IE-3301 Engineering Probability

Homework 6:
Page 185:
6.3, 6.5, 6.7, 6.11
Page 193:
6.25, 6.33
Page 206:
6.45, 6.53, 6.56, 6.57, 6.58, 6.59

Name: Vincent Ly
Professor: Chawal
Start Date: 9/30/24
Finalized Date: 10/8/24
Table of Contents
Page 185 ......................................................................................................................................3
Exercise 6.3 ..............................................................................................................................3
Exercise 6.5 ..............................................................................................................................4
Exercise 6.7 ..............................................................................................................................5
Exercise 6.11 .............................................................................................................................7
Page 193 ......................................................................................................................................9
Exercise 6.25 .............................................................................................................................9
Exercise 6.33 ........................................................................................................................... 11
Page 206 .................................................................................................................................... 13
Exercise 6.45 ........................................................................................................................... 13
Exercise 6.53 ........................................................................................................................... 14
Exercise 6.56 ........................................................................................................................... 14
Exercise 6.57 ........................................................................................................................... 15
Exercise 6.58 ........................................................................................................................... 15
Exercise 6.59 ........................................................................................................................... 16
 Page 185
6.3, 6.5, 6.7, 6.11
Exercise 6.3
The daily amount of coffee, in liters, dispensed by a machine located in an airport lobby is a
random variable X having a continuous uniform distribution with A = 7 and B = 10. Find
the probability that on a given day the amount of coffee dispensed by this machine will be
𝒙−𝑨
𝑷[ 𝑿 ≤ 𝒙 ] = 𝑭( 𝒙 ; 𝑨, 𝑩 ) =
𝑩−𝑨
(a) at most 8.8 liters;
𝒙 = 𝟖. 𝟖
𝑷[ 𝑿 ≤ 𝟖. 𝟖 ] = 𝑭( 𝟖. 𝟖 ; 𝟕, 𝟏𝟎 )
𝟖. 𝟖 − 𝟕
=
𝟏𝟎 − 𝟕
𝟏. 𝟖
𝑷[ 𝑿 ≤ 𝟖. 𝟖 ] = = 𝟎. 𝟔
𝟑
(b) more than 7.4 liters but less than 9.5 liters;
𝒙𝟏 = 𝟕. 𝟒, 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟗. 𝟓

𝑷[ 𝟕. 𝟒 < 𝑿 < 𝟗. 𝟓 ] = 𝑷[ 𝑿 ≤ 𝟗. 𝟓 ] − 𝑷[ 𝑿 ≤ 𝟕. 𝟒 ]
= 𝑭( 𝟗. 𝟓 ; 𝟕, 𝟏𝟎 ) − 𝑭( 𝟕. 𝟒 ; 𝟕, 𝟏𝟎 )
𝟗. 𝟓 − 𝟕 𝟕. 𝟒 − 𝟕
=( )−( )
𝟏𝟎 − 𝟕 𝟏𝟎 − 𝟕
𝟗. 𝟓 − 𝟕. 𝟒 𝟐. 𝟏
𝑷[ 𝟕. 𝟒 < 𝑿 < 𝟗. 𝟓 ] = = = 𝟎. 𝟕
𝟑 𝟑
(c) at least 8.5 liters.
𝒙 = 𝟖. 𝟓
𝑷[ 𝑿 ≥ 𝟖. 𝟓 ] = 𝟏 − 𝑷[𝑿 ≤ 𝟖. 𝟓]
= 𝟏 − 𝑭(𝟖. 𝟓 ; 𝟕, 𝟏𝟎)
𝟖. 𝟓 − 𝟕
=𝟏−
𝟏𝟎 − 𝟕
𝟏. 𝟓
𝑷[ 𝑿 ≥ 𝟖. 𝟖 ] = 𝟏 − = 𝟎. 𝟓
𝟑
Exercise 6.5
Given a standard normal distribution, find the area under the curve that lies
(a) to the left of z = −1.39;
𝑷[ 𝒁 ≤ (−𝟏. 𝟑𝟗) ] = 𝑷[ 𝒁 > 𝟏. 𝟑𝟗 ] = 𝟏 − 𝑷[ 𝒁 ≤ 𝟏. 𝟑𝟗 ]
𝚽(−𝟏. 𝟑𝟗) = 𝟏 − 𝚽(𝟏. 𝟑𝟗)
𝚽(−𝟏. 𝟑𝟗) = 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟗𝟏𝟕𝟕
𝑷[ 𝒁 ≤ (−𝟏. 𝟑𝟗) ] = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟐𝟑
( 𝐑𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐨 𝐓𝐀𝐁𝐋𝐄 𝐀. 𝟑 ∶ 𝚽(𝟏. 𝟑𝟗) = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟏𝟕𝟕 )
(b) to the right of z = 1.96;
𝑷[ 𝒁 > 𝟏. 𝟗𝟔 ] = 𝟏 − 𝑷[ 𝒁 ≤ 𝟏. 𝟗𝟔 ]
= 𝟏 − 𝚽(𝟏. 𝟗𝟔)
= 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟗𝟕𝟓𝟎
= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟓𝟎
( 𝐑𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐨 𝐓𝐀𝐁𝐋𝐄 𝐀. 𝟑 ∶ 𝚽(𝟏. 𝟗𝟔) = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟕𝟓𝟎 )
(c) between z = −2.16 and z = −0.65;
𝑷[ (−𝟐. 𝟏𝟔) ≤ 𝒁 < (−𝟎. 𝟔𝟓) ] = 𝑷[ 𝒁 ≤ (−𝟎. 𝟔𝟓) ] − 𝑷[ 𝒁 ≤ (−𝟐. 𝟏𝟔) ]
= [ 𝒁 ≤ (−𝟎. 𝟔𝟓) ] − 𝑷[ 𝒁 ≤ (−𝟐. 𝟏𝟔) ]

