Python commands for DevOps

1. File Operations
 Read a file:

python

with open('file.txt', 'r') as file:

content = file.read()
print(content)

 Write to a file:

python

with open('output.txt', 'w') as file:

file.write('Hello, DevOps!')

2. Environment Variables
 Get an environment variable:

python

import os

db_user = os.getenv('DB_USER')
print(db_user)

 Set an environment variable:

python

import os

os.environ['NEW_VAR'] = 'value'

3. Subprocess Management
 Run shell commands:
 python

import subprocess

result = subprocess.run(['ls', '-l'], capture_output=True, text=True)

print(result.stdout)

4. API Requests
 Make a GET request:

python

import requests

response = requests.get('https://api.example.com/data')
print(response.json())

5. JSON Handling
 Read JSON from a file:

python

import json

with open('data.json', 'r') as file:

data = json.load(file)
print(data)

 Write JSON to a file:

python

import json

data = {'name': 'DevOps', 'type': 'Workflow'}

with open('output.json', 'w') as file:
json.dump(data, file, indent=4)

6. Logging
  Basic logging setup:

python

import logging

logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO)
logging.info('This is an informational message')

7. Working with Databases

 Connect to a SQLite database:

python

import sqlite3

conn = sqlite3.connect('example.db')
cursor = conn.cursor()
cursor.execute('CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS users (id INTEGER
PRIMARY KEY, name TEXT)')
conn.commit()
conn.close()

8. Automation with Libraries

 Using Paramiko for SSH connections:

python

import paramiko

ssh = paramiko.SSHClient()
ssh.set_missing_host_key_policy(paramiko.AutoAddPolicy())
ssh.connect('hostname', username='user', password='password')

stdin, stdout, stderr = ssh.exec_command('ls')

print(stdout.read().decode())
ssh.close()

9. Error Handling
 Try-except block:
 python

try:
# code that may raise an exception
risky_code()
except Exception as e:
print(f'Error occurred: {e}')

10. Docker Integration

 Using the docker package to interact with Docker:

python

import docker

client = docker.from_env()
containers = client.containers.list()
for container in containers:
print(container.name)

11. Working with YAML Files

 Read a YAML file:

python

import yaml

with open('config.yaml', 'r') as file:

config = yaml.safe_load(file)
print(config)

 Write to a YAML file:

python

import yaml

data = {'name': 'DevOps', 'version': '1.0'}

with open('output.yaml', 'w') as file:
yaml.dump(data, file)
12. Parsing Command-Line Arguments
 Using argparse:

python

import argparse

parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Process some integers.')

parser.add_argument('--num', type=int, help='an integer for the accumulator')

args = parser.parse_args()
print(args.num)

13. Monitoring System Resources

 Using psutil to monitor system resources:

python

import psutil

print(f"CPU Usage: {psutil.cpu_percent()}%")

print(f"Memory Usage: {psutil.virtual_memory().percent}%")

14. Handling HTTP Requests with Flask

 Basic Flask API:

python

from flask import Flask, jsonify

app = Flask(__name__)

@app.route('/health', methods=['GET'])
def health_check():
return jsonify({'status': 'healthy'})

if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run(host='0.0.0.0', port=5000)
15. Creating Docker Containers
 Using the Docker SDK to create a container:

python

import docker

client = docker.from_env()
container = client.containers.run('ubuntu', 'echo Hello World', detach=True)
print(container.logs())

16. Scheduling Tasks

 Using schedule for task scheduling:

python

import schedule
import time

def job():
print("Running scheduled job...")

schedule.every(1).minutes.do(job)

while True:
schedule.run_pending()
time.sleep(1)

17. Version Control with Git

 Using GitPython to interact with Git repositories:

python

import git

repo = git.Repo('/path/to/repo')
repo.git.add('file.txt')
repo.index.commit('Added file.txt')
18. Email Notifications
 Sending emails using smtplib:

python

import smtplib
from email.mime.text import MIMEText

msg = MIMEText('This is the body of the email')

msg['Subject'] = 'Email Subject'
msg['From'] = '[email protected]'
msg['To'] = '[email protected]'

with smtplib.SMTP('smtp.example.com', 587) as server:

server.starttls()
server.login('your_username', 'your_password')
server.send_message(msg)

