Assignment 2 Ahmed Fouad 2020016

Name:Ahmed Fouad Fathy
ID:2020016
Assignment 2
1) What is the difference between transducer, sensor and actuator?
Transducer: Device that converts one form's energy into another form's energy.
Sensor: Input transducer that responds to a physical stimulus.
Actuator : Output transducer that is capable of performing a physical action.
2) What is acoustic transducer types (inputs/ outputs)?
Input Device (Sensor) : carbon microphone and piezoelectric crystal.

Output Device (Actuator) : Bell,Buzzer and Loudspeaker.
3) What is classification of sensors and actuators?
Based on physical laws.

Active and passive sensors.
Contact and non-contact sensors.
Absolute and relative sensors.
4) What is the difference between active and passive sensors?
Active sensor: A sensor that requires external power to operate.Examples: the carbon microphone, thermistors,
strain gauges, capacitive and inductive sensors.Other name: parametric sensors.
Passive sensor: Generates its own electric signal and does not require a power source.
Examples: thermocouples,magnetic microphones, piezoelectric sensors.
Other name:self-generating sensors
5) What is the difference between contact and noncontact sensors?
Contact sensor: A sensor that requires physical contact with the stimulus.
Examples: most temperature sensors.
Non-contact sensor: Requires no physical contact.
Examples: most optical and magnetic sensors, infrared thermometers.
6) What is the difference between absolute and relative sensors?
Absolute sensor: A sensor that reacts to a stimulus on an absolute scale: thermistors.

Relative scale: The stimulus is sensed relative to a fixed or variable reference. The thermocouple measures the temperature
difference, pressure is often measured relative to atmospheric pressure.
7) What is types of microphones transducer with explain?
1. Dynamic Moving-coil Microphone Sound Transducer
·It has a very small coil of thin wire suspended within the magnetic field of a permanent magnet.
·As the sound wave hits the flexible diaphragm, the diaphragm moves back and forth in response to the sound
pressure acting upon it
This causes the attached coil of wire to mnove within the magnetic field of the magnet.
·The movement of the coil within the magnetic field causes a voltage to be induced in the coil as defined by Faraday's
law
·The resultant output voltage signal from the coil is proportional to the pressure of the sound wave
2. Condenser Microphone
Condenser means capacitor, the term condenser is actually obsolete but has stuck as the name for this type of
microphone.
·This Mic uses a capacitor to convert acoustical energy into electrical energy.
It requires power from a battery or external source.
The resulting audio signal is stronger signal than that from a dynamic.
Condensers also tend to be more sensitive and responsive than dynamics.
One of these plates is made of very light material and acts as the diaphragm.
·The diaphragm vibrates when struck by sound waves, changing the distance between the two plates and therefore
changing the capacitance.
8) What are advantages of condenser microphones comparing with dynamic microphones?
Condensers also tend to be more sensitive and responsive than dynamics.

The resulting audio signal is stronger signal than that from a dynamic.
9) Explain the loudspeaker with drawing.
Its job is to convert complex electrical analog signals into sound waves being as close to the original input signal as possible.
Loudspeakers are available in all shapes, sizes and frequency ranges with the more common types being moving coil,
electrostatic, isodynamic and piezoelectric.
Moving coil loudspeaker:
The principle of operation of the Moving Coil Loudspeaker is the exact opposite to that of the "Dynamic Microphone".
A coil of fine wire, called the "speech or voice coil", is suspended within a very strong magnetic field,and is attached to a
paper or Mylar cone, called a "diaphragm" which itself is suspended at its edges to a metal frame or chassis.
When an signal passes through the voice coil, an electro-magnetic field is produced which opposes the main permanent
magnetic field around it and tries to push the coil in one direction or the other.
Since the coil is attached to the cone/diaphragm, the movement causes a disturbance in the air around it thus producing a
sound.
10)What are proximity sensors and types?
Proximity sensors detect the presence or absence of objects using electromagnetic fields, light, and sound.
There are many types, each suited to specific applications and environments.
Types of proximity sensors
Non-Contact sensors:
1. Optical.
2. Ultrasonic.
3. Inductive.
4. Capacitive.
Contact sensors (Mechanical).
11)How to work ultrasonic sensors?
An ultrasonic sensor emits a sound pulse in the ultrasonic range. This sound pulse propagates at the speed of sound through air,
until the sound pulse encounters an object. The sound pulse bounces off the object and is returned in reverse to the sensor
where this echo is received. By measuring the time it takes for the sound pulse to travel from sensor to object and back to the
sensor. The distance to the object can be calculated very accurately.
12)What is the piezoelectric effect with drawing?
When compressing a piezoelectric material produces electricity (piezoelectricity). Piezoceramic material-non-conductive

piezoelectric ceramic or crystal-is placed between the two metal plates.For piezoelectricity to be generated, it needs that material
to be compressed or squeezed.Mechanical stress applied to piezoelectric ceramic material generates electricity.

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Name:Ahmed Fouad Fathy

1) What is the difference between transducer, sensor and actuator?

2) What is acoustic transducer types (inputs/ outputs)?

Input Device (Sensor) : carbon microphone and piezoelectric crystal.

3) What is classification of sensors and actuators?

Based on physical laws.

4) What is the difference between active and passive sensors?

5) What is the difference between contact and noncontact sensors?

Absolute sensor: A sensor that reacts to a stimulus on an absolute scale: thermistors.

7) What is types of microphones transducer with explain?

1. Dynamic Moving-coil Microphone Sound Transducer

8) What are advantages of condenser microphones comparing with dynamic microphones?

Condensers also tend to be more sensitive and responsive than dynamics.

10)What are proximity sensors and types?

12)What is the piezoelectric effect with drawing?

When compressing a piezoelectric material produces electricity (piezoelectricity). Piezoceramic material-non-conductive

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