= (𝟏 − 𝚽(𝟎. 𝟔𝟓)) − (𝟏 − 𝚽(𝟐. 𝟏𝟔))

= (𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝟐𝟐) − (𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖𝟒𝟔)
= 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝟕𝟖 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟓𝟒
𝑷[ (−𝟐. 𝟏𝟔) ≤ 𝒁 < (−𝟎. 𝟔𝟓) ] = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟒𝟐𝟒
( 𝐑𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐨 𝐓𝐀𝐁𝐋𝐄 𝐀. 𝟑 ∶ 𝚽(𝟎. 𝟔𝟓) = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝟐𝟐, 𝚽(𝟐. 𝟏𝟔) = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖𝟒𝟔 )
(d) to the left of z = 1.43;
𝑷[ 𝒁 ≤ 𝟏. 𝟒𝟑 ] = 𝚽(𝟏. 𝟒𝟑) = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟐𝟑𝟔
( 𝐑𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐨 𝐓𝐀𝐁𝐋𝐄 𝐀. 𝟑 ∶ 𝚽(𝟏. 𝟒𝟑) = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟐𝟑𝟔 )
 (e) to the right of z = −0.89;
𝑷[ 𝒁 > (−𝟎. 𝟖𝟗) ] = 𝟏 − 𝑷[ 𝒁 ≤ (−𝟎. 𝟖𝟗) ]
= 𝟏 − ( 𝟏 − 𝑷[ 𝒁 ≤ (𝟎. 𝟖𝟗) ] )
= 𝟏 − ( 𝟏 − 𝚽(𝟎. 𝟖𝟗) )
= 𝚽(𝟎. 𝟖𝟗)
𝑷[ 𝒁 ≤ (−𝟎. 𝟖𝟗) ] = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟏𝟑𝟑
( 𝐑𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐨 𝐓𝐀𝐁𝐋𝐄 𝐀. 𝟑 ∶ 𝚽(𝟎. 𝟖𝟗) = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟏𝟑𝟑 )
(f) between z = −0.48 and z = 1.74.
𝑷[ (−𝟎. 𝟒𝟖) ≤ 𝒁 ≤ 𝟏. 𝟕𝟒 ] = 𝑷[ 𝒁 ≤ 𝟏. 𝟕𝟒 ] − 𝑷[ 𝒁 ≤ (−𝟎. 𝟒𝟖) ]
= 𝚽(𝟏. 𝟕𝟒) − ( 𝟏 − 𝚽(𝟎. 𝟒𝟖) )
= 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓𝟗𝟏 − ( 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟔𝟖𝟒𝟒 )
= 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓𝟗𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟑𝟏𝟓𝟔
= 𝟎. 𝟔𝟒𝟑𝟓
( 𝐑𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐨 𝐓𝐀𝐁𝐋𝐄 𝐀. 𝟑 ∶ 𝚽(𝟎. 𝟒𝟖) = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟖𝟒𝟒 )