19. Creating Virtual Environments

 Creating and activating a virtual environment:

python

import os
import subprocess

# Create virtual environment

subprocess.run(['python3', '-m', 'venv', 'myenv'])

# Activate virtual environment (Windows)

os.system('myenv\\Scripts\\activate')

# Activate virtual environment (Linux/Mac)

os.system('source myenv/bin/activate')

20. Integrating with CI/CD Tools

 Using the requests library to trigger a Jenkins job:

python
 import requests

url = 'http://your-jenkins-url/job/your-job-name/build'
response = requests.post(url, auth=('user', 'token'))
print(response.status_code)

21. Database Migration

 Using Alembic for database migrations:

bash

alembic revision -m "initial migration"

alembic upgrade head

22. Testing Code

 Using unittest for unit testing:

python

import unittest

def add(a, b):

return a + b

class TestMathFunctions(unittest.TestCase):
def test_add(self):
self.assertEqual(add(2, 3), 5)

if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()

23. Data Transformation with Pandas

 Using pandas for data manipulation:

python

import pandas as pd

df = pd.read_csv('data.csv')
 df['new_column'] = df['existing_column'] * 2
df.to_csv('output.csv', index=False)

24. Using Python for Infrastructure as

Code
 Using boto3 for AWS operations:

python

import boto3

ec2 = boto3.resource('ec2')
instances = ec2.instances.filter(Filters=[{'Name': 'instance-state-name',
'Values': ['running']}])
for instance in instances:
print(instance.id, instance.state)

25. Web Scraping

 Using BeautifulSoup to scrape web pages:

python

import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

response = requests.get('http://example.com')
soup = BeautifulSoup(response.content, 'html.parser')
print(soup.title.string)

26. Using Fabric for Remote Execution

 Running commands on a remote server:

python

from fabric import Connection

 conn = Connection(host='user@hostname', connect_kwargs={'password':
'your_password'})
conn.run('uname -s')

27. Automating AWS S3 Operations

 Upload and download files using boto3:

python

import boto3

s3 = boto3.client('s3')

# Upload a file
s3.upload_file('local_file.txt', 'bucket_name', 's3_file.txt')

# Download a file
s3.download_file('bucket_name', 's3_file.txt', 'local_file.txt')

28. Monitoring Application Logs

 Tail logs using tail -f equivalent in Python:

python

import time

def tail_f(file):
file.seek(0, 2) # Move to the end of the file
while True:
line = file.readline()
if not line:
time.sleep(0.1) # Sleep briefly
continue
print(line)

with open('app.log', 'r') as log_file:

tail_f(log_file)
29. Container Health Checks
 Check the health of a running Docker container:

python

import docker

client = docker.from_env()
container = client.containers.get('container_id')
print(container.attrs['State']['Health']['Status'])

30. Using requests for Rate-Limited

APIs
 Handle rate limiting in API requests:

python

import requests
import time

url = 'https://api.example.com/data'
while True:
response = requests.get(url)
if response.status_code == 200:
print(response.json())
break
elif response.status_code == 429: # Too Many Requests
time.sleep(60) # Wait a minute before retrying
else:
print('Error:', response.status_code)
break
31. Docker Compose Integration
 Using docker-compose in Python:

python

import os
import subprocess

# Start services defined in docker-compose.yml

subprocess.run(['docker-compose', 'up', '-d'])

# Stop services
subprocess.run(['docker-compose', 'down'])

32. Terraform Execution

 Executing Terraform commands with subprocess:

python

import subprocess

# Initialize Terraform
subprocess.run(['terraform', 'init'])

# Apply configuration
subprocess.run(['terraform', 'apply', '-auto-approve'])

33. Working with Prometheus Metrics

 Scraping and parsing Prometheus metrics:

python

import requests

response = requests.get('http://localhost:9090/metrics')
metrics = response.text.splitlines()
 for metric in metrics:
print(metric)

