ntentio n of Austria could n ot a fford to withdraw th e

,

warde n of the m arches from h is outpost at Warsaw bu t by

se ndi ng th e Duchess of Au erstadt to Poland h e kept hi s
’
faithfu l l ieutenant content H owever the Duchess s visit to
"
.
,

Poland was not a l ong one By S eptember 1 8 0 8 it became.

, ,

certai n th at Austria was maki ng i mmense e fforts to recover

her posses sions and accordi ngly N apoleon very wise l y
,

began to co ncentrate h is troops i n Central E uro p e and th e ,

Duke of Au e rstad t s corps w as recal l ed to S ilesia i n O ctober

’

and was i ncor p orated with the French troop s i n Prussia

u nder th e designation o f th e Army of the Rh i ne .

During th e wi nter the M arsh al was f u lly occupied i n

forcing P russia to drain to the last dregs her cup of h umilia
tion : extorting from her the i mmense ransom Napoleon
had la i d on her and crush ing her attempts at regenerati on
,
1 74 NA P O LE O N S M ARS H ALS
’

breaking of the bridge he set about to organ i se a fl ot i lla Of

boats an d it was thanks to the supplies of ammu nition th us
,

ferried across that the French tr oops on th e north bank

were able to h old their own and cover the retreat to the I sle
o f Lo b au W h ile both sides were concentrating every
.

available m a n for the great battle of W agram Davout was ,

entrusted with the task of watch ing the Archduke j oh n ,

whose army at Pressb u rg was th e ra l lying poi nt for the

H ungarians The moment the French pre p arations were
.

complete the M arshal leavi ng a stro ng scree n i n front o f

, ,

the Arch duke swiftly fe l l back o n the I sle of Lobau and by

, ,

thus hoodwi nking the Archduke gave the Emp eror a n

advantage of fifty thousand troops over the enemy Th e .

Pri nce of E ckm uhl s duty at the battle o f W agram w as to

’

turn th e left flank of the enemy and wh ile i nterposi ng hi s ,

corps between the two Archdukes at the same time to ,

’
threaten th e enemy s rear and give an opportu nity to the
French centre to drive h ome a successful attack I t was a .

most di fficult and dangerous Operatio n for at any m oment ,

th e Arch duke j oh n migh t appear o n th e exposed righ t flank .

W h ilst Davout was march i ng and fighting to ach ieve his

purpose th e mai n battle went against th e French Th e left
,
.

and centre were throw n back and it seemed as if th e ,

Austrians were boun d to capture the bridge at E n zerdorff .

”
Amid cries of All is lost I the French reserve artillery and
’

baggage trains fled i n confusion But relief came at th e .

critical moment for the Pri nce of E ckm irhl hurl ing h is
'

, ,

steel clad cu irassiers o n the u nbroken Austrian foot losi ng

-
,

nearly all his generals i n the desperate h and to hand fig h t - -

ing o n the S lopes of the N eusiedel at last gain ed the top of ,

the plateau and forced the enemy to throw back his left
flank and weaken h is centre The moment the Emperor .

saw the guns appear on the summit of the Neusiedel h e ,

’
lau nched M acdonald s corps against the Austrian centre and
“
se nt h is aide de camp to M ass ena to te l l h i m to commence
- -

th e attack the battle is gai ned But Davout was .

 LO U I S NIC O LA S DA V O UT 1 75

'
u nable to pu rsue h is ad vantage over the enemy s left, for at
the moment he gai ned th e top of th e plateau news arrived
’
that Pri nce j oh n s adva nce gu ard was i n touch with his
scouts accordi ngly he halted and drew up i n battle forma
tio n ready at any moment to face the H ungarian troops
,

should they attempt to attack his rear Fortu nately for the .

French the Archduke j oh n forgot that an enemy is n ever so

weak as after a successful attack an d i nstead of h urli ng h is ,

fresh troops o n th e weakened and disorganised French h e ,

halted and wi thdrew after dark towards Pressburg W hen ,

, .

duri ng the pursu it of th e battle th e Archduke Char les sent ,

i n a flag of truce o ffering to discuss terms, the Emperor

called a cou ncil of war There was a certai n amount of .

di fference of Opinion but Davou t was for continui ng the

,
“
fight poi nti ng ou t that once master of the road from
,

B rii n n i n tw o hours i t would be possible to concentrate

‘

thirty thousand men across the Arch duke s line of retfea t ’

.

'
Th e Marshal s arguments seemed about to prevail when
news arrived that Bruy ere commanding th e cavalry, was ,

seriously wou nded Thereo n the E mperor changed h is

.

“
mi nd crying ,
o u t, Look at i t : death hovers over all my
generals W ho knows but that withi n two hours I sh a ll n ot
.

hear that you are taken off ? No enough blood has been
”
spilled I accept the suspension of h ostilities .

After th e evacuatio n of th e conquered te rritories the

M arshal was appointed to command the Army of Germany .

H is duties were to enforce the co nti nental system an d to

keep a stern eye o n Prussia The marriage with Marie .

Louise for the time being relieved tension i n Ce ntral Europe ,

and accordingly i n 1 8 1 0 Davout was a b le to enj oy long

periods of leave H e was present as colonel general o f the
.
-

Guard at th e imperial wedding and at th e i nterment of ,

’
La n ne s s remains i n the Pantheon an d h e did h is tur n o f ,

duty as general i n attendance on th e imperial h ouseh old .

H is letters to h is wife throw an i nteresting light o n th e

imperial ménage The o ffi cers I n attendance were supp l ied
.
1 76 NAP O LE O N S M ARSH ALS
’

with good comfortable rooms and food but had to find

, ,

their own linen plates wax can dles firewood and kitche n
, , , ,

utensils i n a postscript h e adds N ot only must yo u send

,

me all th e above but add to w els sh eets pi llow cases & c ;

, ,
.

,
-
, .

u ntil these arrive I have to s l eep o n th e bare mattress .

I n 1 8 1 1 the growing hosti lity o f Russia required th e

attendance Of the Prince of E ckm ii h l at the headquarters
of h is command Napoleo n knew wel l that n obody would
.

be qu icker to discern any secret movement h osti l e to h is

i nterests than the man wh o i n 1 80 8 had done so m uch to
check the regeneratio n of Prussia by enforci ng h is orders ,
’
playing on the Prussian King s fears and exp osing the clever
n ess o f the proposals of th e patriotic S tei n The M arshal .

reached his headqu a rters at H amburg early i n February ,

and soo n found his hands full I t was no longer a questio n

.

of so disposi ng the corps committed to h is care th at h e

might cripple the E nglish wh o si nce the time of Cromwell

,
”
h ave played th e game of ruining our commerce but of ,

preparing a mixed force of French Poles and S axons , , ,

amou nti ng to one h u ndred and forty thousan d, for the con
ti n g en ci es of a war with Russia or for the absolute a n n i h i
,

latio n of Prussia To n o other of h is M arsh als did the

. .

Emperor entrust the comm and of o n e hu ndred and forty

thousand troops and co n sequentl y th e old enmi ties and
,

j eal ousies broke out with renewed for ce I t was wh ispered .

'
that th e Marshal s i ncome from h is i nves tments pay an d , ,

perquisites was over two million fran cs a year that nobody

i n th e imperial family had anyth ing l ike as much and people ,

said it w as be tter to be a Davout than a Pri nce Royal Th e .

Pri nce disregarded all the annoying scan d a l h is wife sen t

h i m from Paris and quietly busied hi mse l f with preparing
,

transport and equ ippi ng magazines for the comi ng war ,

diversified by an occasional thu nderi ng declarati on i nform

i ng the King of Prussia that h is secret schemes were we l l
known to the French au th orities But th e subterranean .

j ea l ousies bore their fr u it Nobody had a good word to say

.
178 NA P O LE O N S M AR S H ALS
’

of Na p les did n ot lo n g retai n h i s comm and : h e had not

’
Davout s confiden ce i n Nap oleo n and was d isgusted with
the ill success of the campaign and afraid of losing h is
-

crown The M arshal ever lo yal to the Emperor would

.
, ,

listen to none of th e Gascon s d iatribes and tol d h i m ’

plainly “ Y ou are only King by the grace o f Napoleon an d

,

by th e blood o f brave French men Y ou ca n only remai n .

’
King by Napoleon s aid and by remaining u nited to France , .

”
I t is black ingratit u de wh ich bl inds you S o M urat went .

of f to I taly to plan treaso n and Davout returned to ,

’
Germany to place h i s life an d rep utatio n at the E mperor s
service .

I t fell to th e M arsha l s lot i n 18 13 to hold N orth ern

'

Germany as part of th e plan o f campaign whereby th e

advance of th e Allies was to be checked The Emperor .

h ad determi ned to make an example o f th e town o f

H am b urg to teach other German ci ties the fate to be
,

expected by th ose wh o deserted hi m H is orders were .

that all th ose wh o had taken any share i n the desertion

were to be arrested an d their goods sequestra ted and that ,

a contribution o f fifty mi l li on francs w a s to be paid by the

towns o f Li i b eck and H amb urg Th e M arshal carried out
'

hi s orders H amb u rg writh ed i mpotent at hi s feet and th e

.

“ heavy arm
o f j ustice fell o n th e canail l e O nly i n the .

case of th e contributi on did he make any deviation from

the E mperor s wishes a s it w as i nexpedien t to drive all th e
’

wealthy people o u t of the state I n purs u an ce o f the .

Emperor s plans b y the wi nter o f 1 8 13 Davout h ad made

’

H amburg impregna b l e H e had laid i n h u ge supp l ies and

.
,

b u ilt a b ridge o f wood two leagues long j oi ni ng H a a rb u rg

and H am b urg W ith a garriso n o f thirty th ousand men
.
,

danger threatened fro m with i n rather than from with out ,

fo r Napoleon s b itter p u nish ment of H amburg endi ng as

’

i t did with th e seizure of eight million marks from the

fu nds of th e city bank had made the n ame o f France stink
,

i n th e nostrils of the inhabitants The M arshal was deter .

 LO U I S N IC O LA S D AV O UT 179

mi ned to hold the town to the last I n December when

.
,

provisio ns began to fail the poor were banished from the

,

city ; those wh o refused to go were threatened with fifty

“
blows of the cane . At th e en d of December people with
o u t disti nction of sex or age were dragged from their beds
”
and conveyed out of the town . Duri ng the siege th e
Russian commander Bennigsen , attempted by means of
,

S pies and proclamations to raise a rebellio n i n the for tress ,

but Davout s gri p was too firm to be sh aken and a few

’
,

executions coo l ed the ardour of th e spies I t was not fill

.

April 1sth that the Marshal was informed by a fl ag of truce

of the fa ll o f the Empire ; n ot certai n o f the truth o f the
'

news he ref u sed to give up his command At last o n

,
.
,

April a8 th o ffi cial news arrived from Paris and o n th e

, ,

following day the fifteen thousand me n wh o remained o f

the original gar rison o f th i rty thousand swore allegiance
to the Bourbons and mou nted the wh ite cockade .

O n May r 1th General Gerard arrived to relieve Davou t

of h i s command . O n h is arrival i n France the Pri nce o f
Eckm u h l found h imself charged with havi ng fired o n the
wh ite flag after being i nformed of Napoleo n s abdication ’

of appropriating the fu nds Of the Bank o f H amburg and ,

o f committing arbitrary acts wh ich caused the French name

to become odious H is reply was first that u ntil h e had

.

received O fficial i nformation of the fall of the E m p ire i t

w a s h i s duty to take measures to preve nt H amb u rg bei ng
sur p rised ; that the app ropriation of th e fu nds of the bank
w as the only means o f fi nding money to h old H amburg ;
that he was no t res p o nsible for the co nti ne ntal system and ,

a s a sold i e r he had on l y obeyed commands that as a matter

o f fact h e had contrived to have the heavy contributio n

lightened , and lastly that duri ng the siege he had only had
,

tw o s p ies S hot and o n e French soldier executed for purloi n

i ng hospital stores But i n spite of h is defence and th e
.

prayers of h i s fellow M arsh al s Louis refused to allow

Davout to take th e oath of allegiance and accordingly,
1 80 NA P O LE O N S MARS H ALS
’

when i n 1 8 15 Napoleon returned from E lba th e Pri nce o f

, , ,

Eckm uh l alo ne o f all the M arshals could hasten to th e

E mperor without a stai n on his h onour .

I mmediate l y o n h is return the E mperor made a great cal l

o n the faithf u l ness of h is friend and told h im h e had ch osen
,

h i m as M i n ister of W ar The M arshal begged for service

.

i n th e field but the E mperor was firm Davout alo ne had

,

h eld to h i m an d all others had the Bourbon tai nt S till the .

M arsh al refused pleadi ng h i s brusque manners and well

,

known h arsh ness but at l ast th e E mperor appealed to h is

pity po inting ou t that all E urope was agai nst h im and
, ,

askin g him if h e also was goi ng to abandon h is sovereign .

Thereo n the M arshal accepted the post I t w a s no light .

burden that h e had u ndertaken pri nce o f marti nets though

,

he was to regenerate an army scatt ered to the winds

, .

Eve ryth ing was lacking— men horses gu ns transports, , , ,

stores and ammu ni tion

,
Y et h e worked wonders an d
.
,

by the begi nning o f j u ne the Emperor h ad a field army

o f one hu ndred and twenty th ousand men with another ,

quarter o f a millio n troops i n formatio n i n France O n .

the return o f the Emperor to Paris after the disaster at

W aterloo th e M arsha l i n vai n be sought h im to disso l ve
th e assemblies and proclaim a dictatorship but Napoleo n s ,
’

spirit was broken and th e favourable moment passe d by .

M eanwh ile the Emperor remai n ed i n idleness at Mal maison

, ,

an d by the 2 8 th of j u ne the Prussians arrived near Paris

wi th the i ntentio n o f capturi ng hi m ; but th e Prince o f
Eckm uh l warded off the danger by barricadi ng or burni ng
the bridges across the Se i ne and man oeuvring sixty th ousand
troops i n front of B lfich er Thanks to thi s Napoleon
.

escaped to Rochfort and owed h is safety to Davout for

, ,

Bl ucher had sworn to catch h im dead or alive , .

O n th e evacuation of Paris the M arshal withdrew wes t

wards wi th the remnant of the imperial army n ow called ,

the Army of th e Loire But as soo n as Lo uis had on ce

.

again a scended the throne h e relieved Davout mak i ng ,

18 a NA P O LE O N S M ARS H ALS
’

policy bore h ardly o n the conquered for wh en Napoleon

,

asked hi m H ow would you behave if I made you King

,

of Poland he replied W hen a man has th e honour to

,
”
be a Frenchman h e must always be a French man but h e
, ,
“
added From the day on which I accepted the crown of
,

Polan d I would become entirely and solely a Pole and I ,

would act i n comp l ete contradi ction to your Maj esty if the
interests of th e people whose ch ief I was demanded that I
sh ould do so . As a soldier and an administrator th ough ,

h e is rightly called the pri nce o f martinets yet noth ing was
,

more a b horrent to h i s eyes than red tape E fficiency was

.

everything an d e fficiency h e considered w as only to be

,

gai ned by personal inspectio n of detail considered i n

relati on to existing co nditions an d not by b l i nd obedience
,

to hard and fast rules I t was this h abit of mi nd and

.

readi ness for all contingencies which won for hi m h is titles

o f Duke of Au e rstadt and Pri nce o f E ckm i rh l and made
‘

h im the righ t hand ma n of th e great E mperor, who

-

confessed that “ I f I am always prepared i t is because

, ,

before entering on an u ndertaking I have meditated for

,

long and foreseen wh at may occur I t is n ot genius whi ch

.

reveals to me sudde n l y an d secretly what I shou ld d o i n

circumstances u nforeseen by others : it i s thought and
”
meditation .
 J ACQ U E S ET I EN N E J O S E P H A LEXAN DR E
M AC D O NA LD, MA R S H A L DU KE O F TA RE NT U M,

AC Q U E S ET I E N N E J O S E P H A LEXAN DRE
MACD O NA L D, Duke o f Tarentum , was the son of

a U ist crofter M a ca ch a i m Th e Maca cha i ms of U ist

, .

were a far off sept of th e M acdonalds of C la n ra n a ld

-
.

’
Th e future M arshal s father was educated at the S cots
Col l ege i n Paris, and , was for some ti me a tutor i n C l an
ra n a ld s h ouseh old
'
. O wing to h is kn owledge of French h e
was ent rusted with th e duty of helping Flora Macdonald to
arrange the escape of Pri nce Charles H e accompanied .

the Prince to France and Obtai ned a c ommission i n

,

O gilvie s regiment o f foot

’
I n 17 68 Va l l M aca cha i m or
.
,

Neil M acdona l d as h e was called i n France, retired o n a

, '

pension o f thirty pou nds a year O n thi S pittance h e .

b rough t u p h is family at S ancerre The future M arshal

.

w a s b orn at S edan o n N ovem b er H e was

educated for the army at a mi l itary academy i n Paris ,

kept by a S cotch man Paulet b u t owing to bad mathe

, , ,

maties he was u nab l e to enter the Arti l lery an d E ngi neeri ng

,

S choo l This failure came as a bitter b low to th e kee n

.

young so l dier wh o after reading H omer already imagined

, , ,

h imself an Achi l les But i n 1 7 8 4 h is chance came ; the

.

Dutch threatened by th e Em p eror j oseph I I h ad to

, .
,

i m p rovise an army and Macdonald accepted a pai r o f

,

co l ours i n a regiment raised by a French man the Cou nt ,

183
1 84 N A P O LE O N S MARS H ALS’

de M aillebois A fe w mo nths later th e regiment w as

.

disbanded as the Dutch bough t the peace they could not

,

gai n by arms Th e young o fficer th us thrown o n h is ow n

.
,
’
resources w as g l ad to accep t a c adetship i n Dillo n s I rish
,
'
regimen t i n the French King s service and at the m oment ,

the Revolutio n broke o u t h e was a sub lieutenant i n that -

corps . O wi ng to emigratio n and th e fortu ne of war ,

promotion came quickly M acdonald also was lu cky i n .

having a friend i n General B e u rn o n v i lle o n whose staff h e ,

served till h e was transferred to that of D u m ou ri ez th e ,

com mander i n chief As a reward for h is services at

- -
.

e m m a pp e s and elsewh ere he was made lieutenant colonel

j -
,

and early i n 1 7 93 h is frien d B eu rn on v ille wh o had become ,

W ar M i nister gave hi m h i s colo nelcy and the command o f

'

th e P icardy regi ment one o f the four senior corps of th e ,

Old French i nfantry The young colonel o f twenty eigh t .

-

could not expect to be always s o favoured by fortu ne .

D u m ou ri ez s failure at Neerwinden and su bsequent desertion

'

to the Allies cast a clou d o f suspicion o n h i s protégé at a

m oment whe n to b e suspected was to be condem ned .

Luckily some of th e Commissioners from the Conventi on

,

could recognise merit, b u t M acdonald spent many anxious

months amid den unciations an d accusations from those
who grudged h i m h is colonelcy T o his i ntense surprise .

h e was at last summoned before th e dread Commissioners

and told that for h i s zeal, he was to be promoted general
,

o f brigade O vercome by this u nexpected turn of fortune ,

.

he wished to refuse th e h onour an d p leaded his youth an d ,

i nexperie nce and was promptly given the choice of

,
“ ”
accepting or becoming a suspect and being arrested .

S afe for the moment M acdonald threw hi mself h eart and ,

soul i nto h is new d u ties but still denu nciatio ns a nd ,

accusations were hurled against h im Fresh Commissioners .

came from the Assem b ly an d it was o n l y their fortu nate ,

recall to Paris that saved th e gen eral from arrest Then .

”
ca me the decree ba nish i ng a l l ci devant n obles Mac -
.
 J AC QU E S ETI E NN E J O SE P H MAC D O N AL D 18 5

donald f eari ng after this order that if he met with the

,

slightest check he wou ld be greeted with cries of treachery ,

demanded written orders from th e new Comm issioners

confirming h i m i n h is employment Th ese were refused .
,

a s also his resignation , with the curt rep l y I f you leave ,

”
the army we will h ave you arrested and brough t to trial .

I n th is dilemma h e fou nd a frien d i n th e represe ntative

I sore wh o, struck by h is ability and i ndustry took u p h is
, ,

cause and from that moment M acdo nald h ad noth ing to

,

fear from the revolutionary tribu nal .

I n November 1794, h e was qu ite u nexpectedly gazetted

,

gene ral of divisio n i n th e army of P i ch eg ru, and took part

i n the wi nter campaign against H olland where h e proved h is ,

capacity by seizing the occasi o n of a h ard frost to cross th e

Vaal o n th e i ce an d s urprise th e Anglo H anoverian force at -

Ni m eg u e n
'

A few days later during th e general adva nce , ,

h e captured Naarden the masterpiece of th e great engi neer

,

Cohorn Prou d of his success h e hastened to i nform the

.
,

commander i h ch ief P i ch egru and was greeted by a laugh ,

- -
, ,

and Bah l I pay no attentio n now to anyth ing less tha n

,
”
the surrender of provi nces Th e blasé commander i n ch ief a
.
- -

week or two later h imself performed th e exploit of capturi ng

the i ce boun d Dutch fleet with a caval ry brigade and a
-

battery of h orse artillery .

After servi ng o n the Rhi ne i n 17 96 M acdonald was

transferred i n 17 9 8 to the Army of I ta l y and sent to Rome ,

to relieve Gouvion S t Cyr W hen war broke ou t betwee n

. .

France and Naples the tr oops i n S outhern I taly were

,

formed i nto th e Army of Naples u nder C ha m p i on n et Th e .

commander i n chief overrated the fighti ng qualities of

- -

th e Neapolitan troops and thought it pru dent to evacu a te

Rome M acdonald was entrusted with this duty an d was
.
,

further required to cover the concentratio n of C h a m p i o n ne t s ’

army The hard headed S cotch man had h owever gauged

.
-
, ,

to a nicety the morale of the Neapo l ita n army and alth ough ‘

, ,

h e had but five thousand troops aga i nst forty thousand

I 86 NA P O LE O N S M ARS H ALS ’

N eapoli tans u nder the celebrated Austr i an general Mack

, ,

he engaged th e enemy at Civita Castellana defeated them , ,

followed them u p drove them ou t of Rome and over the

,

frontier and practically an nih il ated th e whole force

, .

U nfortu nately h e wrote a comical accou nt of the oper

a ti o n s to h i s c h i e f wh o h aving n o sense of h umour felt
, ,
.
,

that h i s evacuatio n of Rome h ad to say the least of it been , ,

h urried an d u n d ig n i fie d C h a mp i o n n e t therefore greeted

.

“
h is victori ous lieutenant with th e words Y o u want to ,
”
make me pass fo r a damned fool and n o explanations ,

coul d appease h is rage S O bitter became the quarrel that

.

Macdonald had t o resign h is command .

By February 17 99 C h a m p i on n e t had fallen into d isgrace

, ,

with th e Directory and M acdonald was gazetted i n h is

,

place commander i n ch ief W hen h e arrived i n Nap l es

- -
.

and took up h is command the situation seemed quiet B u t .

the farseeing soldier read th e signs of the ti mes The élite .

of the French army w as locked up i n E gypt Austria .

and Russia were bent on exti nguishi n g France and her

revolutionary ideas Accord ingly the general at o nce se t
.

about qu iet l y concentrati n g h i s troops to meet an i nvasio n

o f N orthern I ta l y by th e Allies W ith his keen m i litary .

i nsigh t h e desired to evacuate all S outhern I taly retai ni n g ,

only such fortresses as co uld be well supp l ied But th e .

pri nciple o f keepi ng everyth i ng gained th e day S til l o n .

,
’
the news of S ch erer s defeat at M agnano by the impetuous
S u va ro ff the Army of Naples w a s ready at once to start fo r
,

the north an d set o ff to try and pick u p commu nicatio n

,

with General M oreau wh o w a s re forming the Army of I ta l y

,
-

at Gen oa Th e idea w as that a con ce n tra te d m o v e m e n t

.

should be made agai nst the Allies through the Apen nin es .

U nfortunate l y th ere existed a bitter ri va l ry between the

Army o f I taly and th e Army of Naples Consequent l y .

o n j u ne 17 th Macdonald fou nd h i mself with twenty five -

thousan d men near P iacenza i n the presence o f the enemy , ,

with no support save two divisions of the Army of I taly,

1 88 NA P O LE O N S M ARS H ALS ’

Bernard Pass after the snows had melted

, U n for .

tu n a te ly for Macdonald, Bonaparte believed hi m to

belong to M oreau s factio n After H ohenli nden th e future
’
.

’
Em p eror wh o was afraid that M orean s glory would
,
’
outsh ine h is o w n placed all th at general s frie nds o n the
,

black b ook Further owing to h is outspokenness Talley

.
, ,

rand h ad co nceived a hatred o f the h ero o f th e S p lii ge n .

According l y h e fou n d h i mself i n deep disgrace First h e

, .

w as exiled as ambassador at Copenhagen then h is en emies ,

tried to get h i m sent to Russia i n the same capacity but h e ,

refused to go and for th e next few years lived the life

,

of a q u iet cou n try gentlema n on his estate of Courcelles

‘

le Roi . Like m ost of th e generals M acdo nald was by ,

n ow comparatively well o ff, for the French Government ,

o n the co nqu est o f a cou ntry had allowed its generals ,

to take wh at works of art th ey ch ose after th e Com ,

missio ners h ad selected the best for the national co l l ection

’
at th e Louvre Th e general s share as commander i n chief
.
- -

at Naples had been valued by experts at thirty four -

thousa nd pounds U nfortunately , h owever this booty and

.
,

many masterpieces wh ich he h ad bo u gh t h imself were

all lost i n the h urried march n orth that ended i n th e
battle of the Trebbia .

I t was not til l 1 8 0 9 that M acdonald was su mmoned

from his retreat I n that year the E mperor needed every
.

soldier of ability, with the S panish u lcer eati ng at h i s

vitals a nd th e war with Austria on h is hands Accordi ngly .
,

at a day s notice h e was ordered to hurry off to I taly

’

,
’
to help N apoleon s stepson , Pri nce E ugene wh o was ,

opp osed by an Austrian army u nder the Archduke j oh n .

arriving i n I taly the old soldier foun d that Pri nce

E ugen e u naccustomed to a n i ndependent command had
, ,

Opened th e gate of I taly to th e Austrians by his i mpetuous

action at Saci l e The French troops were i n complete
.

disorganisation and the slightest activity o n the part of

,

th e Austrians woul d have turned the retreat i nto a rout .

 J AC Q U ES ETI E N N E J OS E P H M AC DO NALD 18 9

Pr i nce Eugene, who was w i thout a spark of j ealousy and ,

i n reality a man of considerable character greeted h is ,

mentor with delight M acdonald at o nce poi nted ou t

.

th at it was u n necessary to retire as far as M antua because ,

th e Archduke woul d not v enture to penetrate far i nto I taly

u nti l a decision had been arr i ved at bet w een the mai n
armies o n the Danube U nder h is careful su pervision
.
,

order and discipline were restored among the French

troops o n the li ne of the Adige Th e news of the French
.

success at Eckm uh l and Ratisbo n automatically cleared th e

Austrians out of Northern I taly Duri ng the pursuit th e
.

general had to i mpose o n himself th e severest self co ntrol -

,

because though Pri nce E ugene i nvariably accepted h is

,

advice the disaster at S acile had for the ti me broken h is

,
’
nerve and agai n an d agai n he spoiled h is mentor s best
, , ,

combi nations by ordering a h alt whenever the enemy

a pp eared to be going to offer any resistance I t was hard
.

i ndeed to accept s ubsequent apologies with a courteous

smile when it was success alone that would wi n back
,
'
the Emperor s favou r But at l ast patience had its reward
.

while the viceroy h imself pursued the mai n force of th e

enemy b e detached h is lieutenant with a strong corps
,

to take Trieste and to pick up com mu nication with

M armont who w as bri nging up the arm y of Dalmatia
, .

Macdonald was given carte blanche Trieste an d GOrz were

.

taken ; the j u nctio n wi th M armont was speedily e ffected ,

and th e combi ned forces hurried o n towards Vienna The .

great entrenched camp at La yba ch blocked th e way .

Macdo nald had n ot th e necessary h eav y artillery with wh ich

to capture it H e determi ned therefore to make a threaten
.

i ng demonstration by day and slip past i t by night But at .

’
ten o clock i n th e eve ning a flag of truce arrived o fferi ng a
“ ”
capitulation Y ou are doi ng wisely
. said the imper
,

tu rb a ble S cotchman ; “ I was j ust go i ng to sou nd th e

”
attack .

At Gratz he overtook Pr i nce Eugene s army at th e ’

1 9° NA P O LE O N S MARS HALS ’

momen t that th e ill news of the battle of Aspern Essling -

arrived . Then came the summons to h urry to the

assistance o f the Emperor After march ing sixty leagues
.

’
i n three days the Army of I taly arrived at n ine o clock
at n ight o n j uly 4th at the im p erial headquarters at
Ebersdorf Duri ng that nigh t it crossed the Danube
.
,

u nder cove r o f th e terrific thu nderstorm wh ich h i d the

'

French advance from the Austrians O n the afternoon .

o f j uly sth it fell to the lot o f M acdona l d to attempt to

seize th e plateau wh ich formed the Austrian centre As th e .

general wel l knew the Emperor had been mistaken i n

,

thinki ng that th e enemy were evacuating their positio n ;

still he had to obey orders and night a l o ne saved h is
, ,

crue l ly shake n battalions Next day was fought the terrible

.

battle of W agram At the critical moment of the fight

.
,

whe n the E mperor heard that Mass ena o n h is left wing , ,

was being driven i n o n the bridge head amid the -

,

confusio n and ro u t h e ordered M acdonald to attempt by

'
a bold cou nter stroke to break th e enemy s centre Th e
-
.

Austrians were advancing i n masses with n oth i ng i n front ,

of them an d th e bridge the o nly line of retreat w as

, , ,

thr e atened To meet th is situation Macdon ald deployed

.

four batta l ions i n li ne at the double ; b eh i nd th em he

,

formed up the rest of his cor p s i n two sol id columns and ,

closed the rear of th is i mmense rectang l e of troops by

Na n sou ty s cavalry C overed by the fire o f a massed
'
.

battery of a h u ndred guns h e discharged this huge body o f

,

thi rty tho u sand troops against the Austrians and i n spite of ,
'
vast losses from the enemy s artil l ery by sheer weight ,

of h u man beings h e completely checked th e Austrian

advance and broke their centre I t the cava l ry o f th e .

Guard h ad only charged home the enemy would have b een

driven off the field i n complete rout S ti l l u ns u pported .
,

th e colu mn conti nued i ts victori ous career taking six ,

thousan d prisoners and ten gu ns the o nly troph ies of ,

the day Next morning the h ero of W agram lame from

.
,
19 2 NA P O LE O N S MARS H ALS
’

warn i ngs h e waited for the d ivisions to rej oi n h im d eclar

, ,

i ng that ,M y life my career shall never be stai ned with

, ,

the reproach that I have committed th e cowardly actio n of

”
deserting troops committed to my care Fo rtunately h is.

eyes were Opened by letters wh ich h e i ntercepted W ith a .

h andful Of troops h e escaped to Dantzig O n return i ng to .

Paris M acdonald was greeted with a cold receptio n by the

Emperor who thought that the deserti o n Of the Prussians
,
'
was d ue to his negligence But the M arshal s character was
.

soo n cleared and a reconcil iation followed I n th e cam .

p a i g n o f 1 8 1 3 it fell to the lot of the D uke Of Tarentu m

to watch th e P russian army u nder Bl uch er i n S ilesia wh ile
the E mperor Operated against th e Austrian s rou nd Dresd en .

W hilst thus employed he was defeated on August 2 6th at

th e Katzbach .The Prussians had established themselves
on the heights at j auer M acdonald attempted by a com
.
,

b i n e d frontal attack and a tu rning movement, to dislodge

them U nfortunately the rai n came down i n torrents the
.
,

French artillery became embedded i n th e mud th e i nfantry ,

could not fi r e th e cavalry could not charge and a h urried

, ,

retreat alone saved th e Army from absolute annih ilation for, ,

“
as M acdonald wrote in his despatch , The generals can not
prevent the men from seeki ng shelter as their muskets are ,
”
useless to them .

The repulse at th e Katzbach di d n ot weaken th e

’
E mpero r s esteem fo r th e M arshal a nd a few days later
,

h e sent to i nquire his views Of the general S ituation W ith .

absol ute courage h e told th e tru th Th e S ituatio n was

.

hopeless th e o nly wi se course w as to evacu ate all garrisons

i n Germany and reti re on th e S aale U nfortu nately such .
,
’
a retirement wo uld have mean t th e loss of Napoleon s
throne .

O n th e th ird day O f th e battle Of Leipzig i n the mi dst ,

Of th e action M acdo nal d was desert ed by all th e H essi an

,

troops u nder h is command, an d at th e same time M arsh al

, ,

Au gere au , wh o was suppose d to cov er his right, w i th drew

 J AC Q U ES ETI E NN E J OSE P H M AC D O NAL D 193

from th e combat Accordingly th e Marshal retired with

.
,

the remnants o f h is corps to th e E lster only to fin d the ,

bridge blown up Dragged along by the crowd of fugitives

.
,

h e determined n ot to fal l alive i nto the han ds Of the enemy ,

but either to drown Or S h oot h i mself M ore fo rtunate .

,

however than Pri nce Poniatowski h e managed to cross the

, ,

river o n h is horse O nce safely across he was greeted by

.
,

cries from the other bank M onsieur le M aréchal save you r

, ,
”
soldiers save your children I
,
But there was noth ing to be
d one no advice could h e give them save to surrender .

The Duke O f Tarentu m was mainly instrumental in saving

the remnants of the army wh ich had managed to cross the
Elster Going straigh t to the E mperor he laid the S ituatio n
.
,

before him ruthlessly tore aside th e tissue of lies with

,

wh ich the sta ff were trying to caj ole h im and, by his force ,

of will compelled Napoleon wh o for th e time was quite

, ,

u nnerved and mazed , to h urry on the retreat to the Rhi ne .

I t was entirely owi ng to th e M arshal that th e Bavarians

were brushed as i de at H anau and that some few remnants
,

of the great army regained France .

In th e famous campaign of 18 14 M acdonal d fought

fiercely to drive th e enemy o u t Of France H is corps was .

o n e of those wh ich th e E mperor summoned to Arcis sur

Aube There agai n he had to tell Napoleon th e truth and

.

convi nce h im that the enemy were n ot retreating bu t were ,

in full advance o n Paris W hen th e Emperor tried to

.

retrieve h is mistake by following i n the rear, th e M arshal

was i n favour of the bolder course Of advanci ng i nto Alsace
and Lo rraine and Of raising the nation i n arms and th us
, ,

starving ou t th e Allies by cutting Off their supplies and

reinforcements ; and no doubt h e was right for the Czar ,

himself said that th e All ies lost more than three thousand
troops i n th e Vosges without see i ng a single French
soldier .

W hen Napoleo n reached Fo nta i nebleau h e fou nd that he

had shot his bolt S o tired were hi s O fficers a nd me n
.

0
I 94 N AP OLE ON S M ARS H ALS
’

Of co nti nual fighting that when ordered to charge a , ,

general O fficer i n fro nt Of his me n h ad called out Dam n ,

”
it let us have peace I
,
Consequently wh en Macdonal d and
th e other M arshals and general s were i nformed that th e
Allies would n o longer treat with Napoleon they deter ,

mi ned to make h im abdicate Th e E mperor o n summon .

,

i ng h is cou ncil foun d that they no longer feared h i m and

, ,

refused to listen to h i s arguments H oping to save th e .

thro ne for h is so n h e despatch ed Caulai ncourt N ey

, , ,

M armont and M acdonald to the Czar Offeri ng to a b dicate

, , .

The best terms th e Commissi oners coul d get from the Czar
were th at Napoleon must give u p all h Op e o f seeing his son
succeed h im but that he S hould retai n h i s i mperial title and
,
.

sh ould be allowed to r u le the island Of E l ba The Czar .

magnanimously added “ I f he will not accept this sov

,

e re ig n ty a nd if h e ca n fin d n o shelter elsewhere , tell h im I

, ,

say to come to my domi nions There he shal l be received

,
.

"
as a sovereign h e can trust the word of Alexander .

Ney and M armo nt did not accompany th e other C om

missio ners with th eir sorrowful terms ; l ike rats they left
th e S inking ship But M acdonald was of a strai n wh i ch
.

'
h ad stood the test Of the 4 5 and h is proud S cotch blood ,

boiled up when the i nsidi ous Talleyrand suggested that h e

sh ou ld desert h is master telling hi m that h e h ad now
,

NO I am not
"
fu lfilled a l l h is engagements and was free .
, ,
“
was the stern rep l y a nd nobody kn ows better than you
,

that as long as a treaty has n ot been ratified it may be

, ,

ann ulled After that formality is ended I S hall know what

.
,
”
to do The stricken E mperor met h is two faithf u l C om
.

missioners h is face haggard, h is complexio n yellow and

,
“
sickly but for o nce at least h e felt gratitude
,
I h ave .

”
loaded with favours h e said many others wh o h ave n o w
, ,

deserted and abando ned me Y ou wh o o w e me n oth ing .

, ,

have remained faithful I appreciate your l oyalty too late

.
,

and I sincerely regret that I am now i n a positio n i n wh ich

I can only prove my gratitude by words .
I 96 NAP O LE O N S M AR S H ALS ’

fai th before th e longi ngs o f h is h eart he rema i n ed f ai thful ,

to the Bourbo ns I t was th e M arshal w h o at Lyons vai nly

.

endeavoured to aid th e Count Of Artois to organise res ist

’
an ce to Nap oleon s advance I t was h e wh o sh owed th e .

’
King th e van ity O f Ney s bo as t that h e would bri ng back
th e Emperor i n an iron cage who i mpressed o n h im ,

Napoleon s activity and wh o persuaded h im to reti re north

’

wards to Lille and th ere attempt to rally h is f riends to h is

aid M i nisters and King were only too thankful to leave
.

al l arrangements to th is ca uti ous i ndefatigable so l dier wh o , ,

su pervised everyt hi ng Thro ugh ev ery town the monarch .

passe d he fou nd th e same feeli ng o f apathy th e same ,

“ ”
tenden cy among the troops to cry Vive l E m pere ur the ’

same lack O f enterprise among th e o fficials Typi cal Of the .

situ ation w as th e s u b prefect Of Bethu ne wh o stood at the

-
,

door Of the royal carriage one leg h alf n aked h is feet i n ,

-
,

slippers his coat u nder h is arm h is waistcoat u nbuttoned

, , ,

h is h at o n h is head one hand struggling with his sword ,

,

the other trying to fasten h is necktie Th e M arsh al ever .

,
’
mindful Of N apo leo n s activity had to hu rry th e poor King, ,

a nd Lo uis po rt manteau , wi th h is s ix clea n sh ir ts an d his

’

Old pair o f slippe rs got l ost o n the road Th is loss more

, .
,

tha n anythi ng else brought h ome to th e m on arch h is

,
“ "
pitiable condition Th ey have taken my sh irts sai d he
.
,

to M acdonal d I h ad n ot too many i n the firs t place but

.

w hat I re g re t still mor e is th e loss Of my sl ippers S o me da y .

,

m y dear M ars hal you will ap p reciate th e val u e of slippers

,

that h ave tak en th e shape Of your f e et W i th Napoleo n at .

Paris Li lle se em ed to O fier bu t l ittle security and a ccor

, ,

dingly the King determi ned to seek safety i n Belgium .

Th e M arshal es corted hi m to th e frontier and saw h im

put i n ch arge of th e Belgian troops Then promising to .
,

be faithful to h is oath h e took a n affectionate farewell of ,

th e old monarch wi th th e words Farewell , S i r a u revo i r, ,

i n th ree months I
M acdo nald re turned to Paris an d liv ed q uietly i n his ow n
 J AC Q U ES ETI ENN E J OS E P H MAC D O NAL D 197

hou se refusing to have any i ntercourse wi th Napoleon or

,

his ministers W ithi n three mon th s ca me th e ne w s of

.

Waterloo Thereafter against h is will bu t i n accordance

.
, ,

wi th orders , he j oi ned F ou ché wh o h ad established a ,

provisional government F o u ch é who knew th e impor .

,
'

ta nce of out w ard signs sent h im Off to try a n d persuade th e

,

returning monarch to wi n Over the army by mou nting the

tricolou r i nstead of th e wh ite cockade B ut th e King w as .

’
obstinate th e M arshal quoted H en ry Iv s famous say i ng .
,

Paris is worth a mass Th e Ki ng cou ntered with Y es ; .

,

but it was not a ve ry Catholic one But th ough th e King .

would not listen to his advice he called o n h i m to S how hi s

devoti on The imperi al army had to be disbanded —a most
.

u npopular and thankless task, requiri ng bo th tact and fi rm

’
ness At h is sovereign s earnest request M acdonald under
.
,

took th e d u ty bu t with two stipulations : first that h e

‘

, ,
.

should h ave complete freedom o f action ; seco ndl y that ,

he should be i n no way an i nstru ment for in flicting punish

ment on i ndividuals I mmediately on taking up h is a p
.

poi n tment at Bourges th e M arshal summoned al l the ,

generals and Officers to h is presence and i nformed them ,

’
that u nder F ou ch é s supervision a list of proscribed had
, ,

been drawn u p H is advice w as th at all on this list should

.

fly at once That same eveni ng police Offi cials arrived i n

.

the camp to arrest th e proscri be d ; playing o n the fears

Of the mouchards h e locked th em up a l l nigh t a l leging
, ,

that it w as to save th em from th e i nfuriated soldiery Th us .

all the proscri bed es caped ; bu t n either Fouch e n or th e

D ue de Berri cared to b ri ng th e old S oldier to task for
this action S O the M arsh al w as left to work i n hi s o w n
.

way and by O ctobe r 2 1 1 8 15 thanks to h is firmness and

, , ,
“
tact th e bold and u nhappy army wh ich h ad for so long
, ,
"
been triumphant was quietly dissolved without th e slightes t
,

attempt at cha l lenging the royal decisio n .

The M arsh al di d n ot mix much i n politics The King at .

.
,

the se co nd Restoration created hi m arch ch an cel lor Of t he ,

-
198 NA P O LE O N ’
S MARS H ALS

Legion of H onour This post gave h im consi derable ocen

.

patiou as it entailed the supervision Of the schools for the

,

ch ildren O f those wh o had received the Cross a nd h e was ,

for long h appily employed i n looking after th e welfare of

the descen dants Of h is late co mrades i n arms I n N ovember - -
.
,

1 8 3 0 , th e plea Of the gout came opportunely at the mome nt

o f the commencement O f the ] uly monar chy and th e ,

M arshal resigned the arch chancellorship and returned to

-

h is estate Of Courcelles where he lived i n retirement ti ll

,
-

hi s death on S eptember 2 5 1 840 at th e age of seventy fi

, ,
ve,
-
.

I t was a maxi m of Napoleo n that success covers eve ry

th ing that i t is only fail ure which can not be forgiven
,
.

Agai nst th e Duke O f T are n tu m s name stood th e defeats ’

Of Trebbia a nd the Katzbac h B ut i n spite o f this .

,

Napoleon never treated h im as h e treated Dupont and

the other u nfortu nate generals F or M acdonald possessed.

qu alities which were too importan t to be overlooked W i th .

all th e fiery enth usiasm Of th e Gael he possessed to an n u ,

usual degree th e cautio n of the Lowland Sc ot Possessed .