Exercise 6.7
Given a standard normal distribution, find the value of k such that
(a) P(Z > k) = 0.2946;
𝑷( 𝒁 > 𝒌 ) = 𝟏 − 𝑷[ 𝒁 ≤ 𝒌 ] = 𝟏 − (𝒌)
𝟎. 𝟐𝟗𝟒𝟔 = 𝟏 − (𝒌) ⇒ (𝒌) = 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟐𝟗𝟒𝟔
(𝒌) = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟓𝟒
𝒌 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟒
( 𝐑𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐨 𝐓𝐀𝐁𝐋𝐄 𝐀. 𝟑 ∶ 𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟓𝟒 = (𝟎. 𝟓𝟒) )
 (b) P(Z < k) = 0.0427.
𝑷[ 𝒁 ≤ −𝒌 ] = 𝑷[ 𝒁 > 𝒌 ] = 𝑷[ 𝒁 ≤ 𝒌 ]
(−𝒌) = 𝟏 − (𝒌)
(−𝒌) = 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟐𝟕
(−𝒌) = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓𝟕𝟑
−𝒌 = −𝟏. 𝟕𝟐
( 𝐑𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐨 𝐓𝐀𝐁𝐋𝐄 𝐀. 𝟑 ∶ 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓𝟕𝟑 = (𝟏. 𝟕𝟐) )
(c) P(−0.93 < Z < k) = 0.7235.
𝑷( −𝟎. 𝟗𝟑 < 𝒁 < 𝒌 ) = 𝑷[ 𝒁 < 𝒌 ] − 𝐏[ 𝒁 < (−𝟎. 𝟗𝟑) ] = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟐𝟑𝟓
⇒ 𝑷[ 𝒁 < 𝒌 ] − ( 𝟏 − 𝐏[ 𝒁 < 𝟎. 𝟗𝟑 ] ) = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟐𝟑𝟓

⇒ 𝑷[ 𝒁 < 𝒌 ] = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟐𝟑𝟓 + ( 𝟏 − (𝟎. 𝟗𝟑) )

( 𝟏 − (𝟎. 𝟗𝟑) = 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟖𝟐𝟑𝟖 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕𝟔𝟐 )

𝑷[ 𝒁 < 𝒌 ] = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟐𝟑𝟓 + 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕𝟔𝟐

(𝒌) = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟐𝟑𝟓 + 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕𝟔𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟗𝟗𝟕
𝒌 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟖
( 𝐑𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐨 𝐓𝐀𝐁𝐋𝐄 𝐀. 𝟑 ∶ (𝟎. 𝟗𝟑) = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟐𝟑𝟖, 𝟎. 𝟖𝟗𝟗𝟕 = (𝟏. 𝟐𝟖) )
Exercise 6.11
A soft-drink machine is regulated so that it discharges an average of 200 milliliters per cup. If
the amount of drink is normally distributed with a standard deviation equal to 15 milliliters,
Average discharge of the soft-drink machine : 𝝁 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎
Standard deviation : 𝝈 = 𝟏𝟓
(a) What fraction of the cups will contain more than 224 milliliters?
𝑿−𝝁
𝑿 = 𝟐𝟐𝟒 𝑿→𝒁= 𝝈

𝑷[ 𝑿 > 𝟐𝟐𝟒 ] = 𝟏 − 𝑷[ 𝒁 ≤ 𝟐𝟐𝟒 ]