34. Using pytest for Testing

 Simple test case with pytest:

python

def add(a, b):

return a + b

def test_add():
assert add(2, 3) == 5

35. Creating Webhooks

 Using Flask to create a simple webhook:

python

from flask import Flask, request

app = Flask(__name__)

@app.route('/webhook', methods=['POST'])
def webhook():
data = request.json
print('Received data:', data)
return 'OK', 200

if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run(port=5000)

36. Using Jinja2 for Configuration

Templates
 Render configuration files with Jinja2:
 python

from jinja2 import Template

template = Template('Hello, {{ name }}!')

rendered = template.render(name='DevOps')
print(rendered)

37. Encrypting and Decrypting Data

 Using cryptography to encrypt and decrypt:

python

from cryptography.fernet import Fernet

# Generate a key
key = Fernet.generate_key()
cipher_suite = Fernet(key)

# Encrypt
encrypted_text = cipher_suite.encrypt(b'Secret Data')

# Decrypt
decrypted_text = cipher_suite.decrypt(encrypted_text)
print(decrypted_text.decode())

38. Error Monitoring with Sentry

 Sending error reports to Sentry:

python

import sentry_sdk
 sentry_sdk.init('your_sentry_dsn')

def divide(a, b):

return a / b

try:
divide(1, 0)
except ZeroDivisionError as e:
sentry_sdk.capture_exception(e)

39. Setting Up Continuous Integration

with GitHub Actions
 Sample workflow file (.github/workflows/ci.yml):

yaml

name: CI

on: [push]

jobs:
build:
runs-on: ubuntu-latest

steps:
- uses: actions/checkout@v2
- name: Set up Python
uses: actions/setup-python@v2
with:
python-version: '3.8'
- name: Install dependencies
 run: |
pip install -r requirements.txt
- name: Run tests
run: |
pytest

40. Creating a Simple API with FastAPI

 Using FastAPI for high-performance APIs:

python

from fastapi import FastAPI

app = FastAPI()

@app.get('/items/{item_id}')
async def read_item(item_id: int):
return {'item_id': item_id}

if __name__ == '__main__':
import uvicorn
uvicorn.run(app, host='0.0.0.0', port=8000)

41. Log Aggregation with ELK Stack

 Sending logs to Elasticsearch:

python

from elasticsearch import Elasticsearch

es = Elasticsearch(['http://localhost:9200'])
 log = {'level': 'info', 'message': 'This is a log message'}
es.index(index='logs', body=log)

42. Using pandas for ETL Processes

 Performing ETL with pandas:

python

import pandas as pd

# Extract
data = pd.read_csv('source.csv')

# Transform
data['new_column'] = data['existing_column'].apply(lambda x: x * 2)

# Load
data.to_csv('destination.csv', index=False)

43. Serverless Applications with AWS

Lambda
 Deploying a simple AWS Lambda function:

python

import json

def lambda_handler(event, context):

return {
'statusCode': 200,
'body': json.dumps('Hello from Lambda!')
}
44. Working with Redis
 Basic operations with Redis using redis-py:

python

import redis

r = redis.StrictRedis(host='localhost', port=6379, db=0)

# Set a key
r.set('foo', 'bar')

# Get a key
print(r.get('foo'))

45. Using pyngrok for Tunneling

 Create a tunnel to expose a local server:

python

from pyngrok import ngrok

# Start the tunnel

public_url = ngrok.connect(5000)
print('Public URL:', public_url)

# Keep the tunnel open

input('Press Enter to exit...')
46. Creating a REST API with Flask-
RESTful
 Building REST APIs with Flask-RESTful:

python

from flask import Flask

from flask_restful import Resource, Api

app = Flask(__name__)
api = Api(app)

class HelloWorld(Resource):
def get(self):
return {'hello': 'world'}

api.add_resource(HelloWorld, '/')

if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run(debug=True)