Of great reasoni ng powers and of th e gift of seei ng clearly

both sides of a question he had the necessary force O f
,

character to make up h is mi nd which course to pursue ,

a nd to persevere i n i t to the logical i ssue I n the crossing .

Of th e Vaal i n the fighting rou nd Rome i n th e campaign

, ,

with Prince E ug ene i n I taly before and after Leipzig and

, ,

i n h i s fi nal campaign i n France he proved the correctn ess,

Of h i s j udgment and h is capacity to work o u t h i s careful ly

prepared comb inations H i s defeat at th e Trebbia w a s d u e
.

to the treachery of th e general commanding one Of the

attached divisio ns the rout at the Katzbach was pri marily
due to cl i matic conditions and to th e want Of coh esion
a mong the recent l y drafted recru its which formed the bu l k
Of h i s army O n the stri cken field Of W agram an d i n the
.
,

run ning figh t at H anau , h is i nflexible will an d th e qu ickness

wi th wh ich he gras p ed the vi tal poi nts Of th e problem saved
th e E mpe ror a n d his army .
 A UGU ST E FRE D ER I C L O U I S V I E SS E DE M AR
M O NT MAR S H A L D U KE O F RAGU S A
, ,

U GU S T E FR ED ER I C L O U I S V I E SS E D E
’
MARM O NT the youngest Of Napoleon s Marshals
, ,

was born at Ch ati l lon sur S ei ne o n J uly 2 5 1 7 7 4

- -
, .

The family Of Viesse belonged to the smaller nobili ty wh o ,

from the days Of Richelieu h ad supplied the o fficer s o f the

Marm on t s father had dest ined
’
l ine for the Old royal army .

h im from the cradle for th e m ilitary career and had ,

devoted h is life to trai ning h im both i n body and mi nd

, ,

for the professio n O f arms H is h ours Of patience and

.

self denial were not th rown away for thanks to his early
-
, ,

S parta n traini ng the Duke of Ragusa seldom knew fatigue

,

o r sickness ,
an d owi ng to this physical strength w a s
able with out neglecti ng h is professio nal duties to spend
, ,

h ours on scie ntific and literary work I n 1 7 9 2 young.

M armont at th e age of eightee n passed th e entrance

, ,

exami natio n for the Artil lery S chool at Ch alons an d ,

’
started h is military career wi th h is father s oft repeated -

“
words ringing i n h is ears, M erit withou t success is
i nfinitely better than success without merit but d eterm i
nation a nd merit a l ways command success Th e young .

arti llery cadet had both determinatio n and capacity

an d h is early career foreshadowed h is future success .

Aristocrati c to th e bone M armont detested the excesses

,

Of th e Revo lut i o n ; but politics , duri ng his ea rly years, had

 AUGU STE F R EDE RI C V I ESSE D E MAR M O NT m

little e ffect o n h i s th oughts wh ich were solely fixed on

,

military glory Th e exigencies of th e revolutionary wars

.

cut short h is student days at Ch alons an d before the e nd ,

of 17 9 2 h e was gazetted to th e first a rtillery regiment I n .

February 17 93 he saw h is first active service with the

, ,

Army o f th e Alps u nder General Kellerman n O wing to

, .

th e deart h Of trained O fficers th ough o nly newly gazetted , ,

he performed al l the duties Of a senior colonel laying out ,

entrenched camps an d commandi ng th e arti llery o f th e

divisio n to wh ich h e was attached I t was with th is .

promisi ng record already beh ind h im that h e attracted

’
Bonaparte s attentio n at the siege Of Toulon by h is admirable
h andling of the gu ns u nder h is command and by h is i h ,

v e n ti v e powers , wh ich overcame al l obstacles From th at .

day the Cors i can desti ned h i m for h is servi ce and during ,

th e campaign i n the Mariti me Alps used hi m as an u n

offi cial aide d e camp S O devoted di d M armont become
- -
.

to th e future E mperor that whe n Bonaparte was arrested at

,
’
the ti me Of Robespie rre s fall , h e and J u not formed a plan
Of rescuing their idol by killi ng the sentries and carry i ng
h i m Off by sea .

W hen Bonaparte returned to Paris M armo nt aecom

pa n i e d h im and was Offered the post of superi ntendent
,

o f the gun factory at M ouli ns H e contemptuously refused

.

this position tel l ing the i nspector o f Ordnance that he

,

would not mi nd such a post i n peace time but that h e w as ,

going to se e as much active service as he could wh ile th e

war lasted 8 0 at h is own request h e was posted to th e
,

army of P i ch eg ru which was besiegi ng M a i n tz

, .

A temporary suspension of h ostilities on the Rhi ne gave

h i m the opportunity of o nce agai n j oini ng h is chosen
leader, and early i n 179 6 h e started for I taly o n Bonaparte s '

staff Lodi was one O f the great days O f h is life Early in

. .

the acti on he captured o n e Of the enemy s batteries bu t a ’

moment later he was thrown from h is horse and ridden

over by the wh ole of th e cavalry with ou t however, receiving , ,
 NA P O LE O N S M ARS H ALS
’

a single scratch S carcely had h e mou nted when h e was

.

despatched along th e river u nder fire Of the wh ole Austrian

,

force on th e oth er bank to carry orders to the commander

,

o f the caval ry wh o was engaged i n fording the river higher

,

up O f h is escort of five two were killed while h i s horse

.
, ,

was severely wou nded yet he managed to return i n time to

,

take his p la ce among the ban d of heroes who forced th e

long bridge i n th e face Of a storm of bullets and grape .

Castig l ione added to h is laurels for it was h is handling of ,

the artillery that enabled Au g e re au to wi n h i s great victory .

The Marshal i n h i s M emoirs asserts that th is S h ort

, ,
“
cam paign was the severest strai n h e ever u n derwent I .

never at any other time e ndured such fatigue as duri ng

th e eight days of that campaign A l ways o n h orseback .
,

on reconnaissance, or fighting I was I bel ieve five days , , ,

with out sleep save for a few stolen mi nutes After the
,
.

fi nal batt le the general i n chief gave me leave to rest and I

- -

took full advantage of i t I ate I lay down and I slept

.
, ,

twenty four h ours at a stretch and thanks to youth hardi

-
, , ,

n ess , a good constituti on an d the restorative p owers o f

,

S leep, I was a s fresh agai n as at th e begin ni ng of th e

"
campaign .

Th ough Castiglione thus brough t h i m fresh h on ours it ,

n early caused an estrangement between hi m and h is chief .

F or Bonaparte ever with an eye to th e future desiri ng to

, ,

gai n as many fri e n d s as possible chose on e O f Berth ier s ,

’

s ta ff O fficer s to take the news Of the victory to Paris This .

w as a bitter blow to h is a mbitious aide de camp wh ose - -

,

pride w as further p iqued because h i s hero forgetti ng that ,

he had not to deal wi th o n e of th e ordi nary advent u rers

wh o formed so large a n umber Of the O fficers Of the Army
Of I taly with great want Of tact had Offered h i m Opportu ni
, ,

ties O f addi ng to h is wealth by perquisites and commissions

a b horrent to th e eyes of a descendant of an h on ourable
family Bu t the exigencies Of war and the thi rs t for glory
.

left little time for brooding an d Bonaparte recognising , ,

 AU GU STE D
F R E E RIC VI ESS E DE MARM O NT 20 3

with whom h e had to deal took th e opportu ni ty of th e

,

successfu l fighting wh ich pen ned W arm se r i nto Mantua to

send M armont with despatches to Paris As h is reward the .

Mi nister Of W ar promoted h im colo nel and co mmandant

Of the second regiment o f h orse arti l lery A curious state .

of afl a irs arose fro m th is appoi ntment for promotio n i n th e

,

artillery ran quite i ndependent o f ordi nary army rank .

Accordi ngly the army list ra n as follows Bonaparte lieu

, ,

tenant colo nel Of a battalion Of arti l lery seco nded as general

-
,

i n chief o f the Army of I taly

-
M armont colonel of the
.
,

second regi men t h orse artillery seco nded as aide de camp

,
- -

to Lieutenant Colonel Bonaparte th e commander i n chief

-
,
- -

of the Army o f I taly .

’
Marmont hurried back to I taly i n time to j oi n Bonaparte s
staff a n h our before th e battle of Arcola The Austr ians .

were making their l ast effort to relieve th e fortress of

M antua an d it seemed as if they would be successful as
, ,

Alv i n z i h ad concentrated forty thousan d troops against

twenty six thousand The French attempted a surprise
-
.
,

bu t were discovered and for three days the fate of the

,

campaign hu ng on the stubborn fight i n th e marsh es Of

Arcola I t was Marmo nt wh o helped to extricate Bona
.

parte wh en h e w as fl ung off th e embankment i nto the

ditch , a service wh ich Bo naparte never forgot Diplo .

matic missions to Venice and the Vatican slightly turned the

’
you ng soldier s head an d h is chief had soon to give hi m
,

a severe reprimand for loitering among J oseph ine s beauties ’

at M ilan i nstead of hastening back to h eadquarters But .

to a man of M arm o n t s character o n e word Of warning

’

w as enough ; h is head governed h is heart ; glory was his

loadstar A mbit ious though he w as h e was essentia l ly a
.
,

man of honou r and fi ne feeli ngs and refused the hand O f

,

Pauline Bonaparte for th e si mple reaso n that h e did not

truly love her .

A year later h e made a love match with M ademoiselle

Perregaux , but differences of temperamen t and th e long
2 04 NA P O L EO N S M ARS HALS
’

separation which his mi litary career imposed caused the

marriage to turn ou t u nhapp ily a nd this lack Of domestic
,
’
felicity S poiled the Marshal s life and nearly embittered
'

h is whole character, turn ing h i m for the time i nto a self

centred man with an eye solely to h is ow n glory and a
S harp tongue which di d not S pare even his own friends .

Y et i n h is early days M armo nt was a bright and cheerfu l

companio n a n d no o ne enj oyed more a practical j oke ,

getti ng up sh am duels between cowards or sending bogus

i nstru ctions to Offici ou s commanders B ut fond as h e w as
.

O f amusement even duri ng his early ca reer he could fi nd

,

deligh t i n the society Of men Of scien ce and learni ng

l ike M onge and Berthollet .

After the peace Of Campo Formi o h e accompanied

h is chief to Paris where an i ncident occurred wh ich
,

illustrates well the character Of th e two me n The .

M i nister of W ar wanted detailed i nformatio n regarding

th e E nglish preparati ons agai nst i nvasion , and Bonaparte
Offered to se nd h is aid e de camp as a spy M armont
- -
.

i ndignantly refused to go i n such a capacity a n d a per ,

manent estrangement nearly took place Their standar ds .

had nothi ng i n commo n i n the o ne h ono ur cou ld co nquer

ambition i n the other ambiti on knew no rules Of ho nour
, .

H owever, their lust for glory bro u ght them together

again and M armon t sailed with th e E gyptian expeditio n
, .

H e was despatched north to c o mmand Alexandria after

th e battle Of the Pyramids where Iris gu ns had played S O
,

important a p art i n S hatteri ng th e M amelukes Later h e .

was entrusted with the contro l Of the whole of the

M editerranean littoral H is task was a diffi cult o n e but
.
,

a most useful trai ning for a you ng commander W ith .

a tiny garrison he had to h o l d the important town of

Alexandria an d to keep i n order a large provi nce ; to
organise small colu mns to repress l ocal risi ngs ; to make
h is own arrangements for raising mo ney to pay his troops ,

and consequently to reorganise the fiscal system of th e "

2 06 NAP OLEON S M ARS HALS ’

wa go ns from twen ty four to eight thus greatly simplifyi ng

-
,

the provisio n Of ammu nition and the work of repair i n

th e field .

The M arengo ca m paign added to h is prestige as an

artillery O fficer I t was owing to his i ngenu ity that th e
.

guns were u nmounted and pulled by hand i n cradles up

the steep side Of the mou ntai n and thus safely taken over
the S t Bernard Pass I t was h is i ngenious brai n wh ich
. .

suggested th e paving Of th e road with straw, whereby th e

much needed artillery was forwarded to Lan nes by nigh t
-
,

with ou t any casualties right u nder the batteries of th e

,

fortress Of Bard I t was owing to his foresight that th e

.

reserve battery of gu ns captured fro m the enemy saved

, ,

the day at M arengo by contai ni ng th e Austrians wh ile

D esa i x s fresh troops were being deployed and it was
’

the tremendous e ffect Of h is massed battery which gave

Kellermann th e opportu nity for h is celebrated ch arge .

Th e First Consu l marked h is approval by promoting

M armo nt a general Of division and thus at the age Of ,

twenty six the you ng artillery O fficer had nearly reached

-

the head of h is profession After Marengo h e co ntinued

.

h is work of reorganisation but before th e e n d Of th e year

,

he was o nce agai n i n I taly th is ti me as a divis i onal com

,

mander u nder Bru ne wh o be ing n o great strategist, was

, ,

glad to avail himself Of th e brai ns Of the First Consu l s ’

favourite : it w as th anks to Marm on t s plans that th e '

French army successfu l l y crossed the M i ncio i n th e face

of the enemy and forced o n h i m th e armistice o f Treviso .

W hen More au s victory O f H oh enl inden i nduced Austria

'

to make peace the general was sent to reorganise th e

,

I talian artillery on th e same p ri nciples he had laid down

for th e French H e established a n i mmense fou n dry an d
.

arsenal at Pavia an d th e excellence Of his plans was c l early

,

proved i n many a later campaign Fro m I taly h e was .

recalled to Paris i n S eptember 1 8 0 2 as i nspector general , ,

-

of artillery H e threw himself heart and sou l i nto his n e w

.
 AU GU STE F R E DE RI C V I ESS E DE M AR M O NT 207

duties but fou nd time to i ncrease h i s scientific knowledge

,

and to keep h imself u p to date with everyth ing i n the

'
politica l and scie ntific world H e keenly sup p orted Fulto n s
.

i nvention o f the steamboat an d pressed it on th e Fi rst

,

Co nsul an d to the day of h is death h e was co nvi nced that

, ,

if th e Emperor h ad adopted th e i nvention the invasion Of ,

Englan d would have been successfu l .

Th e year 1 8 04 brough t hi m the deligh t of h is first

important command . I n February h e was appoi nted
chief of th e corps o f the Army Of the O cean which was
stationed i n H olla nd H e entered o n h is task with h is
.

usual fe rvour H is first ste p was to make friends with a l l

.

th e Dutch O fficials and th us to secure th e smooth working

,

O f h is commissariat an d supply de p artments then he turned

to the actual trai ning of h is troops For this purpose h e .

Obtai ned permissio n to h old a big camp Of i nstructio n where ,

all th e divisions of h is corps were massed S O successfu l .

was th is experiment that it became an an nual i nstitution .

Bu t amid al l the pleasure Of this congen ial work came th e

bitter moment when h e found the name of S O mediocre a
soldier as Bessi eres i ncluded i n the list Of th e new M arshals
a n d h i s o w n o mitted I t was a sore blow, and h is appoint
.

ment as colonel general Of the horse Chasseu rs and Grand

-

Eagle O f the Legio n Of H onour did little to mitigate i t .

The E mperor carefu l as ever to stimulate devotion later

, ,

exp l ained to h i m that a dashing Offi cer like himself would

have plenty Of Opport u nities Of gai ning distinction while ,
’
this was B essi éres s only ch ance But i n spi te of th is the
. ,

neglect rankled and from that day h e was no longer the

,

b l indly devoted follower of Napoleon .

O n the outbreak Of the Austrian W ar M a rm on t s corps

’

became the secon d corps o f th e Grand Army I n th e .

Operations ending i n U lm th e seco nd corps formed part

o f th e left wing After th e capitulatio n it was detached
.

to cover the French commu nications from a n attack from

the direction of S tyria I n th e summer of th e following
.
208 NA PO L E O N S M ARS HALS
’

year M armon t was despatched as commander i n ch i ef to - -

Dal matia where h e spent th e next five years Of his life

, .

Dalmatia had been ceded to France by the treaty of Press

'
bu rg I n Napoleon s eyes the importance of th e provi nce
.

lay i n the h arbo u r Of Cattaro which h e regar ded as an ,

outlet to the Balkan Peninsula H is intenti on w as to

.

get possessio n o f M o ntenegro to com e to an u nderstand

,

ing with Al i Pacha o f j ani na an d th e S ultan and oppose ,

th e policy Of Russia B ut the Russians and M ontenegri n s

.

had seized Cattaro a nd were threatening to besiege Ragusa

, .

I t w as to meet this situatio n that th e Emperor I n j uly 180 6 , ,

hastily sent his former favou rite to Dalmatia The new .

comman der I n ch ief fou nd h i mse l f as i n Egypt faced

-
, ,

with the di fficulty Of supply H alf th e army was i n hos

.

pital from want Of proper nourish ment and commonsense

sanitatio n H aving by h is care Of h is men , refilled h is
.
,

battalions, h e advanced boldly o n the enemy an d drove ,

them ou t Of th eir positio ns This pu nish ment kept th e

.

M ontenegri ns quie t for th e future and the Russians fell ,

ba ck on Cattaro From th ere h e w a s u nable to dr i ve

.

them owi ng to th e gu ns o f their fleet an d i t was not til l ,

the treaty Of Tilsit that the French got p ossess i o n of the

coveted port The French commander s ch i ef diffi cu l ty i n
.
’

ad mi nistering h is province was th at wh ich i s felt i n a ll

u ncivilised cou ntries the di fficulty of h oldi ng down a
,

hostile populatio n where roads do n ot exist O ther w i se .

his j ust but stern rule admirably suited the townsmen O f

th e little cities o n the coast while order w as kept among
,

the h ill tribes b y maki ng th eir headmen responsible for

their behaviour and by aidi ng them i n attacking the Turks
, ,

who had seized certa i n tracts Of territory and maltreated th e

i nhabita nts Bu t it was not gratitude which kept the h ill
.

men qu iet so much as the mi les o f new roads O n wh ich

,

the French commander employed his army when n ot

enga ged o n expeditions against restless marauders During .

h is years i n th e Da lmatian prov i nces M armont co nstructed

2 10 NA P O LE O N S M ARS H ALS ’

W agram I n reserve during th e greater part Of the battle

.
,

M arm o n t s ’
corps was entr u sted with the pursuit of the
enemy U n fortu nately either from lack of appreciatio n
.
,

o f the situatio n or fro m j ealousy their commander re ,

fused to allow Davout to co Operate with h im and con -

,

sequently although he overtook the Austrians h e was not

, ,

strong e no ugh to h old them till other divisions Of the army

came u p H owever at the end Of the Operations Napoleon
.
,
’
created h i m Marsh al B ut the Duke of Ragusa s j oy at .

receivi ng this gift was tempered by the way i t was given .

For th e Emperor angry doubtless at the escape Of the

,

Austrians told h im “ I have give n yo u your n omi nation

, ,

and I have great pleasure i n bestowing o n yo u this proof .

Of my affection but I am afraid I have i ncurred the

,

reproach of listeni ng rather to my affectio n than to your

right to this distinctio n Y ou have plenty of i ntelligence .
,

but there are needed for war qualities i n which you are
still lacking a nd which you must work to acquire B e
,
.

tween ourselves you have not yet done enough to j ustify

,

entirely my choice At th e s ame time I am confident.

,

that I shall have reason to congratulate myself on having

nomi nated you and that you wi ll j ustify me i n the eyes o f
,
”
th e army U nki nd critics o f the three new M arshals
.

created after W agram said that Napoleo n having lost ,

Lan nes wanted to get the small change for h im but i t

, ,

i s o nly fair to remember that though M acdonald M armont , ,

and O u di n ot were all i nferior to Lan nes they were q uite ,

as good soldiers as some O f the original M arshals .

After peace was declared the new M arshal returned to

Dal matia and took up th e threads Of h is Old life H e had .

w o n the respect of the i nhabitants a nd the fear o f their

foes th e Turks and save for an occasional expedition
, ,

agai nst th e brigands or friction with the fiscal Offi cials ,

h i s ti me passed peaceably and p leasantl y B ut i n 1 8 1 1 he .

'

was recal led to Pari s to receive orders before starti ng on a

“
n ew sphere of duty Mass ena th e spoiled ch ild of vic.
,
 AU GU STE FR E D ERI C V I ESS E DE MAR M ONT 2 11

tory h ad met h is match at Torres Vedras and Napoleon ,

, ,

blaming the man i nstead Of the system had determi ned ,

to try a fresh leader for the army Opposing S ir Arthu r

W ellesley Th e Emperor did not h ide from h imself th e
.

fact that i n selecti ng M armont h e was maki ng an exp eri

men t for h e told S t Cyr that h e h ad sent M armon t to
, .

S pai n because h e had plenty Of talent but th at he had not ,

yet tested to the fu ll h is force of character an d h e added , ,

“
I shal l soon be able to j udge O f that for n ow he is left to ,

h is ow n resou rces Th e new commander of the Army O f

.

Portugal se t o u t with the fu ll co nfidence that th e task was

not beyond h is powers and with th e promise of th e vice
,

royalty of one of the five provi nces i nto wh ich S pai n w as to

be divided H e arrived at th e fro nt two days after the battle
.

Of Fuentes d On orO and fou nd a very di fferent state Of a ffairs

’

from what h e ha d expected The country was a h owling .

waste cove red with fierce guerillas Th e French army so .

,

long accustomed to success , was absolutely demoralised by

repeated disappoi ntments and defeats I t was necessary .

to take stringent measures to restore the morale o f th e

troops before he coul d call o n them to face o nce more
“
th e i nfan try wh ose fire was the most murderous o f all
the armies of E urope .

Accordingly he wi thdrew fro m the Portugu ese frontier ,

put h is army i nto cantonments rou nd S alamanca an d set ,

to work on the diffi cult task Of collecting supplies from a

country which was already swept bare M eanwhile he split up .

h is army into S i x divis i ons established direct comm u n i ca

,

tions betwee n h i mself an d the divisional Ofli cers and , to ,

get rid of the grumblers, gave leave to all O fli cers wh o ,

so desired to return to France At th e same time h e

, .

distributed h is we ak battalions among the other corps so

that each battalio n had a complement of seven h u ndred
muskets . H e also broke up the weak squadrons an d
batteries and brought u p the remainder to service strength .

Scarce l y was th is reorgan i sation completed when S oult ,

2 12 NA P O LE O N S MARS H ALS ’

who had been defeated at Albu era called o n M armont to ,

aid him i n savi ng Badaj oz I n S p ite o f h is personal disl ike

.

for the Duke o f Dalmatia the M arsh al h u rried to h is aid ,

and for th e time the i mportant fortress w as saved Duri ng .

the rest o f the s u mmer the Army Of Portugal l ay i n the

valley of the Tagus h oldi ng the bridge of Almaraz and
, ,

thus ready at any moment to go to th e relief Of Badaj oz

or Ciudad Rodrigo the two keys Of Portugal W hen i n
, .
,

th e au tumn W elli ngton threatened Ciudad Rodrigo the

, ,

M arshal calling to h is aid D orse n n e wh o commanded i n

, ,

Northern S pain at the successful engagement Of E l Bodi n

,

drove back the advance guard Of the Ang l o Portuguese and -

threw a large quantity Of provisions i nto the fo rtress .

Th e year 18 1 2 was a disas trous o n e for the French arms

all over E urope The E mperor attempted to direct th e
.

S panish W ar from Paris I n hi s desire to secure all S outh ern

.

S pai n h e stripped M arm o n t s army to rei nforce S u chet i n

,
’

his con q u est of Valencia Accordingly i n j anuary th e

.

’
Marshal was powerless to stop W ellington s dash at Ciudad
Rodrigo and w a s u na b le later to make a suffi cient demon
,

s tra ti o n i n P ortugal to re l ieve th e pressure o n Badaj oz ; so

both the fortresses fe l l an d th e D u ke Of Ragusa w as blamed

,
’
for the E mperor s mistake H e was thereafter called upon .

to try to stem the victorious adva nce of the E nglish i nto

S pai n S h ort o f men of h orses and Of s u pplies he did
.
, , ,

wo nders Thanks to h is strenuous e fforts supplies were

.
,

massed at S alaman ca good food and careful n ursing ,

emptied the h osp itals and filled the ranks and the cavalry ,
“
w as supplied with remou nts by dismou nting the field
Offi cers o f the infantry Th e month Of j uly saw an .

interesting duel rou nd S alamanca between M armont and

Wellington .Th e two armies were ver y nea rly equal i n
numbers the French havi ng fo rty seven th ousand men and
,
-

the English forty four thousand -

Th e French h a d the .

adva ntage of a broad base wi th li nes Of retreat ei ther on

B u rg os or M adrid The E nglish had to cover th eir single
.
2 14 NA P O LE O N S M ARS HALS
’

campaign progressed h e moulded them i nto shape and h i s

, ,

d ivisi ons did good service i n the fighting i n S ilesia and

rou nd Dresden At the rout after th e battle Of Leipzig
.
,

M armont like most Of the h igh er Officers o f the army

, ,

thought more O f h is personal safety than o f h is h onour ,

a nd allowed h i mself to be escorted from the field by h is

staff O fficers .

But i n th e campaign Of 1 8 14 h e made amends for all h is

former blunders an d h is fighting record stands high indeed
, .

At S ai nt Dizier La Roth i ere Arcis su r Aube Nogent

-
, ,
- -
, ,

S ezan ne and Champaubert he held his o w n or defeated

, ,

the enemy with i nferior nu mbers i n every case O nce .

only at Lao n did h e allow h i mself to be surprised W hen .

’
the e nd came it was M armo nt who at j oseph s command , ,

had to hand over Paris to the Allies Thereafter h e was .

faced with a terrible problem H is army was S ick of

.

fighting o fficers and men dema nded peace H e h ad to

, .

decide wh ether his d uty to Napoleon was the same as h is

duty to France U nfortu nately h e acted h urriedly and
.
, ,

without i nforming the Emperor entered i nto negotiations ,

with the enemy The result w as far reaching for h is

.
-
,

conduct sh owed Alexander that the army was sick Of war

and wou ld no longer figh t for Napoleo n I t th us cut away .

the ground Of th e Commissioners wh o were trying by ,

trading o n the prestige O f th e E mperor and the fear Of

h is name to persu ade th e Czar to accept Napoleon s
,
’

abdi catio n on beha l f of h is son the King of Rome The , .

M arshal s enemies put down h is action to i llwill against th e

’

Emperor for wi thholding for so long the marshalate and

for h is treatment after S alamanca B ut M armont asserted .

that it was patri otism wh ich dictated his action an d further ,

mai ntai ned that Napoleon h imself ought to h ave approved

“
of his action quo ting a conversatio n held i n
,
1 8 1 3 If .

th e e nemy i nvaded France said th e Emperor an d seized

, ,

the heights O f M ontmartre you would naturally believe that

,

the safety Of your country would command you to leave

 AUGU STE F RE D ERI C V I ESS E DE M ARM O NT 2 15

me and if you did S O you would be a good Frenchman

, ,

a brave man a conscie ntious man but not a man of

, ,

honou r
The defectio n of the Duke of Ragusa cam e as a bitter
“
blow to Napoleon That M armo nt shoul d do su ch a
.

th ing cried the fa l len Emperor a man with whom I h ave

, ,

shared my bread whom I drew o u t Of Obscurity ! U n

,

grateful vi llain h e wil l be more u nhappy than I

,
The .

prophecy was true T h e Duke of Ragusa stu ck to th e

.

Bourbons and refused to j oi n Napoleo n during the H u n

dred Days going to Ghent as ch ief Of th e military
,

household Of the exiled King H e returned with Lou is to .

Paris and was made maj or general Of the Royal G uard

,
-

and a peer of France i n which capacity h e sat as on e ,

of the j udges wh o condemned Ney to death But me n .

looked askance at him and from 1 8 17 h e lived i n retirement

'
, ,

occu pyi n g h i s leisure i n experimental f a rming with great ,

i nj ury to h is purse for his elaborate scheme Of housing his

,

S heep i n three storied barns and cloth ing them i n coats made
-

of ski n was most u nprofitable Retirement was a bi tter .

blow to th e kee n soldier but the Bourbo n mo narchs ,

clearly u nderstood that the deserter Of Napoleo n and the

j udge Of Marshal Ney could never be popular with th e
army .

S till when i n j uly, 1 8 30 discontent was seeth ing Charles

, , ,

X remembered h is sterling qualities and su mmoned hi m

.

to Paris as governor of th e city I t was an u nfortunate .

'
nomination for the Marshal s u npopu larity weakened th e
,

bonds of discipli ne wh ilst h is eagerness to S h ow his

,

loyalty caused hi m to adopt su ch measures as th e King

ordered irrespective of their military worth I n vai n h e
, .

warned th e King that this was not a revolt but a revol a

tion ; the cou nsels Of Polignac were al l powerful Th e .

’
Marshal s political suggestio ns were u nheeded and his
military plans ove rridden The mass Of th e troops Of th e .

line kept fo r long h o u rs with out food i n th e stre e ts

,
,
2 16 N AP OLE ON S M A RS HALS ’

muti nied and went over to the populace whi le th ose wh o ,

remained loyal an d the royal guards i nstead Of being con

, ,

ce n tra te d and protected by batteries Of artillery were ,

frittered away i n use l ess expeditio ns into outlying parts of

’
the city After two days fighting the royalists h ad to
.

evacuate the city Th us it fell to th e lot of th e M arshal

,
.

o nce more to h and over Paris to the foes O f those to who m

-

his allegiance was due .

The Duke o f Ragusa accompan ied Charles to Cherbourg

an d quitted France i n August, 1 8 3 0 never to return Th e , .

remai n der Of h is life was S pent i n foreign cou ntries H e .

mad eVienna h is headquarters and from there took j ourneys ,

to Russia Turkey, E gypt an d I taly Deeply i nterested i n

, , .

science and h istory, h e devoted h is leisure to writi ng his

M emoirs to works o n military science philanthropy an d
, , ,

travel Th us occupied though an exile fro m h is cou ntry

.
, ,

he lived a b u sy active, an d o n the wh ole usefu l life till

'

death overtook h i m at Vienna i n 1 8 52 .

M arshal M armont has been called o n e Of Napoleon s ’

failures but th is criticism is O n e sided an d u nj ust True i t

,
-
.

is that his name is i ntimately connected with the failure i n

S pai n and with th e fall of th e Empire bu t to j udge h is ,

career by these two i nstances an d to neglect h is oth er work ,

i s to generalise from a n i nsuffi cient and casual basis Th e .

Duk e Of Ragusa owed his marshalate li ke many others to , ,

h is i ntimacy wi th N apoleon but u nlike several Of th e ,

M arshals h e really earned h is b aton H is great powers of .

organisation S O u nsti ntedly given to the rearmament Of

,

Fra nce and I taly and h is work Of regeneration i n Dalmatia

, ,

together with his mi litary operati ons i n S tyria S pain and , ,

during th e campaign of 1 8 14 mark h im ou t as a soldier Of ,

great capabi l ities O rganisation was h is strong po i nt bu t

.
,

h e also possessed great physical bravery and many Of

the qualities of a commander H is love for his profession .

’
w as great and n or only had he graduated u nder Napoleon s
,

eye , but much of his time was spent i n studyi ng his calling
2 18 N A P O LE O N S M AR S H ALS
’

des ertion of N apoleon embittered him and caused his

,

M emoirs to teem with cutti ng descriptions of h is con

temporaries and former fr i ends his old age th ough spent i n
, ,
“
exile w as soothed b y congenial work wh ich proved that
,

to the eye of a general h e u nited the accomplish ments of a

”
sch olar a nd the h eart of a phi lanthropist
.
 LO U I S GA BR I E L S U C H ET MA R S H A L D U KE , ,

O F A LB U F E RA

OUIS GABR I E L S U C H ET the son Of a silk ,

manufacturer was born at Lyons o n March 2

, ,

17 7 0 H is father had acquired a certai n eminence

.

by h is discover i es i n h is professio n , and had occupied a

prominent place i n the mu nicipality o f Lyons Lou is .

Gabriel wh o received a sou nd ed u catio n at the College of

,
’
I s l e Barbe early sh owed that h e i nherited h is father s gifts
,

o f organisation and research I n 1 7 9 2 h e entered a corps

.

of volunteer cavalry H is educatio n an d abi lity soo n

.

’
brought h i m to the front an d after two years serv i ce h e
,

became lieutenant colonel of the eighteenth demi brigade

- -
,

i n which capacity h e took part i n the Siege of Toulon .

There h e had the double good fortu ne to make priso ner

General O H ara the E nglish governor Of the fortress a nd
’

, ,

to gai n the friendshi p Of Bonaparte S uchet an d h is .

brother accompanied the future E mperor on many a

pleasant picnic an d the three were well known among a
,

certain class of M arseil les society B ut this was but .

a passing ph ase and soo n the th irst for glory ca l led the
,

young soldier to sterner things The campaigns Of 1 7 94—5 .

i n the M aritime Al p s the battle of Loano and the fierce

, ,

fights i n 17 9 6 at Lodi Rivoli Arcola and Castiglione

, , ,
’
proved Co l onel S u ch e t s u ndau nted courage and ability '

as a regimental commander I n 1 797 for h is bril l iant

.
,
2 19
2 20 NA P O LE O N S M ARS H ALS
’

co nduct at Neu markt i n S tyria Bonaparte gazetted hi m

, ,

general of brigade I n h i s new capacity S uchet proved

.

that he cou ld not only carry out orders but a ct i n semi

i ndependence a s a colum n commander and as a reward for ,

h is success in S witzerland u nder General Bru n e h e had the

honour of carrying twenty three captu red stands of colours
-

’
to the Directory At Bru ne s request he w a s sent back to
.

S witzerland to act as chief of h is staff S uchet had to a .

great exten t those qualities wh ich go to make a n ideal staff

O fficer H e h ad a cheery s mi le an d word for everybody
.
,

and h i s tall u pright figure and gen ial face inspired con
fide n ce i n Office rs and men alike ; as a regimental com
mander and a general Of brigade h e had a sou nd knowledge
o f the worki ng o f s mall and large corps an d h is e a rly ,

experience as a cavalry O fficer an d h i s i ntimate acquai ntance

with the O fficers of the arti l l ery stood h im i n good stead .

H e had a natural apti tude for drafti ng orders and h is tact ,

and energy commended h i m to al l with whom he served ,

but above all he h ad th e s ecret Of i nspiring those arou nd

h im with his o w n vehemence and enth usiasm Bru ne .
,

j ou bert, M ass ena and M oreau all proved h is worth and

, ,

M orea u o nly expressed th e Op i nion O f the others wh en h e

“
sai d to a friend Y our general i s one of the best st a ff
,
"
o fficers i n all th e armies o f France As ge neral o f .

d ivisio n S uchet acted as ch ief Of the staff to j ou bert i n

I taly i n 1 7 99 Later i n th e year h e c ommanded on e of th e
.

di visions Of th e Army Of the Alps u nder M ass ena and fought ,

against the celebrated S u v a roff But when j oubert was

.

h urriedly despatch ed to I taly he at once dema nded to have

S uchet as chief o f the staff O n j ou b ert s death at th e
.
’

battle of N ovi S uchet served M ass ena i n a S imilar capacity

,

the latter w as S O delighted with hi m that he wanted to carry

hi m O ff to th e Army O f the Rh i ne B ut i n that disastrous
.

year men of a b ility could not be spared an d Bernadotte as , ,

M inister O f W ar retained hi m i n I taly to aid th e new

,

commander i n chief “ with his clear i nsight as the pu blic

- -
 LO U I S GA B RI E L SUC H ET 22 1

weal demands W hen Massé n a took command of the Army

.

of I taly i n M arch he detached S uchet to cover France o n the

,

line o f th e Var while he with the rest of the army threw

, , ,

himself i nto Genoa The commander i n ch ief had absolute

.
- -

confidence i n h is lieutenant ; h e had tried h im agai n and

agai n i n the S wiss campaign and when S uchet had by a,

marvellous march escaped the tangles Of the Russians his ,

“
only comment had been I was qu ite sure h e would bri ng
me back his brigade The you ng general acted once agai n
.

up to h is reputation and evi nced those resources i n d i fficulty

, ,

and that resol ution i n adversity wh ich so marked h is ,

career W ith a mere h andful o f troo p s by h is energy and

.
,

tactical ability he stemmed the flood of the Austrian i n

v a si o n o n the Var and when Napoleon debouched through
,
’
the S t Bernard Pass o n th e enemy s rear by a masterly
.
,

return to the i ni tiative h e drove the Austrians before h im ,

and by capt u ring seven thousand prisoners h e material ly

lightened the Firs t Consu l s d i fficulties i n the M arengo
’

campaign . Carnot the W ar M inister wrote to h im i n

, ,

eulogistic terms : “ Th e whole Republi c had i ts eyes fixed

o n th e new Thermopyl ae Y our bravery was as great and
.

”
m ore successful than that Of the S partans But i n spite of .

this feat o f arms and the u nselfish way he disengaged

Dupont fro m h is di fficulties at the crossi n g o f the M i ncio ,

i n the campaign wh ich followed M arengo S u chet found ,

h i mself neglected and passed over when the Emperor di s

tributed his new honours and rewards In spite of h is .

former friendship a nd the remembrance O f many a pleasant

day Spent together i n earlier years Napoleo n could not ,

forgive h is stern u nbending republicanism H e knew his .

force of character too well to thi nk he could i n fluence h is

Opin ions by mere honours and h e determi ned to see i f h e
,

could conquer h im by neglect After h olding the O ffice of .

i nspector general Of i nfantry S uch et fo un d h imself i n 1 8 03

-
,

sent to th e camp of Boulogne as a mere d ivisional co m

’
mander i n S o u lt s army corps I n th e same ca pacity he .
222 NA P O LE O N S M ARS HALS
’

loyally served u nder Lannes i n the Austrian campaign Of

18 05 , and disti nguished h imself at U l m and Austerlitz ,

where h is divisio n had the good fortune to break th e Russian

centre I n the following year at S aalfeld and j ena he added
.

to h is reputation and th e Emperor did hi m th e h onour of

,

bivouacking i n the m iddle o f his division o n the eve Of the

battle o f j en a Pultusk and Eylau bore witness to h is
.

bravery and address o n the battlefield and Napoleon began ,

to relent F or h is share Of the victory Of Austerli tz the

.

Emperor had created h i m Gra nd Eag l e O f th e Legion of

H onour an d presented h im with twenty th ousand francs ;
i n August 1 8 0 7 he gave h i m the temporary command of
, ,

the fifth corps ; a few months later h e gazetted h i m Cheva

lier of th e I ro n Crown and i n M arch , 1 8 0 8 made h im a
, ,

Cou nt Of the Empire I n 1 8 07 S uch et marrie d on e of the

.

Clarys a re la tIv e of j oseph Bonaparte s wife an d thus to

,
’

a certain extent bou nd h imself to the Napoleon ic dynas ty .

S till it was only as a d ivisional commander of the fifth

corps u nder Lannes that i n 18 0 8 h e entered S pain th e ,

scene Of h is glory B ut wh en th e war brough t to light the

.

poor quality Of many of th e M arshals and the approach ing

,

con fl ict with Austria caused h i m to withdraw h is best

lieutenants to th e Danube Napoleo n bethough t hi m of h is
,

new relative and former comrade After th e siege Of S ara

.

gossa h e gave h im the command of the third corps now ,

’
known as the Army of Aragon S u che t s h our Of probatio n
.

h ad at last arrived H e had so far sh own h imself a n excel

.

lent interpreter O f th e ideas Of others a man of energy and

,

resource i n carryi ng out orders ; i t remained to be seen

whether he could rise to the h eight O f thi nking and acti ng
for h imself i n the plai n Of higher strategy .

The situatio n the new general was called o n to meet

might have depressed a weaker man The th ird corps or .

Army O f Arago n had been severely shaken by the long ,

s tubborn siege Of Saragossa M any of its best O fficers and

.

men were dea d or invalided to France the ra nks were ful l

2 24 N OL ON S
AP E
’
M ARS HALS

a battal ion was despatch ed o n a reconnaissance to occupy a

small town and the Offi cer commandi ng demanded a th ou
,

sand rations for h is men a nd a hundred for h i s h orse the ,

“
Alcalde at o nce replied I kn ow that I must furnish rations
‘

for your troops bu t I will only supply seven hu ndred and

,

eighty fo r the me n and sixty for the h orses as he knew ,

beforehand the exact n umber of men a nd h orses i n th e

colum n .

Th e S panish General B l ake with this wonderful i n te lli

,

gence organisation at h is command called together h i s ,

troo p s an d took the i nitiative agai nst the new French

,

co mmander b y advanci ng towards S aragossa S uchet .

,

recognisi ng th e i mportance of u tilising to the full the élan

which the French soldier always derives from th e sense of
attacking advanced to mee t h i m near Alcaniz but Blake
, ,

easily beat Off the French at tack S O demoralised was th e

.

Army of Aragon that o n th e followi ng night when a ,

drummer cried o u t that he saw the S panish cavalry a dva n

ci ng an entire i nfantry regiment threw down their arms
,

before this phanto m charge The O ffender was brough t at

.

o nce before a dru mhead court martial and shot but with ,

troops i n such a conditio n the French commander very

wisely slowly fel l back the next day towards S ar agossa .

The S ituatio n w as extremely critical a h urried retreat wo u l d

h ave roused all Aragon to th e attack fortu nately th e morale
o f the S panish troops was also none too good and B lake ,

waited for rei nforceme nts before advancing M eanwhile .

S uchet spe nt every h our reorganisi ng h is army visiti ng with ,

speedy pu nishment a l l slackn ess encouraging where possible

,

by praise everywhere S howi ng a cheerfulness an d confidence

,

h e was far fro m feeli ng Every day the troops were drille d
.

or attended musketry practice ; th e ordi nary routine o f

peace was carried ou t i n every detail and th e civil an d ,

military life Of Sar agossa sh owed n o signs of the greatness

Of this crisis M eanwh ile ca re an d attenti on soon showed
.

their effect, and when th ree weeks later the enemy appeared
 LO U I S GA B RI E L S UC H ET 225

at M ar i a before S aragossa, S uchet had u nder h is comman d

a force full of zealous desire to wipe ou t i ts late disgrace
and absolutely confident i n i ts ge neral Fortu nately th e .

S pan i sh commander by attempting a wide enci rcling move

,

ment weakened h is numerical superiority and S uchet as

, , ,

usual a ss um i ng th e offensive broke the S panish ce ntre wi th

,

his cavalry h urled h is i nfantry i nto th e gap and amid a

, ,

terrific th u nder Sh ower drove the S panish fro m the field

-
.

Th e battle before S aragossa saved Aragon for the Fren ch ,

but it did not satisfy their commander who knew that to ,

move swiftly, strike vigorou sly and secure all th e fru its of
,
”
victory is the secret o f successful war ; accordingly with
his n e w elated troops h e pursued the enemy a nd attacked
th em at Belchite The S pa n ish morale was completely
.

broken a cha n ce S hot at th e com mencement of the e n gage

ment ble w u p an ammunitio n wagon an d th ereo n th e
, ,

whole army turned and bolted for the rest of th e war, n o

regular resista nce existed i n Aragon .

The battles of S ar agoss a and Belchite marked th e com

men cement of a fresh stage i n th e conquest Of E astern
S pai n . From thi s ti me o nwards Arago n became th e base
from which was organised th e co nquest of Catalonia a nd
Valencia I t was i n pursuance Of this scheme that S uch et s
.
’

next tas k was th e organisation of th e civil government

of the anc i ent kingdom of Ara gon Fortu nately for th e .

commander i n ch ief the Old local patr i otism burn t str ong
- -

i n th e h earts of th e Aragonese ; j ealous of the Castilians ,

th ey placed thei r love of Arago n far above their love o f

S pain . S uchet, an ardent student of hu man nature was ,

quick to appreciate h ow to turn to h is use thi s provi ncialism .