𝟐𝟐𝟒 − 𝟐𝟎𝟎
= 𝟏 − 𝑷 [𝒁 ≤ ]
𝟏𝟓
= 𝟏 − 𝑷[ 𝒁 ≤ 𝟏. 𝟔 ]
= 𝟏 − 𝚽(𝟏. 𝟔)
= 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟗𝟒𝟓𝟐
= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟒𝟖
( 𝐑𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐨 𝐓𝐀𝐁𝐋𝐄 𝐀. 𝟑 ∶ 𝚽(𝟏. 𝟔) = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟒𝟓𝟐 )
(b) What is the probability that a cup contains between 191 and 209 milliliters?
𝑿𝟏 = 𝟏𝟗𝟏, 𝑿𝟐 = 𝟐𝟐𝟒
𝑷[ 𝟏𝟗𝟏 < 𝑿 < 𝟐𝟎𝟗 ] = 𝑷[ 𝑿 ≤ 𝟐𝟎𝟗] − 𝑷[ 𝒁 ≤ 𝟏𝟗𝟏 ]
𝟐𝟎𝟗 − 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟗𝟏 − 𝟐𝟎𝟎
= 𝑷[𝒁 ≤ ] − 𝑷[ 𝒁 ≤ ]
𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟓
= 𝑷[ 𝒁 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟔 ] − 𝑷[ 𝒁 ≤ (−𝟎. 𝟔) ]
= 𝚽(𝟎. 𝟔) − ( 𝟏 − 𝑷[ 𝒁 ≤ (−𝟎. 𝟔) ] )
= 𝚽(𝟎. 𝟔) − ( 𝟏 − 𝚽(𝟎. 𝟔) )
= 𝟎. 𝟕𝟐𝟓𝟕 − ( 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟕𝟐𝟓𝟕 )
= 𝟎. 𝟕𝟐𝟓𝟕 − 𝟎. 𝟐𝟕𝟒𝟑
𝑷[ 𝟏𝟗𝟏 < 𝑿 < 𝟐𝟎𝟗 ] = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓𝟏𝟒
( 𝐑𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐨 𝐓𝐀𝐁𝐋𝐄 𝐀. 𝟑 ∶ 𝚽(𝟎. 𝟔) = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟐𝟓𝟕 )
(c) How many cups will probably overflow if 230 - milliliter cups are used for the next 1000
drinks?
𝑿−𝝁
𝑿 = 𝟐𝟑𝟎 𝑿→𝒁= 𝝈

𝑷[ 𝑿 > 𝟐𝟑𝟎 ] = 𝟏 − 𝑷[ 𝒁 ≤ 𝟐𝟑𝟎 ]