47. Using asyncio for Asynchronous

Tasks
 Running asynchronous tasks in Python:

python

import asyncio

async def main():

print('Hello')
await asyncio.sleep(1)
print('World')
 asyncio.run(main())

48. Network Monitoring with scapy

 Packet sniffing using scapy:

python

from scapy.all import sniff

def packet_callback(packet):
print(packet.summary())

sniff(prn=packet_callback, count=10)

49. Handling Configuration Files

with configparser
 Reading and writing to INI configuration files:

python

import configparser

config = configparser.ConfigParser()
config.read('config.ini')

print(config['DEFAULT']['SomeSetting'])

config['DEFAULT']['NewSetting'] = 'Value'
with open('config.ini', 'w') as configfile:
config.write(configfile)

50. WebSocket Client Example

  Creating a WebSocket client with websocket-client:

python

import websocket

def on_message(ws, message):

print("Received message:", message)

ws = websocket.WebSocketApp("ws://echo.websocket.org",
on_message=on_message)
ws.run_forever()

51. Creating a Docker Image with

Python
 Using docker library to build an image:

python

import docker

client = docker.from_env()

# Dockerfile content
dockerfile_content = """
FROM python:3.9-slim
WORKDIR /app
COPY . /app
RUN pip install -r requirements.txt
CMD ["python", "app.py"]
 """

# Create a Docker image

image, build_logs = client.images.build(fileobj=dockerfile_content.encode('utf-
8'), tag='my-python-app')

for line in build_logs:

print(line)

52. Using psutil for System Monitoring

 Retrieve system metrics such as CPU and memory usage:

python

import psutil

print("CPU Usage:", psutil.cpu_percent(interval=1), "%")

print("Memory Usage:", psutil.virtual_memory().percent, "%")

53. Database Migration with Alembic

 Script to initialize Alembic migrations:

python

from alembic import command

from alembic import config

alembic_cfg = config.Config("alembic.ini")
command.upgrade(alembic_cfg, "head")

54. Using paramiko for SSH

Connections
 Execute commands on a remote server via SSH:
 python

import paramiko

client = paramiko.SSHClient()
client.set_missing_host_key_policy(paramiko.AutoAddPolicy())
client.connect('hostname', username='user', password='your_password')

stdin, stdout, stderr = client.exec_command('ls -la')

print(stdout.read().decode())
client.close()

55. CloudFormation Stack Creation

with boto3
 Creating an AWS CloudFormation stack:

python
 import boto3

cloudformation = boto3.client('cloudformation')

with open('template.yaml', 'r') as template_file:

template_body = template_file.read()

response = cloudformation.create_stack(
StackName='MyStack',
TemplateBody=template_body,
Parameters=[
{
'ParameterKey': 'InstanceType',
'ParameterValue': 't2.micro'
},
],
TimeoutInMinutes=5,
Capabilities=['CAPABILITY_NAMED_IAM'],
)
print(response)

56. Automating EC2 Instance

Management
 Starting and stopping EC2 instances:

python

import boto3

ec2 = boto3.resource('ec2')

# Start an instance
instance = ec2.Instance('instance_id')
instance.start()

# Stop an instance
instance.stop()
57. Automated Backup with shutil
 Backup files to a specific directory:

python

import shutil
import os

source_dir = '/path/to/source'
backup_dir = '/path/to/backup'

shutil.copytree(source_dir, backup_dir)

58. Using watchdog for File System

Monitoring
 Monitor changes in a directory:

python

from watchdog.observers import Observer

from watchdog.events import FileSystemEventHandler

class MyHandler(FileSystemEventHandler):
def on_modified(self, event):
print(f'File modified: {event.src_path}')

event_handler = MyHandler()
observer = Observer()
observer.schedule(event_handler, path='path/to/monitor', recursive=False)
observer.start()

try:
while True:
time.sleep(1)
except KeyboardInterrupt:
observer.stop()
observer.join()
59. Load Testing with locust
 Basic Locust load testing setup:

python

from locust import HttpUser, task, between

class MyUser(HttpUser):
wait_time = between(1, 3)