Loud i n h is praises of their stubborn resista nce to the

French ar ms, he approached th e nobles and former civi l
serva nts and prayed them to lend hi m th eir help i n restoring
the for mer glories of the ancient kingdom of Aragon .

Meanwh ile the peop le o f the town s and vi llages were p ro

p i ti a ted by a stern j ustice and a new fiscal system , wh ich ,
Q
2 26 N A P O L E O N S M ARS H ALS
’

while i t drew more fro m their pockets was less aggravating ,

a nd i nquisitorial than th e former method wh ich exacted a ,

tax o n the sale a nd p urchase of every i ndividual article .

M eanwhile the needs of th e French army created a market

for both agricultural produce and for manufactured articles ,

an d hence both the urban and rural populations wh il e ,

payi ng h eavier t axes made greater profits than formerly

, .

S uch w a s th e abil ity with which Arago n was admi nistered

that a provi nce which eve n i n its most prosperous days had
,

never co n tri b u ted more than four mi llion fran cs to th e

S pan ish treasury was able to produce an i ncome of eight
,

m illion francs for the pay o f th e troops alone, witho u t

cou nting the cost of mi litary Operations and at the same ,

time to maintain its own civi l servants wh il e works of ,

pu bl ic u tility were comme nced i n S aragossa and elsewhere .

But it was not only from the poi nt o f fi nance that S uchet
proved to the full th e maxi m that the art of war is n othi ng
bu t the art o f feedi ng your troops : h is military opera
tions were no wh it less remarkabl e than his su ccess as a
civi l admi nistrator I mmediately after Belchi te b e swept
.

all the guerillas o u t o f Aragon and by a careful ly th ough t

,

ou t plan of garrisons gave the cou ntry that peace an d

certainty wh ich is requisite for commerce and agriculture

alike H e then proceeded to wrest from the enemy the
.

important fortresses of Lerida and M equinenza wh ich ,

’
comman d th e ap p roaches to Catalonia S u ch e t s conquest .

o f Ar agon ,
Catalon ia an d Valencia was marked by a
,

succession of brilliant sieges Lerida Mequinenza Tortosa,

.
, ,

th e fort o f S an Feli pe the C ol of B a la n q

,
ue r Tarragona , ,

S agunto and Valencia a l l fell before h is conquering arm

, ,

fo r S pai n had to be wo n piece by piece E ach for w ard .

step was marked b y a siege a battle to defeat the relievi ng

,

force the fa l l Of the fortress and its carefu l restoration as a

, ,

base for the n ext a d vance I t w a s not owi ng to any weak

.

ness or want of precautio n o n the part Of the enemy th at

S uchet thus captured all th e n oted fortresses Of central
2 28 NAP OLEON S MARS HALS
’

the victoriou s advance o f W el lingto n and the battle Of

Vittoria compelled S uch et to evacuate Valencia The f al l .

Of Pampeluna caused hi m to evacuate Arago n Deprived .

of all h is trustworthy troops h e still by h is bol d cou nter

, ,

attacks de l ayed the advance of th e English and S paniards

,

u nder Bentinck b ut by the time Napoleo n abdicated h e

,

had bee n compelled with h is handful of men to fall back

o n French territory .

U nder the Restoratio n the M arshal was retained i n com

mand Of the tenth divisi on but o n Napoleon s return from
,
'

E lba he once agai n rej oi ned h is old leader whom h e had ,

not seen si nce 1 8 0 8 Th e Emperor greeted h im mos t

.

“ ” “
cordially . M arshal S uchet h e said , you have grow n
,

greatly i n reputa tio n si nce last we met Y ou are welcome ; .

you bri ng with you glory and al l th e glamour that heroes

give to thei r contemporaries on earth Th e Marshal was
.

at once sent O ff to h is old h ome of Lyons to organise th ere

out of nothing an army which was to cover the Alps M en .

th ere were i n plenty but th e a rse na ls were emp ty still th e

, ,

Marshal with ten th ousand troops beat th e Piedmontese o n

j u ne 1sth and a few days afterwards defeated th e Austrians .

But the occupation of Geneva by the Allies forced h i m to

evacuate S avoy an d fall b a ck on Lyons where he was ,

greeted wi th th e news of W aterloo U nder the second .

Restoration the Marsh al never appeared i n publi c life and ,

died at th e ch ateau of S aint j oseph at M arseilles o n

j anuary 3 1 8 2 6
,
.

Ta l king to O Mea ra at S t H elena, Napoleon said “ O f

’
.
,

th e gen erals o f France I give the preference to S uchet .

Before his time M ass ena w as the first At another ti me he

.

sai d of him I t is a pity that mortals can not i mprovise men

,

like hi m I f I had h ad two M arshals like S uchet I sho ul d

.

not only have conquered S pain but h ave kept it ,

W h ile .

m aking due allowance for the probab ility that the E mperor
wa s i nfluenced i n th is speech by th e fact th at S uchet alone
relieved the gloom Of the u nsuccessful war i n S pai n it i s ,
 LO U I S GAB RI E L S UC H ET 2 29

yet abu ndantly clear that th e M arsha l was a commander of

n o mean ability for though h e did n ot show the precocity
,

o f a M armont yet as Napoleo n h imself said

, ,
S uchet was ,
"
a man whose mind and character i ncreased wo nderfully .

As a commander i n ch ief th ough acting i n a small sphere

- -
,

a nd never having more than fifty th ousan d troops u nder

his command he showed that h e possessed determi nat i on
, ,

i nsight and great powers of organisation From th e first

,
.

h e saw that th e one an d o nly way to wear down the S panish

resista nce was to cap ture the fortresses H ence h is opera .

tions were twofold— the conduct of sieges and the protection

o f his co nvoys fro m the guerillas H e j ustified his reaso n .

i ng ; by 1 8 1 2 he had captured n o less than seventy seven -

th ousand O fficers and men and fourteen h undred guns

and had pacified Aragon Valencia and part of Catalonia
, ,
.

Another great secret of h is success lay i n the fact that he

knew h ow to profit by victory ; th e battle of Belch ite
followed on that of M aria ; no sooner was Lerida captured
than plans were made to take M equi nenza and before that ,

fortress was captured the siege trai n for Tortosa was g ot

ready Pro fiting by the depressio n o f th e enemy after the
.

fall of Tortosa h e despatched colum ns to capture S a n

,

Felipe and th e Col o f B a la n qu er Thanks to h is former .

trai ning as chief of the staff the M arshal was able wi th his
,

own hand to draw u p al l the smallest regu lations for siege

Operatio ns a nd for the govern ment of Arago n an d Valencia
, .

The gift of drafti ng clear and concise orders and the i ntui
tion with which he chose h is staff an d colu mn co mmanders
explai n to a great extent the reaso n why his operati ons i n
Catalonia Aragon and Valencia were so little hampered by
, ,

the constant gueri l la warfare which paralysed the other

French commanders i n S pai n The i ndefatigable e nergy .

with which he made h imse l f personally acquainted wi th

every o fficer u nder h is command and his knowledge O f , ,

sympathy with and ca re for h is soldie rs always made h i m

, ,

popul ar ; while th e burn ing enth us i asm which he kn ew

2 30 NA P O LE O N S M ARS HALS
’

h ow to i nfuse into French German , and I talian alike so

,

stimulated h is troops that h e could demand almost any

sacrifice from them Th us i t w as th at h e h imself created
.

th e morale wh ich enabled h i m agai n and again to conquer

agai nst overwhelming Odds .

As a man moderation and j ustice lay at the root of h is

,

character and th ey accou nt largely for h is success as a

,

statesman .H e had th e di fficult task of admi nisteri ng

Aragon and Valencia for the benefit of the army un der
h i s command ; yet h e was remembered n ot with hate but ,

with a ffection by the people Of those c ountries W hen any

, .

one i nquired w hat w as the character of the French g e ne ra l ,

”
the S paniards would reply H e is a j ust man
,
Th e same
.

moderatio n which caused hi m to save Tarragona and

Valencia from the fury of his troops taugh t h i m to devote
h imself to the welfare of his temporary subj ects and caused,

h is hos p ital arrangements to receive the gratuitous pra i se of

the S panish and English commanders At S aragossa h i s
.

name was given to on e of the principal streets and o n ,

his death th e inhabitants of th e town paid for masses for

h is soul wh ile th e Ki ng of S pai n w as o nly voicing the
,

feeli ngs Of the people wh en h e wrote to th e M arshal s ’

widow that everyth ing h e had heard i n S pai n proved h ow

deservedly th e Duke o f Albufera had gained the a ffection s
o f the people of Valencia and Aragon .
232 NA P O LE O N S MARS H ALS
’

but th e folly of the Convention wh ich instead of seeking to ,

dimi nish the nu mber Of its enemies seemed resolved to ,

augme nt them by successive i nsults not merely agai nst ,

”
all ki ngs but agai nst every existi ng govern ment
,
I n S p ite .

Of th is when Europe threatened France Laurent Gouvio n

, ,

w as one o f the first to enlist i n the vol u nteers H is perso n .

al ity and fOrm er training at o nce made themselves felt ;

with i n a month Of enlisting h e w as elected captain i n ,

which grade h e j oi ned the Army of the Rhi ne u nder General

C u sti ne O n reachi ng the front the vol u nteer captain soon
.

fou nd scope for h is pencil I n an a rmy th oroughly dis

.

organised a good draughtsman with an eye for cou ntry was

n o despicable asset Gouvion was attach ed to th e topo
.

graphical department of the staff H e added h is mother s .

’

name — S t Cyr— to his surname because of the consta nt

.

confusio n arising owing to the number Of G ou vi on s em

'
pl oyed with the army After a year s h ard work on the
.

staff duri ng wh ich h e acquired a th orough gra sp of th e

,

art of ma n muvr i n g according to th e terrain and a good ,

working knowledge o f the mach inery o f an army S t Cyr , .

was promoted o n j u ne 5 1 7 9 4 general of brigade, and six

, ,

days later general Of division H is promotion was not .

u n merited , for i t was h is complete mastery of m ou ntai n

warfare which had contributed more than anything else
to the success of the division of the Army of the Rhine
to which h e had been attached The soldiers had long .

recognised the fa ct a nd when they h eard the gu ns booming

,

through th e de hles o f th e Vosges th ey used to call o n e to

the o ther, “ There i s S t Cyr playing ch ess . Like Bern a .

dotte at first he refused th is rapid promotion ; h e feared

,

i t might lead to the sca ffold for death was then th e reward
,

o f failure and besi des this th e G ou v i on s were classed

, ,

among the ci devant nobles As a commander the new

-
.

general speedily proved that much as he admired liberty ,

i n th e abstract he would have noth ing b ut obedience from

,

h is men Tall of stature, more like a professor th an a

.
 GOU V I O N ST CYR, C OU N T
G G G GU
.

m o m E N RA V N
I A FT E R THE P AI N T I N BY J . E RI N
234 NA P O LE O N S M ARS HAL S
’

From 1795 to th e peace of Campo Formio S t Cyr .

"

sh ared the fortunes and vicissitudes Of the Army O f the

Rh ine servi ng as a subordi nate u nder H oche j ourdan
, , ,

and M oreau Th e battle of Biberach i n 17 96 was his

.
, ,

personal triumph W ith o n e single corps h e defeated

.

three fourths Of th e wh ole of the enemy s army and drove

-
’

it i n rout With a loss of five thousand prisoners But i n .

spite of this victory and nu merous mention s i n despatches ,

on bei ng i ntroduced to the Director R ew b e ll after the ,

treaty o f Campo Form i o he w as actually asked I n which

, ,

army have you served A n explanatio n was necessary ,

whereupo n th e Director findi ng that th e general u nder

,

stood and S poke I talian sent h i m o ff at o nce to take

,

command of th e Army o f Ro me O n M arch 2 6 17 9 8 h e .

, ,

arrived there and commen ced his first i ndepen dent com
mand H is task was a di fficult one The offi cers of th e
. .

army had risen i n revolt against M ass ena wh o h ad made ,

no attempt to pay them or their troops but h ad spent h is ,

time i n amassing a fortune for h imself The new general .

had orders to arrest certai n O fficers and restore discipli ne .

I t was a task admirably suited to h is talents a nd withi n ,

four days O f his arrival the dis affected were arrested and th e
m utiny quelled H is next duty accordi ng to the com
.
,

mand o f the Directory was to remove th e Pope fro m

,

Rome ; by a queer coi ncidence th e Offi cer entrusted to

escort h is H oliness to Tuscany was a certai n Colonel
Calvi n S o far S t Cyr mu ch against his wish had carried
. .
, ,

ou t th e orders o f the Directory b u t h i s next acti o n was

,

spontaneous a nd di ctated by hi s o w n idea o f j ustic e I t .

was the h our of spoliatio n : a committee appoi nted by the

Directory was busy i n transporting to France all the
masterpieces of I talian art and th e newly appoi nted
,
-

Consuls o f the Roman Republic were likewise fu l ly engaged

i n acts Of vandalism W hen the general heard that the
.

magnificent oblation o f diamo nds belo ngi ng to th e Doria

family h ad been purloined from the Church o f S t Agnes to .
 LAUR E NT G O UVI O N ST . C YR 235

grace the necks of the wives of th e bastard Consuls he at ,

once ordered the ostensoir to be returned to its owners .

Th e Consuls appealed to th e Directory ; so after a com

mand of four sh ort mo nths S t Cyr was recalled o nly to be .
,

sent at on ce to resu me h is old position as a d ivisio nal

comman der i n th e Army of the Rh i ne .

From there i n j une 1 799 he was hurr i edly despatch ed

, ,

to I taly to aid M oreau wh o was attempti ng to stem th e

,

victorious advance of th e Austrians an d Russians He .

arrived i n time to take part i n th e hard fought fight of -

Novi an d to help to organise a stubborn resistance on the

,

slopes of the Apen ni nes Before the battle of N ovi h e

.

actually had a glimpse of the redoubtable S u va roff h imself .

Th e Russia n general wh o trusted h is own eyes more than

,

the reports of h is sco uts one day rode right up to th e lin e

,

of French ved ettes clad i n his usu al fighti ng kit , a sh irt

-

and pair of breeches a nd after a h u rried recon naissance

,
“
returned to h is camp an d gave h is celebrated order : God
wishes the E mperor Orders S u varoff commands that to
, , ,
”
morrow the enemy be conquered N ovi added lustre to .

’
S t Cyr s reputatio n it was h is strenuous resistance o n the
.

righ t flank and h i s admirable h andling of the rear guard

which prevented the victor i ous Allies from hurli ng the
beaten French through th e passes i nto the sea But Novi .

was an easy task compared to what was to follow The .

passes of the Apen nines h ad to be held and Gen oa covered

with a handf u l of men dispirited by defeat a nd half
m u ti nous from want Of n ecessary food I t was a rabble .
,

n o t an army ; there w a s no co mmissariat n o pay ch est , ,

no store of clothing M eanwh ile Gen oa lay s moulderi ng i n

.

rebellion at his rear The task s u ited the man by a series

.

Of clever feints and man oeuvres i n the valley of th e

Bormida h e outwitted the enemy an d gradually restored
,

th e morale of his troops and was able to hurry back to ,

Genoa with th ree battalions at the p sych ological mome nt

when mutiny and rebellion were S howing th ei r head W ith .
2 36 NA P O LE O N S M ARS H ALS ’

a bsolute calmness he told th e civic auth orit i es to prepare

quarters for eigh t th ousand troops Of wh ich th e fe w with ,

h i m were the advance guard Th e authorities staggered .

,

by h is su dden appearance never doubted the arrival Of

,

th is fabulous force a nd subsequently S t C yr was able

,
.

to occupy al l the strongh olds i n th e town with th e

handful o f troops h e had with h im and the n at h is ,

leisure to arrest the ringleaders of the re b ellion Mean .

wh ile th e j udicious estab l ishment o f free so u p kitchens i n

,

the streets alleviated th e necessities of th e mob S carcely .

was Genoa pacified wh en th e general w as confronted by a

much more serious event Fami ne had driven the s oldiers
.

to mutiny and even th e very outposts withdrew from

,

contact with the enemy and a nnou nced th eir i ntention of

,

returning to France I t was only by raising a forced loa n

.

from th e Ligurian Government and de l ivering a most ,

touchi ng appeal to their patriotism th at h e was able to ,

persuade the muti neers to return to thei r duty telling ,

them that if they left th e c olou rs he i ntended “

with th e, ,

generals O fficers an d n o n c ommissi oned Offi cers to h old

, ,
-

"
th e positions occupied by the army Furth er to encourage .

them h e began a series Of smal l engagements which re ,

stored their morale and led up to th e battle Of Albano ,

where h e i nflicted S O severe a defeat on the Austrians that

Genoa was for a considerable time rel ieved from all danger .

The First Consul o n h earing o f th e victory of Alban o at

, ,

o nce sen t S t Cyr a sword of h ono ur a Damascus blade i n

.
,

a richly engraved sheath wi th the p ommel encrusted with

,

diamo nds, which h ad origi nal l y been i nte nded for the
S ultan .

But though th us rewarded by receiving the first sword o f

h onour ever given by the First Co nsul h e was never a ,

person a g ra ta with Napoleo n Accordingly at the begin ning

.

of 1 80 0 he was withdrawn from the Army o f I taly and sent

as l ieutenant to M oreau who was to Operate i n th e valley of

,

the Danu be wh ile Bonaparte r eserved the theatre o f I taly

2 38 NA P O LE O N S M ARS HALS ’

Occupation he had many opportu nities o f s h owi ng h is

patience and diplomatic skill Th e court o f Naples h ad to.

be treated with all honour but watched with the greatest

care every effort had to be made to mai ntai n outwar dly a n
,

appearance Of great cordiality wh ile Napoleon s demands ,

’

had to b e i n si sted o n to the letter The S ituatio n was

. .

further complicated by the conti nued i nterference o f M urat ,

who commanded the Army of I taly and wh o desired to ,

h ave th e Army Of Naples u nder h is co ntrol The stri ctest .

d iscipli ne had to be maintai ned among the troops to prevent

the Neapolitans havi ng any h andle to u se against th e army
of occupatio n S O su ccessfu ll y d id S t Cyr keep h is troops
. .

i n han d that th e Neapolitan mi nister wrote i n h is next '

despatch to the Queen Madame we can make noth i ng of

, ,
”
that poi nt these me n are n ot soldiers they are monks In , .

spite Of many a n anxious m oment th ese two years in Naples

were pleasant years for the general wh o delighted i n th e ,

congenial society of th e many men of letters wh o were

attached to h is army for as Paul Lou is Corné wrote Of h im
, , ,
“
H e is a man of merit a learned man perhaps the most
, ,

learned of men i n th e gentle art Of massacre , a pleasant

”
man i n private life a great friend O f m i ne
, But there was .

one great disappoi ntment conn ected with th is Neapolitan

command for i n 1 8 04 S t Cyr fou nd h is name excluded
, .

from the list of M arshals and the empty title Of colonel

,

general of the cuirassiers an d the Grand Cordon o f the

Legion of H o nour i n no way made amends for this
disappoi ntment .

The outbreak of th e war with Austria i n the autu mn of

1 80 5 caused Napoleon to with draw th e army o f occupatio n

fro m Naples and S t Cyr hastened north i n time to help

,
.

M ass ena drive the Austrians o u t of S tyria and Cari nth ia .

H e greatly distinguished h imself at Castel Franco where ,

with a smal ler force h e captured the wh ole of a colum n O f

the e nemy u nder th e Prince de Rohan A month later h e .

was sent back i n haste with th irty thousand men to rei nvade
 LAU R ENT GO U V I O N ST . CYR 239

Naples , w h ich Napoleo n had give n as a kingdom to h is

brother j oseph but on hear i ng that he was to act as a
,

subordi nate to M ass ena h e threw u p h i s comman d an d

withdrew to Paris This independent conduct increased
.

Napoleon s dislike for h im and h e was peremptorily ordered

’

to return to Naples where h e remai ned till August 1 8 0 6

, , .

I t was not till tw o years later that the Emperor once agai n
employed S t Cyr o n active service B u t th e task he th en
. .

called upo n h im to perform w as o n e that would make any

general wh o was anxious about h is reputation hesitate to
, ,

u ndertake F or Napoleo n sent h im with a motley force o f

.

some forty eigh t thousand S wiss I talians and Germans to

-
, ,

restore French prestige i n the mou ntai nous cou ntry of

Catalonia and e nded h is orders with the words
,
Preserve ,

Barcelona for me ; i f it i s lost I can not retake it with eighty

thousand I n Barcelona lay the French general ,
D u h esm e who had been hustled i nto th at town by the
,

S panish regulars and gu erillas after th e news of the great

French disaster at B a yle n I t w as absolutely vital to th e
.

French to relieve D u h esm e before lack of provisions caused

h im to surrender, but before any advance could be made it
was necessary to seize th e fortress of Rosas wh i ch lay on ,

th e flank of the ro a d from France to Barcelona ; this post

S t Cyr successfully took by assault u nder the very guns of
.

’
Lord D un don a ld s fleet But stil l the problem of relieving
.

Barcelona was a di ffi cult on e There were two alternative

.
.

line sof advance the first and easier lay along the coast but ,

w as exposed to the guns of the E nglish fleet ; the other

road was a mere track thro ugh the mountai ns, and was
accordingly extremely di fficult Owing to th e excellent op p o r
tu n i ti es it gave to the guerillas But S t Cyr keepi ng h is
. .
,

seventeen thousand me n well i n hand and taki ng every

precautio n agai nst ambushes successfu l l y broke through th e
,

lines of regulars and g u erillas relieved Barcelona and , ,

push ed o n down th e coast towards Tarragona H is further .

advance w a s stopped by th e rapid reorganisation of the

 NA P O LE O N S M ARS H ALS
'
2 40

S panish armies I n Catalon i a and i t became clear that u ntil

'

Gerona which commanded th e mou ntain road to France,

,

was taken , th e Fren ch forces i n the south would always be

i n danger of havi ng their commu n icatio ns cut Accordingly .

the Emperor ordered hi m to return to assist General Verdier

to captu re thi s i mpo rt ant town Gerona had at o n e ti me .

been a fortress but it was now s i mply covered with a feeble

,

rampart But the cou rage of th e townspeople a nd their

.

patriotism w as fired by the example o f S aragossa and their ,

S pirit was an imated by their governor Alvarez whose order, , ,

W hoever speaks Of capitulation or defeat sh all be i nstantly

”
pu t to death was received wi th sh outs of delight O wing
, .

to quarrels betwee n S t Cyr and Verdier to the stubborn

.
,

ness of the defence and above all to th e c onstant su ccess

,

of the S panish Gene ral Bl ake i n throwing provisions i nto

th e town , the siege wh ich commenced by sap and assault

, ,

gradually drifted i nto a mere blockade, and lasted for S i x

and a half mo nth s At last th e E mperor, angry at th e
.

consta nt bickering between th e commanders a nd at the pro

tracted siege superseded S t C yr by M arshal Aug ereau H ow
,
. .

ever i t did not su it that M arshal to take over h is command

,

until there seemed a reasonable prospect of success and ,

accordi ngly h e waited at Perpignan for news Of the a p

ro a ch i n g end o f the si ege At last S t Cyr i n disgust threw
p . .

u p his comma nd with out waiting for the arriva l of Aug erea u .

Th e E mperor marked this act of i nsu bordi nation by send

i ng h im u nder arres t to h is cou n try estate and depriving
h im o f all h is appoi ntments Accordi ngly o n e o f th e few .

French generals who never sustai ned a defeat i n S pai n

passed the next two years of h is life i n disgrace without
em p loyment while day by day th e French arms were
,

su ffering reverses i n the Peni nsula .

I t was not ti ll 1 8 1 2 that the E mperor recalled S t Cyr to .

acti ve emp loyment and gazetted h i m to the co mman d o f th e

sixth corps wh ich togeth er with the secon d corps u nder th e
, ,

command of M arshal Ou d i n ot, was emp loyed o n the li ne

24 2 NAP O LE O N S M ARS H ALS ’

An attack of typh us and a burst blood vessel deprived th e -

Empe ror of h is new M arshal s assistance u nti l after th e ’

armistice of Dresden Th is was the first occasion o n which

.

the two had actu al ly come i nto close contact and Napoleon ,

qu ickly sa w that thrawn and j ealous a s S t Cyr u n .

doubtedly was h is clearnes s o f brai n made h is advice of the

,

h ighest i mportance wh il e S t Cyr speedily fe ll u nder th e

, .

charm Of the great Emperor Accordingly all through th e.

campaign N apoleo n constantly came to hi m for advice wh ich ,

was never withheld Remember i ng also h is great reputat i on

.

as a master Of mou ntai n w arfare the Emperor entrusted hi m ,

wi th the duty of h olding the high land p asses leadi ng by

Pirna o n to Dresden wh ile he h imself h urried off to S i l esia
, .

’
I n th e great battle rou nd Dresden the M arshal s twenty
thousand raw recruits played th eir part nobly Napoleon .
,

to cover h is own mistakes laid the blame o f V an d am me s

,
’

disaster on S t Cyr and M armon t but i n h is private letter to

.
,

the M arshal h e placed the blame on Vandamme as he ,

wrote “ That unhappy Vandamme wh o seems to have

, ,

killed h imself had not a sentinel o n th e mou ntai n nor a

,
”
reserve anywhere W hen the E mperor fell back o n
.

Le ipzig h e e ntrusted the defence o f Dresden to S t C yr .

,

leavi ng hi m twenty two thousand troops and provisions for

-

eigh t days After a siege of a mo n th th e M arshal was com

.

p e lle d for lack Of p owder to surren d er with the h onours o f

war but the Allies after the e vacuati on of the town refused
, , ,

to carry out th e terms of the surrender an d retained h im ,

and h is troops as prisoners of war ; consequently h e took

n o part i n th e campaign of 1 8 14 Duri ng th e H u ndred Days .

h e remained quietly at h is cou ntry estate but o n the second ,

Restoration h e was cal l ed upo n to u ndertake th e duties of

M inister of W ar to disband th e old army and to organise
,

th e new forces of France his tenure of O ffice was short as ,

h e refused to serve a mi nistry wh ich proposed to cede French

territory to the enemy I n May 1 8 1 7 on the accession of
.
, ,

a Liberal ministry, h e o nce again took o ffi ce and during this ,

 LAUR ENT GOU V I ON S T C YR
'

. 24 3

peri od he la i d the foundation of the General S taff o f the

Army but i n November 1 8 19 h e resigned and l ived i n
, , , ,

retirement till he di ed at H yeres o n M arch 17 18 30 , .

Duri ng h is hours of leisure th e Marshal wrote his M emoirs ,

wh ich h e i ntended to aid the future h istorian of th e French

wars These M emoirs S h ow how clear and cutti ng h is
.

j udgments were both Of men and matters and h is criticisms

, ,
’
throw many useful lights o n Napoleon s ch aracter an d h is
methods of warfare while they also to a great extent reveal
,
.

h is own charact er N o one who reads th em can doubt that

.

S t C yr was a great strategist while h is powers as a tacti cian

.
,

are proved by h is never failing success on the field o f battle

-
.

’
But i n sp ite of these talents th e Marshal s actual record as
a soldier is spo iled by h is defects of character A great .

believer i n living by rule he had two maxims wh ich h e ever

,

clung to First that i n war acts of ki ndness are too often

.
,
“
h armful ; seco nd th e Old adage of M achiavelli That a v i ctory
, ,

destroys th e e ffect of the worst Operation and that the man ,

w h o knows h ow to give battle can be pardoned every fau l t

th at h e may have before committed i n h is military career .

I t is to these two maxims that we must attribute the want o f

supervision he showed Over his troops and h is absolute lack
o f cordiality towards h is fellow Marsh als and generals whi ch ,
"
gave h im th e nickname Of the Bad bed fel low F or that -
.

he di d not lack th e talents of an organiser is shown by th e

way, when roused he provided for h is troops i n Russia an d
, ,

also by the success o f h is e fforts whe n M i nister of W ar .

But of all h is gifts u ndoubtedly the most useful was his

absolute coolness : no matter how badly th e fight we nt no ,

matter if he were ru n away with i n his carriage and carried

straigh t through a brigade of the enemy s h orse h e never ’

w as ru ffled never lost h is clear grip o n th e situation

,
H is .

bitter enemy Macdonald well summed up his character i n

, ,

answer to Lo uis XV I I I S q u estions as to wheth er h e was

.
’

“
lazy . I am n ot aware of it said th e D u ke o f Tarentum , .

“
H e i s a man o f great mi litary capacity firm h onest but , , ,
 NAPOLEON S MAR S H ALS
’

j ealous O f other peoples merit I n the army he i s regarded

’
.

’
as what is called a bad bed fellow I n the coldest manner
-
.

possible h e allowed h is neigh bours to be beaten with out

,
'

attempting to assist them and the n cri ti ci se d them afterwards

,
.

Bu t this Opi n i on not u ncom mon among soldiers is perhaps

, ,

exaggerated and he i s admitted to h ave calm ness an d great

,
”
capabilities.
 2 46 N A P O LE O N S M ARS H ALS
’

I n 17 93 Mon ceyf s regi ment of dragoons formed part of

the Army of the W estern Pyrenees I n the first engagement .

with the enemy h e h ad the good fortu ne to disti ngu ish him
self The S panish commander i n ch ief Bo naventura Casa
.
- -
, ,

led a charge Of h orse against the ill disci plined recruits and -

volu nteers who formed the mass o f the Fren ch army cover
i ng S t j ea n Pied de Porte The miserable French i nfantry
. .

”
broke with cries of W e are betrayed l and i t w as M oncey
,

w h o rallyi ng a few brave men stopped the charge o f the

, ,

enemy s h orse E nergetic, clear witted, and self con fid en t,

’
.
- -

h e soon became a man of mark I n February 17 94 he was .

, ,

pr omoted general of brigade and S i x months later general ,

o f division i n wh ich capacity i n August of that year h e

, , ,

w a s mai nly i nstr umental i n forcing the li n eS of F o n ta ra b i a

'

o n the propositio n o f Barr ere he was a few days later , ,

appoi nted by the Conventio n commander i n chief of th e - -

Army o f the W estern Pyrenees I n O ctober h e ful l y j ustified .

h is selectio n by forcing th e famous pass of Ro ncesvalles so ,

i ntimately co nnected with th e names of Char l emagne an d .

the Black Pri nce Th is action wh ich made good a footing

.
,

i n S pai n w as extremely bri l l iant ; th e position strong by

, ,

nature had bee n made alm ost im p regnable by months o f

,

h ard labour M oreover th e French troops were badly

.
,

handicapped by the di fficu l ty o f getti ng food but by n o w , ,

th ey were very different from th e ill trained levies of 17 9 3 -

.

’
Th e turni ng colum n, wh ich had four days hard mou ntai n
cli mbing and fighti ng on three biscu its per man fou nd ,

nothi ng to eat when the pass w as forced save a little fl our,

, ,

for the S panish h ad burnt their magazines I n spite of this .

there was no gru mbli ng and th e men as their g e ne ral , ,

“ ”
report ed pressed o n with cries of Vive la République l
,

M oncey like Napoleon knew h ow to use the great dri vi ng

, ,

force of hu nger H e thoroughly deserved th e thanks which

.

h e received from the Co nvention and h e fully earn ed them ,

agai n when early i n 17 9 5 he drove th e S p anish army i n

, ,

fl ight across th e Ebro for i t was h is magnificent forward

,
 B ON A D RI E N j EANNOT DE M O NC E Y 247

movement wh i ch forced S pain to a ccede to the treaty of

Basle .

From S pai n th e g en era l was tr ansferred to th e Army Of the

C Otes de Brest A year later h e was posted to the com
.

mand of th e eleventh mi lita ry division at Bayo nne and h e ,

w as still there whe n i n O ctober 1 7 99 Bonaparte ret u rned

, , ,

fro m Egyp t and overthrew th e Directory NO pol itician .

,

it mattered little to M oncey who governed France as long ,

as the ho nour of the co untry was mai ntained and he sa w

active service Accordi ngly he glad l y accepted fro m th e
.

new govern ment the positio n Of lieutenant to M oreau th e ,

co mmander i n chief of th e Army of the Rhi ne B ut h e d id

- -
.

not serve long u nder h is new ch ief, bei ng detached i n M ay

at the head of sixteen thousand to cross the Alps by the S t .

Gothard Pass, as part o f the great stroke aimed at the '

Austrian lines of communicatio n i n I taly H is corps formed .

a flank guard to the mai n Army of th e Reserve which crossed ,

the S t Bern ard u nder N apoleo n h imself I n the operatio ns

. .

which S ucceeded the battle of M arengo the First Consul

made full use of M on ce y s great experience i n mou ntai n
’

warfare and se nt hi m to th e V a lte lli n e to j oi n h ands with

,

M acdonald wh o was crossi ng the Alps by the S p l tI g e n Pass

'

, .

Thereafter h is divisio n formed th e left wi ng O f th e French

army u nder Bru ne After a bri l liant series of skirmishes i n
.

th e mou ntai ns M oncey drove the flyi ng enemy i nto Tre nt

, ,

bu t he was robbed of complete victory by the Austrian

general Laudo n who se nt a message to say that Bru ne and
, ,

Bellegarde had made an armistice U nfortu nately for th e .

French their general th e sou l o f h onour suspected n o

, ,

deceit and thus the Austrians were saved fro m annihilatio n

,

or absolute surrender .

After the peace of Lu n evill e General Moncey was

appointed I n sp ector G e n e ra I o f gendarmerie, and o n
~

'
Nap oleo n s e l evation to th e th rone was created i n 1 8 04 , ,

M arshal Grand O fficer Of th e Legion of H o nour a nd i n

, ,

1 80 8 Duke of C oneg l iano M oncey i nvariably S poke h is

.
248 N AP OLE ON S M ARS H ALS
’

m ind and for th is reaso n was no favourite with the

,

Emperor further i n comparison with h is fellow M arshals ,

,

h e w as an O ld man so from 1 8 00 to 1 8 0 8 h e w as not

,

employed o n active service . B u t on the i nvasi o n of

S p ai n Napoleo n determined to make use Of the Duke o f
,

C o n e g li a n o s know l edge o f that country and ordered h im to

'

p roceed th ere with th e Army of O bservatio n of th e O cean ,

which h e was then com manding at Boulogne This army .

b ecame th e th ird corps of th e newly formed Army of S pai n .

I t was composed al most entirely O f recruits and when ,

M urat marched i nto M adrid at the head of the third corps ,

the poor physique of these weak and weedy privates had

a very bad effect o n the situation for the S paniards thought
,

they could easily defeat such troops From Madrid the .

M arshal w as sent to capture Valencia wh ich had broken,

out i nto revo l t agai nst the French Th ough Old the Duke
.
,

of Conegliano was still active a nd vigorous After a month s .

’

co ntinu ous fighting across mou ntai n passes and rivers h e

reached Valencia ; but he fou nd th e town i n a state O f
defence AS Napo l eon said o n heari ng o f his ch ee k “ A
.
,

city of eighty thousand i nhabitants barricaded streets and

, ,

a rtil l ery entrenched at the gates cannot be taken by th e

”
co l l ar
. Accordi ngly there was noth ing for it but to retreat ,

and this the M arsha l did i n such a masterly manner that th e

failure of h is expedition produced but little bad e ffect o n th e
French cause W hen after B ayle n j oseph h eld h is counci l
.
, ,

of war at Madrid M oncey alone stood out for the b ol d

,

course o f cutting commu nicati o n with France and con

ce n trati n g arou nd the capital ; b ut h e w as overruled and ,

the French fel l back o n the line Of the Ebro .

As soo n as Napoleon arrived i n S pai n he vented h is anger

i ndiscrimi nately o n all those M arshals wh o had served
u nder j oseph but h is greatest disp l easure fel l o n M oncey
, ,

for th e Duke Of Coneglian o did n ot believe that S pai n could

be gai ned by h angi ng al l th ose who resisted and had ,

actually received the thanks Of th e j unta of O viedo who ,

2 52 N A P O L E O N S M ARS H ALS
’

with th e lessons of handling and e q uippi ng irregulars

which he had had i n America, h e made h is battalion a
pattern for th e others and was complimented by Laf a yette,

o n the admirable conditio n of his c ommand S ervi ng u nder .

D u m o uri ez i n the i nvasion o f Belgium he w a s present at ,

j emap p es and th ere proved that i n additio n to powers of

, ,

organ isation he possessed the capacity for leading i n the

,

fie l d Promotion came speedily when the gui l loti ne cleared

.

the way i n th e h igher ranks by removi ng th e i nco mpetent

and unfortu nate .

By May 1 7 9 3 h e had gai ned th e grade of general of

, ,

brigade ; two months later h e became general of division .

H is first Opportunity of d istinguishi ng h imself i n h igh

command came s i x weeks later when he was entrusted b y ,

H ouchard with the c ommand Of the advance guard i n th e

Operations wh ich ended i n driving th e E nglish fro m th e
siege Of D u nkirk S o well did h e exec ute h is O rders at
.

the batt l e Of H a n dsch Otte n that Carnot selected hi m to

succeed his commander when H ouchard w as h u rried off to
th e guillotine for faili ng to reap the ful l fruits Of victory .

“
j ourdan was fortu nate i n that C arnot the organiser of ,
"
victory was responsible for the welfare of the French arms
, ,

a nd not the desp icable B ou ch otte Carnot had grasped the .

fact that if you are to defeat your enemy you m ust bring
, ,

s uperior moral a nd physical force agai nst h i m at the decisive

spot Thanks therefore to h i m j ourdan was a b le to mass
.
’

su p erior weight and at M au b euge hurl h imself on th e

,

scattered forces of the enemy wh o were coveri ng th e siege ,

o f Valenciennes But the victory o f M a u beuge nearly cost

.

h im h is h ead as that of H a n dsch Otte n had done for h is

,

predecessor The Committee of Public S afety with that

.
,

i ncompetent rash ness wh ich those wh o know least Of war

most readily believe to be military wisdom ordered h i m to ,

p u rsue th e enemy and conquer Belgi um I t w a s i n vai n .

that he poi nted out th e strength of the Allies h is want Of ,

transport and stores and the di ffi cu l ty of u ndertaki ng a

,
 J E A N B AP T I S T E J O U R D A N
A F T E R A D R A WI N Guv A M B R O I S E T A R D I E L
’
2
54 NA PO LE O N S MARS HALS’

poi nt for the long period o f offensive warfare wh i ch was at

last brought to an end twenty o n e years later o n th e field
-

of W aterloo . At Fleurus j ourdan proved his abi lity as a

ta ctician and th e victory was due to th e moral courage w i th
,

which h e threw h is last reserve i nto the fray Backed by .

the Army of the N orth u nder P i chegru , he then swept over

Belgium a n d by the autum n th e republica n armies had
,

crossed the Rhi ne .

Duri ng th e next year j ourdan was engaged i n th e

Rh ine val ley But i n 17 9 6 h e was ordered to advance
.

through th e Black Forest o n Ratisbon and there j oi n ,

an other French army u nder M oreau which was moving ,

down th e righ t bank o f th e Danube Agai nst this de.

fe cti v e strategy he protested i n vain and as h e had , ,

expected was dr i ven back by th e able measures of th e

,

Austri an general th e Archduke Charles After this mis

, .

fortu ne he w a s p laced o n th e u nemployed list and for , ,

so me time had to fi nd an outlet for h is e nergies i n th e field

,

o f po li ti cs
. E nteri ng the Cou ncil Of Five H undred as th e
represe ntative of th e Upper Vien ne h e was warmly ,

rece i ved by th e republi ca n party and voted against the

,

proposed re establish ment of th e Cath olic religion , and

-

supported th e coup d é ta t Of th e 1 8 th F ru cti dor by wh ich

’

the royalist cou ncillors were driven i nto exile Full of fiery .

zeal for the Repu bli c a rhetorica l speaker rea dy to appeal

,

to the ga llery swearing on h is sabre th e oath Of fi delity h e

, ,

nevertheless had a cool h ead for busi n ess an d it was at h is ,

sugge stion th at i n Septembe r 1 7 9 8 th e celebrated law was

, ,

passe d whereby co nscription became the sole method of

recru iting for th e army j ourd an i ntroduced th e la w wi th
.

a fl o urish of tru mpets assuring th e Counci l that I n agree

,

i ng to it they h ad d ecr eed th e po wer of the Republic to be

”
impe rishable wh ile as a matter of fact th ey were forging
,

th e weapon wh ich was t o pla ce the i r country at the mercy

o f the first adventurer wh o h ad the courage and capac i ty to

m ake hi mself p i cta tor I n 1 7 99 foreign danger once agai n

.
 J EAN B A PTI STE J O UR D AN 2 55

caused h i m to be en tru sted wi th a milit ary command and ,

o nce agai n h e w as Opposed by h is old adversary th e Arch ,

duke Charles and driven back i n retreat across the Rhine

,
.

Thereo n the Directory superseded h i m by M ass ena an d h e ,

returned to the Cou ncil of Five H u ndred and i n September ,

proposed his memorable reso lution “ that th e cou ntry is i n ,

”
danger .I taly u nder the yoke the barbarians o f the north
,

at o u r ve ry barriers H olland i nvaded the fl eet treacher

, ,

o usly given up H elvetia ravaged bands Of royalists i n d u lg

, ,

i ng i n every excess th e republicans proscr i bed u nder th e

,
”
name of Terrorists an d j acobi ns S uch were the Outlines
.

“ "
o f h is picture O ne more reverse on o u r frontier h e
.
,
“
add ed , and the alarm bell of royalty will ring over the
whole surface of France Bu t France h ad had enough of
.

the Terror and knew that she could evolve h er safety by

,

other means than that of the guilloti ne S ix weeks later .

Bonaparte returned from Egypt .

From th e advent of the C onsulate a blight fell over

’
j ourdan s career Napoleon could never forgive h i m for
.

th e obsti nacy with which h e had Opposed h i m on th e

18 th Brumaire True i n 1 8 0 0 b e appoi nted h i m Governor
.
,

o f Piedmont and i n 18 04 created h im M arshal

,
H e could .

n ot withh old the b aton from th e general wh o had i n 1

7 94
driven th e e nemy fro m th e sacred soi l o f France, who ,
'

more Often than any other general , h ad commanded i n

ch ief the armies of the Republic a nd wh o i n spite of , ,

numerous defeats had establish ed a reputati on as on e

,

o f the most brilliant of th e generals o f republican France .

But th ough h e ga ve h im his bato n Napoleo n though t but

“
t f
lit le o h is mili t ry abi li ty, and called him a poor
a

general for i n his eyes success and success alone w as , ,

the test of merit and h e could see nothing i n a general

,

wh o from his ca pacity for emergi n g with credit from

,
“
defeat, was surnamed Th e Anvil But it was n ot this .

wh ich caused Napoleo n to snub th e gallant M arshal : it

was his ardent republican i sm and well known j acobi n
‘

-
2 56 NA P O LE O N S M ARS HALS ’

sentiments wh ich made h i m so hateful to the E mperor .