𝟐𝟑𝟎 − 𝟐𝟎𝟎
= 𝟏 − 𝑷[ 𝒁 ≤ ]
𝟏𝟓
= 𝟏 − 𝑷[ 𝒁 ≤ 𝟐. 𝟎 ]
= 𝟏 − 𝚽(𝟐. 𝟎)
= 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟗𝟕𝟕𝟐
= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟐𝟖
( 𝐑𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐨 𝐓𝐀𝐁𝐋𝐄 𝐀. 𝟑 ∶ 𝚽(𝟐. 𝟎) = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟕𝟕𝟐 )
𝑬[𝑿] = 𝒏𝑷 = 𝟏, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟐𝟖 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟖 ≈ 𝟐𝟑 𝐜𝐮𝐩𝐬
(d) Below what value do we get the smallest 25% of the drinks?
𝑿 − 𝟐𝟎𝟎
𝑷[𝑿 < 𝒙] = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 ⇒ 𝑷 [ 𝒁 ≤ ] = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓
𝟏𝟓
𝑷[ 𝒁 ≤ −𝒌 ] = 𝑷[ 𝒁 > −𝒌 ] = 𝑷[ 𝒁 ≤ 𝒌 ]
(−𝒌) = 𝟏 − (𝒌)
(−𝒌) = 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓
(−𝒌) = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓
−𝒌 = −𝟎. 𝟔𝟕
( 𝐑𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐨 𝐓𝐀𝐁𝐋𝐄 𝐀. 𝟑 ∶ 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 ≈ 𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝟖𝟔 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟕 )
𝑿 − 𝟐𝟎𝟎
= −𝟎. 𝟔𝟕
𝟏𝟓
𝑿 − 𝟐𝟎𝟎 = ( −𝟎. 𝟔𝟕 )(𝟏𝟓)
𝑿 = ( −𝟏𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 ) + 𝟐𝟎𝟎
𝑿 = 𝟏𝟖𝟗. 𝟗𝟓 𝐦𝐢𝐥𝐥𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐬
 Page 193
6.25, 6.33
Exercise 6.25
A process for manufacturing an electronic component yields items of which 1% are defective. A
quality control plan is to select 100 items from the process, and if none are defective, the
process continues. Use the normal approximation to the binomial to find
𝒏 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎, 𝑷 = 𝟏% = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏
(a) The probability that the process continues given the sampling plan described;
𝝁 = 𝒏𝑷 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 = 𝟏, 𝝁( 𝟏 − 𝑷 ) = 𝒏𝑷( 𝟏 − 𝑷 ) = 𝟏( 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 ) = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗
𝐋𝐞𝐭, 𝑿 = # 𝐨𝐟 𝐝𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐢𝐭𝐞𝐦𝐬 ~ 𝐁𝐢𝐧𝐨𝐦𝐢𝐚𝐥( 𝒏 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎, 𝒑 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 )
( 𝒙 + 𝟎. 𝟓 ) − 𝒏𝒑 (𝟎 + 𝟎. 𝟓 ) − 𝟏
𝒃( 𝒙; 𝒏, 𝒑 ) ≈ 𝑷 [ 𝒁 ≤ ] ⇒ 𝒃( 𝟎; 𝟏𝟎𝟎, 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 ) ≈ 𝑷 [ 𝒁 ≤ ]
√𝒏𝒑( 𝟏 − 𝒑 ) √𝟏( 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 )
( 𝟎 + 𝟎. 𝟓 ) − 𝟏 −𝟎. 𝟓
𝑷[ 𝒁 ≤ ] = 𝑷[ 𝒁 ≤ ] = 𝑷[ 𝒁 ≤ −𝟎. 𝟓 ]
√𝟏( 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 ) √𝟎. 𝟗𝟗
( 𝑷[ 𝒁 ≤ −𝒛 ] = 𝑷[ 𝒁 > 𝒛 ] = 𝑷[ 𝒁 ≤ 𝒛 ] = 𝟏 − 𝑷[ 𝒁 ≤ 𝒛 ] = 𝟏 − (𝒛) )
𝑷[ 𝒁 ≤ −𝟎. 𝟓] = 𝟏 − (𝟎. 𝟓)
= 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟔𝟗𝟏𝟓
= 𝟎. 𝟑𝟎𝟖𝟓
( 𝐑𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐨 𝐓𝐀𝐁𝐋𝐄 𝐀. 𝟑 ∶ 𝚽(𝟎. 𝟓) = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟗𝟏𝟓 )
 (b) The probability that the process continues even if the process has gone bad (i.e., if the
frequency of defective components has shifted to 5.0% defective).