@task
def load_test(self):
self.client.get('/')

# To run, save this as locustfile.py and run: locust

60. Integrating with GitHub API

 Fetching repository details using GitHub API:

python

import requests

url = 'https://api.github.com/repos/user/repo'
response = requests.get(url, headers={'Authorization': 'token
YOUR_GITHUB_TOKEN'})
repo_info = response.json()
print(repo_info)

61. Managing Kubernetes Resources

with kubectl
 Using subprocess to interact with Kubernetes:

python

import subprocess

# Get pods
 subprocess.run(['kubectl', 'get', 'pods'])

# Apply a configuration
subprocess.run(['kubectl', 'apply', '-f', 'deployment.yaml'])

62. Using pytest for CI/CD Testing

 Integrate tests in your CI/CD pipeline:

python

# test_example.py
def test_addition():
assert 1 + 1 == 2

# Run pytest in your CI/CD pipeline

subprocess.run(['pytest'])

63. Creating a Simple CLI Tool with

argparse
 Build a command-line interface:

python

import argparse

parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Process some integers.')

 parser.add_argument('integers', metavar='N', type=int, nargs='+', help='an
integer to be processed')
parser.add_argument('--sum', dest='accumulate', action='store_const',
const=sum, default=max, help='sum the integers (default: find the max)')

args = parser.parse_args()
print(args.accumulate(args.integers))

64. Using dotenv for Environment

Variables
 Load environment variables from a .env file:

python

from dotenv import load_dotenv

import os

load_dotenv()

database_url = os.getenv('DATABASE_URL')
print(database_url)

65. Implementing Web Scraping with

BeautifulSoup
 Scraping a web page for data:

python

import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

response = requests.get('http://example.com')
soup = BeautifulSoup(response.text, 'html.parser')

for item in soup.find_all('h1'):

print(item.text)
66. Using PyYAML for YAML
Configuration Files
 Load and dump YAML files:

python

import yaml

# Load YAML file

with open('config.yaml', 'r') as file:
config = yaml.safe_load(file)
print(config)

# Dump to YAML file

with open('output.yaml', 'w') as file:
yaml.dump(config, file)

67. Creating a Simple Message Queue

with RabbitMQ
 Send and receive messages using pika:

python

import pika

# Sending messages
connection =
pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))
channel = connection.channel()
channel.queue_declare(queue='hello')

channel.basic_publish(exchange='', routing_key='hello', body='Hello World!')

connection.close()

# Receiving messages
def callback(ch, method, properties, body):
print("Received:", body)
 connection =
pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))
channel = connection.channel()
channel.queue_declare(queue='hello')

channel.basic_consume(queue='hello', on_message_callback=callback,
auto_ack=True)
channel.start_consuming()

68. Using sentry_sdk for Monitoring

 Integrate Sentry for error tracking:

python

import sentry_sdk

sentry_sdk.init("YOUR_SENTRY_DSN")

try:
# Your code that may throw an exception
1/0
except Exception as e:
sentry_sdk.capture_exception(e)

69. Using openpyxl for Excel File

Manipulation
 Read and write Excel files:

python

from openpyxl import Workbook, load_workbook

# Create a new workbook

wb = Workbook()
ws = wb.active
ws['A1'] = 'Hello'
wb.save('sample.xlsx')
 # Load an existing workbook
wb = load_workbook('sample.xlsx')
ws = wb.active
print(ws['A1'].value)

70. Using sqlalchemy for Database

Interaction
 Define a model and perform CRUD operations:

python

from sqlalchemy import create_engine, Column, Integer, String

from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker

Base = declarative_base()

class User(Base):
__tablename__ = 'users'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
name = Column(String)

engine = create_engine('sqlite:///example.db')
Base.metadata.create_all(engine)

Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = Session()

# Create
new_user = User(name='Alice')
session.add(new_user)

71. Monitoring Docker Containers with

docker-py
 Fetch and print the status of running containers:

python
 import docker

client = docker.from_env()
containers = client.containers.list()

for container in containers:

print(f'Container Name: {container.name}, Status: {container.status}')