B ut th ough Napoleon treated h i m shamefully and did

-

al l he could to cast h i m i nto ill repute the Marshal ,

showed h e had a sou l above mere personal ambitio ns and ,

served France faithfully At S t H elena the fallen E mperor

. .

co nfessed I certainly used that man very ill h e i s a true

patriot and that is th e answer to many th ings urged against
,
"
h im . From 1 8 0 5 to 1 8 1 5 j ou rdan s life was full Of m orti ’

fica ti o n W hen th e war b roke out agai nst Austria i n 1 8 0 5

. .

he was i n command o f the army i n I taly but was at o nce ,

superseded u nder th e plea that h i s health was bad and

, ,

th at he did not know th e theatre of war l ike Mass ena .

H owever cle verly th e pill was gilded th e M arshal knew ,

’
that it was the Em peror s distrust wh ich had lost hi m
the command But though Napoleon disliked h im j oseph
.
, ,

was h is friend an d i n 1 8 0 6 the new King of N aples appl i ed

,

to be allowed to take hi m with h i m to I taly as h i s maj or

general and ch ief of the staff W hen i n 1 8 0 8 j ose p h .

exchanged the crown of Nap les for that o f S p ai n the.

M arsh al accompan ied him a nd when i n 1 8 09 Napoleon , , ,

hurriedly left S pai n to return to Paris h e appoi nted h im ,

C h ief of the sta ff to King j ose p h

’
The maj or general s task .
-

was a diffi cult one H e h ad n o executive auth ority : h is

.

duty was S imply to give advice to the King an d to trans ,

m it such orders as h e received ; but un fortunately neither

j ose p h n or he had the power to enforce orders once given ,

for although certain French corps had been placed at th e

disposal of the King and were supposed to Obey h is orders
, ,

their commanders had sti ll to commun icate with Berth ier

an d to receive through h i m th e decrees of the Em p eror .

H ence there w a s a d ual authority and to make matters , ,

worse Napoleon did not attem p t to vei l h i s contem p t of

,

j os eph s military abili ty At the same time h e cast asper

’
.

sions on j ourdan s skill an d sh owed h i s Open dislike to the

’

M arshal by omitting hi s name from the list o f French

“ ”
M arshals i n the Almanack u nder the pretence that he ,
2 58 N A P O LE O N S M AR S H ALS
’

moment S o j oseph had to fight Vittoria with out th e

.

assistance of the ch ief of h is staff and with subordinates ,

wh o not only despised but disobeyed hi m i n th e presence

,

o f th e enemy I t was n o wonder that defeat easi l y turned

.

i nto rout The wh ole of the French baggage was captured

.
,

and i n th e flight the M arshal h ad the misfortu ne to lose his

b aton wh i ch was picked up by th e 8 7th Regiment and sent
,

to E ngland .

’
After 1 8 13 j ourdan s c areer came to a close Napoleon .

h eaped reproaches o n hi m and refused h im further employ

,

ment entirely Obl ivious of the fact that i t was he h imself

,

w h o was responsible for th e S panish disaster and that th e ,

’
M arshal had done al l that was possi ble On th e E mperor s .

abdicatio n the old j acobi n took the oath Of allegiance to

King Louis and remai ned true to h is allegiance during the
,

H undred Days Time had chastened and mellowed his

.

fiery republicanism , and seei ng that a Republ i c was i m

possible h e preferred the chance of constitutional liberty
,

u nder a mo narchy to the tyranny of the Emp i re I n 1 8 17 , .

as a reward for h is services h e was created a peer of France

, .

But though h e accepted the Restoration i n preference to

the Empire, all his sympathies were liberal, an d n o on e
had a greater dislike for th e reactio nary policy of Charles X .

I n 1 8 30 h e gladly accepted th e new l iberal constitutio n of

Lo u is Phi lippe, the son o f Ph ilip Egalité o f the days of
j emappes The new monarch appoi nted h is former co m
.

rade governor of th e H ospital Of th e I nvalides and there , ,

among hi s Old fellow soldiers of the revolutionary wars

-
,

the M arsh al breath ed h is last o n N ovember 2 3, 18 3 3 i n ,

h is seventy seco nd year -

.
 C H AR LE S P I E RRE FRAN CO I S AUG E R E AU ,

MAR S H A L, D U KE O F CA S T I G LI O N E

HE future Duke of Castiglione was born i n Paris

on N ovember 1 1, 1 7 57 H is father was a maso n
.

by trade an d h i s moth er, a native of M u nich , kept

a furniture sh op i n the Faubourg S ai nt Marceau From his .

earliest yout h Pierre Fran c ois handsome and long li mbed

,
-
,

h ot blooded and vain th irsted after adventure At th e age

-
, .

’
of seventeen , o n h i s mother s death , h e enlisted i n the

carab i neers A keen soldier and a fi ne horseman he soon

.
,

became sergeant and withi n a few years gained th e name

,

o f being o n e of the best blades i n the army ; but i n u p

holding this reputat i on S ergeant Au g ereau constantly fell

i nto disgrace with the authorities Th oug h a b lusterer by .

nature and fu ll of bravado the sergeant was certai nly n o

,

coward O n one occasion a noted professional duellist

.

though t that h e coul d i ntimidate h im Accordingly h e .

,

swaggered i nto a café where Aug e reau was talki ng to

,

some friends and plu nged h imsel f down on the tab l e at

,

which the sergeant was S itting, and lolling back till h e ,

almost leant against him began to boast h ow o n th e

, ,

previous day he h a d accou nted for two sergeants of the

,

Garde Fran c aise This was su ffi cient i nsu lt to cause a

.

challenge but Aug ereau preferred to let th e challenge come

,

from his adversary, and according l y undoi ng the leather

, ,

belt Of h i s would b e Opponent h e qui etly poured the whole

-
,
2 59
2 60 N A P O LE O N S M ARS H ALS ’

of a cup of scaldi ng co ffee down the i nside of his breeches .

H aving thus taken the upper hand Of the quarrel h e so _

,

completely mastered the spirit Of the bully that h e had

l itt l e di ffic ulty in disposing Of hi m i n the d uel whi ch fo l
lo w ed An u nfortunate i ncident cut short h is career i n the
.

carabi neers O ne day a you ng offi cer losi ng his temper

.
,

with h i m on parade threatened to strike h im with h i s whip ,

-
.

Thereon Au g erea u i n fury snatched th e whip from the

,

O fficer wh o at once drew his sword and attacked him

, .

Au g erea u at first confined h imse lf to parrying but at las t, ,

being wou nded h e thrust out and killed his Opponent Th e

, .

colo nel well aware that it was not the sergeant s fau lt
,
-
’

arranged for h is escape across th e frontier After wander .

i ng about Constanti nople a nd th e Levant Aug ereau passed ,

some years as sergeant i n the Russian army and served ,

u nder S uvaroff at the taki n g o f I smai lia but getti ng tired , ,

Of serv i ce i n the E ast h e deserted a n d escaped to Prussia ,

.

There he en l isted and owi ng to h is height an d proficiency

, ,

i n drill was transferred to th e guards H is captai n held

,
.

o u t hopes o f a commission , but these were dashed for ,

’
when he was brought to the King s notice Frederick asked
“ ”
who he was A French man sire , was the reply
. So , .

”
much the worse answered the K ing ; so much the worse
, .

I f he had been a S wiss or a German we might have done , ,

"
someth ing for h i m Au g e rea u on heari ng this determi ned
.
, ,

to quit the Prussian s ervice Desertio n was the only w ay .

Of escape but th e Prussians by Offeri ng heavy rewards for

, ,

reca pture h ad made desertio n almost impossible Luckily

, .
,

h e was not th e o nly guardsman dissatisfied with the Prussian

service and he had l ittle di ffi culty i n getting together about
,

sixty of th e boldest of th e regi ment and seizing a favour , ,

able Opportu nity h e marched Off h is squad with their arms

,

and ammunition , and beating Off all attacks from the ,

peasants and detachments of soldiers wh o tried to stop

them he safely co nvoyed h is comr ades across th e frontier
,

to Saxony After th is escap ade Aug ereau settled d own as a

.
 C HARLES P I E RR E F RAN C O I S AUG E R EAU 26 1

danci ng and fenci ng master at Dresden bu t o n the amnesty , ,

at the birth of the Dauph i n h e returned to France and

,

regained h is rank i n h is old regi ment H is adventurous .

l ife and h is natural aspirations soon made h i m tire o f

always h olding a subordi n ate position, and i n 1 7 88 h e
applied to be sent, as on e o f th e French i nstructors to ,

help in the reorganisat i o n o f the Neapolitan army There .

he soo n gai ned a commission I n 1 7 9 1 he fell i n love

.

wi th the daughter of a Greek merchant and as h er father , ,

refused to listen to h im he quietly married her an d carried

,

her off by sh ip to Lisbo n I n Portugal h is freedom of

.

speech and approval of the changes which were happening

,

i n France caused the authorities to h and h i m over to the

,

I nquisition , from whence he was rescued by a French

skipper a n d co nveyed with h is wife to H avre
, , .

Aug erea u returned to France ready to absorb th e most

republica n doctrines H is banish ment after killi ng the
.
,

o fficer had always seemed u nfair ; h is long subordi nation

,

and the harsh ness of military discipli ne had ra nkled i n h is

soul ; physically, h e knew h imself superior to most men ,

and by h i s wits h e had fou nd h imself able to hold h is ow n

and make h is way i n nearly every cou ntry i n E urope ; S O
far bi rth had seemed to be the o nly barr i er wh ich cut
h i m off from success But n ow caste was h urled aside an d
.
,

France was call ing for talen t ; goo d soldiers were scarce :
Au gereau saw h is Opportun ity and used it to th e full, A .

few months spe nt fighti ng i n La Ve nd ee taught h i m th at

renown w a s not to be gai ned i n civil war and accordingly , , ,

he g ot h imself transferred to th e Army Of th e Pyrenees ,

where he rose i n six months from simple captai n to general

of division Fro m the Pyrenees h e was transferred with
.

h i s divisio n to I taly and covered h imself with glory at

,

Loano M illesimo and Lodi But it was h is conduct at

, , .

Cas tiglione which o nce and for al l made h is reputation

though it is not true as he boasted i n r8 14 after deserti ng
,

the Emperor that it was only h is i n vi ncible firmness wh ich

,
262 NA P O LEO N S M ARS H ALS
’

caused Bonaparte to figh t i nstead Of retreat for Bonapart e

was concentrating to fight an d his abandonment of the
,

S iege of M antua, against wh ich Aug ereau so wildly p ro

tested was but part Of the preparation for victory Though
, .

h e would not listen to Aug e re au s strategic advice he had ’

enough co nfidence i n h i m to leave the first attack o n

Castig l ion e e ntirely i n his hands According to the Mar .

’
“
shal s Memoirs Bonaparte was afraid of attacking
, I .

“ "
wash my hands of i t and go away h e said And wh o , .

” “ ”
wil l command if you go ? asked Au g ereau Y ou re .
,

torte d Bonaparte An d well h e did h is work for not only

.
,

did h e defeat the fifteen th ou sand Austrians at Castiglione ,

but h e restored the fallen c onfidence of h is soldiers and

refreshed the mora l e of th e wh ole army Napoleon .

n ever forgot this service and when detractors saw fit to

,
“
cas t their venom at Au g e rea u h e answered Let u s n ot , ,
”
forget that he saved us at Castiglione From Castiglione .

o nwards the soldiers of Au g erea u s d i v isio n would do any ’

thing for their commander I t was n ot o nly that they.

respected h is tactical gifts and had co mp lete co nfidence

,

i n h i m i n the h our of battle but they loved h i m for h is

,

c are of them I n ti me of peace a stern discipli narian with

.
,

a touch of the drill sergeant he was ever ready to h ear ,

their complaints an d never spared h imself i n l ooki ng after

,

their welfare whil e i n war time h e was always th inking of

,

their food and clothing ; but above all h e gave them , ,

booty Adventurer a s h e was by natu re and trai ning h e

.
,

loved the spoi l s of war hi mse l f and wh ile the b aggage , ,

”
wagon o f Au g erea u was th e by word i n the army he -
,

saw to i t that h is men had their wago ns also well loaded

with plunder H i s courage was a thing to conj ure with at
.

Lodi h e had been one O f the nu merous generals who rushed

the bridge but at Arcola alone flag i n hand he stood o n
, , ,

the bridge and hur l ed tau nts and encouragements at his

struggli ng troops and for three conti nuous days exposed
,

h i mself th e guiding S pirit o f every assault and for l orn

,
2 64 NAPOLEON S M ARS HALS ’

to an u nimportant post at Perpignan , o n the S panish

frontier .

For two years Au gereau remai ned at Perpignan , where he

had ti me to u nderstand the causes of h is failure Though .

completely domi nated by Bonaparte whi le i n h is presence ,

he had not the guileless h eart of a Lef ebvre and he began ,

to perceive h ow th e wily Corsican had used hi m an d

.

betrayed h im Accordingly when Bonaparte returned from

.
,

Egypt h e read his design Of becomi ng Dictator an d true to , ,

his j acobi n pri nciples at first resolved to fight h im to th e

,

death when , h owever he fou n d generals ofli cers and men

, , ,

goi ng over to Bonaparte he haste ned O ff to make h is su b

,

mission sayi ng reproachfully “ W hen you were about to

, ,

do somethi ng for ou r co untry h ow could you forget your ,

o w n little Au g ere a u But th ough h e made h is su bm i s

sio n agai n a nd aga i n his j acobin pri nciples made th em
,

selves felt Forced to accompany Bonaparte to the first

.

ma ss held i n Paris after th e Concordat Au g ere au attempted ,

to slip out of th e carriage during the procession to N otre

Dame and was ignomin iou sly ordered back by one of the
,
’
First Consu l s aides de camp ; but h e revenged h i mself by
- -

laughing and talki ng S O loudly duri ng th e service th at the

pri es t could hardly be heard But Napoleon knew h is man .

’
a nd h is price a M arshal s b ato n and a pri ncely i ncome did
much to control h is j acobi n proclivities As early as 1 8 0 1 .
,

Au g ere a u i nvested part o f h is savings o n the beautiful estate

Of La H oussaye wher e when not actively employed , h e
, ,

spent his time dispensi ng lavish h ospitality and delighting ,

h is friends and military h ouseh old with magnificent enter

ta i n m e n ts himself the li fe an d so u l o f the whole party
, ,

enj oyi ng all the fu n and the practical j okes as much as the
yo u ngest subal tern H owever h e gained h is money h e spent
.
,

i t freely an d u ngrudgingly W hen the Fi rst Consu l tri ed to

.

put Lan nes i n an awkward position by orderi ng h i m at

once to replace the deficit of three hu ndred th ousand francs ,

caused by th e magnificent u n iforms he h ad ordered for th e

 C H ARLES P I E RR E F RA N C O I S AUGE R E AU 2 65

Guard Aug ereau , as soo n as h e he ard o f it hu rried to h is

, ,
’
solicitors an d told th em to pay that su m to General La n n es s
account W he n Bernadot te whom h e scarcely knew
. , ,

asked hi m to len d h im two h u ndred th ousand francs to

complete the purchase of an estate he at once asse nted ; ,

and when M adame Bernadotte asked h i m what i nterest h e

“
would re q uire he replied , Madame bankers and money
, ,

lenders n o doubt q u ite rightly draw profit from th e mo ney

, ,

they lend but when a M arshal is fortunate enough to oblige

,

a comrade , th e pleasure of doing h i m a service is enough

for h im .

’
I n the scheme for the i nvasi on of E ngland the M arshal s
corps , which was stationed roun d Brest was destined for ,

the seizure of I reland so when th e Grand Army was turned

,

aga i nst Austria h is div i sio ns were the last to arrive on th e

theatre of Operations and were directed to the Tyrol
, ,

where th ey forced General j ellachi ch and most Of h is army

.

to surre nder I n the following year the M arshal greatly

.

distinguished h i mself at j ena and Pu ltusk ; b ut at Eylau ,

th ough n ot owing to h is own fault h e suffered a reverse , .

Th e Emperor had placed h i m i n the centre of the first li ne

and ordered h i m to advance a g a i n st th e Russian centre .

The fog and snow were so thick that th e French could n ot

see th e foe until th ey came withi n two h u ndred yards o f
them ; th e ene m y suddenly opened fire o n them with
mass ed batteries ; i n a moment Au gerea u s stau nch divi ’

sions were cut to bits by the hail o f grape and owing to , ,

the smoke and snow they cou ld not see their foes ; they
,

tried to hold thei r grou n d and rep l y to the fire but at last ,

they wavered and broke The M arsh al so i ll with fever

.
,

th at he had to be tied to h is h orse di d his utmost to stop ,

th e rout but i n vai n at last wou nded and sick at heart he

, , ,

had to return an d report h is failure The E mperor wish .

,

ing to cover h is own mistake laid al l the blame for the il l

,

success Of the day o n Au g e reau and breaki ng up th e ,

remnants of his corps among the other Marshals h e sent ,

2 66 NA P OLEO N S MAR S HALS
’

h i m h ome Afra i d , h owever of arous i ng h is en mi ty an d

.
, ,

mindful O f his past services, next year h e created h im Duke

o f Castiglione but he n ever e ntrusted h im agai n with an
important command i n the field I n 1 8 0 9 the M arsh a l was
.

sent to S pai n to supersede S t C yr at the S iege of Gerona

. .

H e had lost h is lust for fighting and was soo n recalled for , r
n ot showing suffi cient energy I n 1 8 1 2 he comman ded .

part of the reserve of the Gran d Army i n Prussia I n 1 8 1 3 .

he w as i n command of a corps of recruits i n Ger many and ,

was present at Leipzig but al l through the campaign h e

,

grumbled against h is troops W hen reproached for slack

.

ness and told that he was not th e Aug ereau of Castiglione

, ,

h e turned o n Napoleon crying out “ Ah , give me back the

‘

, ,
"
o ld soldiers of I taly and I will sh ow you that I am 1 S till,
he had n o heart for the war and after the catastrophe at
,

Leipz ig h e broke ou t i nto Open revolt cursing the Emperor ,

“
and telli ng Macdonal d that th e i diot does n o t kn ow what
he is about the coward h e abandoned us and was pre
,

pared to sacrifice u s all but d o not i magin e that I was fool

,

enough to let myself be killed or taken prisoner for the sake

"
of a suburb of Leipzig I n spite Of th is i n 1 8 14 Napoleo n
.
,

was so hard pressed that he was forced to employ h im .

H e sent hi m to Lyons with Orders to prevent the Allies from

debouching from S witzerlan d and if possible, to fall on the
, ,

li ne of commu nication of S ch w a rtz e n b erg s army wh ich ’

was threateni ng Paris and he i mplored h i m “ to remember

h is former victories and to forget th at he w as o n th e wro n g
”
S ide of fifty B u t Old age and luxury had snapped the once
.

famous spirit of the Duke of Castiglione and h is operations ,

rou nd Lyons were contemptible As Napoleon said at S t . .

H elena ,
For a long time Au g ereau had n o longer been a
soldier h is courage, h is early virtues h ad raised h i m h igh ,

above the crowd, but honour dignity and fortu ne had , ,

forced h im back i nto the ruck Accordingly as soon as.

,

h e heard of the capitulatio n of Paris h e h oisted the wh ite

cockade, and issued a proclamatio n saying, “ S oldiers you ,
 G U I LLA U M E M AR I E AN N E BR U N E ,
MAR S H A L

U I L L AU M E
M AR I E AN N E B RU N E poet and ,

warrior w as born on M ay 13 1 7 63 at Brives la

, , ,
-

Gaillard H is father wh o belonged to a legal

.
,

family destined h is so n to follow i n h is footsteps and

, ,

after giving h i m a good education sent h i m to finish his

,

study o f law at the College o f France at Paris B ut the .

boy s taste di d not lie amo ng th e dull tech nicalities of law

’
.

Artistic and emotional by temperament b e early threw ,

h i mself heart and soul i nto l iterature At the age of .

eightee n h e p ublish ed h is first work half prose half verse, , ,

i n which h e described a holiday i n Poitou an d Angoum ois .

’
But h is father viewed with suspicion h is so n s literary aspi
rations and the breach between them widened when
,

Guillaume married a young burnisher o f metal An g eli q ue ,

N ico l e Pierre the orphaned daughter of a m iller from

,

Arpaj on who had captivated h im by h er beauty and then

,

n ursed h i m through a dangerous i l l ness The you ng couple .

were thrown entirely o n their o w n resources and An g eli q ue ,

had to conti nue her burn ish ing wh i le to ensure th e p ubli

,

catio n of h i s works Bru ne took to th e trade of pri nter .

B u t i n spite of poverty and h ard work th e marriage was a

h a p py one for Angélique s b eauty a nd purity of min d
,
’

an d ch aracter were the n ecessary comp l ement to her

h u sband s artisti c desires W h ile engaged i n h is l iterary
’
.

work Bru ne met the celebrated M irabeau who i ntroduced ,

268
 BR UN E
A IF I‘ E R T H E D RA W IN G uv l"
.
J . II A R R I E I‘
’
2 70 NAP O LE O N S M ARS HALS ’

ofli cers C hosen to rally the scattered troops of the Army of

th e North I n j uly he was ordered to Calvados to assist i n
.

crushing the Giro ndists After h is success i n N ormandy

.

h is friends offered h i m a post i n th e mi nistry at Paris but ,

h e loved liberty fair a nd free a s sh e existed i n th e army,

,

but not as sh e was adored i n Paris to the sou nd of th e ,

tocsi n and the beat of the générale and fierce so n gs of

. ,
”
death trolled ou t by can nibals Accordingly h e returned.

to the Army of the N orth i n time to fight under H ouchard

at H a n dsch Otte n B ut h e had to pay the penalty for hi s
.

friendship with th e Terrorists for j ust as h e was setti ng o u t

,

ful l of delight to figh t th e E nglish at Du nkirk owi ng to ,

th e exigencies Of political str ife h e was h urriedly recalled

to give the Giro ndists their coup de grace at Bordeaux - -
.

Brune returned to the c apital i n 17 94 i n ti me to witness

th e fa ll of h is patron Danto n ; but fortu nately for h i m
,

Barras took h im u nder h is protectio n and i n O ctober , ,

thanks to h is i n fl uence h e became commandant Of Paris

, .

F or a whole year the General held this post, and o n

O ctober 5th commanded the second colum n wh ile Bo na
parte with the first colum n ended th e reactio n Of th e
Terror with a few rou nds of grape sh ot S til l u nder th e .

patronage of Barras Bru ne spent th e year 17 9 6 i n pacifyi ng

,

the M idi and h is work there has bee n admirably portrayed

,
“ ’ "
i n Alexandre Dumas Les Compagnons de j ehu where ,

h e figures as General Rolland Fro m this vexatious an d .

wearisome struggle against h ostile cou n trym en he was '

summoned to I taly at the begin ning o f 17 97 an d was ,

'
present with M ass ena s divisi on at th e battle of Rivol i .

U n der M ass ena h e fought through the campaign wh ich

,

e nded at Leoben and attracted th e notice Of Bonaparte by

,

h is courage and goodw i ll : i n reward for h is services h e

was created general of division Fro m I taly the general .
,

with h is division , was sent i n O ctober to j oi n the Army of

E ngland ; wh ile march ing north it was suggested that h e
sho u ld take th e p ost of ambassador at Berli n ; bu t when
 GU I LLAU M E M ARI E AN N E B RUN E 271

the troops heard of this o ffer th ey asked th e adj utant

“
general to wr i te to their commander sayi ng, Liste n
,

general : your division charges me to tell you n ot to give

u p fighting the divisio n will bri ng you honour and that is ,

m uch better than an embassy H owever, there was to be

.

no question of an embassy for o n February 7 179 8, the

, ,

Directors sent hi m to take over th e command of th e French

troops wh ose duty it was to annex S witzerla nd to France .

’
Th is was th e general s fir st i ndependent command ; an d
though the campaign added to h is military reputation
“

unfortu nately it left a stai n o n h is honou r Th e war was .

en tered on merely with the desire of capturi ng th e S wiss

'
treasury at Berne and th us providi ng fu nds for Bonapa rt e s
,

Egyptian expedition Brune had learned h is lesso n i n I taly

.
,

so th e campaign was short, i n S pite of th e diffi culty of th e

cou n try and th e patriotism of the S wiss W riting to Bona
.

parte, th e general explai ned the cause of h is success

From th emom en t I fou nd myself i n a situatio n to act I ,

assembled all my strength to s trike like lightni ng : for

S witzerland is a vast barrack, a nd I had everyth ing to fe ar
from a war of posts I avoided i t by n egotiations which I
.

knew w ere n ot si ncere on the part of th e Bernese and ,

since th en I h ave followed out the plan which I traced to

"
you I thi nk always I am still u nder you r command
. .

The crushing of th e S wiss peasantry and the capt u re of

Berne were followed by the h our of spoliation ; no less
than one million seven h u ndred thousand pou nds were
wrung fro m the wretched S wiss Bru ne h i mself kept h is
.

o w n hands clea n a nd was as he wrote ,

,
constantly pari ng
the nails of rascals and taki ng th e public treasure from
”
them ; but the fact that he was o fficially responsible for
the spoliation and that h is ow n share of th e plu nder w as
thirty two thousa nd pou nds caused his name to be loathed
-

throughout the length and breadth of S witzerland , and “ to

”
rob like a Brune became a proverb, wh ich was eagerly
seized on by h is detractors .
2 72 N AP OLE ON S MAR S H ALS
’

The Directors pleased with his Operations i n S witzerland

, ,

despatched Brun e on M arch 3 1, 1 7 9 8 to take co mmand of

, ,

th e Army of I taly H is task was a di ffi cult o ne for at

.
,

Rome an d Mantua th e starvi ng troops had muti ni ed whil e ,

the con tractors and agents of th e Directors were amass ing

huge fortunes To complicate th e situatio n th e general
.

was encumbered by a civil Commission whose du ty it was ,

to superv i se th e governments of th e Cisalpi ne Republic .

Trouvé, the m ovi ng spiri t of the Commission had but one ,

i dea to c urb th e growi ng democratic sp iri t of the Pied

,

montese The commander i n ch ief wh ose love of freedom

.
- -
,

had not yet been blu nted vi olently opposed Trouvé, and at
,

last forced h is views on th e D irectory , and Trouv é was

replaced by Fouch e Bu t i t was too late th e misch i ef h ad
. .

been done Th e Piedmo ntese woul d n o longer bear th e

.

French control “ Th is then th ey cried, is th e faith the ,

"
,

fraternity an d th e friend sh i p you have brough t us from

,
" ’
France I I n spite of Bru ne s efforts to res tore confidence
they had lost all faith i n French ho nour, and o n Dece mber
6 th h is success or fou nd h imse lf forced to expel at the point ,

of the bayo net all senators opposed to th e Fren ch i nterest

, .

Leavi ng I ta l y i n November Bru ne found h imself se nt ,

at th e beginni ng O f 17 99 to H ollan d where danger was ,

threatening : it was evident that E ngland was going to

make an effort to regai n for th e Prince of O range h is
lost possessions I n S pite of this k nowledge as late as
.
,

August th e French c ommand er cou ld only concentrate

te n thousand men u nder General D a en dals to oppose an
equal force of Engl ish u n der Abercromby when they
,

landed o n th e Open beach at Groete Keten Though as .

stro ng as the enemy Genera l D a e n d als made the mos t

,

feeble attempt to Oppose the landing Day by da y .

E ngl ish and Russia n reinforcements poured i nto H ollan d ,

ti ll at l ast they n umbered forty eight th ousa nd B ut th e -

.

Duke o f Y ork th e E nglish commander ln ch i ef had a

,
- -
,

h opeless task W ith no means of transport no sta ff and

.
, ,
2 74 NA P O LE O N S MARS H ALS ’

From H olland th e conqu eror of the E nglish was de

sp a tch e d early i n 1 8 00 by the First Consul to quell
, ,

th e rising i n La Vend ee where hi s former experience o f

,

guerilla warfare i n S witzerland stood h i m i n good stead ,

and h e soon brought the rebels to th eir knees During .

the M a rengo campaign he commanded the real Army

of Reserve at Dij o n but i n August, wh en Bonaparte
,

foun d i t n ecessary to replace Mass ena he despatched ,

Brune to take command of th e Army of I taly Un for .

’
tu n ate ly the future M arsh al s genius was more suited to
the details of admi nistratio n and the direction of small
colu mns than to the comman d of large forces i n the
field Though at the h ead of a h u ndred thousand men
.
,

a nd su pported admirably by M urat M armont Macdonald , , ,

.

S uchet and Dupont h e failed co nspicuo usly as a com

,

mander i n ch ief H is m ovements at th e crossing of th e

- -
.

M i ncio were h esitating and slow and h e neglected to ,

’
seize the opportu nity whi ch Dupont s su ccessful move
ments presented to hi m At Treviso as i n H olland, h e
.
,

sh owed o nly too clearly h is li mi tations : h e held th e

enemy i n the h ollow of h is hand but failing to see h is , ,

advantage he once agai n signed an armistice which

,

permitted th e foe to esca pe out o f h is net .

O n h is return to France the First Consul regarded

h i m with suspicion H is well known republica n Opinions
.
-

’
di d not h armonise with Bonaparte s schemes of self
aggrandisement The First Consul had a very poor
.

estimate of his military ability but the people at large ,

still hailed h i m as th e savi our of H oll and and France .

Bonaparte treated h im like all those wh om h e suspected

but wh om he could not a fford to despise and u nder th e ,

pretext of a diplomatic appointment h e pract i cally banished

h i m to Constantinople Diplomacy was not Bru ne s forte
.
’

,
’
and after eightee n mon ths residence i n Turkey he was
obliged to quit th e Porte wh ich h ad fallen entirely u nder
,

Russian i nfluence .
 G U I LLAU M E M ARI E ANN E B RU N E 27 5

The general was still abroad when the Emperor created

his Marshals : h is appoi ntment o f Bru ne, like h is appoint
ment o f Lefebvre was part of his scheme for bi ndi ng
,

th e republican i nterest to his dynasty, for h is opi nio n of

’
the Marshal s talent was such that h e scarcely ever
employed h i m i n the field From 18 05 to 18 0 7 Bru ne .

was occupied i n drilli ng the troops left at B ou logne I n .

May, 1 807 h e was appoi nted to command th e reserve

,

corps of the Gran d Army a nd when i n j u ly the Ki n g

_
,

o f S weden declared war o n N apoleon , h e was entrusted

with th e operations rou nd S tralsu nd and captured that ,

fortress and the island o f Ri Ig e n During th is short

'

camp aign the M arshal had an i nterview with Gustavus

of S weden and tried to poi nt ou t to hi m the folly of
,

fighting agai nst France A garbled accou nt of th is

.

i nterview, ful l of u nj ust i nsi nuations came to Napoleon s ,

’

ca rs . I n anger the Emperor sent for Brune and taxed

“

h i m with the false accusations Th e Marsh al furious .

,

that his good faith Shou ld be suspected refused any ,

explanation and merely contented h imself with repeating

“ ”
I t is a lie Th e Emperor, equally furious at h is
.

obsti nacy, deprived h im of h is comman d The result of .

th is quarrel was th at for the next five years Bru ne lived

at home i n disgrace O n th e Restoratio n h e made h is
.

submission to Louis XV I I I and received th e cross Of .

,

S t Louis But i n 18 15 on the return from Elba h e

. .
, ,
’
answered th e Emperor s summons for Napoleo n cou ld ,

no longer a fford the luxury o f quarrelli ng with generous

French men wh o were willi ng to serve h i m Remembering .

the Marshal s talent for admi nistration and a war of posts

’

he offered h i m the command o f th e M idi Brune hesi .

ta te d ; Napoleo n had treated h i m disgracefully but i n ,

his generosity he was ready to overlook all that ; still ,

h e knew well that th e E mp ire was n ot the Republic

yet he preferred Napoleo n s reg i m e to that of the Bourbons
’

and at l ast h e accepted, but set out for h is new duties

2 7s NA P O LEO N S MARS H ALS ’

d epressed and not at all h imself Th e di fficulties h e had .

to co nten d wi th were enorm ous ; the Austrians and

S ardi nians were massing on the fron tiers th e allied ,

fleet com man ded the M editerranean whi le Provence was ,

covered by bands o f brigands wh o called themselves

roya l ists M arseilles the fickle which had given France
.
, ,
“
and the Re p u blic th e M arsei llaise was n ow red h ot ,
-

Legitimist S O th e n ews of W aterloo an d o f N apoleon s

.
’

abdicatio n came as a relief to th e h arassed M arshal who ,

was o nly too glad o n j uly 2 2 n d to hand over Toulon

to the E nglish Thereon i n o bedience to th e com mand
.
,

o f the King h e set o u t for Paris

, .

W e ll awar e of the disorder i n the M idi the Marshal asked ,

Lord Exmou th the commander o f the British squadron to

, ,

take hi m by sea to I taly so that h e might escape th e danger

,

wh ich h e knew threatened h i m from the hatred o f th e

royalists U nfortu nately for th e fame of E ngland Lord
.
,

Exmouth refused i n th e rudest terms calling hi m “ the ,

” “
pri nce o f scamps and a blackguard Accordingly h e .

set off by land receivi ng a promise of p rotectio n from the

,

royalist commander but n o escort W ith his tw o aides

, .

de camp h e reached Avignon i n safety but there he

-
,

was set o n by the mob chased i nto a h otel and sh ot i n

,

cold blood and h is body thrown i nto th e RhOn e ; a

,

fisherman by n ight rescu ed th e corpse , an d for many

years the body of th e M arshal reposed i n the h umble grave
where the ki ndh earted fisherma n h ad placed it M ea nwh ile .

the Government sa nctio ned the story th at he had com

m i tte d suicid e But at last th e persistence Of his widow
.

compelled an i nqu iry when the truth w as revealed and

, ,

i t was proved wi thout doubt that th e murder h ad been

co nn ived at by th e auth orities The i nquiry further .

revealed th at the real cause Of th e M arshal s death was ’

n ot so much the measures h e had taken to stamp out

the bands of royalists d uring h is command i n the M i di ,

as h is old con nection with Cami lle Desmou li ns and

 XV I I

AD O LP H E ED O UAR D CA S I M I R J O S E P H M O RTI E R,
MAR S H A L, D U K E O F TREV I S O

D O U AR D M O RTI E R was born near Cambrai o n

February 1 3, 17 68 H is father a prosperous
.
,

farmer gave the future M arshal a fair edu ca tio n

, .

Becomi ng a man of some i mportance o n the outbreak o f

the Revolution , h e was ab l e i n 17 9 1 to secure for h is so n
a commission i n the volu nteer cavalry of the n orth .

Extremely tal l h eavily built slow of speech with a stupid

, , ,

sentinel look th e yeoman captai n of 1 7 9 1 gave the casual

,

Observer but little sign of promise But i n spite of those .

rather weary looki ng eyes you ng M ortier was possessed of

,

a burni ng enthusiasm and a dau ntless courage From h is .

first engagement at Q ui evrain i n Apri l 1 7 9 2, where he had

, ,

a h orse killed u nder him , to the day he and M armo nt

surrendered Paris i n 1 8 14 every skirm ish or engagement i n
_ ,

which h e took part bore testimony to h is extraordi nary

bodily strength and bravery Nature having also e ndowed
.

h im with a ki ndly temperament it was not to be wondered,

at that his men swore by h im a nd were ready to follow h im

,

anywhere B ut i n spite of many gallant actions and

.

numerous mentions i n despatches promotion came but ,

s l owly ; for M ortier spent th e first six years of h is service

wi th the armies of the S ambre and M euse an d of the
Rh ine and had to compete against such men as S oult, Ney
, ,

S t Cyr Kléb er and Desaix wh o were on a h igher mental

.
, , ,
2 78
A D O LP H E EDO UAR D CAS I M I R j osEP H M O RTI E R 2 79

plane S till , he was recognised as one wh o was bou nd to

.

rise and was on e of those who m Kl eber singled ou t for

,

commendatio n whe n h e wrote to the Directory saying ,

“
'
'

W ith such ch iefs a general ca n n eg le ct to cou nt the

n umber of h is enemies and wel l h e might for on th e ,

day after he wrote h is report M ortier with a single battalio n

, ,

and four squadrons of cavalry having been ordered to try ,

and drive two thousand of the e nemy ou t o f a stro ng

positio n on the W isent attacked them with such vivacity
,

that to the surprise of everybody i n an hour h e drove them

, ,

i n flight .

After the campaign i n 17 98 j ourda n sent up h i s name for

the command of a brigade but h e preferred th e colonelcy
o f th e twenty fi rst regiment of cavalry
- H owever a few .
,

mo nths later on February 2 2n d he was promoted general

, ,

of brigade I t was i n this capacity that he served u nder

.
'

Mass ena i n the celeb rated campaign i n S witzerland At .

the second battle of Zurich h e did yeoman service ; by a

vigorous demonstration h e held the enemy near the town
while Mass ena completed h is turni ng movement ; h e further
distingu ished h imself by h is vigour and resource during the
pursuit Of th e Russians ; thus he wo n h is promotio n to
general of divisio n o n S eptember 2 5 17 99 W he n Bona , .

parte became First Consul M ortier fou nd no cause for ,

dissatisfaction with the change of Governmen t ; no poli

ti ci a n h e was ready to accept any strong government
,
.

Fortunately for h i m h is dogged character and h is fighting

’
record attracted the First Co nsu l s attention Bonaparte .

saw i n h i m a man without guile a soldier wh o wo uld accept ,

any order from h is chief and execute it i nstantly withou t

,

questioning S till it was a great piece o f fortu ne for th e

.
,

general o f division w h o had h itherto held n o i ndependent

,

c ommand i n the field that he lay with h is troops near th e

,

Vaal at the time that the First Co nsu l determined to pu nish

,

E ngl and for her suspicion o f h im by seizing H anover .

W ith twenty thousan d men General M ortier issued from

2 80 NAP OLE ON S M ARS H ALS’

H olland , fell suddenly o n the H anoverian troops at Borstel

o n the W eser, and force d Cou nt W a l m o d e n to S ign a con

v e n ti o n whereby th e H anoverian army was to retire beh ind

the E l be an d not to bear arms against the French as long

as the war co nti nued The E ng l ish Govern me nt refused to
.

ratify it so M ortier at o nce called o n W al m ode n to resume

,

hostilities ; but so u nequal was the co ntest that th e

.

H anoverian general was forced to accept a modified form

Of the former conve nti o n Thereon M ortier h urriedly .

occu p ied H ambu rg and Bremen and c l osed the Elbe to ,

E nglish com merce But bri l liant as his Operations had

.

been i n the field as milit ary governor of the ceded pro

,

vi nces h e established a rep utatio n for great rapacity wh ich ,

fo l lowed hi m throughou t h is career .

’
Na p oleon however winked at h is general s peculati on s
, ,

so long as th ey di d n ot a ffect h is treasury , and h e sh owed

h is approbatio n o f h is successfu l campaign by maki ng h im
one o f the four commandants of th e G u ard and i n cluding ,

h im i n 1 8 04 amo ng the first creati on o f Marshals Next

'

.
, ,

year M ortier marched to G erm a n y i n command of a division

o f th e Guards W h en after U l m th e a rm y was reorganised
.

for the advance on Vien na a n ew corps composed Of th e , ,

d ivision of Dupont and Gazan was entrusted to th e ,

M arsh al The duty h e was to perform was di fficu l t ;

.

h e was to cross the D anube at Li nz and u nsupported sav e ,

by a floti l la of boats , hang o n th e Russia n rear wh ile th e ,

rest of the army mar ched o n Vien n a by th e right bank of

the river The E mperor impressed o n h i m th e necessity
.

for caution , and warned h i m that he must th row o u t a ring

’

o f vedettes and keep somewhat behi nd La n n e s s cor p s whic h ,

was march ing i n ad va nce of hi rq o n th e other side of the

river U nfortu nately the Marshal i n his eagerness to i nflict
.
,

loss o n the Russians whom h e believed to be flyi ng i n

,

complete rout neglected a l l warn ings and push ed recklessly

,

forward At D i I rre n ste i n ( near the castle wh ere Richard

‘

Coeur de Lio n w as i mprisoned by the Archd u ke of Austria)

A DO LP H E ED O UAR D CAS I M I R J OS EP H M O RTI E R 28 1

he -
fell i nto a trap Th e enemy al lowed hi m to pass th e
.

’
defile o f D ii rren stei n with Gazan s division knowi ng th at ,

Dupont w a s many m iles i n the rear an d then closed i n ,

o n h i m o n front and rear

_
W ith bu t seven thousand men
.
,

surrou nded by thirty th ousand Russians i t seemed that the ,

'

Marshal w a s lost Bu t h e kept h is head and at o nce

.
,

turned about to try and break back an d j oi n Dupo nt wh o ,

he knew would hurry to h is support Firi ng at poi nt blank .

-

range struggli ng bayo net agai nst bayonet the small French
, ,

force worked its way towards the de fi l e Darkness fell .

,
’
bu t still the fight co nti nued and at last D upon t s gu ns were
,

heard at th e other side of th e gorge But by then two .

'
’
th irds of Gazan s divisio n had fa l l en three eagles were ,

taken and M ortier h imself conspicuous by h is towering

, ,

h eigh t owed h is safety to h is skil l with his sabre H is

,
.

o fficers h ad begged h im to escape across the river by boat ,

lest a Marshal of France should become a prisoner i n the

“

h ands of th e desp ised Russians ; th is h e i ndignantly

refused “
NO h e said “ reserve th is resource for the
.
, ,

wou nded O ne who has the honour to comman d such

.

brave soldiers sho u ld esteem h imself happy to sh a re their

lot and peris h with them W e have still two gun s an d .

some boxes of grape ; let u s close our ranks an d make a

”
l ast effort Bu t still the Russians pressed the devote d
.
.

colu mn and now all the ammun ition was expended and
,

the survivors were prepari ng to sell their lives dearly whe n ,

’
Dupont s men at last hurled th e enemy aside a nd ami d ,
“ ”
cries of France ! France ! you h ave saved us l th e
’
u ndau nted remnant Of Gazan s divisio n threw themselves
i nto the arms o f their comrades O n th e morrow th e .

sorely battered cor p s was recalled across th e Danube but ,

th e E mperor coul d n o t lay a l l the blame o n M ortier for it ,

was h i s own mistake i n strategy i n dividi ng h is army by th e

broad Danu be wh ich had really caused th e disaster .

I n 1 8 06 the M arshal acted i ndependently o n the left o f

the Grand Arm y and after oc cu p yi n g C a sse l an d H am burg
, _
,
28 2 NA P O LE O N S MARS HALS ’

where his cruel exactio ns greatly i ncreased h is reputation

for rapacity h e was entrusted with th e operatio ns against
,

the S wedes I n 1 8 0 7 h owever h e was ca l led u p to rei n

.
, ,

force the Grand Army i n time to take part i n the decisive .

battle at Friedland I n j uly 1 8 0 8 Napoleon rewarded h i m

.
, ,

by creating h im Duke of Treviso A month l ater h e .

despatched h im to S pai n i n command of th e fifth corps ,

which was composed of veterans o f th e Austrian and

Prussian campaigns very di fferent from the recruits of th e
,

third corps and other corps i n S pai n But i n spite of this .

magnificent material the Marshal did not distinguish him

self The severe reverse h e had received at D iI rre nste i n
'

se emed to h ave killed h is dash H is physical bravery .

remai ned the same as ever, bu t h is moral courage had

deteriorated, a nd i n S pai n h is manoeuvres were al ways
halti ng and timid At S aragossa h e did n ot press th e
.

siege with th e veh emence Lan nes sh owed when h e

su perseded h im ; but at th e battle of O ca fia h e sh owed
that during a combat h is nerve was as good as ever .