𝒏 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎, 𝑷 = 𝟓% = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓
𝝁 = 𝒏𝑷 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 = 𝟓, 𝝁( 𝟏 − 𝑷 ) = 𝒏𝑷( 𝟏 − 𝑷 ) = 𝟓( 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 ) = 𝟒. 𝟕𝟓
𝐋𝐞𝐭, 𝑿 = # 𝐨𝐟 𝐝𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐢𝐭𝐞𝐦𝐬 ~ 𝐁𝐢𝐧𝐨𝐦𝐢𝐚𝐥( 𝒏 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎, 𝒑 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 )
( 𝒙 + 𝟎. 𝟓 ) − 𝒏𝒑 ( 𝟎 + 𝟎. 𝟓 ) − 𝟓
𝒃( 𝒙; 𝒏, 𝒑 ) ≈ 𝑷 [ 𝒁 ≤ ] ⇒ 𝒃( 𝟎; 𝟏𝟎𝟎, 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 ) ≈ 𝑷 [ 𝒁 ≤ ]
√𝒏𝒑( 𝟏 − 𝒑 ) √𝟓( 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 )
( 𝟎 + 𝟎. 𝟓 ) − 𝟓 −𝟒. 𝟓
𝑷[ 𝒁 ≤ ] = 𝑷[ 𝒁 ≤ ] = 𝑷[ 𝒁 ≤ −𝟐. 𝟎𝟔 ]
√𝟓( 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 ) √𝟒. 𝟕𝟓
( 𝑷[ 𝒁 ≤ −𝒛 ] = 𝑷[ 𝒁 > 𝒛 ] = 𝑷[ 𝒁 ≤ 𝒛 ] = 𝟏 − 𝑷[ 𝒁 ≤ 𝒛 ] = 𝟏 − (𝒛) )
𝑷[ 𝒁 ≤ −𝟐. 𝟎𝟔] = 𝟏 − (𝟐. 𝟎𝟔)
= 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖𝟎𝟑
= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟕
( 𝐑𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐨 𝐓𝐀𝐁𝐋𝐄 𝐀. 𝟑 ∶ 𝚽(𝟐. 𝟎𝟔) = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖𝟎𝟑 )
Exercise 6.33
Statistics released by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and the National
Safety Council show that on an average weekend night, 1 out of every 10 drivers on the road is
drunk. If 400 drivers are randomly checked next Saturday night, what is the probability that
the number of drunk drivers will be
𝟏
𝒏 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎, 𝑷= = 𝟎. 𝟏
𝟏𝟎
𝝁 = 𝒏𝑷 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟏 = 𝟒𝟎 > 𝟓, 𝝁( 𝟏 − 𝑷 ) = 𝒏𝑷( 𝟏 − 𝑷 ) = 𝟒𝟎( 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟏 ) = 𝟑𝟔 > 𝟓
𝐋𝐞𝐭, 𝑿 = # 𝐨𝐟 𝐝𝐫𝐮𝐧𝐤 𝐝𝐫𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐬 ~ 𝐁𝐢𝐧𝐨𝐦𝐢𝐚𝐥( 𝒏 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎, 𝒑 = 𝟎. 𝟏 )
(a) less than 32?
𝑷[ 𝑿 < 𝟑𝟐 ] = 𝑷[𝑿 ≤ 𝟑𝟏 ]
( 𝒙 + 𝟎. 𝟓 ) − 𝒏𝒑 ( 𝟑𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟓 ) − 𝟒𝟎
𝒃( 𝒙; 𝒏, 𝒑 ) ≈ 𝑷 [𝒁 ≤ ] ⇒ 𝒃( 𝟑𝟏; 𝟒𝟎𝟎, 𝟎. 𝟏 ) ≈ 𝑷 [ 𝒁 ≤ ]
√𝒏𝒑( 𝟏 − 𝒑 ) √𝟒𝟎( 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟏 )
( 𝟑𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟓 ) − 𝟒𝟎 −𝟖. 𝟓
𝑷[ 𝒁 ≤ ] = 𝑷[ 𝒁 ≤ ] = 𝑷[ 𝒁 ≤ −𝟏. 𝟒𝟐 ]
√𝟒𝟎( 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟏 ) √𝟑𝟔
( 𝑷[ 𝒁 ≤ −𝒛 ] = 𝑷[ 𝒁 > 𝒛 ] = 𝑷[ 𝒁 ≤ 𝒛 ] = 𝟏 − 𝑷[ 𝒁 ≤ 𝒛 ] = 𝟏 − (𝒛) )
𝑷[ 𝒁 ≤ −𝟏. 𝟒𝟐] = 𝟏 − (𝟏. 𝟒𝟐)
= 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟗𝟐𝟐𝟐
= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟕𝟖
( 𝐑𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐨 𝐓𝐀𝐁𝐋𝐄 𝐀. 𝟑 ∶ 𝚽(𝟏. 𝟒𝟐) = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟐𝟐𝟐 )
 (b) more than 49?
𝑷[ 𝑿 > 𝟒𝟗 ] = 𝟏 − 𝑷[𝑿 ≤ 𝟒𝟗 ]
( 𝒙 + 𝟎. 𝟓 ) − 𝒏𝒑 ( 𝟒𝟗 + 𝟎. 𝟓 ) − 𝟒𝟎
𝒃( 𝒙; 𝒏, 𝒑 ) ≈ 𝑷 [𝒁 ≤ ] ⇒ 𝒃( 𝟒𝟗; 𝟒𝟎𝟎, 𝟎. 𝟏 ) ≈ 𝑷 [ 𝒁 ≤ ]
√𝒏𝒑( 𝟏 − 𝒑 ) √𝟒𝟎( 𝟏 − 𝟎. 1 )
( 𝟒𝟗 + 𝟎. 𝟓 ) − 𝟒𝟎 𝟗. 𝟓
𝟏 − 𝑷[ 𝒁 ≤ ] = 𝟏 − 𝑷[ 𝒁 ≤ ] = 𝟏 − 𝑷[ 𝒁 ≤ 𝟏. 𝟓𝟖]
√𝟒𝟎( 𝟏 − 𝟎. 1 ) √𝟑𝟔