72. Using flask to Create a Simple API

 Basic API setup with Flask:

python

from flask import Flask, jsonify

app = Flask(__name__)

@app.route('/api/data', methods=['GET'])
def get_data():
return jsonify({"message": "Hello, World!"})

if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run(debug=True)

73. Automating Certificate Renewal

with certbot
 Script to renew Let's Encrypt certificates:

python

import subprocess

# Renew certificates
subprocess.run(['certbot', 'renew'])
74. Using numpy for Data Analysis
 Performing basic numerical operations:

python

import numpy as np

data = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])

mean_value = np.mean(data)
print("Mean Value:", mean_value)

75. Creating and Sending Emails with

smtplib
 Send an email using Python:

python

import smtplib
from email.mime.text import MIMEText

sender = '[email protected]'
recipient = '[email protected]'
msg = MIMEText('This is a test email.')
msg['Subject'] = 'Test Email'
msg['From'] = sender
msg['To'] = recipient

with smtplib.SMTP('smtp.example.com') as server:

server.login('username', 'password')
server.send_message(msg)

76. Using schedule for Task Scheduling

 Schedule tasks at regular intervals:

python
 import schedule
import time

def job():
print("Job is running...")

schedule.every(10).minutes.do(job)

while True:
schedule.run_pending()
time.sleep(1)

77. Using matplotlib for Data Visualization

 Plotting a simple graph:

python

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
y = [2, 3, 5, 7, 11]

plt.plot(x, y)
plt.xlabel('X-axis')
plt.ylabel('Y-axis')
plt.title('Simple Plot')
plt.show()

78. Creating a Custom Python Package

 Structure your project as a package:

markdown

my_package/
├── __init__.py
├── module1.py
└── module2.py

 setup.py for packaging:

 python

from setuptools import setup, find_packages

setup(
name='my_package',
version='0.1',
packages=find_packages(),
install_requires=[
'requests',
'flask'
],
)

79. Using pytest for Unit Testing

 Writing a simple unit test:

python

# test_sample.py
def add(a, b):
return a + b

def test_add():
assert add(1, 2) == 3

80. Implementing OAuth with requests-

oauthlib
 Authenticate with an API using OAuth:

python

from requests_oauthlib import OAuth1Session

oauth = OAuth1Session(client_key='YOUR_CLIENT_KEY',
client_secret='YOUR_CLIENT_SECRET')
response = oauth.get('https://api.example.com/user')
print(response.json())
81. Using pandas for Data Manipulation
 Load and manipulate data in a CSV file:

python

import pandas as pd

df = pd.read_csv('data.csv')
print(df.head())

# Filter data
filtered_df = df[df['column_name'] > 10]
print(filtered_df)

82. Using requests for HTTP Requests

 Making a GET and POST request:

python

import requests

# GET request
response = requests.get('https://api.example.com/data')
print(response.json())

# POST request
data = {'key': 'value'}
response = requests.post('https://api.example.com/data', json=data)
print(response.json())

83. Creating a Basic Web Server with

http.server
 Simple HTTP server to serve files:

python
 from http.server import SimpleHTTPRequestHandler, HTTPServer

PORT = 8000
handler = SimpleHTTPRequestHandler

with HTTPServer(('', PORT), handler) as httpd:

print(f'Serving on port {PORT}')
httpd.serve_forever()

84. Using Flask for Webhooks

 Handling incoming webhook requests:

python

from flask import Flask, request

app = Flask(__name__)

@app.route('/webhook', methods=['POST'])
def webhook():
data = request.json
print(data)
return '', 200

if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run(port=5000)

85. Creating a Bash Script with subprocess

 Run shell commands from Python:

python

import subprocess

subprocess.run(['echo', 'Hello, World!'])