Th e first l ines of the French broke n by the fire of the ,

S p anish battery had begun to waver ; the M arshal was

,

s l ightly wou nded bu t at the critical moment h e rode u p

,
’
to Girard s division wh ich was i n reserve and leadi ng i t
, ,

through th e i ntervals of the first line he caught th e victorious ,

enemy at a disad vantage and completely turned th e fortunes

,

o f the day The remainder of the Duke of T rev i so s service

.
’

i n the Peninsu la w as s pent u nder the command of M arshal

S oult either i n front o f Cadiz or as a covering force to th e
,

troops occupied i n that S iege From Spai n h e was recalled .

i n 1 8 1 2 to command the Y oung Guard i n the Russian cam

p a ig n .W hen the French evacuated M oscow the Marshal ,
’
at the Emperor s commands had the i nvidious duty of ,

b lowing u p the Kremli n Duri ng h is retreat he showed .

h imse l f worthy of h is post of commander of the Y oung

Guard and i n 1 8 13 i n the same capacity h e fought
, , ,

through out the campaign taking his share i n the battles ,

28 4 NA P OLE O N S M ARS H ALS ’

j udge on Marshal Ney ; h owever i n 1 8 19 he was re i nstated ,

i n all of them .

I t w a s n ot ti l l the accession of th e j uly mo narch y that

th e D u ke of Treviso o nce agai n p layed a promi nent part .

I n 18 3 1 h is O ld friend the Duke of O rleans n ow become

, ,

King made hi m Grand Chancellor of th e Legio n of

,

H onour an d i n November 1 8 34 call ed o n h im to accept

, , ,

the onerous task o f head o f the Government and M i nister

Of W ar .To help hi s frie nd and sovereign the Duke
accepted the responsibility but soon fou n d that h e was ,

u nequal to the task A frank and loyal soldier of

.
,

u nimpeachable honour integrity and ch aracter he could

, , ,

shine i n the field but n ot i n the foru m H is fi ne loft y

,
.
,

figure commanding air mi l itary beari ng and frankness

, , ,

were o f no avail i n th e Ch amber of Peers where what ,

was wanted was a subtle spirit wh ich c ould discern and

i nfluence the drift of parties a clear faci le tongue an d a n , , ,

apparent acquai nta nce with any s ubj ect whi ch migh t come
up for disc u ssion These were th e very qualities i n which
.

the M arshal was most lacking S low witted by nature .

-
,

with a limited vocab u lary and a bad de l ivery he soon ,

found h imself u n fitte d for the post a nd resigned i n ,

Fe b ruary 1 8 3 5,
Bu t unfortu nately for h im h e sti l l
.

retai ned h is positio n as Grand Chancellor, and i n th is

capaci ty he attended Louis Phi lippe o n h is way to the
ill fated review of j uly 2 9 th As the processio n arrived
- .

at the bou l evard of the Temple the M arshal complained ,

o f the h eat h is sta ff tried to persuade the o l d so l dier to go

h ome b ut h e refused sayi ng M y place is by th e King i n
, , , ,
”
the midst Of the M arshals my comrades i n arms ,
S carcely .

h ad he S poke n wh en F i esch i h urled the fa ta l bomb wh ich ,

missed th e Ki ng and the princes but killed the M arshal and ,

ma ny another soldier .

The Duke of Treviso while doi ng h is d uty by h is ,

sovereign met h is death like a soldier th ough n ot o n th e

, ,

field of b attle As with Davout the key to h is character

.
,
A D O LP H E ED O UAR D CAS I M I R J O S E P H M O RTI ER 2 85

w a s h isdogged determination ; but th ough h e resembled

the Pri nce of E ckm ti hl o n the bat tlefield he had n ot his ,

powers o f organisation n or h is clear i nsight i nto matters

,

of policy and strate g y But h e had o th er qualities which

.

Davout lacked H e was ki nd hearted and beloved by h is

.
-
,

men H i s simplicity and faithfulness appealed to Napoleon

.
,

and to all wh o came i n co ntact with h i m and it was for ,

this reason th at the E mperor entrusted h i m with the Y ou ng

Guard W hat distinguished h i m from many of the oth er
.

Marshals was h is lack Of j ealousy an d the generous way i n

,

which he co operated with h is comrades i n arms W hen

- .

the fu neral processio n passed down the Rue Royale on i ts

way to the Church o f the I nvali des with fou r Marshals o n
,

h orseback holding th e corners of the pal l men felt and , ,

felt rightly that France had su ffered a loss, for o n e was

,

gone wh o peasant born had i n his h igh position known

,
-
,

h ow to retain the simple virtues of a peas ant, wh ose o n e

vice w as the peasant vice o f avarice and wh o , wi th th is,

exception , had never allowed place or power to i nterfere

with what h e thought was his duty .
 XV I I I

J EA N BAPTI S TE B E SS I ERE S MAR S H A L , ,

D U KE
O F I S TR I A

ID E L I T Yand conscientiousness are great assets i n

’
life s race and to these j ean Baptiste Bessi eres
,

a dded great presence o f m ind and consi derable

dash I t is n ot therefore surprisi ng th at i n an age whe n
.
,

disinterestedness and reliability were notably absent among

pu blic men h is force of character pushed hi m above the
,

ordinary adventurers and caused h im to become o n e of

,
’
Napoleon s most trusted lieutenants Th e Marshal was .

born at Prayssac i n 1 7 68 H is father a surgeon brough t

.
, ,

u p his son i n his ow n professio n B ut the outbreak of the

.

Revolutio n opened a wider field to th e audacious young

Gascon E arly i n 1 7 9 2 j ean Baptiste q
{

. u i tte d C a h ors an d

the medical profession an d started off to Paris as o n e o f

,
“ "
the newly enrolled garde constitutionnelle
-
H i s fidelity .

and courage were soo n p ut to the test H e aided th e royal .

family in the flight to Varennes and consequently had to ,

seek safety i n retirement But the life o f a soldier was as

.

the breath of h is nostrils and three mo nths later h e

,

managed to enlist i n the 2 2 n d Chasseurs a corps which ,

formed part of the Army of the Pyrenees There his .

courage an d ability made h i m conspicu ous W ithi n .

three months of enlisting h e was promoted sub lieutenant -

.

Th e year 17 9 3 proved a disastrous o n e for France Defeat .

followed defeat But j ean Baptiste never desp a ired, and

.
288 N AP O LE O N S MARS HALS ’

return to France and i n Paris h e h elped M urat Lan nes

, , ,

an d Marmont to wi n over the army and took a prominent ,

part i n the coup d etat Of th e 1 8 th Brumaire I mmediately

’
.

after becomi ng First Consu l Napoleo n created the consular

Guard composed o f four batta lions of i nfantry and two
,

regiments Of cavalry H e placed at the h ead o f the

.

i nfan try Lan nes an d at the head of the caval ry Bessi eres
, .

W ith the cavalry o f the Guard Bessi eres took part i n the
famous march across the Alps and i n th e drawn battle of
M are ngo Fai thful as h e had proved h i mself i n war h e
.
,

showed his fidelity i n peace by exposing th e plot of the

artist C a ra cch i and th u s by ties of gratitude bou nd himself
, ,

closer to th e First Co nsul Tall good looking with a .

,
-
,

graceful figure and a ch a rmi ng smile the commandant Of ,

the Guard captivated everybody by h is i ntelligence and h is

disting u ished beari ng wh ich h ad a piquant flavour by
,

reas on of h is adherence to th e queue an d p owder o f a

bygone age .

Rej ecting the bri l liant m atch proposed by th e First

Consul h e ch ose as his bride Mademoiselle La p e z ri ére a
, ,

young lady of a royalist family Th e couple were married .

by a no nj uri ng priest a nd far from i ncurri ng displeasure

, , ,

were greatly com p limented for Bonaparte already desired ,

th e Concordat with th e Pope and saw i n the bride a useful ,

supporter of hi s scheme M adame Bessi eres was a great .

social success : a favourite of Napoleon an d a close friend

and con fidant o f j osephi ne everywh ere she was welcomed
fo r h er beauty h er force Of character a nd the charm o f her
, ,

man ner .

During th e year of peace and th e preparation for th e

i nvasio n of E ngland Bessi eres accompanied the First ,

Consu l on al l h is nu mero us expeditio ns To h is credit be .

it said he protested loudly agai nst the ill j udged execution

,
-

o f the D u e d E n g hi e n
’
W hen the First Consul became .

E mperor he enrolled his friend among his new M arshals,

not for h is m ilitary genius but as a reward for h is fidelity , ,
 j EAN B A P TI ST E B ESS I ER ES 289

for none knew better than Napoleo n h o w lacki ng th e new

Marshal was i n many of the requ isites o f a great com
mander .

I n 1 8 0 5 the cavalry of the G uard formed part of th e

Grand Army and their commander by h is able ba cking o f
, ,

M urat h ad h is share i n helpi ng to win the battle Of A u ster

,

l itz Durin g the interval between the Austrian an d th e

.

Prussian campaigns th e M arshal was busily occupied i n

Paris i n reorganising and expanding the Guard and a s , ,

usual was i n close touch with the E mperor I n the Prus

,
.

sian campaign Bessi eres had h is first taste of an i n de p e n

dent command and gained great credit for his masterly
,

man oe uvri ng i n Poland where with a weak force h e kept ,

the enemy i n complete ignorance of the movements of th e

French and covered th e con j unction of the various corps
,

o f th e army .

After th e peace o f Tilsit h e was entrusted with th e deli

cate mission of negotiati ng a marriage between Pri ncess
Charlotte o f W ti rtem bu rg and Pri nce j erome the new King ,

of W estphalia H ardly had he returned to Paris when h e

.

was hurried off aga i n o n active service th is time to S pai n , .

I t was j ust a week before the disaster o f B ayle n that

M arshal Bessi eres was confronted with a most serious
problem Th e S panish levies from O ld Castile u nder
.
,

Cuesta had e ffected a j u nctio n with the levies of Galicia

, ,

u nder Blake and were threaten ing to overwhelm th e weak

,

force of ten th ousand men with wh ich the M arshal was

attempti ng to put down the guerilla warfare i n the n orthern
’
provinces Bessi eres had n ot bee n th e great Emperor s
.

confidant for nothi ng and he at o nce saw th at unless h e , ,

took th e i n itiative h is force was doomed for th e enemy

, ,

were i n overwhelmi ng stren g th L a n d every day added to

their nu mbers H e knew well h ow i ll disciplined their
.
-

forces were and h e determi ned to try th e e ffect of a sur

,

prise Everyth ing fell ou t as he wished O n j uly 14th he

. .

found th e S panish armies i n positio n outside M edina del

0
2 90 NAP OLE ON S M ARS HALS ’

Rio S eco some few miles east of Valladolid

, Th e .

S paniards not k nowing whether the French were a dv a n

,

cing from the directio n of Valladolid or Burgos h ad placed ,

the army of Blake o n th e Valladolid road , and th at of

Cuesta on the Burgos road Accordingly th e Marshal was .

able to surprise and defeat B l ake, and then to turn and

i nflict a S imilar defeat on C uesta S o far hi s dispositions .

had been excellent but as General F oy said H e coul d

, , ,
"
organise victory bu t h e c oul d not profit by it for he w as
, ,

paralysed by the exten t of th e gu erilla warfare with whi ch

he was faced and after a sh ort but bloody p ursuit he c al l ed
,

o ff his troops S ti ll he had accomplished much ; for th e

.
,

time h e h ad dispersed al l organised resistance i n th e

northern provi nces and had op ened th e road to Madri d
,

for King j oseph .

But B aylen and Vi meiro proved th at th e w ar i n the

I berian Pen i nsula was sti l l o nly i n its first stage j oseph .

had hastily to evacuate M adri d and in s p ite of having , ,

twelve thousa nd French troops u nder h is command _

,

Bessi eres could effect noth ing The S panish armies of .

Cuesta and B lake once again took shape ; and, like the
other French generals th e Marsh al had to fal l back on th e
,

line of th e Ebro S uch was the situatio n i n O ctober when

.

the Emperor h imself appeared on the scen e Th e situation .

changed like magic at th e touch o f a master hand Th e .

French troops strung ou t i n a great semicircle o n the E bro

, ,

were quickly concentrated Blake an d Cuesta were each .

defeated by an overwhelming combi nation of th e d i fferent

French armies M eanwh ile the Emperor, recognising
.
,

th e limitations of h is faithful friend, supersed ed h im by

S oult, but gave h i m the command of the Guard and o f the
reserve cavalry u nder his ow n i mmediate supervision and
, ,

took h im back to France when h e gave up the pursuit of

the E n g lish
.

N apoleon desired to take th e Guard wi th h i m on the

Austria n campai gn , and as several regimen ts were still i n
,
29 2 NA P O LE O N S MARS HALS ’

agai nst him Napoleo n coul d ill a fford to disregard his most
,

faithful friend Accordi ngly i mmediately after W agram h e

.
,

despatched the newly created Duke of I stria to Be l gium to

take over the comman d o f the French troops w ho were
opposing the ill fated E nglish expeditio n to the isle o f
-

W alcheren . When th e M arshal returned from Belgiu m to

Paris he found that the E mperor h ad made a ll arrangements
for the divorce of j oseph ine and for hi s second marriage .

Bessi eres was placed i n a very awkward positio n Pri nce .

E ug ene was hi s greatest friend j oseph i ne h ad always bee n

.

most kind to h i m and the Duch ess but he cou ld n ot help ,

them i n any way and to make matters worse th e E mperor

, , ,

i nsisted on comi ng and stayi ng with h i m at h is cou ntry

house at Grignon .

Meanwhile the war i n S pai n was spoili ng many great

reputations . Rei nforcements were urgently required so ,

th e Emperor decided to give h is Y oung Guard their baptism

of fi r e i n S pai n Accordi ngl y at th e com mencement of
.
,

1 8 1 1 he despatched them with Bessi eres their commander , ,

to Operate o n the n orth ern li nes of commu nication Th e .

i ll success of the Fren ch w as palpably due to two causes

-
.

There w a s no commander i h chief o n th e S pot — the E mperor

- -

was i n Paris — a nd there was n o other M arshal wh om a l l the

others would Obey S econdly there was a great want of
.
,

concentration ; as Bessi eres wrote to Berth ier : All the

world is aware o f th e vicious system of ou r Operations ,

everyone sees th at we are too much scattered W e occupy

“

too wide an extent of country : we exhaust o ur resources

withou t profit and with out necessity : we cli ng to dreams .

W e should concentrate ou r forces ; retai n certai n poi nts

d a p p u i for the protection of o u r magazi nes and h ospitals
’

an d regard two thirds of S pain as a vast battlefield whi ch a

-
,
”
si ngle victory may either secure or wrest from us Um .

fortu nately the M arshal was h u man l ike h is comrades and , ,

instead of loyally backing up M ass ena he came to an open ,

rupture with him o n the question of supp lies and by his ,

 J E AN B A P TI STE B ESS I ER ES 293

’
inaction at Fuentes d O n oro h e caused the French to lose
that battle Th ough h e made good his excuses before
.

Napoleon and secured the disgrace o f the Pri nce of Essling

, ,

i n the Opinion of the Duke of W elli ngto n it was B ess i eres s ’

refusal to lend M a ssé n a assi sta n ce wh ich was entirely

'

responsi ble for th e French defeat M oreover soun d as were .

,

h is views o n the method o f conducting war, he had not th e

personality to impress them o n others or the application to
pu t th em i nto practice and his whole time was occupied
,

i n attempting to make head agai nst the guerilla warfare .

H is methods were rough and barbarous and reacted agai nst ,

the French for he avenged th e i ll deeds of the gueri llas on

,

th eir families and women folk a nd visited wi th military ,

executio n any village wh ich failed to meet h is o nerous

requisitions S o the S paniards retaliated with revenge the
.
,
“ ”
weapo n o f the weak that wild ki n d of j ustice
, Th e .

’
M arshal s blu nders were cut sh ort b y h is recall to Paris at
th e begi n ning of 18 1 2 to reorganise the Guard prior to th e
Russian campaign .

The Duke of I stria accompanied the Emperor to th e front .

H is individual sh are was restricted by the fact that th e

King o f Naples was with the army But during the retreat .

he led the van and did yeoma n service i n restori ng order

among th e disheartened troops .

Early i n 1 8 1 3 he was recalled from Ebli ng to reorganise

the Guard and the reserve cavalry The t ask tried to th e .

’
utmost the M arshal s great admi nistrative capacity for n ot “

O nly was there the question of men and equipment but ,

above all he was confronted with th e d i fli cu lty of providing

remou nts I n spite of al l h is e fforts it was i mpossible to
.

find anything like enough horses for the cavalry for th e ,

guns had to be supplied first .

’
Th e Marshal s share i n the campaign was short At .

Lutzen on the eve of the first engagemen t h e was greatly

, ,

depressed and possessed by a presentiment o f death , which

proved on l y too true, for scarcely had the battle opened
2 94 NA P OLE O N S M ARS H ALS
’

when h e was struck by a bullet wh ich i n fl icted a mortal

wou nd .

Th e Duke of I stri a h as always been am ong th e m ore

u nknown o f the M arshals Th e reaso n for this is clear
. .

As commander of the cavalry o f the G uard and organiser

o f the Y ou ng Guard his greatest work was done i n th e
,

o ffice at Paris, d isciplini ng organising equipping and , , ,

supervising the i nstructi on of these picked troops H is .

greatest talents were th ose o f administration As a cavalry .

leader i n th e fiel d he was overshadowed by the brilliant an d

more striking King of Naples S till as a subordinate h e .
,

possessed some sterli ng qualities as is proved by his actions ,

duri ng the Great Five Days and by th e fierce figh t at ,

Aspern Essli ng As a n i ndependent commander h e was a

- .

failure Again and agai n h is moral courage seemed to

.

dese rt h i m at the critical moment I n S pain at M edina del .

,
’
Rio S eco at Burgos and at Fuentes d On oro h e could n ot
, , ,

brace h imself to take the responsibi lity of throwi ng h i S ‘

w hole weigh t i nto the actio n Like many another general

.
,

h e was sou nd but h e was u nable to rise to th e h eight o f

,

those great commanders who i ntuiti ve l y know whe n to

sta ke their all Consequently although h e u ndoubtedly
.
,

possess ed the true military eye as is S hown by the wonder ,

f ul way h e covered the j u nction of th e French corps along

the Vistula and by his clearly written despatch o n th e errors
,

of th e war i n S pai n h is m ilitary reputatio n always suffered

,

when he had not h is great chief close at hand to sti ffen h is

determination Napoleo n knew full well h is weakness and
.
,

the reproaches he hurled at h i m at W agram were not alto

gether without grou nd S till th e Emperor w as aware that
.
,

B essi eres s advice was always valuable because of his clear

’

ness of vision and h is absolute lack of all bias and prej udice
a n d while h e made all owances for h is lack of moral courage ,
he always listened to hi m atte ntively The army believed .

th at it was h is frantic appeal S ire you are seven hu n dred

, ,

leagues from Paris which deterred the Emperor at M os

,
C LAU D E V I CT O R PE R R I N MAR S H A L D U KE , , OF
BE LLU N O

OT S pecially dowered by fortu ne with talents for

war but possessed of a resolute ch aracter a h igh
, ,

sense of h onou r great courage and that i ntre

, ,

p i d i ty wh ich N apoleo n maintai ned was so absolutely essen

tial for high command the Duke o f Bell uno is a striki ng
,

i nstance of h ow large a factor is character i n the struggle

o f l ife wh ich ends i n the survival of the fittest Born o n .

December 7 1 7 64 at La M arche among the mountai ns o f

, , ,

the Vosges Victor Perri n enlisted as a private at the age

, ,

o f seventeen i n the artillery regiment of Grenoble Th e

, .

artillery w as the finest arm of the old royal army for there , ,

and there alone merit n ot favour was the key to promotion

, , , .

Accordi ngly the future M arshal served his apprenticeship to

arms u nder offi cers wh o knew thei r service and loved it .

Ten years spent i n the ranks u nder those wh o maintained

strict discipli ne and were themselves punctilious i n matters
o f duty wh o exercised careful supervision over th eir men
,

and m ateri e l and made a serious study of their profession

, ,

the art of war — these years with their example were n ot

thrown away o n the young soldier W hen i n 17 9 1 the .
, ,

upheaval o f the Revolutio n threatened to subvert the service ,

Claude Victor, n ow a sergeant i n disgust at th e licence pre

,

vailing among th e troops applied for h is discharge S even

, .

months Of civi l life proved enough for the sturdy ex sergeant, -

296
 CLAU D E V ICTO R P ERRI N 297

and i n O ctober h e enrolled h imself i n th e vol u nteers of the

Drome, where i n ni ne month s h e forced h imself by strength
of character to th e command of h is battalion for as Napoleon
, ,
“
aptly said the ti mes of revolutio n are the occasions for
,
”
th ose soldiers who have i nsight and courage After six
.

months drill under the hand o f the e x arti l leryman th e

'
-
,

volunteers of the D rOm e were able to h old their ow n o n

the parade grou nd with th e best regiments of the l in e
_
.

W ell might their commander be prou d of h is battal ion .

’
I n the fighting on the Var, Victor s volu nteers greatly d is
ti n g u i sh e d themselves, bu t i t was at Toulon that they first
Sh owed their real worth I t was wel l for th e colonel that
.

he had brough t his troops to a h igh pitch of morale for on , ,

starting to attack M ou nt Faron , General D ug om mi er su m

“ ”
mo n e d h i m aside . W e must take the redoubt h e said , ,
“
or and h e passed his hand i n a suggestive way across
_

h is throat I n this attack, alone of all th e corps engaged

.
,

the me n of the Dr ome stood their groun d when th e Eng l ish

made th eir cou nter attack ; amid cries of S auve qu i peut 1
-

they alone replied steadily to the murderous fire of th e enemy ,

and as quietly as on parade they covered the rout and

slowly wi thdrew i n good order Three weeks later came
.

’
the Opportu nity of Victor s life i n th e assault o n the Litt le
”
Gibral tar, the seizure of wh ich positio n forced the E nglish
to evacuate Toulo n The attack was planned by Bonap arte
.
,

and Victor had the good fortu ne to be chosen as on e of the

leaders ; he was already the firm friend of the Corsican
capta in of artillery and he n ow w on h is bou ndless admira
,

tion by h is reckless bravery and h is capacity for maki ng h is

troops follow h im Th e two wou nds wh ich he received i n
.

the charge which carried the palisades were a ch eap price to

pay for the rank and glory wh ich h e was later to gai n as a
reward for the way i n wh ich h e flu ng h is shattered colum n
against the second li ne of defence H is i mmediate r ecom
.

pense was th e post of general of br i gade i n the Army of the

Eastern Pyrenees .
 N A P O LE O N S M ARS HALS
’
2 98

From th e S panish campaign Victor returned i n 17 95 to , ,

I tal y with a n enhanced reputation and some knowledge of

mountai n warfare wh ich w a s to stand h i m i n good stead
later . Wh en i n 1 79 6 Bo naparte took command of the
, ,

Army of I taly he fou nd Victor still general of brigade but

, ,

reputed on e of the bravest men i n that army o f heroes .

The campai gn of 17 96 brought hi m stil l more to th e front .

Dego M ondovi Peschiera, S an Marco, Cerea and the figh ts

, , ,

rou nd Mantua proved his courage and capacity to exact

the most from his troops but it was h is manoeuvring o n ,

j anuary 16 17 97 at S ai nt Georges outside M antua wh ich

, , , ,

proved his real ability for there with but two French , ,

regime nts, he forced th e whole divisi on of General Provera ,

seven th ousa nd strong to lay down its arms Bonaparte , .

ch ose th e con q ueror of Provera to lead the French army

’
to i nvade the Papal S tates This was Victor s first i nde .

pendent command, bu t, owing to th e poor conditio n o f the

Papal troops it was n o severe test of h is abi lity ; still it
, ,

gained for h i m h is step as general of division and confirmed ,

’
his chief s high opi ni on of h im .

Duri ng th e year following the peace of Campo Formio ,

General Victor held several p osts i n France but was back ,

agai n i n I taly i n 1 7 99 to take part i n the disastrous cam

,

p a i g n against th e A ustrians and Russians Detached by .

General Moreau to aid M acdonald on th e Trebbia h e for the , ,

first time sh owed th at j ea lousy wh ich w as such a blemish

,

i n h is ch aracter a nd during th e retreat h e paid so little

,

attention to orders th at h e was almost overwhelmed by the

enemy N ot fro m cowardice but from h is desire to escape
.
,
'
Macdonald s control , h e a ba ndoned h is gu ns and withdrew ,

i nto th e mountains to try to j oi n M oreau ; but Macdonal d

saved th e guns and sarca stically wrote to h is insubordinate
,

lieutenant th at he had secured the gu ns but fou nd neither

friend nor foe .

Victor was servi ng un der Mass ena wh en Bonaparte

returned from Egypt S tern Republican , spru ng from th e
.
300 NAP OLE ON S M ARS H ALS
’

due to the i r admirable co Operatio n and stubborn ness that

-

the retreat did not become a rout and that Desaix h ad ,

time to return to the field and allow the First Consul to ,

fight another battle a nd turn a defeat i nto a victory -

.

But though Napoleon gave h im his due share of th e

glory of Marengo and mentio ned h im first i n despatches
,

and pres ented h i m with a sword of h onour b e yet ,

remembered h is former h ostility and wh ile co nstantly , ,

emp l oying hi m took care to keep h im as much as possible

,

ou t of France S o for two years after Marengo General

.

Victor hel d the post of commander i n ch ief i n th e Army of - -

H olland Th en i n 1 8 0 2 h e was appoi nted Capta in General

.
-

o f L o u si a n i a
'
But fortu ne h ere defeated the First Consul s
.

i ntentions and th e expeditio n to America never sailed

, .

Victor was sent back to h is post i n H ol l and a nd kept there ,

till February 18 05 when h e w as appointed M i nister P le n i

, ,

potentiary at the Danish court .

Duri ng these years it was clear to everybody that h e was

i n disgrace and it was d ue to the boldness of h is friend
, ,

M arshal Lan nes that h e was recalled to active service and

,

once agai n given a chance of distingu ishi ng h imself I n .

S eptember 1 8 0 6 owi ng to the promotion of h is chief sta ff

, ,

o fficer Lannes had to fi nd a new ch ief of the staff for h is

,

corps and h e applied to the Emperor to be al lowed

,

to appoin t General Victor Napoleon hesitated for a .

moment then , mi ndful of the n u mber of troops u nder arms

, ,

and th e necessity o f employi ng really e fficient offi cers on

’
th e sta ff he acquiesced i n the M arshal s ch oice saying H e
, , ,

is a really soun d man and o n e i n wh om I have complete

confide nce and I will give h i m proof of this wh en the
,

occasion arrives j ena and Pul tusk added to th e general s

.
’

disti nguished record and the E mperor began to treat h im

,

o nce agai n with favour, and i n j anuary 1 8 0 7 e ntrusted h im , ,

with th e new tenth corps of th e Gran d Army S oo n after .

he had taken over h is new command he had the bad luck

to be captur e d b y a patrol of the enemy wh i l e drivi ng with
 CLAU D E V ICTO R P E RRI N 30 1

a single aide de camp near S tetti n Luckily for him he h ad

- -
.

by now completely won back th e goodwill of th e E mperor .

N apoleon at o nce se t about to e ffect h is exchange a nd i n ,

a few days h e w as back agai n with h is corps At the .

b egin ning of j une whe n Bernadotte fel l i ll the E mperor

, ,

summoned h im to th e front to take command of the first

corps and it was i n th is capacity that h e w a s present at th e
,

battle of Friedland , and i n that terrible struggle h e won h is

baton Rewards now came speedily for after Tilsit h e was
.
,

e ntrusted with th e government o f Prussia and i n 1 8 0 8 ,

created Duke of B ellu no .

From Prussia the Marshal was summoned i n the autumn ,

of 1 80 8 to take command of the first corps o f the Army of

,

S pain and for the next th ree years h e saw co nti nuous
,

serv i ce i n the Peni nsula During th e first few months of

'

his career there fortu ne smiled upon h im At Espi nosa h e .

dealt Gener al Blake a smash ing blow later h e led the van
o f th e army u nder Napoleo n in the march o n M adrid and ,
’
forced the e nemy s e ntrenched position i n th e pass o f the
S omosierra by a charge o f his Polish lancers From .

Madrid he was despa tched to th e south to keep the enemy

at some distance from the capital and at U lces an d M edel li n
,

he proved that the S panish generals were no match for h im

and his seaso ned troops B u t u nfortunately h e smirched
.

the fame of these victories by the li cence he permitted h is

soldiers : at Ulces he allowed the town to be sacked and ,

executed sixty nine of the most prominent of th e citizens

-
,

i ncluding some monks while he ordered al l prisoners who

,

were u nable to march to be shot At Medelli n the French .

bayoneted the S panish wou nded Furth er like many .

,

another commander he did not scruple to make the most

,

of his successes i n his reports and th e S paniards assert that

,

h e eked out his troph ies by taki ng down the old bat tle flag s -

of the knights of S antiago from the church of U l ces After .

M edellin his successes ended Placed u nder the command

.

of j oseph and j ourdan whom h e despised i n great straits to

,
30 2 NAPOLE ON S MARS H ALS
’

feed his army i n a cou ntry which was really a wilderness ;

worried by constant contradictory orders it was i n n o ,

pleasant mood th at h e at last found h imself u nder th e

personal command of King j oseph at Talavera Anxious .

to maintai n h is i ndependence a nd to S how off h is military

skill h e attempted by himself to surprise th e E nglish wi n g
,

of th e allied army Consequently h e committed King

.

j oseph a n d j ourdan to an action which they did not wish

to fight and by refusing to co operate with the other corps
,
-

commanders he brought defeat upo n th e French army ,

for as Napoleo n wrote to j oseph , “ AS long as you attack

,

good troops, like th e E nglish , i n good positio ns withou t ,

‘
rec onnoi tri ng them , you will l ea d your men to death e n
’
pure perte .

'
After Talavera V i ctor s i ndependent c areer came to an
end ; h e w as placed un der the ord ers of M arshal S oul t an d
sent to besiege Cadiz , before wh ich place h e lay till h e was
summoned to take part i n the Russia n campaign But .

before leaving Cadiz h e fought on e more actio n against the

British when General Grah am seized the Opportu nity of
’
S ou lt s absence to attempt to break up the siege ; a nd h e
had once agai n to acknowledge defeat when at B arossa the ,

little column of four thousand British turn ed at bay an d

bo l dly atta cked and defeated ni ne th ousand chosen French
infantry u nder the M arshal himself .

I n Russia th e Duke of Belluno was saved some of the

greatest hardsh ips fo r h is corps was o n the li ne of
,

communica tion and it w as not till th e day before th e

,

battl e of th e B ere si n a that h e actually j oi ned the retreating

army i n time to earn further glory by covering th e passage
,

o f the river though at th e cost o f more than half h is corps

,
.

During 1 8 1 3 h e fough t at Dresden and at Le ipzig and at ,

th e commencement of 18 14 was e ntrusted with th e defence

o f the Vosges ; but he soo n had to fall back o n the M arn e .

At S ai nt Dizier an d Brien ne h e bore h imself bravely, but at

M ontereau he fell i nto disgrace he neglected to hold th e
304 NA P O LE O N S M ARS H ALS
’

degree to h is knowledge o f th e cou ntry and to his busi ness

capacity that it su ffered no reverse .W hen th e Bourbon
dynasty fe l l i n j uly 1 8 3 0 th e Duke o f Bellu no took th e
, ,

oath of allegiance to the new G overnment but never agai n

,

entered publi c life and o n March 1 , 1 84 1 h e died i n Paris

, ,

at the age of seventy seven-

.
 E M MAN U E L D E GR O UC H Y MA R S H A L ,

H EN th e Revolutio n broke ou t i n 17 8 9 th e
young Cou nt E mmanuel de Grouchy was
serving as lieutenant colo nel i n th e S cotch
-

company of the Gardes du Corps Born o n O ctober 2 3 .

,

1 7 6 6 the only so n of th e Marquis de Grouchy, th e rep re

,

se n ta ti v e of a n o l d N orman family wh i ch could trace its

-

descent from before th e days of W illiam the Con q ueror ,

E mmanuel de Grouch y h ad entered the army at the age of

’
fourteen After a year s service i n th e m ari ne artillery h e
.

had been transferred to a cavalry regiment of the line and ,

on h is twentieth birthday had been selected for th e Gardes

du Corps . A keen student of military h istory and devoted

to his profession the you ng Cou nt had read widely and
,

thought much I mpressionable and enth usiastic a philo

.
,

sophical liberal by nature, h e eagerly absorbed the

teach ing of the E ncyclopedists As events developed h e.
,

fou nd that his positio n i n the Gardes d u Corps was

an tagonistic to h is pri nciples, and at h is ow n request , ,

at the end o f 17 9 1 h e w as transferred to the twelfth

regiment of C hasseurs as lieutenant colonel command ing -
.

After a few months service with th is regiment h e was

’

promoted brigadier general and served su ccessively u nder

-
,

General M ontesqu ieu with the Army of the M idi a nd u nder ,

Kellerman n with the Army of the Alps At the commence .

ment of 17 9 3 wh ile on leave i n N ormandy, h e w as

,

I: 305
3 06 N A P O LE O N S M AR S H ALS ’

hurriedly despatched to th e west to take part i n th e civ i l

war i n La Vend ee N o longer Comte de Grouchy but .

plai n Citizen general Grouchy , for the next three years h e

-

saw almost conti nu ous service i n th e civil war , with the

exceptio n of a few mo nths whe n like a ll ci devant nobles ,

-
,

he was dismissed th e service by the decree o f the i n com

petent B ou ch otte But C la n clau x, wh o commanded th e
.

Army of La Vend ee had fou nd i n h i m a most usefu l ,

subordi nate an d a sou nd adviser ; and accordi ngly at his ,

i nstance th e ci devant noble was restored to h is rank an d

,
-
,

sent back a s ch ief of th e sta ff to th e Army o f the W est ,

and i n April 1 7 9 5 promoted general of division

, ,
Clear .

headed firmly co nvi nced of th e sou ndness of his Opi nions

, ,

without bei ng bigoted or revengeful Grouchy saw that the ,

cruel meth ods o f many of the generals did more to con

ti nne the war than th e political tenets of the Vendéens and
Chouans and he used his i nfl uence with C la n clau x and
, ,

later with H oche to restrai n useless reprisals a nd crush the

,

rebellion by overwhelmi ng th e armed forces of th e rebel s ,

’
not by i nsul ting women a nd shooting prisoners The .

proble m to be solved was a di fficu lt o ne as he pointed out ,

i n a memoir writte n for C la n cla ux “ I t is the populat i on .

of the entire cou ntry wh ich is on you r h ands a populatio n ,

wh ich suddenly rushes togeth er to fight if i t is strong ,

en ough to c rush you ; wh ich h urls itself agai nst your

fl anks an d rear and then as su dden l y disappears when
, ,

H is sol utio n of the d i ffi

”
not strong enough tO resi st you ‘

culty was to wear down resistance by light mobi le columns ,

an d to starve th e enemy ou t by devastati ng the country .

I n S eptember 1 7 9 5 on C l an clau x s retirement th e Com

, ,
’

missio ners attach ed to th e Army of the W est wished to

i nvest Grouchy with the command but the general refused ,

the post ; for clear cou nsellor and good adviser as h e w as

, ,

h e lacked self con fid e n ce, and knew that he was n ot fit for

-

the position I t was th is h orror o f u ndertaking responsi

.

b ili ty wh ich dragged h im down during al l h is career , and

 E M MANU E L D E GR O UC H Y 307

which o n th e two occasions when fortu ne gave h i m h is

,

chance to rise made h im ch oose the safe but ingl or i ous

,

road of h u mdru m mediocrity I n 1 7 96 came h is first

.

chance after a brief period of service with the Army of th e

North i n H olland h e was o nce agai n at his old work u nder
H och e i n the west whe n the Directory determined to try
,

to retaliate for the English participatio n i n the Ch ouan

’
revolt by raisi ng a h ornet s nest i n I reland At th e en d .

o f December a force Of fiftee n th ousand men u nder H och e ,

with Grouchy as seco n d i n command set sai l for I reland , .

U nfortu nately the expeditio n met with bad weather the ,

sh ip o n which H och e sailed got separated from the rest of

the fleet and whe n Grouchy arrived at th e rendezvous
, ,

i n Bantry Bay he found the greater part o f th e expedition

, ,

but n o general i n ch ief I n spite o f this h e rightly deter

- -
.

m ined to effect a landing bu t had n ot th e necessary force

,

of character to ensure h is orders being carried ou t and ,

’
after six days procrasti natio n Admiral Bouvet pleading ,

h eavy weather, refused to al low h i s S hips to remai n off the

coast and th e expeditio n returned to France I f Grouchy
, .

had been able to get h i s orders obeyed, all would have been
well, for on the very day after h is squadron left Bantry
Bay H och e h imself arrived at the rendezvous
,
As .

Grouchy said if h e had o nly flu ng that

,
Admiral
Bouvet i nto th e sea all would h ave been right W here .

Grouch y hesitated and failed a Napoleo n wou ld have

acted an d conquered .

H oche died and Grouchy wh o u nder h is i nfluence had

, ,

disapproved of the policy o f France towards the I talian

S tates at o nce accepted employment i n I taly H e soo n
, .

had to rue his decision for h e fou nd h imself entrusted with

,

the task of using u nderhand means to drive the King of

S ardi nia fro m his cou ntry S ti l l, he obeyed his orders to
.

the letter During negotiation s h e secretly i ntroduced

.

French troops i nto the citadel at Turi n an d then se i zed the

fortresses of Novar a Alessan dria an d Chiasso M eanwhile
, , .
3 08 N A P O L E O N S M ARS H ALS ’

he terrified the u nfortu nate monarch by an nou ncing the

arrival of i magi nary colu mns of troops suborned th e King s ,
’

Cou ncil and so worked o n the feelings o f the bewildered

,

sovereign that h e escaped by nigh t from h is palace and

fled across th e sea But th ough their King had deserted
.

them the Piedmo ntese did n ot tamely submit and for th e

, ,

next few months th e general w as busy tracking out an d

capturing th e nu merous members of the secret societies
w h o were avengi n g their cou ntry by cutti ng the throats o f
French men W h ile striki ng with a h eavy h and at these
.

conspirators Grouchy was level headed enough to u nder

,
-

stand that the proper method of tackling the problem was

to remove th e grievance I n h i s opi nion it was not th e
.

people S O m uch as the Ch urch which was opposed to the

French and accordingly he did h is best to get j oubert to
,

i ssue a proclamation that there shoul d be no i nterference

with religi on S till , th e situation must have been gall ing to
.

a man o f culture a nd a theoretical liberal for wh ile forci ng , ,

democratic i nstitutio ns o n an u nwi lli ng people he h ad at

_ ,

the same time to strip thei r cap ital o f all obj ects of art ;
a nd wh i l e issu ing proclamations for the freedom of religio n
he had to arrange for th e passage of th e Pope o n h is way to
ca ptivity I n M ay 17 99 th e general w as recal led from h is
.
, ,

governorship of Turi n for the Austrians and Russians were

,

i nvading Lo mbardy and j oubert was concentrating h is

forces The campaign as far as Grouchy was concerned
.
, ,

was short for wh ile attempting to stem the flight of th e left

,

wing after th e battle of N ovi h e was ridden over an d

captured by th e Allies Four sabre cuts o n e bullet wound
.
, ,

and several bayo net th rusts kept h im i n h ospital for some

time ; when he w as well enough to be moved he was sent
to Gratz and it w as n ot til l a year later— i n j une 1 80 0
, ,

that h i s exchange was e ffected But h e soo n had his .

revenge on the Austrians for i n the autu m n he w as ,

despatched to j oi n the army under Moreau which was ,

operating on the Danu be , and arrived at head q uart ers i n

3 10 NAP OLEONS MARS HALS ’

h is gratitude by present i ng th e general w i th the Grand

Cross of Baden i nvesting h im with the Cordon o f th e
,

Legion o f H onour, and granting h i m the domai n of

N owawies i n the department of Posen
, .

The following year 1 8 0 8 saw Grouchy, n ow a Cou nt of

, ,

the E mpire with M urat i n S p ai n acting as governor o f

, ,

Madrid But when , i n the autu mn j oseph evacuated all

.
,

the western provi nces Grouchy, whose health h ad been

,

much shaken by the Polish campaign , was granted leave

o f absence and took care not to be sent back for h e ,

h ad seen enough of th e S panish to foresee the terrible

d i ffi culties of guerilla warfare ; moreover the annexatio n ,

o f the country w as contrary to h is idea s of po l itical j ustice .

W h en the war with Austria was i mmi nent Napoleon sent

'

h im to I taly to command th e cavalry Of th e viceroy s army '

.

W ith Prince Eug ene he fought through S tyria an d Cari nth ia

and disti nguished h i mself greatly at the battle of Raab .

’
At W agram his caval ry w a s attached to Davout s corps and ,

h is fierce charges wh ich helped to break th e Austrian left

, ,

brought h i m agai n u nder the notice of the Emperor who ,

showe d h is apprec i atio n by appoi nting h im colonel general -

o f C hasseurs .

I n 1 8 12 the Cou nt was summoned once agai n to the

field to command the th ird corps o f reserve cavalry with
,

the Gran d Army i n Russia At M oskow a h is cu irassiers

.
,

sabre i n hand drov e the Russ ians o u t of the great redoubt

, ,

b ut Grouchy hi mse l f was seri ously wou nded During th e .

“
retreat from M oscow h e commanded one of the S acred
Bands o f O fficers wh o personally guarded the Emperor ,

b u t h is h ealth never good completely broke down u nder

, ,

th e strai n and he was a l l owed to return straight h ome from

Vil na A year elapsed before h e had su fficiently recovered
.

to take th e field , and i t was not til l th e begi nning of 18 14

that h e was fit for service During th e campaign i n Fra nce
.
,

first u nder Victor and later wi th M armont , he commanded

the remnan t of the reserve ca valry ; but on M arch 7 th at
 E M M A N U E L D E G R O UC H Y 3 11

Craon ne he was once agai n so badly wou nded that he had

to throw up h is command .

During th e Restoration Grouchy remained at h is h ome ;

h is relations with the Bourbo ns was n ot cordial and h e ,

bitterly resented the loss o f h is titl e o f c olonel general o f -

C hasseurs Accordingly wh en Napoleo n return ed from

.
,

E lba and France seemed to welcome h im with Open arms ,

i n spite o f h aving accepted th e Cross o f S t Louis, he .

’
had n o scruple i n answering the Emperor s summons H e .

w a s entrusted with the operations against the D u e d Ang o u

'

l eme rou nd Lyons but d isliked th e task for he remembered

, ,
’
the fate of the D u e d E n g hi e n an d i n spite of Napoleon s
’

prote sts that he onl y desired to capture the Duke i n order

to make the Austrians send back the E mpress Grouchy ,

determi ned that, if possible wh ile doing every th i n g to

,

defeat the royalists he would not capture d Ang ou lé me

,
’
.

U nfortunately th e Duke refused the oppo rtu nity to escape

,

which was o ffered h im, and Grouchy h ad to make h i m a

pr i soner H owever Napoleon anxious to stan d well with
.
, ,

the Powers of E urope at o nce ordered h i m to be set free

, .

At the same time h e sent Grouchy to command th e Army of

th e Alps givi ng h i m his M arshal s b aton The new Marshal
,
’
.

was delighted with h is promotion ; h e h ad n ow served for

twenty ye ars as general of divisio n an d although only forty ,

nine had practically given up all h ope of p romotion But

, .

scarcely had he reached his new command when he was

recalled to Paris .