𝟏 − 𝑷[ 𝒁 ≤ 𝟏. 𝟓𝟖] = 𝟏 − (𝟏. 𝟓𝟖)

= 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟗𝟒𝟐𝟗
= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟕𝟏
( 𝐑𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐨 𝐓𝐀𝐁𝐋𝐄 𝐀. 𝟑 ∶ 𝚽(𝟏. 𝟓𝟖) = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟒𝟐𝟗 )
(c) at least 35 but less than 47?
𝑷[ 𝟑𝟓 ≤ 𝑿 < 𝟒𝟕 ] = 𝑷[ 𝟑𝟓 ≤ 𝑿 ≤ 𝟒𝟔 ]
( 𝒙 − 𝟎. 𝟓 ) − 𝒏𝒑 ( 𝒙 + 𝟎. 𝟓 ) − 𝒏𝒑
𝒃( 𝒙; 𝒏, 𝒑 ) ≈ 𝑷 [ ≤𝒁≤ ]
√𝒏𝒑( 𝟏 − 𝒑 ) √𝒏𝒑( 𝟏 − 𝒑 )
( 𝒙 + 𝟎. 𝟓 ) − 𝒏𝒑 ( x − 𝟎. 𝟓 ) − np
= ( ) − ( )
√𝒏𝒑( 𝟏 − 𝒑 ) √np( 𝟏 − p )
(𝟑𝟓 − 𝟎. 𝟓 ) − 𝟒𝟎 ( 𝟒𝟔 + 𝟎. 𝟓 ) − 𝟒𝟎
⇒ 𝒃( 𝟑𝟓 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟒𝟕; 𝟒𝟎𝟎, 𝟎. 𝟏 ) ≈ 𝑷 [ ≤𝒁≤ ]
√𝒏𝒑( 𝟏 − 𝒑 ) √𝟒𝟎( 𝟏 − 𝒑 )
( 𝟒𝟔 + 𝟎. 𝟓 ) − 𝟒𝟎 ( 𝟑𝟓 − 𝟎. 𝟓 ) − 𝟒𝟎
= ( )− ( )
√𝟒𝟎( 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟏 ) √𝟒𝟎( 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟏 )
𝟔. 𝟓 −𝟓. 𝟓
= ( )− ( )
√𝟑𝟔 √𝟑𝟔
= ( 𝟏. 𝟎𝟖 ) − (−𝟎. 𝟗𝟐)

= ( 𝟏. 𝟎𝟖 ) − (𝟏 − (𝟎. 𝟗𝟐))

= 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝟗𝟗 − (𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟖𝟐𝟏𝟐)
= 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝟗𝟗 − 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕𝟖𝟖
= 𝟎. 𝟔𝟖𝟏𝟏
( 𝐑𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐨 𝐓𝐀𝐁𝐋𝐄 𝐀. 𝟑 ∶ (𝟏. 𝟎𝟖) = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝟗𝟗, (−𝟎. 𝟗𝟐) = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟐𝟏𝟐 )
 Page 206
6.45, 6.53, 6.56, 6.57, 6.58, 6.59
Exercise 6.45
The length of time for one individual to be served at a cafeteria is a random variable having an
exponential distribution with a mean of 4 minutes. What is the probability that a person is
served in less than 3 minutes on at least 4 of the next 6 days?
𝐋𝐞𝐭, 𝑿 = # 𝐨𝐟 𝐝𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐨𝐮𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐧𝐞𝐱𝐭 𝟔 𝐝𝐚𝐲𝐬 ~ 𝐄𝐱𝐩( 𝜷 = 𝟒 𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐮𝐭𝐞𝐬 )
Probability that a person is served in less than 3 minutes:
− 𝒙⁄𝜷
𝑭𝒙 (𝒙; 𝜷) = 𝑷[ 𝑿 ≤ 𝒙 ] = 𝟏 − 𝒆
𝟑⁄
𝑷( 𝑿 < 𝟑 ) = 𝑷[ 𝑿 ≤ 𝟑 ] = 𝑭𝒙 (𝟑; 𝟒) = 𝟏 − 𝒆− 𝟒 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝟕𝟔𝟑𝟑
Success on at least 4 of the next 6 days:
𝒃( 𝒌 = 𝟒; 𝒑 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟑 )
𝑷( 𝟒 ≤ 𝑿 ≤ 𝟔 ) = 𝑷[ 𝑿 = 𝟒 ] + 𝑷[ 𝑿 = 𝟓 ] + 𝑷[ 𝑿 = 𝟔 ]
𝟔
𝒙 𝟔−𝒙
𝟔 𝟑 𝟑
∑( ) (𝟏 − 𝒆− ⁄𝟒 ) (𝒆− ⁄𝟒 )
𝒙
𝒙=𝟒

