AC GENERATOR

SUNDAR B
XII

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 INDEX

S.NO CONTENT PAGE

NO.
1 ABSTRACT 3

2 AIM 4

3 INTRODUCTION 5

4 PRINCIPLE OF AC GENERATOR 6

5 CONSTRUCTION OF AC GENERATOR 7

6 THEORY 9

7 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 10

8 WORKING OF AC GENERATOR 11

9 EXPRESSION FOR EMF PRODUCED 12

10 APPLICATIONS OF AC GENERATOR 13

11 CONCLUSION 14

12 RESULT 15

13 BIBLIOGRAPHY 16

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 ABSTRACT
This paper highlights about the AC generator, conjointly called
alternators, could be a machine that converts energy into voltage. The
generated voltage is within the type of Associate in Nursing electricity
curved output wave. The energy is typically equipped by steam
turbines, gas turbines and combustion engines. AC generators work
on the principle of Faraday’s law of magnetism induction that states
that emf -EMF or voltage – is generated in an exceedingly current-
carrying conductor that cuts an identical field. This will either be
achieved by rotating a conducting coil in an exceedingly static field,
or by rotating the field that contains the stationary conductor. The
popular arrangement is to stay the coil stationary as a result of it’s
easier to draw induced electricity from a stationary coil than a rotating
coil. The generated electromotive force depends on the quantity of
coil turns, field strength, and also the speed of the rotating fields. It
also highlights about the superconducting AC generators which is
more efficient.

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 AIM
To study about the working of AC generator and deriving the
expression for emf.

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 INTRODUCTION

AC generator is a machine that converts mechanical energy into

electrical energy. The AC Generator’s input supply is mechanical
energy supplied by steam turbines, gas turbines and combustion
engines. The output is alternating electrical power in the form of
alternating voltage and current.
AC generators work on the principle of Faraday’s law of
electromagnetic induction, which states that electromotive force –
EMF or voltage – is generated in a current-carrying conductor that
cuts a uniform magnetic field. This can either be achieved by rotating
a conducting coil in a static magnetic field or rotating the magnetic
field containing the stationary conductor. The preferred arrangement
is to keep the coil stationary because it is easier to draw induced
alternating current from a stationary armature coil than from a
rotating coil.

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 PRINCIPLE OF AC GENERATOR

AC generators function on Faraday’s law of electromagnetic

induction states that electromotive force (EMF or voltage) is created
in a current-carrying wire that cuts a uniform magnetic field. Rotating
a conducting coil in a static magnetic field or rotating the magnetic
field enclosing the stationary conductor can both be used to
accomplish this. Because it is easier to extract induced alternating
current from a stationary armature coil than from a revolving coil.
The EMF generated is determined by the number of armature coil
turns, magnetic field intensity, and rotating fields.

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 CONSTRUCTION OF AC GENERATOR

The roles of each of these AC generator components are listed below:

1. Field: The field is made up of conductor coils that receive

electricity from the source and generate magnetic flux. The armature
is cut by the magnetic flux in the field, which produces a voltage. This
voltage is the AC generator’s output voltage.
2. Armature: The portion of an AC generator that produces voltage
is known as the armature. This component largely comprises of wire
coils large enough to handle the generator’s full-load current.
3. Prime Mover: The prime mover is the component that drives the
AC generator. A diesel engine, a steam turbine, or a motor might all
be used as the prime mover.
4. Rotor: The rotor is the rotating component of the generator. The
rotor is driven by the generator’s prime mover.

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5. Stator: An AC generator’s stator is the stationary component. To
reduce eddy current losses, the stator core is made up of a lamination
of steel alloys or magnetic iron.
6. Slip Rings: Slip rings are electrical connectors that transport
electricity from and to an AC generator’s rotor. They are primarily
used to transfer electricity from a fixed device to a revolving one.

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 THEORY

1. The strong magnetic field is produced by a current flow through the

field coil of the rotor.

2. The field coil in the rotor receives excitation through the use of slip
rings and brushes.

3. Two brushes are spring-held in contact with the slip rings to

provide the continuous connection between the field coil and external
circuit.

4. The armature is contained within the windings of the stator and is

connected to the output.

5. Each time the rotor makes one complete revolution, one complete
cycle of AC is developed.

6. A generator has many turns of wire wound into the slots of the
rotor.

7. The magnitude of AC voltage generated by an AC generator is

dependent on the field strength and speed of the rotor.

8. Most generators are operated at a constant speed; therefore, the

generated voltage depends on field excitation or strength.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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 WORKING OF AC GENERATOR

When the armature rotates between the poles of the magnet upon an
axis perpendicular to the magnetic field, the flux linkage of the
armature changes continuously. As a result, an electric current flows
through the galvanometer and the slip rings and brushes. The
galvanometer swings between positive and negative values. This
indicates that there is an alternating current flowing through the
galvanometer. The direction of the induced current can be identified
using Fleming’s Right-Hand Rule.

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 EXPRESSION FOR EMF PRODUCED

Let position of the coil at any time t. It's making angle θ with vertical.
If w is uniform angular speed of the coil.
Then, θ =ωt
B be the strength of magnetic field n be the number of turns in the coil
and A area of the coil then magnetic flux with the coil in this position
is given by :
Φ = nBA Cosθ = nBA Cos ωt.

Differentiate w.r.t. time:

Maximum value of e.m.f. So 𝜺,

ε = ε° sin( )

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 APPLICATIONS OF AC GENERATOR

1. Aircraft auxiliary power generation, wind generators, high-speed

gas turbine generators.

2. Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) drive systems, automotive starter

generators.

3. An ac generator, or 'alternator', is used to produce ac voltages for

transmission via the grid system or, locally, as portable generators.

4. All of our household appliances run on ac current.

Ex: Refrigerator, washing machines, oven, lights, fan, etc.

5. The main advantage of AC is ease of power distribution.

It is more efficient to use high voltage to distribute power, but it is not

safe to have high voltage at home. It is easy to step up (and step
down) AC voltage using a transformer.

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 CONCLUSION
AC generator, conjointly called alternators, could be a machine that
converts energy into voltage. The generated voltage is within the type
of Associate in Nursing electricity curved output wave. The energy is
typically equipped by steam turbines, gas turbines and combustion
engines. AC generators work on the principle of Faraday’s law of
magnetism. An all around planned superconducting generator can
address an excellent advancement among contending and regularly
clashing electrical, financial, warm, unwavering quality, and
mechanical necessities.

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 RESULT
Hence, maximum value of instantaneous e.m.f. in an AC Generator is
given by,
= ° sin( )

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 CBSE lab manual

 NCERT Textbook
 www.google.com
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_generator

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