W i th M urat i n disgrace and Bess i eres dead the E mperor ,

had no great cavalry leader o n whom h e coul d rely and , ,

’
remembering the new M arshal s exploits at Friedland and
W agram and h is stau nch ness i n 18 14 he determi ned to
, ,

entrust h im with the command of the reserve cavalry .

U nfortunately for Napoleo n and Grouchy the exigencies of ,

the campaign forced the E mperor to divide h is army ; so ,

while entrusting N ey with a part of h is troops with orders ,

to pursue the E ng l ish and keeping th e Guard an d reserves

,
3 12 N AP OLE ON S M AR S H ALS
’

u nder h is Immediate control he gave Grouchy the command

,

o f two corps o f i nfantry and one o f cavalry ; i n all some ,

thirty three thousand men

-
Th e appoi ntment was an
.

u nfortunate one for th e M arsha l th ough i n many respects

, ,

a goo d cavalry leader had never before had the command

,

o f a large body of mixed troops and even h is cavalry ,

successes had been obtai ned when u nder the orders of a

superior at Friedland h e was u n der Lan nes ; at W agram
u nder Davout ; at M oskow a u nder Eug ene ; and i n 1 8 14
u nder eith er Victor or M armo nt But what was most .

u nfortunate about th e selection w as that Grouchy h ad not

enough personal auth ority to enforce h is orders o n his
corps co mmanders and the fiery Van damme n ot only
,

despised but hated h i m because h e had received the b ato n

which he hoped w as to have been h is, wh ile Gerard was a
personal enemy .At Ligny where N apoleon h imself ,

supervised the attack , al l went well , but from the moment

figh ting cease d di fficulties began I mmediately after the .

battle the Emperor entrusted th e M arshal with th e pursuit

of th e Prussians, but P ajol wh o commanded h is light,

cavalry, carried ou t h is reconnaissance i n a perfu nctory

man ner, and reported that th e Prussians had retreated
towards Namur Grouchy received th is n ews at 4 a m on
. . .

’
j un e 1 7 th , but he di d not dare to disturb the E mperor s
rest and it w as 8 a m before he could see h i m a nd demand
,
. .

detai l ed orders . Napoleon trusti ng to P a jol s report

,
’

thought that the Pr ussians were absolutely demoralised

and were leavi ng the theatre Of war and so h e kept the ,

M arshal talki ng about Paris an d p olitics ti l l 1 1 a m Co n . .

sequently i t was before he received exact orders ,

pen ned by Bertrand which told h im to proceed to

,

Gembloux keeping h is forces concen trated to reconnoitre

,

the d ifferent roads leading to Namur and M aestricht and ,

’
to inform the Emperor Of the Pruss ians i ntentions addi ng , ,
“
I t is importa nt to know what B III ch er and W elli ngton
‘

mean to do, and whether they prefer to u nite their a rmies

3 14 NA P O LE ON S M ARS HALS ’

On the morni ng of the n i neteenth the Marshal was pre

pari ng to pursue Th i elma nn s corps, wh ich , on th e previous
'

evening h e h ad dr i ven fro m W avre when he heard o f th e

, ,

catastroph e at W aterloo H e i mmediately stopped th e

.

p u rsuit and by rapi d march ing reached Namur before

, , ,

the All ies coul d cut hi m off and by a ski lful retreat , , ,

brough t back his th irty three th ousand men to Paris

-

before th e enemy arr i ved at th e gates But i nstead of .

the thanks he had expected he foun d h imself saddled with

the blame of th e loss of Waterloo The disaster h owever .
, ,

clearly rested o n the Emperor whose orders were v agu e, ,

and wh o had n ot realised th e extraordinary m oral courage

of B ltI ch er a n d the stubbornness o f the Prussians an d if
‘

Napoleon did not foresee th is h e could not blame Grouchy

for bei ng equally blin d The M arshal did all that a
.

mediocre man could do H e carefully carried ou t th e

.

orders given him trusting no doubt too much to th e

, , ,

letter, too little to th e S pirit B ut long years spent in a .

subordinate position u nd er a mili tary h ierarchy like that

o f the E mpire wer e bound to stifle all i nitiative and i t ,

was not to be supposed that th e ma n wh o, twenty year s

earlier, had failed to rise to th e occasion i n I reland would ,
’
after at last gai ni ng h is M arsh al s b aton risk h is reputatio n ,

by march ing like Desaix at M arengo to the sou nd o f the

, ,

guns across the fro nt o f an enemy vastly superior to

,

h i mself through a diffi cult cou ntry partially waterlogged

,

and i ntercepted by deep broad streams, co ntrary to what

seemed h is d efi nite orders .

’
The M arshal s career really ended on the abdicatio n of
the E mperor, though h e was appoi nted by the Provisi onal
Government to the command of th e remai ns o f th e Army
’
Of th e North and i n th is capacity proclaimed th e E mperor s
,

so n as Napoleon I I O n gaini ng Paris h e fou nd h imself

.

subordinate to Davout a n old enemy Accordi ngly he

, .

thr ew u p h is command and retired i nto private life After .

h is c onduct d uri ng the H u ndred Da ys h e could expect n o

 E M M ANU E L DE GR O UC H Y

mercy from th e returned Bourbons an d was glad to escape

,

abroad . I ncluded i n the general pardon h e returned to

,

France i n 18 18 but h is marshalate was an nulled and h e

, ,

never regained h is b aton , th ough o n th e accession of Charles

X h e was actually received at court But th ough the King
. .

might forgive, h is favourites and mi nisters cou l d not forget ,

and i n December 1 8 24, h e was i ncluded among the fifty

,

generals of Napoleo n wh o were placed o n th e retired list ,

an acti on wh ich General Foy shrewdly remarked was “ a

cannon shot charged at W aterloo fired te n years after th e
-
,
”
battl e, and poi nted direct at its mark Like many anoth er
.

o f the Marshals , the veteran retained his h ealth an d faculties

for many ye ars, and defended h is character and actions

and criticised h is enemies with th e same clear logic wh ich
h ad so powerfully contributed to his early advance ment ;
for th e ex M arshal wielded th e pen as easily as th e sword
-
.

I t was not til l 18 47 that death c arried off the sturdy O ld

warrior at th e age o f eighty one
-
.
 FRAN CO I S C H R I S T O P H E K E LL E RMAN N ,

MAR S H AL, D U K E O F VA LM Y

HEN o ld
i nstitutions sud denly collapse with a
crash ; when all is confusion an d chaos and ,

the lines o f reconstructi on are as yet veiled i n

u ncertai nty ; when people suspect their old rulers an d are
sh y o f th ose wh o wo uld set themselves up as their new

directors there comes an i nterval before genius and wile

,

ca n organise th eir forces when character and character

, ,

alone ca n S heph erd the people scattered like sheep o n the

mou ntains S uch was the cas e i n France i n September
.
,

17 9 2
. The old constitu tion h ad fou ndered sweepi ng away ,

i n its rui n the order a nd discipli ne o f the royal army The .

offi cers had eith er fled o r been deposed by their men an d ,

“ ”
such few as remai ned were hel d suspect The n ew .

o ffi cers ch osen by their fellows had but l ittle authority

, , .

The sta ff of the army w as changed weekly to suit th e

whim o f some civil or mi litary self seeker at a time whe n
-
,

France was at war with the great mi l itar y powers of

E urope I t w as little wonder th erefore that the Prussians
.
, ,

and Austrians looked forward to the campaign o f 1 79 2 as a

military promenade They knew better even than the W ar
.

M i nister at Paris how debau ched were the regular troops o f

France h ow u nreliable and contemptible were th e few
,

thou sa nd Old men an d boys wh o rej oiced i n th e name

o f volunteers a nd th ey never for a moment believed th at
,
316
3 18 NA P O LE O N S M ARS H ALS
’

to men wh o were really h is i n teri ors but wh o despised ,

his want of culture and his provincial accent ; for Keller

man n knew n o g rammar spoke through h i s n ose and spelt
,
“ ” “ "
as h e spoke even writing ,
debut e for depute I t wa s .

thanks to the friendsh ip o f S ervan the W ar M inister that , ,

o n August 2 sth h e was su mmoned from the small column

h e had been c ommanding o n the Lauter to succeed Li i ckn er

‘

i n command of th e Army of the Centre W hen h e arrived .

at h is new h eadquarters at M etz he fou nd a woeful state of

a ffairs The Pru ssians a nd Austrians were sweeping every
.

th i ng before them and at M etz h e fou nd a fortress with out

,

stores a nd a n army without discipli ne Lu ckily h e h ad the .

advantage of Berth i er a staff o fficer of the h ighest order

, ,

Napoleon s future chief o f th e sta fl The soldiers wel

’
.

comed Kellermann , “ this brave general wh ose patriotism

eq "
uals h is talents and wh ose c i vism w as pra ised th rough
,

o u t all Alsace O rganisatio n was h i s first work and h i s

.
,

former experien ce of i rregu lar warfare i n Poland stoo d hi m

i n good stea d H e i mmediately sent h ome th e battalions of
.

th e volunteers of 179 2 , wh o were arrivi ng without a rms and

i n rags H e reta i ned a few picked men from each battalion
.
,

to b e used as light troops an d pioneers After weedi ng ou t .

u ndesirables and drafting reinforcements i nto h is m ost

reliable regiments i n three weeks h e evolved a force of
,

twenty thousan d me n capable of taking th e field W h ile .

th us engaged h e was ordered to j oi n D u m ou ri ez who ,

had bee n holdi ng th e Prussians i n check at th e defile s of

the Argon ne O n th e evening of S eptember 19 th Keller
.

man n effected h is j u nctio n with D u mou ri ez near S t M ene .

h o u ld and was attacked early next morni ng by the enemy

,

u nder the Duke of Brunswick The morn ing was wet and .

foggy and th e Prussians surprised th e French and cut them

,

of f from the road to Paris But i nstead of driving home

.

their attack th ey though t to frighten them by a mere

canno nade Luckily the artillery was th e least demoralised
.

part of th e French army and u nder th e able command of

,
F RA N CO SIC K E L L E R M AN N DU K E V AL M Y
'
R I S I O
‘
’ -
I lI F OF
G G
.
,

F RO M AN E N RA V IN F
A T E R T m: l‘A l N
'

fl NG
‘
ln
’

A Ns I A UN
'
3 20 N A P O LE O N S M A R S H ALS
’

caused th e i nfantry attack to miscarry it was Ke llerma nn s ,

’

reputation and example wh ich kept th e really demoralised

i nfantry i n li ne an d prevented th em from run ning i n terror
,

fro m th e field I t w as the sight of th e old Alsatian qu ietly

.

getting on a fresh h orse when his former on e w as killed ,

cari ng noth ing though o n e of h is coat tails w as carr i ed Off -

by a rou nd shot wh ich breathed n ew life a nd courage i nto

,

the masses of waiti ng men a nd taugh t them to cry out

, ,
”
Vive la nation I Vive la France I Vive notre g en eral I So ,

th ough men might s mile when they heard the Old boaster
talki ng of “ M y victory, yet i n their h earts they knew he
"

had do ne much to save France .

W h ile th e Prussians retreated Kellerman n was entrusted

by D u mouri e z with th e pursuit ; on h is return to Paris his
boasting habits brough t h i m i nto trouble The Terrorists .

“ “ "
heari ng h im con stantly tal ki ng of M y men , M y army ,

were afraid h e was getting too powerful and h e very nearly

came to the scaffold Restored to favou r h e was employed
.
,

with th e Army of th e Alps and th e Army of I ta ly i n 1 7 94

.

and 1 7 9 5 where h e gai ned some success alth ough his plans
, ,

were constantly interfered with by the Committee of Public

S afety
. I n 1 796 the Army of the Alps was made sub
ordi nate to th e Army of I taly u nder Bonaparte and the ,

Directory wanted to associate Kellerman n with Bonaparte ,

but the future con q ueror of I taly woul d brook n o equal ,

especially a cantankerous boaster S O h e wrote to Carnot .
,

I f you j oi n Kellerman n and me i n comman d i n I taly, you

will u ndo everyth ing General Kellermann has more exp eri
.

ence than I , and knows how to make war better than I do

but both together we shall make i t badly I will not will .

i n g ly serve with a man wh o considers h i mself the first

general i n Europe W hen however Bonapart e came to
.
, ,

power h e did n ot forget th e old Alsatian i n 1 8 0 0 h e made

h i m o n e of his S enators and i n 18 04 he created him a
,

M arshal , though not i n the active l ist But exigencies of .

w arfare demanded that France sh ould use all her talents,

 F RA N C O I S C H RI STO P H E K E LLE R M A N N 321

a nd i n every campaign the E mperor entrusted the o ld warrior

with th e command of the Army of the Reserve S o meti mes .

o n the Rh ine someti mes o n the Elbe sometimes i n S pai n

, , ,

the old soldier taught the recruits of the Gran d Army h ow

to keep themselves and their muskets clean ; and i n spite of ,

age and i n firm i ti es showed those talents of organisatio n

,

which he had learned i n Poland a nd earlier still i n th e

S even Y ears W ar I n 1 8 0 8 when creating h is new nobi lity
’
.
, ,

the Emperor cleverly co nci liated the rep ublican party by

creating the M arshal Duke of Valmy and presenti ng h i m ,

with a splendid domai n at j ohannisberg i n Germany But ,

.

when the end came i n 1 8 14 th e Duke o f Valmy like th e , ,

other Marsh al s quietly accepted the Restoratio n and th e

, ,

veteran rep u blican n ow i n his eightieth year was created

, ,

a peer of France and accepted the command of the third .

military division Duri ng the H undred Days h e held no

.

command an d on the Restoratio n he retired i nto private

,

life and died at Paris o n S eptember 2 3 1 8 20 H is body

, , .

w as buried i n Paris but his heart according to h is directions

, , ,

was taken to Valmy and i nterred beside the remai ns of those

who had fallen there an d a simple monument was placed
,

over the spot with the following li nes written by th e ,

“
Marshal h i mself : H ere lie th e soldiers who gloriously
died and wh o saved France o n S eptember 2 0 179 2
, , , .

Marshal Kellermann , the Duke of Valmy th e soldier wh o ,

had the ho nour to command them on that memorable day ,

twenty eight years later making hi s last reques t, desired that

-
,
"
his heart sh ould be p laced among them .
 XXI I

FRAN CO I S j O S E P H LE F EBVRE ,
MAR S H A L ,

D U K E O F DANTZI G

RANCO ISJ O S E P H LE F EBV RE M arshal and ,

peer o f France is best known to the ordi nary

,

reader as the h usband of that D uchess of Dantzig

w h o has bee n so u nj ustly caricatured i n M onsieur S a rd ou s
’

celebrated play as M adame S ans G ene Accordingly th e .

,

record o f th is hard fig hti n g soldier of the Empire has been

-

cruelly buried i n ridicule Th e son o f an ol d private

.

soldier of the hussars of B erch én y wh o became i n later life

,

the wachtmeister of the li ttle Alsatian town of Rouffach ,

Fran c ois j oseph was born O ctober 2 6 1755 After his , .

father s death he was entrusted, at th e age o f eigh t to th e

’

care o f h is u ncle th e Abbé j ean Christophe Lef ebvre

, .

The abbé destined h is nephew for the Ch urch but nature ,

h ad dowered h im for the camp and after a severe tussle,

with the good abbé, j ean Fran c ois set out with a light heart ,

a light purse a few senten ces of Lati n a rough Alsatian

, ,

acce nt and a fine physique to seek h is fortu ne i n th e cele

,

bra te d Garde Fran c aise at Paris The year 1 7 89 found hi m

.

with sixteen years service o n e of th e best of th e senior

’

sergeants of th e reg i ment married si nce 1 7 8 3 to Catherine

,

H ubscher also from Alsace by professi on a washerwoman

, , ,

by nature a ph ilanthropist W ashi ng S oldiering and

.
, ,

p hi l anthropy bei ng o n the whole u nremu nerative occupa

tions , the Lefebvr es had to s u pp lement their i ncome , and
32 2
3 24 NA P O LE O N S M ARS H ALS ’

of a good republican U nswerv i ng devotio n to duty

.

“
I am a soldier I must obey — was th e gu iding pri nciple
,
”

o f h i s career and accordingly each commander he served

,

u nder h ad noth ing bu t praise for th e th orough ness with

wh ich h e did his work from the enforcement of petty
,

regu lations to the covering o f a defeated force But i n .

s p ite of this th e ex sergeant knew h is worth an d did not

-

fear to claim hi s due W hen H oche i n h is ge neral order

.
,

f “
after th e battle o Neuweid stated that the army h ad ,

taken seven standards o f colours Lef ebvre nai vely wrote to ,

h im ,
I t must b e fo u rteen altogether for I myself captured ,

seven . But H och e had both hu mour and tact, an d made

ample amends b y replyi ng “ There were o nly seven s tands
,
"
Of co lou rs as there is only on e Lef ebvre .

’
By 179 9 seve n years co nti nuous fighti ng had begu n
’
to tell on a ph ysique even as strong as L e febvre s and ,

the general applied for lighter work as commander of th e

Directory Guard and later for S ick leave ; but th e com
, ,

m en ce m en t o f th e campaign agai nst th e Archduke Ch arles ,

i n the valley of the Dan ube o nce agai n sti mulated h is ,

i ndefatigable appetite for acti ve S erv ice Though sufferi ng .

from scurvy and general overstrain he took h is share i n th e ,

h ard figh ti ng at Feldkirche an d O strach , but a severe

wou nd received i n th e latter combat at last compelled h im
to leave th e field and go i nto h ospital .

O n h is return to France h e was entrusted by the

_

Directory with the command o f th e 17 th m ilitary district ,

with Paris as its headquarters The task was a diffi cu lt o n e .

,
'
as the numerous coups d etat had shaken both public
morality a n d military discipline Among other unpleasant .

nesses the commander of Paris fou nd h imself on o n e occas ion

forced to place a general O fficer i n the Abbaye the civi l ,

prison , fo r flatly refusing to obey orders B ut d iffi cult .

,

a s his task w a s the S ituatio n became much more compli

,

ca te d by th e sudden return of Bonaparte from Egypt .

Bonaparte arrived i n Paris with th e fixed determi nati on

 F RAN C O I S J O S E P H LEFEB V R E 3 25

to assume the reins of government I t w as clear to so .

staunch a republican as Lef ebvre that all w as n ot well

with the Republ ic u nder the Directory and it seemed as i f ,

Bonaparte , shi mmeri ng i n the glamour o f I taly an d Egypt ,

was the sole person capable Of conci liati ng all parties and
o f bringing th e state o f chronic revolution to a n e nd .

Directly he met the famous Corsican the simple soldier fell

an easy victim to h is personality ; whi le B onaparte was
quick to perceive what a great p oliti cal asset i t would be
i f Lefebvre the republican of th e rep ublicans the e m b od i
, ,

ment of the republi ca n virtues could be bou nd a satellite

,

i n h is train O n the morn ing of the 1 8 th Bru maire the

.
,

co mmander of the Par i s Division was the first to arrive

of all the generals who m th e plotter h ad summoned to h is

house ; he was puzzled to fin d that troops were m ovi ng

with out h is orders , and he entered i n considerable anger .

Bonap arte at o nce explai ned th e s i tuation

“

The cou ntry .

was i n danger, foes were knocking at th e door and mean ,

while th e Republic lay the prey of a pack of lawyers wh o

were exploiting it for their o w n benefit without th ough t of
“
patriotism . N ow then , Le f ebvre, said he, “ you o n e
"
,

of the pillars o f the Republic are you goi ng to let it per i sh

,

i n the h ands of these lawyers j oi n me i n helping to save

f
o ur beloved R e p u b i c Look h.ere is,
th e sword I ca rried
i n my hand at th e battle of the Pyramids I give it to you .

”
as a token of my esteem and of m y confidence Lef ebvre .

cou ld not resist this appeal ; h is warm and generous

nature responded to the artful touch graspi ng th e treas ured
sword with tears i n h is eyes h e swore h e was ready “ to
,
”
throw the lawyers i n the r i ver W ith a S igh of relief
.

Bonaparte put h is arm through Le febvre s and led h i m ’

i nto his study and for th e next fourteen years he remained ,

,

as h e though t the confidential righ t han d man of the great

,
-

h earted patriot but i n reality th e tool dupe and stalki ng

, , ,

horse of a wily adventurer .

The gener al accompan ied Napoleo n to the Tuiler i es an d

“
3 26 NAP OLE ON S M ARS HALS
’

listened to the caref u lly ch osen words : “ Citizens Repro

se n ta ti v e s
, the Republic is perish ing ; you know it well ,

and your decree ca n save it A th ousan d misfortunes

.

o n all wh o desire trou ble and d i sorder I will oust them .

,

aided by all th e friends of liberty I will support .

liberty aided by General Lef ebvre and General Berth ier

, ,

a nd my comrades i n arms wh o share my feel ings We .

wish a Repu b l ic fou nded o n liberty o n equality o n the , ,

so u nd pri nciples o f national representation W e swear .

this I swear th is ; I swear i n my o w n name an d i n the name

”
o f my comrades i n arms Later i n the day duri ng th e
.
,

struggle at the O rangerie it w as Lef ebvre wh o saved Lucien

,

Bonaparte and cleared th e hall with th e ai d of some

grenadiers .

From the 1 8 th Brumaire Napoleon as First Consul and , ,

later as E mperor , held i n Lef ebvre a trump card whereby

he could defeat any attempted h ostile combination of
the republicans H ence it was that at the ti me of th e
.
,

proclamatio n of the Emp i re he included hi m i n h is list

,

o f M arshals, to prove as it were that the Empire was merely

another form of th e Republic Later still for the same

.
,

reason whe n he w as maki ng his hierarchy stronger h e

, ,

created him o ne o f his n ew Dukes .

The i mmediate reward for Le fébv re s support during ’

th e co u p d etat was a mission to th e west to exti nguish

’

the civi l war i n La Vend ee The general w a s l ucky i n

.

surprising a considerable force of rebels at Alen c on and ,

soo n fulfilled h i s work and received th e fu rther reward

,

o f a seat as S enator wh ich brought i n an i ncome o f

,

francs a year W hen the l ist o f Marshals was p ub l ished

.

he was bracketed with Kellermann P erignon and S eru ri e r , ,

as
“ M arshals wh ose S phere of d uty would l ie i n the
S enate. As such at th e coronatio n of the Emperor i n
,

N otre Dame he held the sword of Charlemagne while ,

Kellerman n carried th e crown S tro ng i n h i s trust o f .

hi m, Napoleon h ad , i n 18 0 3 , created h im Pr aetor of the

3 28 NAP OLE ON S M ARS H ALS ’

’
that th e Marshal s sta ff was mostly composed of men of
little culture and that h is son hel d th e first place among
,
"
those wh o had no man ners Th e E mperor had to write to
.

h is fiery lieutenant Y ou treat o ur all ies with out any tact

,

they are not accustomed to fire but that will come Do , .

you th ink that o u r men are as good now as i n 1 7 9 2 — that we

ca n be as keen to day after fifteen years war
’
-
Pay what
compliments you can to t he Pri nce o f Baden you
cannot throw down walls with the chests of your grenadiers
let your engi neers do their work and be patient .

Y our glory i s to ta ke Dan tzig when you h ave done that you
will b e content with me
-
I t was h a rd for the M arsh al to
.

S how patience, for h e knew but o ne way to do a th ing and ,

th at was to go s traigh t at it as hard as h e could As one of .

“
the privates said, Th e M arshal is a brave man only he ,

ta kes us for horses W ith Lan nes and M ortier sent to

.

rei nforce h im i t w as sti ll more di fficult to S how patience

, .

B ut the end came and o n the fifty first day of the siege
,
-

M arshal Kalkreuth surrendered , and th e two o ther M arshals

h ad the generosity to al low Lef ebvre to enj oy alone all the
h onours of the con q uest .

I n th e next year th e E mperor h ad determi ned to strength en

h is throne by the creatio n of a n ew n obility I t was i m .

p o rtant to see h ow Republican France would g reet this

scheme , and accordingly Napoleo n determi ned to i nclude
Lef ebvre among his n ew Dukes O ne day th e E mperor .

sent an orderly o fficer with orders to say to the M arshal ,

“
M o nsieur le D u c the Emperor wishes yo u to breakfast
,
"
with h im an d asks you to come i n a quarter of an h our
, .

Th e M arshal did n ot hear th e title and merely said h e would

attend W he n he entered the breakfast room the E mperor
.
-

went up to him S h ook hands with h im and said “ Good

, , ,
”
morning M onsieur l e Duc si t by me
,
Th e M arshal .
,

hearing th e title though t h e was j oki ng Th e E mperor

, .
,

to further mystify h im said Do you like chocolate

, , ,

M o nsie u r le D uo Y es, s i re replied th e M arshal, sti ll

,
 F RA N C O I S J OS E P H LEFEB V R E 3 29

mystified Thereon the Emperor went to a drawer and

.

took ou t a packet labelled chocolate but when th e M ar shal

Opened th e box he fou nd it co ntai ned o n e hu ndred th ousand
écus i n bank n otes W hile i n the army the new D u ke was
.

warmly congratulated o n h is ho nours at Paris the smart ,

ladies and Talleyrand d id their best to an noy the Duch ess .

N umerous were th e cruel tales they spread of h er lack o f

breeding and o f her Amazo n ways ; h ow when the horses ,
'

bolted with her carriage she seized the coach ma n by the

,

scru ff of h is neck and by mai n force p u lled hi m off the seat

and herself stopped th e ru naways B ut quite u nmoved .
, ,

th e Duchess pursued her course , visiti ng the sick givi ng ,

away large su ms to charities lending a helpi ng hand to any

,

friend i n diffi culties, and as usual prefac ing her remarks by

W hen I used to d o th e washi ng .

W hen i n th e autum n of 1 8 0 8, Napoleon realised h ow

,

serious w as t he Spanish rising he despatched h is Guard to

,

th e Peninsula u nder the Duke of Dantz ig But th e war .

brought few h onours to any one and th e M arshal proved ,

o nce agai n that h e coul d neither act i ndepe ndently nor

assist i n combinations with patience H e nearly spoiled .

’
Napoleon s whole plan of campaign by a premature move
against Blake prior to the battle of Espi nosa From S pai n
, .

the Guard was h urriedly recalled on th e outbreak of th e

Austria n campaign o f 1 8 09 Th e M a rsha l i n comman d of
.
,
'

’
the Bavarian allies did yeoman service u nder Napoleo n s
,
’
eye duri ng the great Five Days Fighti ng H e was present .

also at W agram and i mmediately after that battle was de

,

s p a tch e d to put down the rising in th e Tyrol Durin g the .

Russian campaign h e once agai n commanded the Guard ,

taki ng part i n a l l th e hard fighting of the adva nce and also

i n the h orrors o f the retreat Though i n h is fifty eighth
.
-

year th e tough Old soldier marched o n foot every mile o f the

way from Moscow to the Vistula and shared the privations ,

o f his men , watch ing over h is beloved Emperor h is li ttle ,

“
tond u de caporal wi th th e care of a woman , h i mself
,
3 30 N A P O LE O N S M ARS H ALS
’

m ounti ng guard over h i m at nigh t and surrou ndi ng h i m

with picked men of the Guard To add to the trials of that .

dreadfu l campaign the Duke lost at Vilna h is eldest so n ,

a most promising young soldier w h o had already reached

the rank of general This blow and the strai n o f the retreat
.

were too much for h im an d h e was u nable to assist the

,

E mperor i n the campaign of 1 8 1 3 B ut when th e Allies .

i nvaded th e sacred soil of France the old warrior put o n

harness agai n and fough t at M o ntmirail Arcis su r Aube and ,
- -

Champaubert where h e had hi s horse ki lled u nder h im At

,
.

M ontereau h e fough t with such fury that “ the foam came

o u t from h is mouth .

'

W h i l e th e M a rsh aI was S pending h is life bl ood i n the -

field the Duchess i n Paris was fighting th e i ntrigues o f

,

the royalis t ladies W h en an i nsi nuatio n was mad e that the

.

Duke might be won over from the E mperor the Duchess ,

“
despatched a frie nd to the army commanding h im to
return to th e army and tell my husband that if he were
capable of such i nfamy I should take h i m by the h air o f
’
hi s head and drag h i m to the Emperor s feet M eanwh ile .
,
”
i nform hi m of th e i ntrigues going o n h ere O n April 4th .

the end came Th e Marshals refused to fight any longer,

.

'
and after Napoleon s abdi cation Lef ebvre with the others
, , , ,

went to Paris to treat with Alexander Th e E mperor w as .

go ne but France remai ned and it was th anks to Kellerman n

, ,

an d Lef ebvre that Alsace was not wrested from her for th ey ,

so strongly impressed A l exander by th eir arguments that

he decided to O p pose th e Prussians, wh o desired to strip
France of her eastern provinces .

The M arshal swore allegiance to the B ourbons an d d u l y

received the Cross of S t Louis and h is n ominatio n as peer
.

o f Fra nce W ith the year s peace came time for reflection
.
’

,
”
an d he began to see that son peti t bonh omme de S ire as ,

he called Napoleon h ad merely used h i m as a political ’

,

pawn i n h is endeavour to bi nd the republicans to the

wheel of the imperial chariot Accordingly when the .
,
332 N AP OLE ON S M AR S H ALS
’

ancesto r myself. Th ough h e ever looked an old Alsatia n “

”
camp boy even i n h is gorgeo u s ducal robes ; th ough h is
,

manners were rough and he wo uld n ot h esitate to refuse

a lift to a lady to a review with the words G O to b lazes
, ,

we did n ot come here to take your wife out drivi ng -

he
w a s the true example of the best type o f repub lican soldier ,

fiery full of theatrical zeal absolutely u nselfish an d animated

, , ,

so l e l y by love of France
.
 NI C O LAS CH AR LE S O U D I NO I DU K E GG I O
' ‘

OF RE
G G G
,

F RO M AN E N RA VIN A FT E R ‘

rn a P AI N T I N nv Rm i E RT II
.
F E V RE
334 NA P O LE O N S M A RS H ALS ’

17 9 1, the call to arms summoned th e fire eating capta i n o f -

th e National Guard to stern er scenes H e at once en tered .

the volu nteers and it was as a lieutenant colonel of the

,
-

third battalion of th e M euse that he set out o n active service

wh ich was to last almost conti nu ously for twenty two years -
,

and from which he was to emerge with the proud rank of

M arshal the title of Duke and the honourable scars of
, ,

no less than thirty four wou nds -

.

H is campaigni ng began auspiciously with the action at

Bitche when with h is battalio n of vol unteers h e captured
, , ,

seven hundred Prussians and a standard The hard fighting .

i n the Rh i ne valley i n 1 7 9 3 added greatly to h is reputation

but it was at M orla n ti e r i n j u ne 1 7 94 that hi s gallant actio n
, ,

made his name resou nd throughout the French armies .

Th e division of General Ambert was attacked on both

flanks O u d i n o t with the seco nd regiment of the lin e
.

formed th e advance guard bu t n ot perceiving the p l ight, ,

of the m ai n body he continued to advance The enemy

, .

surrou nded h im with S ix regi ments of cavalry Forming .

square he repulsed every assault and u ltimately fought his

, ,

way back to camp with but S light loss and recaptured eigh t ,

French standards wh ich th e enemy had seized when th ey

’
surprised Ambert s divisi on Ten days later h e was pro .

moted general of brigade B ut, i n spite of h is glorio u s

.

exploit, th e O fficers of the regiment o f Picardy the senior ,

regiment of th e Old royal army were disgusted at being

”

commanded by a you ng brigadier as yet bu t twenty seve n ,

-

years o ld and spru ng from the ranks Calli ng the d i s

, .

a ffected o fficers together the general thus addressed them

,
“
Gentlemen is i t b ecause I do not b ear an h istori c name
,

that you wish to throw me over for your o ld titled chiefs ,

or is it becau se you th i nk I am too you ng to h old c o m

mand W ai t ti ll the next engagement and then j udge If .

then you th ink that I ca nnot stand fire I promise to hand

over the command to one more worthy After the next .

engagement there were no m ore murmurs agai nst the

 N IC O LA S C H ARLE S OU DI NOT 335

general , and o ffi cers an d men were ready to follow h i m

to the death W h ile Ou d i n ot thus w on the love and
.

respect of his command he requ ited them wi th e q ual

,

l ove But h is way of sh owing it was characteristic o f

.

“
the man As he used to say i n later years Ah h ow I
.
, ,

loved th em ; I know full well I loved them ! I led them

all to death For i n h is eyes a glorious death on the
.

field of battle was what the true soldier desired above all
thi ngs I n August, 1 794 a fall from h is h orse wh ich broke
.
,

h is leg placed h i m i n h ospital for some months, and h e

could not return to the front ti ll S eptember 17 9 5 H e , .

arrived i n time to take part i n th e capture of Mannhei m ,

but a month later at Ne ckera u , h e was ridden d ow n by

,
’
a charge of the e nemy s cavalry receivi ng five sabre cuts ,
’
and bei ng taken prisoner After three months captivity at
.

U lm he was exchanged The campaigns of 1 7 96 and 1 797

.

on the Dan ube added to th e n umber of his wou nds In .

1 799 h e served u nder M ass ena i n S witzerland , and gai ned

h is step as general of div i sion H is new commander .

formed so high a n opi nio n of h i s capac i ty th at h e a p

.

poi nted h im chief o f h is staff an d took h im with h im when

,

transferred to th e Army of I taly I t was a new rOle for .

the fiery Ou di n ot, but he played it well, and Mass ena gave
“
h im but h is due when he wrote to the Directory, I ow e
the greatest praise to General O u di n ot m y ch ief of th e ,

staff whose fiery nature though restrained to endure the

, ,

laborious work of the o ffice break s ou t agai n ever ready, ,

to hand o n th e field of battle ; h e has assisted me i n al l

,

my movements and has seco nded me to perfection

, .

Duri ng the disastrous campaign i n I taly i n 1 8 00 h e

earned the furth er thanks of h is ch ief H e it was wh o .

broke the b l ockade at Genoa, and penetrati ng through th e

E ng l ish cruisers, successfu l ly carried th e orders to S uchet
o n the Var and returned to the beleaguered ci ty to S hare
,

the privations of th e army By now h is name was wel l .

known to frie nd and foe al ike and his ch iva l rous nature ,
336 NA P O LE O N S M AR S H ALS ’

was admired , even by hi s e n em i es But an episode occurred .

during th e siege whi ch , for some time caused h is name to ,

be execrated by the Austri ans Th e French had captured .

three thousand prisoners during the sorties round Genoa .

At the command of M ass ena O u d i n ot wrote to General O tt

,

to explai n that owing to famine it was impossible to give

, ,

them nou rish ment, and asking hi m to make arrangements

for feeding them O tt rep l ied that the siege would e nd
.

before they could starve W i th their ow n soldiers dyi ng o f

.

h unger at their posts the French cou ld S p ar e but little food

,

for th e miserable prisoners and when th e town capitulated

,

th ere was hardly one left a l ive But th e burden of this .

ca l amity falls o n General O tt and Mass ena, and not o n

O u d i n ot, wh o could only carry o u t th e orders he
received .

After the surrender, O ud i n ot went h ome o n sick

leave, bu t was back i n I taly i n time to take part i n
the l ast ph as e of th e war u nder General Bru ne O n .

Decembe r 2 6 th , at Mo n zemb a n o, he had an Opportunity

o f S h owing h is dash ing courage A n Austrian battery .
,

suddenly coming i nto actio n threw th e French i nto dis ,

order Ou d i n ot dashed forward collected a few troopers

.
, ,

gallope d across the bridge straight at the Austr i an gu ns ,

and ca ptured o n e of th em with his ow n h ands A few days .

later h e w as sent home to Paris with a copy o f the

armistice S igned on j anua ry 1 6 18 0 1 Arriving i n Paris , ,
.

th e general w as received with great warmth by the First

Consul who gave hi m a sword of honou r and th e ca nnon
,

which h e had captured at M on z emba n o .

Duri ng th e years o f peace wh ich followed th e treaty of

Lun eville General Ou d i n ot fell e ntirely u nder the i nfluence
,

o f Napoleon H is frank ch i v alrous nature was captivated

.
,

by the bold personality of the Corsican so great i n war so , ,

attractive i n peace The First Consul rewarded h is affecti on

.

by giving h im the posts of i nspector general of i nfantry -

and cavalry W h ile not engaged i n th ese duties, or i n

.
338 NA P O LE O N S M ARS H ALS ’

M arshal o f the pala ce But whe n he h eard of the ap p roach

.

i ng engageme nt the fire eati ng soldier could not be held

,
-

b ack and on th e ev e of the battle h e arrived i n camp

,
.

Duroc ch ivalrously o ffered to give u p comma n d but '

O u di n ot wh o was satisfied as lo ng as h e sa w fighti ng

, ,
“ "
would not hear of thi s M y dear Marshal he said .
, ,
“
remain at th e head of my brave grenadiers ; we wi l l
"
figh t side by side After the treaty of Pressburg h e was
.

se nt to S witzerland , to ta ke possession o f N euch atel which ,

h ad been ceded to France by Prussia, to form a fie f for

Marshal Berth ier The Neu chateloi s were furious at bei ng
.

treated as mere pawns i n th e gam e and trouble was ex ,

p e cted Fortunately O u d i n ot possessed great common

.

sense H e saw that a ti mely concessio n might bin d the

.

pro ud S wiss to th eir new lord Th e people of N euch atel .

depended almost e ntirely o n their trade with England ,

and h e wru ng fro m Napoleo n the promise that th is trade
sh ou ld n ot be i nterfered wi th S O gratefu l were the S wiss .

that th ey passed a law maki ng O u d i n ot a cit i zen o f

N euch atel The general returned from h is diplomati c
.

triumph i n ti me to comman d h is grenadiers i n the

Pr u ssian cam p aign o f 1 8 0 6 a nd gai ned fresh laurels at ,

j ena O stra le n ka Dantzig and Friedland At Da ntzig

, , .
,

with h is own hand h e killed a Russian sergeant who ,

had caught a French caval ry colonel i n an amb ush At .

Friedland h e was w ith Lan nes when the M arshal sur

prised the Russian rear a nd h eld them p in ned against ,

the town u nti l N a p oleon cou l d draw i n h i s troops and

overwhel m them From six i n th e eveni ng till twelve next
.

day the gre nadiers fought with stubborn tenacity At last .

th e Emperor arrived o n the field O u di n ot with h i s coat .

,

hanging i n ri b bons from musket sh ots h is h orse covered ,

“
with b lood dashed p to th e E mperor
u ,
H asten S ire , , ,

he cried ; “ my grenadiers are all but S pen t bu t give m e

some reinforcements and I will h url all th e Russ ians i nto
”
the ri ver Napoleon repli ed , “ General you have sur
.
,
 NIC O LAS C H ARLES OU D I NOT 3 39

passed yourse lf you seem to be everywhere ; but you need

n ot worry yourself any more I t is my part to fi nish .

”
this affair .

After Friedland came the peace of Tilsi t but eve n peace ,

has its dangers S oult M ortier and the grave Davout were
.
,
’
at times carried away by O udi n ot s extravagant spirits a nd ,

used to amuse themselves after di nner by exti nguishi ng

the candles o n the table with pistol sh ots D uri ng the day .

the general S pent h is ti me i n his favourite p ursuit of ri ding .

H is horses were always thoroughbreds, and nothi ng stopped

h im o nce he had deci ded to take any particular li ne S o .

one day, wh ile attempti ng to j u mp the ditch of a fort,

instead of goi ng rou nd by the gate h is h orse fell with h im , ,

and he broke h is leg and had to be sent ho me H is offi cers .

and comrades gave h i m a farewell di nner At dessert a .

p ate appeared from wh ich when opened by General Rapp ,

, ,

a swarm of bi rds fl uttered out with collars of tricolour

'

,
“
ribbon , wi th th e i nscriptio n To th e glory of General
"
O u d i n ot .

On return ing h ome th e E mperor i n additio n to prese nt ,

i ng hi m with th e pipe of Frederick the Great had granted ,

h i m the title of cou nt and a do natio n of a millio n francs .

W ith part o f this su m O ud i n ot bought th e beautifu l estate

of j ea n d H eurs I n 1 8 0 8 he was selected as governor of
.

'

Erfurt duri ng the meeting o f the Czar an d Napoleon and ,

had the honour o f being presented to Alexander by the

Emperor w h o said S ire I present you the Bayar d of th e
, , ,
’
French army like the preux chevalier he is withou t fear ,

and without reproach The year 1 8 0 9 brough t sterner i nter

.

lu d es a n d O u di n o t was p resen t i n command of hi s grenadiers

,
'
d u ri ng th e Five Days Fighting and at Aspern Essl ing O n ,
-
.

th e death of Lannes he was promoted to the comman d of

the second corps and i n that capacity played h is part at
,

Wagram During the early part of th e battle i t took all

.

h is self restraint to stand still while Davout was turni ng

-

the Austrian left but when h e saw th e Fren ch o n the

,
340 N AP OLE ON S MAR S H ALS
‘

N eusiedel he could no l onger co ntrol h is impatience and ,

without waiting orders h e h urled h is corps agai nst the

’
enemy s centr e receiving i n the attack two slight wounds
, .

Th e next day th e E mperor sent for hi m Do you know .

“
what you did yesterday S ire I h ope I did n ot do my ,

duty too badly " “

That is j ust wh at you did— you ough t
.

to be sh ot But th e E mperor overlooked h is impetuosity

.
,

and a week later rewarded h im for h is service by presenti ng

h i m with h is b aton , a nd a mo nth later created h i m Duke of
Reggio .

The Duke was fortu nate i n n ot being selected for duty i n

S pai n H is next service w as i n 1 8 1 2 when he commanded a
.
,

corps o n th e lines of commu nicati on i n Russia This was h is .

first i ndependent command and it proved that though a good

, ,

subordinate, a dashing sold ier an d a capable diplomatist h e ,

d id not possess th e qualifications o f a great general At .

Polotsk th e day went agai nst the French but whe n a w ou n d ,

caused the M arshal to hand over h is comman d to S t Cyr .

,

that able o fficer easily stemmed the Russian advance and

turned defeat i nto victory Th e M arshal however made up
.
, ,

i n zeal what he lacked i n abi l ity a few weeks later h earing ,

th at S t Cyr was wou n ded h e hastened back to the front

.
, .

I t was owing to h is gallant attack on the Russ i ans that th e

E mperor was able to bri dge the B ere si n a But while .
,

driving off the enemy wh o were attempting to stem the

crossing h e w a s agai n wou nded Thanks to th e devotion
, .

o f hi s sta ff h e w a s safely escorted back to France and

,

escaped the l ast h orrors of th e retreat I n 1 8 1 3 the Duke .

fought at Bautz en an d after the armistice of Dresden w a s

,

despatched to drive b ack the mixed force o f S wedes and

P russians w h o were threatening the French left u nder
Bernadotte The actio n o f G rosb eere n proved o nce agai n
.

th a t th e D u ke o f Reggio h ad n o talent for i nde p endent

'

command and the E mperor s up erseded h im by M arshal

,

N ey who m h e loyally served E merging u nscathed from

,
.

th e sla ughter at Leipzig he fought with h is accustomed

,
 N A P O LE O N S M AR S H ALS
’

her chief lady and the Ou d i n ots h usband and wife served
, , ,

th e royal family with the greatest fide l ity The M arshal .

once agai n sa w service when i n 1 8 2 3 h e commanded the , ,

first corps of the army wh ic h i nvaded S pai n I t w a s .

through n o fault o f h is that Charles X lost h is th rone for .