86. Using docker-compose with Python
 Programmatically run Docker Compose commands:

python

import subprocess

subprocess.run(['docker-compose', 'up', '-d'])

87. Using moto for Mocking AWS

Services in Tests
 Mocking AWS S3 for unit testing:

python

import boto3
from moto import mock_s3

@mock_s3
def test_s3_upload():
s3 = boto3.client('s3', region_name='us-east-1')
s3.create_bucket(Bucket='my-bucket')
s3.upload_file('file.txt', 'my-bucket', 'file.txt')
# Test logic here

88. Using asyncio for Asynchronous Tasks

 Run multiple tasks concurrently:

python

import asyncio

async def say_hello():

print("Hello")
await asyncio.sleep(1)
print("World")
 async def main():
await asyncio.gather(say_hello(), say_hello())

asyncio.run(main())

89. Using flask-cors for Cross-Origin

Resource Sharing
 Allow CORS in a Flask app:

python

from flask import Flask

from flask_cors import CORS

app = Flask(__name__)
CORS(app)

@app.route('/data', methods=['GET'])
def data():
return {"message": "Hello from CORS!"}

if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run()

90. Using pytest Fixtures for Setup and

Teardown
 Create a fixture to manage resources:

python

import pytest

@pytest.fixture
def sample_data():
data = {"key": "value"}
yield data # This is the test data
# Teardown code here (if necessary)
 def test_sample_data(sample_data):
assert sample_data['key'] == 'value'

91. Using http.client for Low-Level

HTTP Requests
 Make a raw HTTP GET request:

python

import http.client

conn = http.client.HTTPSConnection("www.example.com")
conn.request("GET", "/")
response = conn.getresponse()
print(response.status, response.reason)
data = response.read()
conn.close()

92. Implementing Redis Caching with redis-py

 Basic operations with Redis:

python

import redis

r = redis.StrictRedis(host='localhost', port=6379, db=0)

# Set and get value

r.set('key', 'value')
print(r.get('key').decode('utf-8'))

93. Using json for Data Serialization

 Convert Python objects to JSON:
 python

import json

data = {"key": "value"}

json_data = json.dumps(data)
print(json_data)

94. Using xml.etree.ElementTree for XML

Processing
 Parse an XML file:

python

import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET

tree = ET.parse('data.xml')
root = tree.getroot()

for child in root:

print(child.tag, child.attrib)

95. Creating a Virtual Environment

with venv
 Programmatically create a virtual environment:

python

import venv

venv.create('myenv', with_pip=True)

96. Using psutil for System Monitoring

 Get system memory usage:

python
 import psutil

memory = psutil.virtual_memory()
print(f'Total Memory: {memory.total}, Available Memory:
{memory.available}')

97. Using sqlite3 for Lightweight

Database Management
 Basic SQLite operations:

python

import sqlite3

conn = sqlite3.connect('example.db')
c = conn.cursor()

c.execute('''CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS users (id INTEGER

PRIMARY KEY, name TEXT)''')
c.execute("INSERT INTO users (name) VALUES ('Alice')")
conn.commit()

for row in c.execute('SELECT * FROM users'):

print(row)

conn.close()

98. Using pytest to Run Tests in Parallel

 Run tests concurrently:

bash

pytest -n 4 # Run tests in parallel with 4 workers

99. Using argparse for Command-Line
Arguments
 Parse command-line arguments:

python

import argparse

parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Process some integers.')

parser.add_argument('integers', metavar='N', type=int, nargs='+',
help='an integer for the accumulator')
parser.add_argument('--sum', dest='accumulate', action='store_const',
const=sum, default=max,
help='sum the integers (default: find the max)')

args = parser.parse_args()
print(args.accumulate(args.integers))

100. Using jsonschema for JSON

Validation
 Validate JSON against a schema:

python

from jsonschema import validate

from jsonschema.exceptions import ValidationError

schema = {
"type": "object",
"properties": {
"name": {"type": "string"},
"age": {"type": "integer", "minimum": 0}
},
"required": ["name", "age"]
}

data = {"name": "John", "age": 30}

try:
validate(instance=data, schema=schema)
print("Data is valid")
except ValidationError as e:
print(f"Data is invalid: {e.message}")