,

h e was patriotic e nough to tell h i m h o w u nfortu nate was

th e disbandi ng o f th e Nati onal Guard and h is other ill
advised actions .

After th e fall o f the Bourbo n dynasty i n 1 8 3 0 th e Duke ,

o f Reggio never agai n entered pu bl i c life a l though i n 1 8 39 ,

Lo u is Ph ilippe created h im Gran d Chancel l or Of th e Legion

of H onour and i n 1 8 4 2 governor o f th e I nvalides I t was
, .

i n this h onoured positio n that the Duke breathed h is last o n

S eptember 1 3 1 847 i n h is eighty first year
, ,
-
.

The Duke o f Reggio was fortunate i n hi s career h e never

saw service i n S pai n and h e seldo m h eld i ndependent
,

command for wh ich h is fiery temper a nd impetuosity

,

unfi tte d h im I t was h is gallantry and i ntrepidity which

.

w on for h i m his b aton I n a subordi nate positio n he cou ld

.

usually control h i mself enough to obey orders i n a sub ,

ordi nate positio n also h e cou ld do good staff work and h i s ,

quick i mpetuous brain teemed with ideas wh ich were u sef u l

to h i s superiors But by h imself he was l ost Napoleon
. .

we l l knew h i s sh ortcomings I n 18 0 5 the Emperor was .

holding a review ; O u d i n o t s h orse was restive and refused

'

to m arch past wh ereon h e drew h i s sword and stabbed i t i n

,

th e neck That evening at d in ner the E mperor asked I s

.
,
”
that th e way you manage y ou r h orse S ire replied ,

O u d i n ot when I cannot get obedience that is my method

,
.

B ut it was sel dom that his impetuosity resu lted i n cruelty ,

and the wounded at Fried l and and i n many another action

had cause to bless h i m Th e h ero o f Fri e d la n d the
.
,

saviour o f the émigrés and the admi nistrator of Neuch atel

,

was loved not only i n the French army but also among ,

th e enemy At Erfurt th ere w as a poor S axo n gardener

.

wh o delighted to cultivate a rose wh ich he called O udi n ot

 N IC O LAS C H ARLE S OU DI NOT 34 3

when asked the reason h e replied “ The general has made

,

me love the war which has ru ined me .Th e Duke of

Reggio turned h is face steadily agai nst plunderi ng and ,

would reprimand any o fficer wh o recklessly rode over a

field of wh eat .

O ld age did n ot change h is character H appy i n h is

.

family relations adored by h is you ng wife h e was u n iver

, ,

sally beloved and it was with great grief that o n S eptember

, ,

13, 1 847 , Royalist O rleanist I mperialist and Republican

, , ,

learned that he whom the soldiers called Th e M arshal of

the Thirty Fou r W ounds had passed a w ay
-
.
 XX I V

D O M I N I Q U E CAT H E R I N E DE P ER I GN O N ,

MA R S H A L

M O NG the few men of moderate opi ni on wh o were

ch osen i n 1 7 9 1 to represent their cou ntry i n the
Legislative Assembly was Domi nique Catheri ne de
P erigno n The scion o f a good family of Grenade, i n the
.

U pper G aron n e, n e i th er an ultra royalist n or ultra republi ca n

- -
,

he w as a man of act i o n rather than a talker O n e year spent

.

among the self seekers of Paris was su fficient to prove to

-

h i m that h is rOle did not lie among the twisti ng paths of

partisan statesmanship an d glad l y i n 1 7 9 2 h e heard th e
, , ,

su mmons to arms an d left the foru m for the camp Now .

th irty eight years o ld having been born o n M ay 3 1 17 54

-
, , ,

th is was not his first experience o f soldieri ng he had h e l d a

commissio n for some years i n th e old roya l army z and had
served on the staff H e w as for th is reason at o nce elected
.
, ,

lieutenant colonel of the vol unteer legion O f the Pyrenees

-
.

H is bravery and his former military train ing soon ca used

hi m to r i se among the mass of ignorant and u ntrained
volu nteers who formed the Army of the Pyrenees Lucki l y .

for France sh e w as Opposed on h er western frontier by an

,

army wh ich knew as littl e of war as her ow n , led by o fficers

o f equal ignorance with out th e stimulus o f burni ng
,

enth usiasm a nd the dread p ower of the gu i l loti ne ; had

i t bee n otherwise Perpigna n and the fortresses covering
,

Provence would soon have been i n the hands of the enemy .

344
 N AP OLE ON S M ARS H ALS
’

F i g u eras and Rosas alone barred th e advance of the French

into Catalonia S o demoralised were th e enemy that
.

Fig u eras with all i ts i mmense stores n i ne thousan d troo p s

, ,

an d two h u ndred pieces of artill ery capitulated to a mere ,

summons But Rosas stood firm covered on the land side

.
,

by th e fort of Le Bouto n on the top of a precipice and o n ,

the sea side swept by the gu ns of the S panish squadron

anchored i n the roads The fort of Le Bouton was called
.

“
l i mp re n a b le
’
. But Perigno n was no t frigh tened by names ;
although greatly hampered by th e civil Com missioners
“ ”
with the army and held by them as suspect h e deter
, ,

mi ned to ca pture Le Bouto n and Rosas Le Bouton was .

domi nated by a perpendicular rock tw o th ousand feet h igh .

I t w as certai n that if batteri es could be established o n this

precipice Le Bouto n could be taken B ut the arti llerymen .

believed that it was i mpossible to construct a road to h aul

guns u p to th is height Very well , then it is th e i mpossible
.
,

that I am goi ng to do replied the obsti nate l ittle general

, ,

and after im mense toil a zigzag road was constructed and th e

guns hauled b y hand to th e su mmit ; after a severe bom
b a rd men t Le Bouto n was carried by a n assau lt B u t sti ll .

Rosas held o u t ; the weather was very severe and the snow
'
came a b ove the soldiers th ighs and the engi neers declared,

that i t w as i mpossible to construct siege works u nless a

”
certai n o u t l ying redoubt w as first taken Very well sai d .
,

the general make y our preparations T o morrow I will .

-

” ’
take it at th e h ead of my grenadiers S O at five o cl ock th e .

next morning February 1 1 7 9 5 th e grenadiers with thei r

, , , ,

general at their h ead marched out o f camp a nd u nder a

, ,
’
murderous fire by eight o clock captured the outlying
,

redoubt so after a siege of sixty o ne days Rosas was

,
-

captured I t w as the personality of their general wh ich had

.

taugh t the French soldiers to surmou nt all di ffi culties .

Absolutely fearless h imself ful l of gri m determination h e

, ,

taught h is so l diers h ow to acquire these virtues by exam p le ,

not by precept : ever exposing h i mself to danger, showing

 DO M I N I QU E CAT H E RI N E DE P ER I C NON 3 47

a bsolute callousness u ntil h is me n were shamed i nto follow

,

i ng hi s example O n o n e occasion duri ng the siege a S hel l fell

.

at h is feet with the match stil l fiz z li n g h e w as at the mome n t

directing some troops wh o were exposed to th e fire The .

men called ou t to h i m to get out of th e way of the explosion ,

and throw h i mself flat but h e paid no attentio n to the bomb

,

and quietly went o n givi ng his orders for he knew h ow h i s ,

example wou ld steady h is troops meanwh ile someone

dashed u p and extinguish ed the match before the bomb
cou l d explode .

Th e peace of Basle prevented Perignon from gai n ing any

further success i n S pain and the Directors, out o f compl i
,

ment appointed hi m ambassador to th e court of M adrid

, ,

where h is good sense and moderation did much to strengthen

the peace between the two cou ntries I n 17 99 h e w as sent .

to comman d a divisio n of the Army of I taly and commanded ,

the left wing at the battle of Novi W hile attempti ng to .

’
cover the rout h e was ridden over by the enemy s horse ,

and taken prisoner with eigh t h onourable sabre wou nds o n

h is arms and chest W h en the Russia n surgeo n was goi ng
.

to a ttend to his wounds th i nking more of others tha n o f ,

“
h imself h e said to h im
,
Do not worry about me ; l ook
,

first after those brave me n there wh o are i n a worse p l ight ,

”
than I After a few months h is exch ange w a s e ffected and
.

h e returned to France severely shake n i n health and n ot fi t

,

for further active service to fin d Bonaparte First Consul , .

Th ough not o n e o f h is o w n followers Bonaparte recognised ,

th e services h e had rendered to h is cou ntry and arranged ,

fo r his entry i nto the S enate and i n 1 8 0 2 appoi nted h im ,

Commissioner Extraordi nary to arrange the negotiatio n with

S pain a delicate compli ment to Perignon wh o h ad made
, ,

his name on S panish soil Further to recall h is S panish .

victories i n 1 8 0 4 the Emperor created h i m h o norary

,

M arshal n ot on th e active list and later gave h i m th e title

, ,

o f Cou nt But th ough Napoleon d i d n ot th ink that the

.

M arshal was physically fi t to comma nd agai n in th e field ,

 NA P O LE O N S M ARS HALS
’

he entrusted hi m i n 18 0 1 with the government of Parma and

Piacenza a nd i n 1 8 0 8 sent h im to Naples to command th e
,

French troops stationed i n the ki ngdo m of h is brother i n law - -

,

M urat The task was a d i fli cu lt On e for M ura t was no easy

.
,

person to get on with and S outh ern I taly from the days o f
, ,

H annibal h as b een a hard place i n wh ich to mai ntai n

,

mi l itary virtues Bu t the M arshal with his sound common

.
,

sense gave satisfactio n both to Na p oleon and to King

,

j oachim and at th e same ti me kept a tight hand over hi s

,

troops when h owever i n 1 8 14 M urat deserted th e

, , ,

E mperor the o ld M arshal withdrew i n sorrow to France

, ,

to find P aris i n th e hands o f the enemy Like the other

.

M arshals h e accepted the Restoratio n a nd was created a .

peer of France Bei ng h imself o f noble birth , an d a n

.

ex officer of the old royal army Louis XV I I I appoi nted

-
, .

h im to i nvestigate th e claims and verify th e services of the ,

o fficers of the old army wh o had returned to France at th e

Restoration W hen i n 1 8 1 5 Napoleo n returned from E lba
.
, , ,

the Marsh al wh o w as at h is cou ntry h ouse near Toulouse

, ,

made every e ffort to organise resistance against h im i n the

M idi Duri ng the H undred Days he remai ned quietly at h is
.

h ome and o n th e second Restoratio n was rewarded with

,

the command o f th e first m ilitary d ivision and created ,

M arqu is and Commander of the O rder of S t Louis But . .

he d id n ot long enj oy h is new h onours for he d ied i n ,

Paris o n December 2 5 1 8 1 8 aged sixty four , ,

-
.
3 50 NA P O LE ON S M ARS H ALS
’

W hen u nder the cover of driving rai n and mist the enemy
surprised the French l i ne of picquets at m idnigh t an d had
all but seized the position i t was S e ruri er wh o collecting
, ,

three h u ndred an d fifty men h urled h imself against the ,

’
enemy s colu mn of fifteen hu ndred bayonets and by sheer ,

h and to hand fighti ng held them i n check for six h ours and
- -
,

at last repulsed them with th e loss of a considerable n umber

of prisoners .

W ith the halo of th is actio n still surroundi ng hi m i n ,

M arch 1 79 6 he first came i nto direct con nectio n with

, ,

Bonaparte The new commander i n chief qu ickly took

.
- -

measure o f h is tall stern subordi nate W h ile recognising

, .

to the full h i s bravery th e excellent discipline h e knew h ow

,

to maintain and th e high regard i n wh ich h e w a s he l d by

,

h i s divisio n h e saw that the iro n of years o f subordi natio n

,
’
had entered i nto th e old soldier s soul and that wh ile h e , ,

could be relied o n to obey orders implicitly he never could ,

be trusted with an i ndependent command S till , what .

Bonaparte most required from his subordinates w as

i mmediate obe dience and S peedy performance of orders ,

and consequently S e ru ri er played n o i nsignifi ca nt part i n

the glorious campaign of 1 7 9 6 At M ondovi h e showed h is .

stubborn ness when the S ardi nian general turned at bay

, ,

and as Bonaparte wrote to th e Directory the vi ctory was

, ,

due entirely to S e ru ri e r When th e Austrians were driven

.

i nto M antua Bonaparte entrusted h im with the siege Th e

,
.

Au strian forces i n th e fortress nu mbered some fourteen

th ousand ; S e ru ri e r had b ut ten thousand to carry on the
siege alth ough the usual estimate i s that a besieging force
,

sho u ld be three times as strong as the besieged but b y h i s

clever u se o f the marshes and bridges he was able to hold
the e nemy and Open h is trench es a nd siege batteries I t .

was n o fault of h is that o n the advance Of W h rm ser h e

, ,

had to abando n his gu ns and hasten to Castiglione for ,

Bo naparte had given hi m n o warning o f the sudden

adva nce of the Austrian relieving force After Castiglione .
 J EAN M ATH I E U P H I LI B E RT S ER U R I E R 35:

me returned to his tas k rou nd M antua and gallantly repulsed

a ll sorties .W hen th e end came h e had the honour o f
superi ntending the surrender, and of receivi ng th e parole
from th e gal lant old M arshal W ii rmser and th e Austrian
ofl i cers. I n th e advance on Vien na h is divisio n disti n
g u i sh e d itself i n the terri ble march to Asola but as Bona ,
“
parte said, the wi nd and the rai n were always the crown
”
o f v i ctory for th e Army of I taly At Gradisca S eru ri e r
.

captured tw o th ousan d five hu ndred pr i soners eight stands ,

o f colours and ten pieces of artillery , an d agai n crowned

,

h imself with glory at the Col de Tarvis I n j u ne Bonaparte .

sent the old warrior to Paris to present twen ty two captured -

stands to the Directory and i n his despatches after en u m er

, ,

ati ng his triumphs from M ondovi to Gradisca h e finished ,

by saying General S eru ri er is extremely severe on h imself,

,

an d at times on others A stern enforcer of discipli ne

. .
,

order, and th e most necessa ry virtues for the ma i ntenance

o f society he disda i ns i n trigues and i n triguers
, h e the n
proceeded to demand for h im the command o f th e b oo m
o f the Cisalpi ne Republic But th e Directors had other
.

designs and se nt back th e general to command the captured

,

provi nce o f Venice .

I n 1 7 99 when th e Austrians and Russians i nvaded

,

Northern I taly S e ruri er commanded a division of th e army

,

of occupation During the operations which ended i n

.

the enemy forcing the Adda h is division g ot isolated ,

from the mai n body Th e O ld soldier whose boast was

.
,

that h e never turned h is back o n an enemy forgetful ,

o f strategy and thinking only of honour i nstead of

, ,

attempting to esca p e and rej oi n the rest of the arm y ,

took possessio n o f an extreme l y strong position at Ver

derio and soo n found h i mself su rrou nded ; after a
,

gallant fight agai nst a n enemy three times h is nu m be r h e ,

was compelled to surrender with seve n thousand men .

The celebrated S u v aroff the Russian commander t reated

, ,

hi m with grea t ki ndness and i nvited him to dine After h i s .

3 52 NA P O LE O N S M ARS H ALS
’

exch ange on parole had bee n arranged th e Russian general ,

”
asked hi m where he was going To Paris S o much . .

”
th e better replied S u varoff
,
I shall count on seei ng you
“ "
there soon I have myself always h oped to see you
.

there replied S eruri er with considerable wit and dign ity

, .

The general was still a prisoner o n parole when Bona

parte retur n ed from Egypt and at once gladly placed h i m ,

self a t h is disposal and aided h im during the coup d etat of

,
’

Brumaire I t was because of th is service and of the strong

.
,

affecti o n wh ich th e old warrior bore h im th at Bo naparte ,

piled h onours upo n h im for S eruri er had u ndoubtedly ,

do n e less than anybody save perhaps Bessi eres to deserve , ,

h is b aton S til l Napoleon knew h is devotion , h is bli nd

.
,

obedience to orders and his absol ute i ntegrity I n Decem , .

ber 1799 h e called h i m to the S enate I n April 1 8 04 h e

, , .
, ,

made hi m governor of the I nvalides and a month later ,

’
presented h i m with his M arsha l s b aton and created h im ,

Grand Eagle of the Legion of H on our an d Gra nd Cross

of the I ro n Crown B ut h e never empl oyed h i m i n the .

field though o nce for a sh ort time d uring the Walcheren

,

Expedition he placed h im i n command of the National

Guard of Paris .

Th e old M arshal fou nd a congen ial occupation i n looking

after th e veterans at the I nvalides while as Vi ce President , ,
-

o f the S enate he faithfully served the i nterests of his b e

,

loved Emperor W hen i n 1 8 14 h e heard that Paris was

.

goi ng to surrender rather than th at th e trophies of h i s ,

master s glory sh ould fall i nto th e hands of the enemy o n

’

the night of March 3oth h e co l lected the eighteen h u ndred

captured s ta ndards which adorne d N otre Dame and the ,

mi l itary trophies from the chapel of the I nvalides and “

burned them and he actual l y hurled i nto the fire the sword
,

o f the Great Frederick wh ich had been seized i n 1 8 0 6 at

Potsda m Y et in S pite of h i s devotio n to th e Emperor

.
,

a few days later h e took part i n the proceedi ngs i n the

S enate and vot e d for h is deposition
,
U n der the Restor .
 X XV I

PR I NC E j O S E P H P O N I AT O W S K I ,
MAR S H A L

OS E P H P O N I AT O W S K I , th e nephew of King
S ta nislaus ( the erstwh ile lover of Cath erine the
cond o f Russia ) was born i n 1 7 6 2 before hi s
, ,

u ncle had been raise d to th e ki ngly rank Like all .

Poles of noble birth war and war alo ne could offer hi m a

,

p rofessio n he was able or cared to pursue and accordingly ,

at an early age h e served his apprenticeshi p i n arms u nder

t he banner o f A u stria Ret u rning to his native country i n
.

17 8 9 with the experience of several campaigns agai nst

the Turks he w a s entrusted by h is u ncle with the
,

organisation o f the Polish army For the cast off lover

.
-

o f the great Catherin e w as about to make o n e l ast e ffort

to save h i s cou ntry fro m th e greedy hands of Prussia ,

Russia and Aus tria The great ki ngdo m of Poland had

.

f a l l en o n evil days ; she had n o fortresses no n avy n o , ,

roads no arsena l s no revenue and no real standi ng

, , ,

army ; whi l e th e King w as elected by a Diet of nob l es

wh o th ought more of foreign gold th an of patriotism ;
the si ng l e vote o f on e member of this Diet could bring
all busi ness to a standstill . King S tanislaus reforms ’

were wise but they came too late The kingshi p was
, .

“ ”
to become hereditary the liberu m veto whereby busi
, ,

n ess w as paralys ed w as abolished and a standing army

,

w as to be raised . But i t suited none o f her great

neigh bo urs to see Poland organising herself i nto a modern
3 54
 P RI NC E j osEP H P O N IATO WS K I 355

S tate, and before Pri nce j oseph h ad h ad ti me to raise

and thoroughly drill his new model army Prussia and ,

Russia determined o nce and for a l l to wipe the kingdom

of f th e map o f E urope I n 1 79 2 Pri nce j oseph fou nd
.

hi mself at th e head of h is n ew levies opposed by the

trained troops of th ose cou ntries T o add to h is di ffi cu lties .
,

the orders he received from h is u ncle were contradictory

and i rresolute for King S tanislaus, though patriot at
,

heart , h ad not the moral courage for so great a n

emergency The new Polish troops gained some mi nor
.

su ccesses, but before th e i mmense array o f enemies the

Ki n g s h eart fai led h i m , an d he signed the Co nvention
’

'

of Targowitz which foreshadowed the dismemberment

,

o f h is cou ntry Pr i nce j oseph , l ike many another o f h is

.

brave comrades unable to stomach such cowardice

, ,

threw up his commissio n an d withdrew into exile I n 1 794

'
.

Poland su ddenly fl ew to arms at the command of th e

great h earted Kosciuszko and Pri nce j oseph keen soldier
-
, ,

and patriot gladly placed h imself u nder the orders of

,

h is former subordinate and covered hi mself with glory

,

at the siege of W arsaw Again however the Polish

.
, ,

resistance was broken down by force o f nu m b ers and ,

the Prince , turning a deaf ear to the blandish ments of

Emperor and Czarina alike with drew from public life ,

and settled down to manage h is estates near W arsaw .

F or eleve n long years Poland la y dismembered but th e ,

national spirit still smouldered and broke i nto clear flame ,

when i n 1 80 6, th e victorious French drove the battered

,

remai ns of the Prussian armies across the Vistula But .

Poland w as a mere p awn i n th e game to be used as ,

a means o f threatening or concil iating Russia and i n ,

spite of th e high hopes of the Poles the treaty of Tilsit ,

i nstead of reviving th e ancient kingdom merely established ,

a Gran d Duchy of W arsaw The E mperor left Davout .

to watch over the weani ng of the S tate and appointed ,

'

Prince j oseph to organise the national forces which were

3 56 N A P O LE O N S M AR S H ALS
’

to supplement the French army o f occu pation No better .

choice could h ave bee n made for th e Pri nce h ad the ,

necessary tact to ma nage th e i mperious Da vout while ,

hi s ch ivalrous nature h is wel l kn own patriotism an d h is

,
-

experience and abili ty enabled h im o nce more to accustom

,

th e P olish troops to the bit o f di scipli ne W hen i n 1 8 09 .

, ,

the great E uropean c o n flag ra ti on forced Napoleon to leave

the Grand Duchy to i ts fate Pri nce j oseph was able to
,

keep the Austrians i n check and actually to penetrate ,

i nto Galicia before th e battle Of W agram brought the

war to an end .

’
P o n i a tow ski s campaign agai nst Austria, glorious as it
w as for th e P oles was i n real ity the foreru nner of disaster
,
.

Duri ng the campaign th e Polish troops were support ed

by a Russian division To Poniatowski th e Russ ians the
.
, ,

despoilers of h is cou ntry , were more hateful than the

enemy and h e so distrusted th em th at at th e ri sk of
, ,

having to fight them , he r efused to allow them to

occupy any of th e captured fortresses ; th is suspicio n
w as i ncreased by the ca pture O f a secret despatch from
‘

th e Russian commander to th e Austr i an Arch duke co n ,

gratulati ng h im o n th e victory of Ra z yn , and expre ssing

a wish that his standards m ight soon be j oi ned to th e
Austrian eagles Th e Pri nce at on ce se nt th e i ntercepted
.

despatch to Napoleon who summed u p th e S ituation with

,
“
the words I see th at after all I must make war o n
Alexander . S O wh en th e Grand Army assembled fo r
the i nvasio n of Russia Pri nce Poniatowski wi th h is Poles
,

rej oiced at th e call to arms and brought th irty si x th ousand

,
-

we l l disciplined and we l l equipped troops to th e ren

d ez v o u s wh ile sixty fi
,
v e th ou sand were left to garrison
-

the fortresses : the years of peac e had been spent by h im

in busy labour as M i nister o f W ar providin g for the ,

necessities of the army establishi ng engi neering and artillery

,

colleges equipping hos p itals a nd perfecti ng organisation

,

an d discipli ne . S molensk , M oskow a and many a skirmish ,

3 58 NAP O LE O N S M AR S H ALS
’

h e urged h is h orse i nto the stream and by great exertions

,

reached the other side ; but th e beast worn out by the

,

long days o f battle w as u nable to clamber up the steep

, ,

slippery bank an d the Prince M arshal was so faint th at

,

h e could no longer guide h is steed ; so h orse and rider

dropped back i nto the stream and were seen n o more
alive Two days later h is body was recovered and buried
.
,

with all the h ono u rs due to his rank i n the presence

,

of the al l ied sovereigns h is former enemies Thu s passed

, .

away Prince j oseph P oniatowski whose ch ivalrous courage

,

h ad w o n for hi m the title of the Polish Bayard whose life ,

h ad been spent for the welfare of h is cou ntry whose high

,

military reputation was sullied by no i nglorious act and ,

wh o at the last chose death rather than surrender .

 I ND E X

Ami e n s, 2 4,
31
Abbaye , 3 24 Amste rd a m, 2 7 3
Abe nsbe rg , 6 1, 13 6, 17 3 An d a l u si a , 104, 10 5, 5 33
10 , 1 1 , 1
9
Abe rcro mby, 27 2 , 273 And réossy, 12 2
k
Abou i r, 12 2 , 144 An g ou moi s, 2 68
Achi ll e Mura t, 30 Anti be s , 50
Acre , 27 Ann ou x, 162
Adda . 42 . 3 5: Apo l da , 80, 8 1
Adig e, 189 App e ni n e s 23 5
f
,

A ri ca , 12 1 Arabs 26 ,

Agar, Coun t of Mosburg , 34, 38 Ar ci s sur Aube

- -
,
193 , 2 14, 330
Al ban o, 2 36 Arcol a , 53, 60 , 120 , 12 4, 203 , 2 19 .

Albi on 2 5 1 ,
2 62

Albue ra 107 116 , ,

Arge n ton , 10 2

Al e ssa n d ri a 307 , Arg on n e, 3 18

Al exa n d e r C za r xvi ii
, 86, 8 7 ,
, , xi x, Army Of the Al p s, 4, 2 0 1, 2 20 , 30 5,
8 8 , 89 , 1 3 2 , 154, 166 , 167 , 17 1,
193, 194. 2 14 33 1. 339 . 356 . of Arra g on , 2 2 2, 2 2 3
Al e xa nd ri a , 12 1, 204 , 2 0 5 of the C e n tre , 3 18

Al i Pa cha, 2 08 of the COte d e B re st, 2 47

All e , 13 1 of D l m ti
a a a, 2 09

Al m are z , 2 12 of E n g l an d , 7 5, 2 70

Al me i d a , 64 , 66, 6 7 , 150 , 151 o f the E a ste rn Pyre n e e s , 1 18 ,

Al kmaa r, 2 73 29 7 2 3 44
Al p s, 8 , 57 , 123 , 20 1, 2 19, 2 2 8 , 2 47 , of Ge rma ny , 18 7

Gran d , 13 , 14,
3 2, 4 1, 17 , 18 ,

Al sa ce , 19 3 . 3 17 . 3 1 8. 3 30 6 1. 83 . 9 8 . 109 . 12 6. I 46 . 147 .
k
Al te n i rch e n , 7 4 152 . 16 5. 17 3 . 17 7 . 1 1, 20 .
9 7
Al v a re z, 2 40 2 6 5, 2 66 , 2 7 5, 2 8 1, 2 8 2, 2 8 ,
9
Al vi n tz i , 20 3 300. 309 . 3 10. 3 2 1. 356
Am be rt, 3 34 of th e G r i son s, 18
7
Ame ri ca, xv , xv u , 3 , 159 , 2 5 1, 2 52 , of H a n ove r , 80
300 of H oll a nd , 3 00
 N AP O LE ON S M ARS H ALS ’

Army of I ta l y, 4, 6, 2 5, 2 6, 2 9, 5 1, 57 , Aug e rea u ( Li f e, 2 59 10 1, q '

2 6, 3 5, 7 9 , 9 3 , 12 1, 12 5, 12 6, 12
9,
164 , 185, 1 86, 190 , 19 1, 2 0 2 , 202 , 2 0
4
2 03 , 2 09 , 2 2 1, 2 3 6, 2 8, 2 6 , An g u i e , 144, 155
3 3
Aul i c C ou n ci l , 56
3S x Au ri l la c, 159
of La V e n d e e, 3 06 Au ste rl i tz, xv m, 3 8, 47 , 80 , 9 , 16 6 ,
7
of th e Loi re , 180 , 1 8 1

of th e M id i , 3 05 Au xe rre , 16 2
of th e M ose ll e , 163 Av i g n on , 2 76
o f N a p l e s, 3 9 , 8 5 1 8 6, , 238

ofN orma nd y ,
2

of th e N orth 2 53 ,
,
2
54, 2 70 ,

3 07 B a d a joz 106 10 7 , , ,
10 8 , 2 1 1

o f the Oce an , 10 , 12 6, 16 5, 20 7 , B a d e n P ri n ce of
, , 3 2 7, 3 2 8
3 09 B a g ra ti on 4 1 ,

of P or tug al, 108 , 1

49 , 2 11 B a la n que r , C ol o f, 2 26, 2 2
9
of th e Pyre n e e s, 2 6 1, 2 86 Ba l ti c 3 5,

of th e Re se rve , 8 , 2 8 , 12 3 , 2 47 , B a n try B a y , 3 07
249 2 2 7 4» 2 99 » 32 1
of th e R hi n e, 55, 143 , 17 2, 23 2, B arce l ona 2 39 , ,
2 90

Ba rd 2 06
,

of Rome , 2 34 B areg e s 37 ,

of the Sa m b re a nd Me use , 74 ,
B a r l e -D uC . 333 . 33 7
-

B a rossa 3 02 ,

of S pa i n, 2 48 ,
300 B arra s 2 5 7 7 , , , 2 70

of S wi tz e rl an d , 55 B a rthéle my, 2 63

o f th e W e st, 3 06 B a ssa n o 120 ,

of th e W es te rn P yre n e e s ,
B asti ll e 3 ,

2 46 B a va ri a n s 80 193 3 2 9 , , ,

Arp ajon , 268 B a utz e n 29 42 253 2 13

. , . , . 2 83 , 3 40
Arrag on ,
13 3 , 2 2 3 , 2 2 5, 2

2 2 6, 2 27, B avastros, 50
2 2 8 , 2 29 , 2 3 0 B aya rd . 2 9 5. 337 . 3 3 9. 3 58
Aw1 a8 . 3 3 7 B ayl e n, xv i i i , 2 48
Artoi s, C ou n t of, 9 1, 196 B ayon n e , 14, 3 7 , 68 , 109 , 1 16 , 2 4 7

Aso l a, 35 1 B éarn , 8 7
Asp e rn , 16, 6 1, 137 , 17 3 , 190 , B ea umon t 3 1 ,

2 94 .
3 39 B e l chi te 2 25 2 26 , , , 22 9

Au ch, 129 B e l gi um 12 165 , , ,

196 , 2 52, 2 54,

Aue rsp e rg , 12 7 29 2

Aue rstad t, 8 1, 167 , 168 , 17 7 B e ll eg ard e 9 5 2 47

D
, ,

Au erstad t, u ch e ss of, 169 , 17 2 , B e n ni g se n 13 1 179

k
, ,

77
I B e n ti n c 42 ,

Aug sburg, 15 B e rchény, 3 2 2

 NAP OLE ON S MAR S H ALS
’

t
C as i g li on e , 53 , 202 , 2 19 , 2 6 1, 2 62 , C l ary, Mad ame S uch e t, 2 22, 2 2 7,

2 66 . 2 8 7 . 3 50 2 30

C asti l e , 2 89 , 29 5 C le v e s, 33
C asti l i a n s 2 2 5
. C l i ch ea n s, 143 , 2 63

Ca ta l on i a , 19 1, 2 2 5, 2 2 6, 2 29, 2 39 , C l i c hy Ga te , 2 49

2 40 C oa , 150

C a th e ri n e I I C za ri na , 3 54, 3 55 C ob u g, 2 53
r
C a tta ro , 2 07 Co d e N a p ol eon , 39
C a u l a i ncou t, 99 , r 1 5 1, 154, 194 C offin , 42
v
C a a i g n a c, 40 C ol d e T a rvi s , 3 51
C a ye n n e , 49 C o l d e T e n d e,
51 349 ,

C e rea , 2 98 C ol d e P i erre E troi te , 349

C e rrach i , 7 8, 2 88 G ol a n d , 143

C hal on s, 156, 2 00 , 20 1 C oll e g e F ra n ce 26 8

of ,

C h a mp au be t, 3 30r 2 14, Co ll e g e of I sle B ar be 2 19 ,

C ha mp i on n e t, 18 5, 186 Co mba u l t 3 3 1
f
,

C ha n cell or, 19 5 C ommi tte e of P ubl i c Sa et y ,

2 4,

C h ar l e mag n e, xi , xvn , 146, 2 46, 3 26 2 52 : 2 S3

C h arl e roi , 157 , 2 53 C ommi ssi on e rs 3, 184 , 185

k
,

C harl e s, Archd u e, xv n , 55, 56, 57 , Co mmu n e, 113

8 2 , 17 3 . x7 4. 2 54 , 255. 3 2 4. 3 56 Co nco d at, 30 ,r 12 4, 2 64, 2 88

C ha r l es I V of S p a i n , 3 6, 3 7
. f
Con e d e ati on r of th e Rhi n e , 33
C harl e s X of F ra n ce , 2 15, 2 16, 2 17 ,
. C on gress of Vi e n n a 89 90 , , ,
156

C on sa l vi 3 0 ,

C ha rl e s X II I S we d en , 84, 8 5
. of C on sta n ti n op l e 79 2 60 2 7 4 , , ,

C ha rl e s X I V of S we d e n , cf B e r n a
. . Co n su l s of Rome 2 3 4 2 3 5 , ,

d otte Co nve n ti o n 2 3 2 2 3 6 , ,

C har l otte of W urte mburg 2 89 Co p en hag e n , 18 8

rf u
,

C harl e s S te w a t, r 18 3 Co ,
6
C hatill on , 19 , 200 C om e, Pa ul Loui s, 238

C he b ra ss, 12 2 Co p s L e g i sl a ti
r f , 19 5

C he ra sco 2 5 ,
Co ru n n a , 104
C h erbourg 2 16 ,
Co rsi ca 46 , , 72
C hi asso, 30 7 C orso 13 5 ,

C h ou a n s, 3 06 , 3 07 Co rte s, 10 5

C i sa l p i n e R e p ubl i c, 6 , 3 0, 3 5 1 C o u d re a ux, 155

r
C i u d ad Rod i g o, 64 , 66, 108 , 150 , Co u n ci l of F i v e H u n d re d ,
2 54,

2 55

C i v i ta C aste ll a n a, 1 86 C o urce ll e s, 198

C l a n cla ux, 3 06 C ra on ne3 03 , 3 1 1

f
,

C la n ra n a ld , 183 C ra w ord , 150

Cl ar k Dk
e, u e of F e l tre ,
14, C rom w e ll , xi , 17 6
1 10 Cross of S t Loui s, 3 , . 2 7 5, 2 8 3 , 3 1 1,
C la ry , 76
 I ND EX 3 63

C ue sta, 104, 2 89 , 29 0 D w rth

on au o ,
15
Gusti ne, 2 , 23 2
D Fr i
on an c sco, 37
D ri 34
o a, 2

D orse n ne , 2 12
D r 8
ou o, 10
d Ab b év i lle, 3 19
’

Dr d 4
es e n, 2, 2 14, 2 42 , 2 6 1, 2 83 ,
Da e n d a l s, 2 7 2
3 4°
D a l le ma g n e , 120 Dré me , 297
D l m ti 8
a a a, 20 2 10 , 2 16 D ug ommi er, 1 19 , 2 97 , 345
D l m ti D h
,

a a a, uc e ss of, 109 D u h e sme, 23 9

d An g oul éme, D u o, 68, 3 11
'

D ma s, Al exa n d re , 2 7 0
u
Da n ton , 2 69 , 2 70 , 2 7 7 D uma s G e n e ra l , 152
,

Da n tz ig , 40, 13 1, 19 2 , 302, 3 2 7 , 3 2 8 , D u merb i on , 5 1

33 8 D u mouri e z , xv i , 142, 163 , 1 84, 2 52 ,
D
Da n tzi g, uche ss of, 302 , 3 29, 3 30,
3 17 , 3 18, 3 19, 3 20
33 I D unab e rg , 19 1
D a nu be 3 1, 3 2, 33 , 60, 6 1,
, xvu , 10 , D un d on ald , 2 39

7 4. 7 6, 82, 95, 98 . D ki k 5 7
un r 2 2, 2 0

D p t 98 74 8 8
,
13 6, 13 7 , 2 22 , 2 36, 2 80, 2 8 1, 308 , u on 1 2 2 0, 2 1

D r 6 34 337 338
, , ,

3 24 . 3 55 u oc, 2 , 1 , ,

D Arta g nan , 2 3
'

Dii t i 8 8
rre n s e n , 2 0 , 2 1
Da up hi n é, 7 2 Du l d f 34
sse or
Davout ( Li e , 162 f
xi i , xi n, 15, D t i lli
u a s, 12
,

16, 17 , 18 , 8 1, 96 , 98 , 1 19 , D t h 8 83 84 8 5
u c 0, 1 1 1 207 , 2 7 2

Dwi 9 4
, , , ,
12 8, 130 , 13 3 , 145, 195, 2 10 , 2 8 4, na , 1 1, 2 1

3 56
D e g o, 2 5, 120, 2 98

D E n ge n , 2 37
'

d E n g h i e n , 7 8, 2 88 , 3 11
'
E be rsd or f 190

k
,

De nma r , 14, 8 2 , 84, 90, 300 E bl i n g , 29 3

D e n n ewi tz , 8 7 , 153 E bro, 134, 2 46 , 248 , 2 90

d E rl on , 66, 157 , 159 E ckm ii hl, 60, 136, 16 , 1

'

9 73
D esa ix, xi ii , 12 2 , 163 , 164, 2 3 3, 27 8, E gyp t, 7 1 8 ! 26: 2 7 : 54: 7 5: 7 7 !
Xv ii »

3 3 4 00 , 1 122 , 163 , 186, 204, 2 0 5, 2 08 , 2 47 ,

Dé iré C l y 76 7 8
s ar 85 2 55. 2 8 7 , 2 98 . 3 24, 3 2 5

D m l i C mill
, , ,

es ou n s, a e , 2 69 , 2 76 E lba , 20 , 45, 89 , 18 0, 194, 19 5, 2 2 8

d H tp l 33
’
au ou 2 6 7 , 303 , 3 3 1, 3 4 1. 3 48

Di t (P li h) 354
,

e o s E lbe 2 80 , 3 2 1
D ij 8 7 4
, ,

on , 2 2 E l Bod i n , 2 12, 2 17
Di r t ry vi i 7 48
,

ec o .x , 55 57 . 75. 7 6,
, . .
E l chi n g e n , 3 2
7 71 2 34: 2 3 5: 2 55» 2 6 » 2 6 »
3 4 E l izabe th of B ava ri a , 13, 20
E l ste r, 19, 193, I 99 , 3 57 -

33 I E mp re ss of Au stri a, 17 1, 2 09
3 64 NAP OLE ON S M AR S H ALS ’

E n cycl op e d i sts, 30 5
E n z erdorf, 17 4 G a e ta 60,

E rcola , 3 45 Ga l i ci a 104 2 89

f
, ,

E r u rt, 100 , 13 2 , 147 , 342 Ga m oral, 100

E sp i n osa , 3 01, 3 2 9 Gard e Consti tu ti on e lle 2 4 2 86 , ,

E ssl i n g , 16, 6 1, 64 , 7 0, 137 , 17 3 , Ga rd e d u C orp s 3 05 ,

19
339 G ard e s F ra n ca i se s, 2 59 3 22
9 1 ,

G a ron n e 9 3 344 , ,

90 , 1 8 8 , 189 , 198 , 2 87 , 3 10 , 3 12 G a scony 7 2 ,

E x m outh , Lord , 2 76 Ga uthi er 2 69 ,

E yl a u, xvi i i , 14, 3 5, 47 , 8 1, 95, 13 1, Ga z an 134 2 80 2 8 1

, , ,

147 , 1 0 , 2 2 2, 2 6 ,
7 5 3 09 G e mbl oux 3 12 3 13 , ,

G e nd arme ri e 2 45 2 47 , ,

G e n e ra l i ssi mo 3 57 ,

G e neva 2 2 8 ,

G e n oa 2 5 58 70 9 5 12 1 18 1 2 2 1
, , , , , , , ,

Fa e n za 2 37 ,

Fa ubourg S t Marcea u 2 59
'

G e rard 179 3 12 3 13
k
.
, , , ,

F e l d irche 3 24 G erma ny xvi i i 13 , 17 3 1 42 , 8 7

k
,
, , , ,

F e rd i n a n d Archd u e 3 2 12 6
, , , 145, I 77 1 19 2 1 2 8 0» 32 I
Fe rd i n an d V I L, Ki ng of S p a i n , 3 6, G e rona 2 40 266 , ,

37 G e rs 1 18 1 19
, ,

F i e schi , 2 84 G h e n t 2 15 ,

F i g ue ra s 19 1 346 G ibra l tar, 108

k
, ,

F i n e n ste i n 3 2 7 G ira rd 2 8 2 3 0 3
D
, , ,

Fi ve ays F i g h ti n g ’

, 2 9 1, 2
94 , 3 29 , G i rond e 1 17 1 18 , ,

3 39 G iron d i sts 2 70 ,

F l eur u S, 7 3 : 7 4 » 94» 2 53 : 3 23 G 6 rz , 189

F lore n ce 30 , Gouv i on 2 3 1 2 3 2 , ,

F l ushi ng 8 3 , G ov ern ol o 120 ,

F on ta i n e bl eau , 16, 2 0 , 7 0, 15
4, 193 Gra d i sca 3 51 ,

Fort Loui s 94 , G ra ha m 3 02 ,

F ou ch é, 3 6, 3 8 , 43, 7 9, 8 5, 197 , 2 7 2 , Gra na da 104 ,

291 G ratz 308 ,

F OY» 3 15 G ra tz , 189 3 08 ,

Fre d e ri c the G rea t ,

x vi i i , 168 , 169 , G re n ad e 344 ,

Gre nobl e 7 2 ,

Fr eju s 7 7 , , 1 10 , 155 G reusse n, 98

F ri e d l a nd ,
xv ii i , 6 1, 99 , 13 1, 13 2, G ri g n on 2 92 ,

148 , 2 8 2, 3 09 , 3 x1, 3 12 , 33 8. 3 39, Groe te K e te n 2 7 2 ,

3 42 G ros b eeren , 8 7 , 153, 340

F ru ctid or Ge n e ra l 2 63 Grosboi s, 14, 16, 7 9
f
,

F ue n tes d Onoro 67 2 1 1 Grou chy ( Li

'

, , ,
2 93 e, 3 05 xi v, 111,

F ul ton 2 07 ,
 3 66 N A P O LE O N S M AR S H ALS
’

J u n ot 63 , 64, 65, 13 4,
2 05. 3 3 7
, 136, f
La n n e s ( Li e , 1 17 3111, xi i i ,
2 6. 2 8 . 0 . 2 .
3 3 3 3 . 47 . 6 2 . 96. 98.
J un ta of Ov i e d o, 248 99 , 147, 149 , 166 , 17 5, 2 05, 2 10,
2 2 2 , 2 8 , 26 , 2 6
4 4 5, 2 80 , 2 88, 2 99 ,
K 337
La on, 2 14, 2 17
Ka i se rsl a u te rn , 93 La p ezri ére , 2 88
Ka li oub , 26 . Lan e y. 13 3
Ka li sh, 13 2 La rti g ue s, 5 1
k
Ka l re uth, 98 , 168 , 3 27, 3 2 8 La sa ll e , 3 5
Ka tzba ch, 19 2, 198 La u d on, 2 47
K e hl, 12 6 La uter, 3 18
Ke i th , Lord, 59 Layb a ch, 189
K e ll e rma n n ( Li e , 3 16 f Le B outon , 3 46
xi i i , 4, 51, 99 , 20 1, 30 5, 3 26, 3 30, Le cl e rc, xi i i , 2 7
33 I Le cl e rc, Ai mée , 164
K e ll e rman n (young er), 2 9, 157 Le courbe , xi i i , 156
K i l mai n e 2 5 Le ctou rn e, 1 17 , 1 18, 1 2 8, 1 6 , 1
3 39
f f
,

Ki n g of Rome , 2 14 Le ebvre (Li e, 3 2 2 xi i , 94 ,

Kléber xi ii , 7 3 , 142, 143 , 2 7 8 , 2 79
,

Kdn i g sbe rg, 99 , 13 1, 17 1, 3 09 L e g hor n, 60, 6 1

Korsa kofi, 56, 57 L e g i on of H on our, 146, 19 1, 198 ,

Kosc i usz o, 3 55 k 2 07 , 22 1, 2 2 8, 2
4 7 , 2 84, 309 , 342 ,
K ose n , 167 3 52
K ovn o, 152 153 Le gi sl a ti ve Asse mbl y, 3
, 44
Krasn oi , 15 2 Le i p z i g, xi v, xix, 19, 2 2, 42 , 88 , 1 8
3 ,
K re ml i n , 2 82 154 , 19 2 , 198 , 1
99 , 2 14, 266, 2 83 ,
Kre ms, 3 2
Kiilm, 2 83 Le n orma n d , 8 3
Leo be n, 6 , 53 , 7 5, 12 1, 2 62 , 2 0
7
Le ri da , 2 2 6, 2 29
L
Le va n t, 2 60
La Ba sti d e F ortu ni e re , 23 L i eg e , 3 13
La H a rp e 2 6 , L i g ny, 3 12
La H ou ssaye 2 64 2 67 , ,
L ill e , 1 56, 1 6
9
La Marche , 2 96 Li mog e s, 2 5 1
La V e n d ee , 4, 2 53 , 2 6 1, 2 7 4, 3 06 Li n are s, 106
3 26 Li nz , 2 8 0
La f y tt
a e
90, 2 52
e, Li sbon , 65, 66, 10 1, 104, 105, 106,
La ma rre , 50 108 , 1 15, 12 , 12 6,
5 26 1

La m ba ll e , 2 77 Li th ua n i a , 4 1
Lan dg rafe n berg , 129 Li ttl e Gi bra l tar, 29 7
La n dri eux, 2 4 Li v e rp ool , Lord , 67
Lan d shu t, 13 6 Loa no, 5 1, 7 0 , 1 19, 2 1 , 2 6 1
9
 I N D EX
Loba u , 6 2 , 13 8 , 17 4, 290 Ma e stri c ht 3 12 ,

Lo d i , 6 , 53, 120, 2 0 1, 2 6 1, 26 2 Mag d e burg 98 147 , ,

Lo i son, 15 1 Ma g n a no 55 186 , ,

Lomba rd y, 45, 120, 308 Ma i l le boi s 184 ,

Lon a to, 53 , 2 8 7 Ma i ne 2 13 ,

Lo nd on , 1 13 Ma i n tz ,
20 1

Lon s la Sa u l n i e r, 155, 160 Ma l ag a 104 ,

Lore n cz , 337 Ma l ma i son 18 0 ,

Lorra i n e , 19 3 Ma lta 122

Ma me l uke s 26 204
,

Lou i s X IV , 2 3 7 . , ,

Lo u i s XV I I I , 20, 1 10, 160 , 179 ,

. Ma nh e s, 3 9
1 80 , 19 5, 196 , 199 , 243 , 2 50 , 2 58 , Ma nn h e i m, 143, 163 , 335
z 7 6. 3 4 r. 3 48 Ma ntua , 2 5, 12 0 , 1 89 , 2 0 3 , 2 62, 2 7 2,

Lou i s N ap ol eon , 3 8
Lo u i s P h i l i p p e , 113 , 1 14, 1 16, 258 , Ma ra t 24 ,

2 84 Marcea u mi x 94 , ,

Lou i si ana , 7 , 79 , 3 00 . Mare n go xv ii 9 , , , 59, 7 7 , 96, 123 ,

2 9,

Lo uvre , 18 8 12 4, 2 0 5, 22 1, 2 47 , 2 7 4, 2 88, 2 99 ,

Lo w e , S i r H u d son , 40 3 00 . 3 14
Lii b e ck, 3 5, 8 1, 84 9 8, 12 8, 3 09 ,
~
Ma re t, 99
L uci en B on a p ar te , 7 9 Ma ri a , 2 2 5, 2 29

k
L uc n e r, 3 , 3 18 Ma ri e Loui se 16 17 5 , ,

Lug o, 103 , 149 Marlboroug h 2 2 7

Ma rmon t ( Li f e 2 00
,

Lii tz e n, 19 , 42 , 153 , 2 13 , 2 83 , 293 , 11111, xi v ,

Lyon s, 1 13 , 156 , 196 , 2 19 , 2 6, 6 7 , 6 8, 7 8 , 10 8 , 12 2 , 12 3 , 189 ,

3 11
Ma rn e 30 2 ,

Marse i l la i se 2 7 6 ,

Marse i ll es 76 2 19 2 76
Massena ( Li f e 49
, , ,

, x11, mm, 15,

Ma cac h ai m , 18 3 16,
79 , 9 5, 96 , 10 6 , 10 7 , 1 10, 1 15,
Ma card xi v , I37 » 142 » I
44» I 49 : 150 » 1 5 1, 17 4»
Ma cd on a l d F l ora 183 , , 190 , 2 10 , 2 20 , 2 2 1, 2
3 4, 2 3 8 , 2 39 ,
Ma cd on al d Marsha l ( Li fe
, , 18 3

xiii xi v , 2 0, 2 1, 83 , 15
, 4,
Ma ssen a P rosp e r , , 69
2 98 Ma ubeug e 2 52 ,

Ma cd on a ld N e i l 183, , Me a ux 269 ,

Ma chia ve ll i 2 43 M e ckl e n be rg An ha l t, 90
Ma ck 1 1 126 12 8 186
-
,

, , , , Me di ci 3 0 ,

Ma d a me S a ns G en e 3 2 2 , Me d i n e d e l Ri o S e co , 2 89
Madri d: 9 : 3 65 37 1 100 ) 10 8 » Méd oc 2 33 ,

7 3 7 , 2 48 , 2 9 0 ,
13 3 , 13 4, 2 12 , 2 2 , 2
Me l zi 30
. ,

30 1 Men ou 12 2 ,
3 68 N AP OLE ON S M AR S H ALS
’

M eq u i ne nz a , 2 62 , 2 29 M oun t Al bi s 56 57 , ,

M éri c, 1 19 Mou n t Fa ron 2 9 7 ,

Me sl er 13 8 , M u n ich 3 1 2 59
M ura t ( Li f e 2 2
, ,

Messi n a 40 , 1111 X l l , ,
l , 10 , 1 8 ,
M e tte rn i ch 4 2 45 209 , , ,
-
19 , 89 , 93 , 1 2 0, 122 , 12 3 , 12 4,
M e tz 14 1 146 3 18 3 4 1
, , , , 1 2 5 , 1 2 6, 1 2 , 1 0 ,
7 3 13 1, 139 , 1 66 ,
M e u se 334 , 1 7 7 , 17 8, 2
3 3, 2 74, 2 8 7 , 2 88 , 2 8 ,
9
Mi di 2 7 5
, 2 90 . 2 3 . 2 9 .
9 4 3 09 . 3 10 . 3 1 1. 3 48
M i l a n 10, Murill o , 10 5
M i l lesi m o, 2 6 1
Mi n ci o 2 5 206 , , , 2 2 1, 2 7
4
Mi rabea u 2 68 ,

M ola n s, Ure d e , 2 4
Mona co 2 99
Mon cey (Li f e
,

, 2 45 xx i ii , 133 , N aard e n 185 ,

I 34 N a mur 3 12 3 13 , , , 3 14
Mon d e g o , 150 Nan sou ty, 3 3 , 190
M on d ov i , 2 5, 29 8, 3 50 , 3 51 N ap i e r , 107 , 150

Mon g e 204 ,
Nap l e s .3 7 . 3 8 . 3 9 . 42 . 43 . 60 . 69 .
Mon i te ur 42 43 164 , , , 7 2, 185, 186 , 1 88 , 2 7 , 2 8, 2
3 3 39 ,
Mo n t S t J e a n 3 13 .
, 3 18
Mon te be ll o 25 2 8 123 , , , , 1 3 8 , 2 99 Na p l e s K i n g of 2 9
, ,

Mon te C re tto 9 5 , N ap ol e on I I 3 14 .
,

Monte n e g ro 208 , N assa u S i e g e n 2 45

-
,

Mon te n otte 53 , N a umb erg 80 167 , ,

Mon te sq ui e u 3 0 5 Ne cke ra u , 3 3 5
Montf aucon 2 4
,

, N ee rwi n d e n 142 163 184 2 69 , , , ,

Mon tmartre 2 14 N e uchate l 12 3 3 8 342

k
, , , ,

Montmi rai l 2 83 3 30 , , N e umar t 2 2 0 ,

M onz e mba no, 336 N eu si e d e l 17 4 340 , ,

Moore Si r J oh n 100 , 13 4 N e uw e id 3 24
f
, , ,

Morea u xi i i xi v , , , xv i i , 2 8, 76 , 13 8 , Ne y ( Li e 14 1 xn xi i i 3 2, , , , 63
144 , 1 86 , 187 , 199 , 2 06 , 2 2 0 , 2 3 4, 64. 65. 6 8 . 96 . 98 . 99 . 10 3 . 10 4 .

2 3 5. 2 3 6. 2 3 7 . 2 47 . 2 98 . 308 1 17 , 12 0 , 12 9, 166 , 194, 196 , 2 15,

M orlan ti e r 334 2 50 . 2 83 . 2 8 4. 3 09 . 3 1 1. 3 40

f
,

Morti e r ( Li e 2 7 8 ,
xi i , xi i i , N i ce , 50, 68
xi v , 8 0, 3 2 8, 3 2 9 136, N i col e P i e rre 2 68 ,

Moscow , 18 , 40 , 4 1, 151, 2 4 1, 282, N i e m e n 4 1 47 . . . I S2 . x53

2 9 5. 3 10 , 3 2 9 Ni l e 26,

M ose s, 89 N orma n dy 2 7 0 , 30 5
,

M oskow a , 4 1, 156, 17 7 , 2 94, 3 12 , N orw a y 86 8 8 , 89 , 90

D
, ,

3 56 N6tre a me , 264, 3 2 6, 3 52

M osski rch , 23 7 N ov ara 3 07 ,

Moulin s ,
20 1 N ov i 2 20 2 3 5
, , , 3 0 8 , 3 47
3 7° N A P O LE O N S M AR S H ALS
’

Ron ce sva ll es, 246

Ros, Lord , 7 0
Quadru p l e All i an ce 90
346
,
Rosas, 2 39,
Qu atre B ra s 157 158 160
, , ,
R ove red o, 53
Que rcy 2 3,
Royal C ha mp ag ne Regi me n t, 162
Q ui ev ra i n 2 7 8
,
Roya l I ta l i a n Regi me n t, 49 , 50
Ro ya l M i l i ta ry S chool 162 ,

Royal Ma ri n e Re g i me n t 73 ,

Ra gu sa. 209 Rouffach 3 2 2 ,

Ra p p . R ue R oyal 2 85 ,

Ra ti sbo n , 15, 3 1, 13 6, 17 3 , 189 , 2 54 R u e i l , 63

Ra tte E i g , 9 5
Raz yn , 3 56
Reg n i e r , 6 4, 65, 66 S aa l e , 167 , 19 2
R e i ll e , 69 , 157 Saa l f e ld , 12 9 , 13 8 , 2 2 1
Re n n e s, 7 8 S a bl on s , 25
Ri sorgi m e n to, 44 S a ci l e , 18 8 , 1 89
Re stora ti on , 2 2 8 , 2 42, 2 49 , Sa c re d B a n d s , 3 10
3 2 1. 3 3 1. 3 4 1. 3 52 Sa g u n to, 2 26
Rev ol uti o n, F re n c h , 3 , 3 8 , 53 , 7 2, S ah ag u n , 100

7 5, 142, 184 , 2 00 2 3 1 , 269 , 2 86 ,

, Sa i n t C l ou d , 15, 1 10
2 96. 30 5. 3 2 3. 3 3 3 . 3 49 Sa i n t M i che l, C oll e g e of, 23
Re w b e ll, 2 3 4 S ai n te s Ge o rg e s, 53 , 298
Rhi n e, xvi , xvi i , 3 3 , 55, 56, 7 4, 9 5, S a l ama n ca , 64, 108 , 134, 2 1 1, 2 12 ,
126 , 185, 20 1 , 2 54 , 2 55,
3 19 , 3 2 1,
3 34 S ali ce tti , 38
Rhon e , 68 S al i sbury, Lad y, 1 13
Ri chard Coeur d e Li on, 2 80 S an ce rre, 183
Ri che l i eu, 2 00 D
Sa n omi ng o, 9
Ri che p a n se , xi i i San F e l i pe , 2 26
R i g hts of Man , 73 San Marco, 298
Ri o T i n to, 106 S a n tare m, 66
Ri vol i , 6, 2 5, 65 7 0, 2 19 , 2 70 2 87
, , Sa n ti ag o, 3 0 1
Robesp i erre , 2 Sa n to Pa ol o, 40
R ocha mbea u , 2 S an to S te a n o, 40 f
f
Roc h ort, 180 S arag ossa, 134, 13 5, 13 8 , 2 2 2 , 223,
R oed erer, xi i 2 2 4, 2 2 6, 240, 348
Roha n , 2 3 8 S a rd i n ia , 2 7 6
R ol a n d , 139 S ar di n i a, K i ng of, 3 07 , 308
R ol lan d , 2 70 Sa rd i n ia n s, 2 5, 51, 3 50
Rome , 6, 3 0, 43, 54, 8 3 , 18 5, 186, Sard ou , 3 2 2
198 , 2 3 1, 2 7 2 , 2 S a rre loui s, 141, 159
94
Roma n a, 149 S a vig ny s ur 0 rg e , 165
- ~

R oman Re p ubl i c, 2 34 Savoy, 2 2 8

 I N D EX S7 I

Saxe, Mar sha l , 1 14 1 10 , 13 8 , 145, 160 , 2 28 , 2 56 , 2 66 ,

S a xon s, 8 0, 8 3 , 13 1, 176 , 34 2 2 94

Sa xo n y, 2 80 St . Je a n d Acre 12 8
'

S ch ere r, 5 1, 1 19, 18 6 St . Jea n P i ed d e P orte 246 ,

S c h w a rtz e n be rg , 2 66 St . J ose p h Chateau 2 2 8

, ,

S cots Coll eg e , 1 8 3 St . Me ne hou l d 3 18 ,

S eba s i a ni , 33
t St . Om e r 3 ,

S e d an , 18 3 St . P e tersburg xv u i ,

Ség ur, 169 , 2 51 S t S e ba stia n , 3 6

.

Se i n e , 180 , 30 3 S ta el, 8 7
S e rre . 3 45 S ta ni sla u s. 3 54. 3 55
S e ruri er ( L i f e, 3 49 3
-
xi i , xi i i , S te i n , 17 3 , 1 76 , 1 8 1

S te tti n , 8 8 , 100 , 30 1
S e rva n , 3 18 S toc k h 55
ac

kh l m 86
,

S eve n Ye ar s W ar, 3 17 , 3 2 1
’
S toc o ,

S e vi ll e , 10 4, 106 , 13 4 S tor thi n g , 90

S ez a n n e, 2 14 S tra de ll a , 12 3
S i ci l y. 3 8 . S tra l sun d , 2 7 5
S i eve rs, 13 2 S trassburg , 3 1, 3 17
S i éye s. 7 6. 7 7 . 88 S tyri a, 207 , 2 16, 220 , 23 8 , 3 10
f
.

S i l e si a , 14 , 1 5, 8 7 , 17 2 , 19 2, 2 14 S u ch e t ( Li e , 2 19 xi v , 58 , 1 15,

S i mp l on Pa ss, 42 I 3S. 2 12. 2 74: 335

k
S mol e n s , 4 1, 15 1, 3 56 S ull y, 9 2
S omosi e rra, 3 0 1 S u l ta n, 2 08
S ora ure n , 109 S uva rofl, 56, 57, 188 , 2 3 5, 2 66, 35 1
f
.

S ou l t ( L i e , 9 3 xn , xi ii , 1 1 , 3 52
2 1, 30 , 58 , 6 3 , 66 , 1 17 , 12 8 , 129 , S w e d e n , 7 2 , 84, 85, 89 , 90 , 9 2 , 2 7 5
13 8 , 145, 147 , 149 , 1 57 , 166 , 2 1 1, S W i tz erlan d ; 551 56 0 69 : 144 , I 59 .

2 12 , 2 2 1, 2 7 6 , 2 8 2 , 2 90 , 302 , 339 2 20, 2 66, 2 7 0, 2 7 1, 2 7 2 , 2 7 4, 2 7 9 ,

S p arta n s, 2 2 1 33 5. 33 8
S p l ii g e n Pa ss, 18 7 , 2 47 S yria , 7 , 26 , 12 2 , 2 87
S t An drew, Ord e r of, 13 2
.

S t Ag n e s, 2 34
.

T
S t Ama n d , 93 , 1 14
.

S t B e rnard Pa ss, 8 , 18 7 , 206 , 2 2 1,

. T ag u s, 66, 104, 149 , 150, 2 12
24 7 T a la v era , 63 , 149 , 2 57 , 3 02
S t Ca the ri n e s F or t, 5 1 T a ll e yra n d,
'

3 6, 3 8, 7 9
10 , 2 1, 2 2,

f
.

S t C yr ( Li e , 2 3 1
. xi ii , 18 1, 8 5, 12 5, 154, 188 , 194, 3 29
18 5, 2 1 1, 2 66 , 2 7 8, 340 T a rra g ona, 2 2 6, 2 30 , 23 9
St . D
iz ie r, 2 14, 30 2 T a rg owi tz , 3 55
St .G e rmai n, xv T e m p l e , T h e, 2 84
S t Gothard P ass 56
.
,
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T e rror. T he . 164. 253 .

S t H e l e na, Na po leon s ver T h e mopyl ae , 22 1
r
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sati ons a t. 2 1. 2 2 . 45. 5 1. 59. 7 0 . T hi el mann, 3 14

 373 N AP OLE ON S M ARS H ALS

Thi onvil l e, 269 , 3 23 I 46. 166. 2 0 7. 2 2 2 . 2 3 7 .

Thi rty Y e a rs W ar, 1 1 1
’

337
T olosa , 13 3, 13 6 U n i te d S ta te s, 7 9
Tond u d e ca poral , 3 29 U p pe r Vi e n ne , 2 5 1, 2 53
T orres Ve dra s, 65, 7 1, 150 , 2 11
T ortosa, 2 26, 2 2
9
T ou l , 23 1
V
T ou l on , 51, 20 1, 2 19 , 2 76 , 29 7 V 22 1. 185. 198 . 2 7 9
T ou l ou se , 23 , 110 , 1 1 2 , 1 16 Va l e n ti a, 133, 2 12 , 2 2 6, 2 27, 2 28 ,
Tra c he n be rg 8 7 ,
2 29 , 2 3 0, 2 48

T ras os Mon te s 103 ,

Va l la d ol i d , 2 90 , 2
94
T rea ty of Abd 8 1 , Va l my xv i , 3 19 , 3 2 1 , 2 69 ,

Ami e ns 23 7 ,
V a l te lli n e , 25, 2 47
B asl e . 119 . Va n da mme , 2 4 2, 2 83 , 3 12
Ca mpo F ormi o , 163 , 2 3 4, V a r, 50, 2 2 1,
298 Vare nn e s 2 86 ,

F o l i g n o 29,
Va sa 7 2 ,

L un ev i ll e 144 164 , , , 2 47 , 2 36 Va ti can 203 ,

Pressburg 12 60 , , , 98 , 208 , V e l a sq
u ez 10
5 ,

33 8 V e n d éma i re , 25

Ti l si t, xvi i i 3 5, 8 1, 148,
, 13 , 14, V en d ee n , 3 06
17 1. 2 89 . 30 1 . 3 3 9. 3 55 Ven i ce , 54 , 203 ,
3 51
V i e n n a , 63 V e rd cri o, 2 90

T re bbi a , 18 7 , 18 8, 198 Ve rd i er 24 0
f
,

T re n t, 2 47 Vi ctor ( Li e 29 6 , xi v , 104 ,
T re vi so , 20 6, 2 74 10 5, 12 1, 12
4, 13
4, 18 7, 24 1, 2 8 3 ,

T ri e ste, 189 3 10
T ro uvé, 2 7 2 V i c tori a , Q ue en, 1 13
T roye s, 2 8 3 V i e n na , 16, 2 5, 3 2 , 56, 6 1, 7 0, 12 7 ,

T ud e l a , 13 3 , 13 8 , 149 13 7, 13 8 , 1 8 , 2 16, 2 80
9 , 3 51

T ui l e ri e s, 43 , 152 , 16 1, 263 , 3 2 5 Vi e rze hn H e i l ig en, 129

T ur e n n e , 1 14, 2 95 Vi lla Mayor, 135
T uri n , 3 07 , 30 8 Vi l lars, Mar sha l , 1 14
T u b e. 2 9 . 2 05. 208 . 2 10. 2 74. 3 54 V illele, 303
T urrea u , 16 2 , 163 V i ll e l ong ue , 1 19
’

V i lle n e uve l E ta n g ,
'

T u sca ny, 29 , 3 0 , 2 34 1 10

Tvrol. 42 . 265. 3 29 Vi l n a , 18 , 4 1, 17 7 , 3 10 , 33 0
V i mi ero, 290

Vi nce nn es 8 7 ,

Vi scon ti M ada me 7 , , , 1 2 , 13
Vi stul a I 3 47 130
. . . . I 47 . 2 94 .
3 27 .

U i st, 18 3

U lces , 30 1 V i ttori a 109 13 3

, , , 2 2 8, 2 5 , 2 8
7 5
Ulm, xviii , 1 1, 3 1, 47 , 12 6, 12 8, 130 , Vosg es 193 23 2
, , , 29 6 , 30 2
 t he a m bam p ress,

uuwm mrxs
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u ni r m ,

WOKI NG AND LONDON .

 A CATALO G U E O F

M E S S RS . MET HUEN S '

P U B L I C AT I O NS
g d i acco di ng t th or A ast i k d t
o u e t h e o r er s r o au s. n er s e no es

tha t the boo k i s i t h pre

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I P L p t I ll t t d P ock t L b a y
. . . re re s e n s u s ra e e r r .

P A R T I — G E N E RAL L I T E RAT U R E .

O U T LAN D E R I N
(J H M a ps Chea per
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A C l i l Ed i i
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.

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T H E B A R I N G GOU L D CO N T I N UOU S

a P t a t F th E d t
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T H E LI FE 0 F
R O B E R T L OU I S S T E V E N S O N
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R E A D E R Arr nge d by G H R s
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T hi d E d i t i n
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A BOOK O F N O RTH W AL E S W it h 4 9
.

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Li t t l L i b I ll s tr ti n C 8 w 6s
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(T h e H o n M u ce )
.

R U SS I A N S I N M A N C HU R I A
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W I T H A B OOK OF S OUTH W AL E S W it h 57
.

I ll s tr ti n s C r 8 m 6
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TH
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A BOOK O F T H E R H I N E : F r m C le e . e on on o v

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Ba l o ( R C h i l d ) T H E CO M PL E T E . .

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o o a o s a o u e . . u a . nt 00 .

c a rd ( W E AS Y E X R O I S E S 6d t 1 03 . ne .

A C l ni l E d i t i n i s l s p b li sh ed
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AL G E B R A FOR B E G I N N E R S C r
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o o a o a o u

n y o n ( M s La u re n c e ) N I N E T E E N TH
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THOUGHTS ON T H E D E A TH OF
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HU N T I N G d ited by J OI H P AG BT ‘ ‘
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.

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F LRTC H B R, o o a , 7 3. 6d t ne
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pa ge I ll s tr ti n s C r 8 T H E F A CTORY
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h a t e r t on C l id g ( W A
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Li br ry W it h m n y I ll str ti n s D w y 8
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a a u a o e 110.
h e s t erfie ld ( Lo rd ) T H E L E TT E R S O F
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75. 6d t ne
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an n r uc o o a o a o u s e .

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C t ( E e r d) S I G N S AN D P OR
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h i ld e ( C h a rle s B A THE o es v ra .

T E N T S I N T H E F A R E AS T W it h 3 5
. .

CO N TRO L O F A S COURG E
,

H w C A NC ER i s C U R ABL E
OR,
I l l s tr ti n s S ec d E d i ti n D e ] B
.

o D wy 8 . e 00 . u a o . on o . nt o o.

7 6d3 t ne 73 .6d ne t .
C h ri ti A C l ni l E d i i n i s l s bli h d
. . .

T H E C A RO L I N E
.

(F
s an o o a t o a o s e .

Co t e ( R
.

I SLAN D S “ i h m n y I ll s tr ti n s d m ry) D AN T S G A R D E N
'
’
t a u a o an s ose a . .

W i th Fr nt i spiec e S ec nd E d i ti n
.

M ps D e m E
a 64 t y va 1 21 . ne a o o o .

th r 6d t
. . .

See C l ss i c l T r n s l ti n s
. .

Ci ce ro. -
a a a a o F ed 8 6d ; l110 . 2s . ea e . ne .

F L O W E R S W it h F r nti spie ce
.

Pr fe ss r f E n m i c s in B I BL
.
,

Cl ph m (J
a a . o o o co o . a o
th U ni er s it y f Leed s T H E W OO L
e v o . an d Pl n a . F e a t . 8 110 . as . 6d . ne t.
 G E N E RA L L I T E RAT U R E

C wl
o ey (Ab r ah a m)
See Little Li . Da v e y ( Ri c ha r d ) T H E P A G E AN T O F .

l l ll a m ) . L O N D O N W it h 4 I ll s tr ti n s i n 0 u a o
W i th n I ntrod c ti n d N te s by C l r by j N F uum t ovs R I l T‘w
.

a u o an o o ou ou . . . n o

J C BA LEY M A I ll s tr te d in c l d i ng V l m es D e my 8
-

. I . . u a u o u xs t r10 . r. ne
d es ign s by W I LL I A M
.
, . .

u np u b li sh e d Da v i s H W C M A F ell w d T t r
,

tw o . . . o an u o
f B li l C llege E N G LAN D U N D E R
.

B AKz L D m 8 . 6d et 110. 105 . . ne . o a o o .

ox ( J C h a rl e s
. See An c ient C ities A t n t T H E N OR M AN S A ND AN G E V I N S :
o u B ks
'
s d Littl e G i d e s
oo , an u .
,
x 066 7 W it h M p s an d I ll s tr ti n s
12 2. a u a o .

m ol d B A M P D e my 8
NAT I O NA ): IZ AT I ON AND
ox .
, . 6d t
00 . t or . ne .

LAN D
. . .

s Li b ra r y
X a w so n ( Ne i son
'
S Co i ee nno s se u r .

T A AT I O N S ec nd E d i t i n rev i sed . o o . a w ao n ( M rs See Little Booka . on

Cr 6d ne t .

ra bb e G eo rg e ) S Little Li b r r y ca n e ( A
.

. ee a . See Little Li b r r y
. a .

ra lk ( See Li ttle Li b ra ry Dea na ( S t o T H E TR I ALS O I

"

F I V E Q E B N S : K ATHA R I N E o r
.

ra ne ( C See Little G i de s
D S O .

C r a n e ( W l t e r ) R W S AN A RT I S T S
a
R E M I N I S C E N C E S W it h 3 I ll str
.
. .

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.

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ti n s by th A t h r d t her s fr m P h t
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,

US Kl oJ . .
.

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xa
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A l i l E d i t i i l s bi ish d
o on a on s a o u e

A CH I L 8 L I F E O F
.

A C l n i l E d i ti n i s l so bli h d
o o a o a u s e . Dea m e r ( Ma b e l)
r
'

N D I A I M P R E SS I O N S i t h 8 4 I ll s CH R I S T W it h 8 I ll s tr ti n s i n Col r
.

t rati fr m Sket c he s by th A t h r
o ns

S e c n d E d i ti n
o D e my 8 7
o
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.

110. r.
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. 8 110 . 63
. O SU
by E F R T E C E B RIC K D A LB L rg e C r
.

-
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.

A C l ni l E d iti n i s l s p b li she d
.

De l boe ( Leon ) T H E M E TR I C S Y S T E M
.

o o a o a o u . .

w ( R i c h a rd)
.

t a S c e Little Li b ra ry . . C 8r. :10. at.

C ra w fo rd F ( L ) See D n s n ( M ry . . a o a De m o s t h e n e s A G A I N S T CO N O N AND
C ro ft s ( T E d ited by F D A R W I N
.

M A M d
. L ngu ge . .
, o e rn a a C A L LI C L ES . .

M s ter t M erc h nt T y l r s S c h l
a a S a a o
’
oo . ee S W I F T M A S econd E di ti on F e t
, . a .

Simpli fie d F ren c h T ext s

. .

. 8 110. as.
C ro s s ( J M A T H E FA I T H O F
. . . lc k e ns ( C h a rle s ) See Little .

T H E B I B LE I k p 8 6d t .
' a 210 ne d C he s tert n ( G
an o
T H E L O V I N G B AL
. . . . .

i c ld n son ( E mi l y ) POEM S .

W it h
.

L A D O F L OR D B A T E M AN xx 43 6d t ne
6d ne t
. .

Pl te C r 6
.

i cki oo n ( G L M A F ell w f K ing s

'
a s. . 1 0 10 . . n . . o o
See W C llee le C m b i dg e T H E GR E E K
. . .
,
Cm m
C u n l i ge ( S i r F H E Fell w f All So l s
a o a
i OF LI F E S x t/ E d i t i n C r
, r .
’
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'

. . . o o u z t o . .

C lleg e O x f rd T H E H I S TORY O F
.

o , o 00
T H E B O E R WA R W ith m n y I ll s
.

. a u l i k e ( La d y B u l l e y ( M i s s ) d W h i tl e y , an
t ti
ra Pl n s d Portr it s I
ons , a 1 , an a n a 710 : ( M i s s) O M E N S W ORK 0 8
.
.
'
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Q rt
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ua 5 o. l 1 r. ea e z.
Gu n yu h a m e ( H C I} See C D i l l o n (Ed w a rd ) M A See Co nn i sse r s
B
'
i . . o nno s , . . o u
se u r s ih
'

y ra r Li b r ad Little k s o Art
an oo n
C u t ts ( B
. .

D D . See Le d er s f R eligi n . . a o o Di t ch fi e d ( P M A F S A TH E
. .

See Le d er s f S TORY O F OU R E N G L I S H TO W N S
. . . .
, .

Da n i el ] ( 0 M A . a o
R el i gi n
. .

W i th a I ntr d c ti n by A c us u
.

o .
n o u o u r s
Da n t e ( Allg h le r l) LA CO M M E D I A D I .
J ES S O P D D S ec d E d i t i n C 8
P 6 on o r :10. 3.

I t li n T ex t ed i te d by
. .

D AN T E
.

O LD E N G L I S H CU S TO M S : E x tan t
, .

HE D I VI N E
Th
P A G E T T Y NB EE M A D Litt C 8 6 O
.

CO M E D Y T r n s l ted
e

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a

, . . r .

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E N G L I S H V I LLA G E S
C 8 6
W it h I ll us tr
t
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t oo
a

a
by H F C A R Y E d ite d w it h Li fe f
. .

. . . a o ti n s S ec n d E di ti n C r 8
o o 6a t o . . 110. ar .
'
. ne .

D nte d I ntr d c t r y N te s by P c e r P A R I S H C L E R K W it h 3
.

a an o u o o a H E . 1
T o u ax g M A D Li t t
v D e my 8
, 6d
. 710 . I ll s tr ti n s Tlti d E di t i n D y 80
u a o . r o e nn 0 .

H E PU R GATOR I O O F DA N TE
. . . . . .

7 s 6d t . ne
T r n sl te d int Spen seri n Pr se by C
.

A P R I M E R OF
.

Di xo n W M ”) M A
.

F t 8
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G R D N W R I G HT W it h the I t li n text
61 710.t as .
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. ne .
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. T E N Y S ON
.

S e c n d E d i ti n Cr .
. .

o o . .

See l Little Li b r ry T y n bee ( P get )

a so a o a E N G L I S H P O E TRY FRO M B LA K E TO
an d Vern n ( H W W rren ) o on . .
,

a
,

B RO W N I N G S eco nd E d i ti n Cr 8 o . . 110.
See Little Li br
. .

Dn rl e y ( G eo rg e ) . a
'
A rc ( R M A A N E W T I CO N
. Do bb s ( W MA See T ex t books f o
O M TRY FOR B E G I N N E R S W it h
. . . . .

. S c ien c e
n mer s d i gr m s C 8 0
.

u ou a6d a . r. 0 . 2 s. S O N G S OF T H E R E AL .

( C y ri l ) See C nn is se r s
.

'
a v en p o rt . o o u
Li br r y d L i ttle Books n Art
a an o N I C E O N FOOT
r t ( J m e s)
.

THE W ASH
.

av en a . th G r n d Cana l e a .

BO U N E F A M I L Y W it h 5 I ll str . 1 u a Ma ps . F oo) .

t i ns and a Map R oy a l s”
o t . . a re. ne . 800 .
53 . no t.
 ME S S R S M E T H U E N .
’
S C ATA L O G U E

J a m es ) IN Ea rl e ( J oh n ). B i hop of S a l i sb r y M I CRO s
CO S M OGRA P H I E O R A P I E C E OF
Dou la s T H E M AN THE
Pg
. u .

LP I Cr 8 6d t . 00. 15 . ne .

T H E W OR L D D I S CO V E R E D P st
.

L rd B i s h
,
Do w de n D D f E d in o o o o
FURTH E R S TU D I E I N T H E
. .
, .

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b urh . 1 6m m t or ne
Y E R B OOK C R E ;D A Q M G
. .

P e 6 . r . r1a . 3. Ed m d (M
on s a on . .
- .

See l s C h rch m n s Li b r ry B irk bec k )

. . . . .

'
See W d
éI e m
a o u a a oo
See B k s B s ine ss t) M P R A I L W A Y
. . .

Dr g a e oo on u . Ed w rd a s on .

See Si mpli fied F re nch N AT I O A LI Z AT I ON S

,

Dr w r ( P W d E d ti
’

e
aex t
. . . econ r on ,
a . R e i sed v C wn 8 6d t ro 00. a: ne .

R eg i s P ) See C mmerci l
.

D ri e r ( 8
.

v D D . . . u ro dw d (W D
ar s gl . ou as . o a
fe s r f H e bre w i n h U ni er si y f
a o o
,

t e v t o S i e r e s.
O x f rd S E R M O N S O N S U B J E CT S
o . E d w r d e ( Tl l
a ) s T H E L OR E O F c cn e r .

CO N N E CT E D W I TH T H E OL D T H E HO N E Y B E E W it h m y I ll s tr an u a
T E S T AM E N T C r B 6
.

oo 3. ti n s C r 8
o 6 0 0. 3
See l s W es t mi ns ter C mm en t ries
. . .

See I P L
. . .

a o o a .
g un (P l e r ce
See Little G i d s r t ( I1
. . .

D y (W k ii
r a e n u e . o on M A A H I S TORY O F
.

See Little B k s Art C O L O N I AL P O L I CY A

. .

D yh
r t (A
u rs . oo on RITIS H
Ch e per I wi h pp l m y b p
.

M A See C h r c hm n s
.

D B fl (J
'
n t s son . u a a s su e , t a su e e n t ar c a te r
B b le
. .

S ec nd E d R e i s ed D e y 8
.

See B ks B sine s
l . o .
, 7 6d t v . n 0 0. 1. . ne .

D g ld ( C h l )
u u a r es . oo on u s. A C l ni l E d iti i s l s bli h d
o o a on a o u s e
I l by ( C
.

D m
u ( Ale
as dr ) T H E CR I M E S O F xa n e . l See Little ni d e s
. .

THE B O R G I AS A ND OTH E R S Il t er o n ( F ( L ) See St ne ( S . . o

W i th I n r d c ti n by R S G N
. .

an t o u o AR
‘
t rr
’

pl t t c e See A reli s ( M r c s)
u s. u u a u .

W it h I ll s tr ti n s C r
. . .

o u a o . s. r m
as A B k c lle d in L tin E N
us . oo a a
R I M E S OF UR B A I N GRA N C H I R I D IO N M I L I T I S CH R I S T I AN I
.

HE
D I E R A ND OTH E R S W it h 8 I ll str d i n E ngli s h h M n
,

u a an l f h Ch i i t e a ua o t e r st a r
i
i n C 8
.

t o s. 6 r. 0 0. n i ht 8 6d
I ' ca t 0 0.
w lg Ca l )
3 . . . ne .

H E CR I M E S O F T H E M AR U I S E W O L GS AND OTH E R
.

a r .

D E B R I NV I LL I E RS A ND OT E R S S TO I E S T r n sl te d fr m h D ni sh
,

m M ATT OS
a a o t e a
A L E X AN D E R T
. .

Wi h B I i lt i C 8 6 u s t ra t o n s. b s l xi A s
I ly
7 710 . 3.
T H E CR I M E S O F AL I PA C H A A ND d by A L rg e C r
. .

u s tra te G m uc usr a u . a .

O TH E R S
'

VV h B I il i C 8. It ustra t on s. r. t10.
F l b th
a r ro( W It ) M A T H E P H I L O
er . , .

C l ni l Edi ti s p b li she d
.

o o l a on a re a so u S O P H Y O F T H GR E E N S ec n d o
Y M EMO I S T r n s l ted by E M E d i ti n
. . . .

R a a C o 8 r. 4 10
Al l ) S O M E EEAU T I E S O F T H E
.

W A LL ER W it h I ntr d c ti n by A ND R E W
. . . .

. an o u o F ea an .

L A N G W it h F i p i i P b g
. ron t s e ces n o t o ra vu re . S V E NT E E NT H C E N TURY W it h .

I n i V l me C r 8
s x 6 e ch
o u l me s . 710 . 5. a vo u . 8 2 I ll s tr ti n s S ec nd E d i t i
u a o D e my . o on .
A C l n i l E d iti n i s J
.

o o b li h d a o a so u s e . 8 00 . 6d t ne
I T H E F L I GHT O F T H E K I N G W it h
. .

V OL . . 1 80 7 -
18 2 1 . V OL I I 1 8 2 6- 1 8 3 0.
II
. .

V OL . 1 82 2 4 82 V OL I V . . 1 8 0 4 8 3 1. ov re 7 Sket c he s d P h g h by h
0 an ot o ra s t e
T E L I FE E di ti n
.

A th r N w i se
_

u nc a n ( Da v i d u o d e a n rev o .

O F H E R B E RT
.

A C l n i l E d iti n I S l
AN D LE E RS Dw r 7 6d t ne
SP E N C E R W it h 5 I ll s tr ti n s D m;
.

. 1 u a o . e o o abl i h d o a so u s e
8 00 I E C R E T CH A M B E R S A D H I D I N G
T)
.

unn (L e D S c , a n d M o n d ll a (V . PLA C E S W i h S I ll . i N ew n d t O us tra t ons. a

G E N E R AL L N T A RY S C I N C
. .

E E ME E E rel/ fw d E d i t i n D emy 8 6d
o t 0 0. 3 ne
W it h “ 4 I l l s tr ti s ec n t
. . . . .

u a on S o d E d i i on . A C l ni l Ed iti n i s l s h i h d
o o a o a o u s e .

S s ) See Little i b r
.

C r.8 3 6d
v o. r . . Pe irr e r u an . a
u ns ta n ( A B Sc Ea s t H m
. . a Fi d l r e Cl t ) M I C inSee on , ns t .
T ec hni c l C lleg e See T ext book s f
. . .

a o o B ks B s ines
oo on u s.
Scien c e d n t r S c hoo l Book s
.

, an o o . e ld l g ( H n See St n d rd Li br ry
en a a a .

u rh a m (T h e rl of A R E P ORT O N 5 A S j i E x m in ti n
224
a . ee u n or a a o
C ANA D A W i t h I n t rod ct r y N ote
. .

th ( J B
. an u o 1
Lit le G i d es
Du tt ( W
.

D m 8m e 6d t r S t
TH E N OR FO L K B RO AD S
. . ne . . . ec u
t h (C H Pr fess r f
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W i th c l red I ll str ti n s b F R AN
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o u t e v a t e o
W I L D L I F E I N E AS T A N G L I A W it h d h Pr te c t r te Cr 8 ,

1 6 I ll ust r ti n s in c l
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ne t 5
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i ii; R U B I YAT
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80 0 . 6d t r. . ne . F i t z G e r a l d ( Ed w a rd ). x
S O M E I T E R AR Y AS S OC I A T I O N S O F O F O M A R KH A YY AM Printed from
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.

Colo r by W D EX T ER
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d 6 .
.

,
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an
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D y 8m or 6d ne t o s. en t o a o a . . r.
See l s Little G i d e s
. . . .

See l s M i i t ure Li b ra ry
.

a o u . 80 0. a o n a
 ’
M E SS R S M E T H U E N S C A T A L O G U E .

G r a h am ( P A n d e r on ) T H E R U R AL s e nd e r s n ( B o F ell f E xeter ow o
C llege O x f rd T H E LI F E AN D
. .

E XO D U S
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P R I N C I P AT E O F T H E E M P E R O R
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nd the T w n
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S ee Little Li b rary d
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S econd E d e i s ed C w 8 3 6d r v ro n 0 0. 5 A C l ni l E d iti n i s al s p b l ish ed

o o a o o u .

A HIS E N G LI SH L Y R I C S
. . . .

l y W
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t e ua r t BY L A . . . .

WAT E R S ec n d E d i ti n C 8
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An ci en t Ci ti es
G e n ra l E d it r
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C e s re m B B C A Win d le B Sc F R S
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Ill s trate d by E H N w
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Th e An t i q B ook s
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.

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ns
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t n , . . . .

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ARC H /B O LOG V ] C ANT I QU I r I ES '

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 G E NE RAL L I T E RAT U R E

The Ard en Shak espeare

D e my 80 0 . 2s . 6d . ne t each v ol u me.

A n e d it i n s re i n si n l l a s E d it d wi th a u ll I ntr d uc ti n Te tual
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.

E ite ar en ite H C
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‘ ‘
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en
K IN G L AR E d ite M R C HANT V NIC
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fiWar i ck n V R O NA ite
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Li ttl e Books on Ar t
Wi th ma ny I ll u stra t ion s D emy 16 7710 2 5 6d n et . . . . .

Ea c h v ol u me c on s i s t s o f a b o u t 200 pa g es a n d c on ta i n s f r o m 3 0 to 40 I l l u s t ra t i on s , ,

i n c l ud i n g a F r o n ti s p i e c e i n P h ot o g ra v u re
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by D e n S ANHO I E d ite d by G H
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Th e L ittl e Quart o S hak e s p ear e

Edi te d by W J C R A I G W i th . . . I ntr od uct i ons a nd Notes
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M a hog a ny R ev ol v i ng B ook Ca re . 10 5 . ne t .

R p ri te n s In
“

m i n i a t u r e o f a fe w i n t eres t i n g boo ks w h i c h h a ve qu a li t i e s of
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63 3 80 0 . 63 .
 M ESS RS M ET H U E N
’

38 . S C ATAL OG U E

TH E S TR I K I N G HOUR S S e nd E d i t i PASS I O N OF PA UL M A R I L . co on . TH E
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