𝟔! 𝟕𝟐𝟎
𝑷[ 𝑿 = 𝟒 ] = (𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝟕𝟔𝟑𝟑)𝟒 (𝟎. 𝟒𝟕𝟐𝟑𝟔𝟕)𝟔 − 𝟒 = (𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝟕𝟔𝟑𝟑)𝟒 (𝟎. 𝟒𝟕𝟐𝟑𝟔𝟕)𝟐
𝟒! (𝟔 − 𝟒)! 𝟒𝟖
= 𝟏𝟓(𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝟕𝟔𝟑𝟑)𝟒 (𝟎. 𝟒𝟕𝟐𝟑𝟔𝟕)𝟐
= 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝟗𝟒𝟎𝟓
𝟔! 𝟕𝟐𝟎
𝑷[ 𝑿 = 𝟒 ] = (𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝟕𝟔𝟑𝟑)𝟓 (𝟎. 𝟒𝟕𝟐𝟑𝟔𝟕)𝟔 − 𝟓 = (𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝟕𝟔𝟑𝟑)𝟓 (𝟎. 𝟒𝟕𝟐𝟑𝟔𝟕)𝟏
𝟓! (𝟔 − 𝟓)! 𝟏𝟐𝟎
= 𝟔(𝟎. 𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝟕𝟔𝟑𝟑)𝟓 (𝟎. 𝟒𝟕𝟐𝟑𝟔𝟕)𝟏
= 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟓𝟗𝟎𝟐
𝟔! 𝟕𝟐𝟎
𝑷[ 𝑿 = 𝟔 ] = (𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝟕𝟔𝟑𝟑)𝟔 (𝟎. 𝟒𝟕𝟐𝟑𝟔𝟕)𝟔 − 𝟔 = (𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝟕𝟔𝟑𝟑)𝟔 (𝟎. 𝟒𝟕𝟐𝟑𝟔𝟕)𝟎
𝟔! (𝟔 − 𝟔)! 𝟕𝟐𝟎
= 𝟏(𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝟕𝟔𝟑𝟑)𝟔 (𝟎. 𝟒𝟕𝟐𝟑𝟔𝟕)𝟎
= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟏𝟓𝟕𝟕
𝑷( 𝟒 ≤ 𝑿 ≤ 𝟔 ) = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝟗𝟒𝟎𝟓 + 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟓𝟗𝟎𝟐 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟏𝟓𝟕𝟕 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟗𝟔𝟖
Exercise 6.53
In a biomedical research study, it was determined that the survival time, in weeks, of an animal
subjected to a certain exposure of gamma radiation has a gamma distribution with α = 5 and β =
10.
(a) What is the mean survival time of a randomly selected animal of the type used in the
experiment?
𝜶 = 𝟓 𝜷 = 𝟏𝟎, 𝝁 = 𝑬[𝑿] = 𝜶𝜷 = 𝟓 ∗ 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟓𝟎
(b) What is the standard deviation of survival time?
𝝈𝟐 = 𝜶𝜷𝟐 = 𝟓 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟓𝟎𝟎

√𝝈𝟐 = 𝝈 = √𝟓𝟎𝟎

(c) What is the probability that an animal survives more than 30 weeks?
𝟑𝟎
𝑿 ~ 𝑭 (𝒂 = ; 𝜶 = 𝟓)
𝟏𝟎
𝑷[ 𝑿 > 𝟑𝟎 ] = 𝟏 − 𝑷[ 𝒁 ≤ 𝟑𝟎 ]
𝑿 𝟑𝟎
𝒂= = =𝟑
𝜷 𝟏𝟎
= 𝟏 − 𝑭𝒙 (𝟑 ; 𝟓) = 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟏𝟖𝟓𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟏𝟓

Exercise 6.56
Rate data often follow a lognormal distribution. Average power usage (dB per hour) for a
particular company is studied and is known to have a lognormal distribution with parameters μ =
4 and σ = 2. What is the probability that the company uses more than 270 dB during any
particular hour?
𝝁 = 𝟒, 𝝈=𝟐
𝑷[ 𝑿 > 𝟐𝟕𝟎 ] = 𝟏 − [ 𝑿 ≤ 𝟐𝟕𝟎 ]
= 𝟏 − 𝑷[ 𝐥𝐧(𝑿) ≤ 𝐥𝐧(𝟐𝟕𝟎) ]
𝐥𝐧(𝟐𝟕𝟎) − 𝟒
= 𝟏 −𝑷[𝒁 ≤ ]
𝟐

= 𝟏 − 𝑷[ 𝒁 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟖 ]
= 𝟏 − 𝚽(𝟎. 𝟖)
= 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟕𝟖𝟖𝟏
 𝑷[ 𝑿 > 𝟐𝟕𝟎 ] = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟏𝟏𝟗

Exercise 6.57
For Exercise 6.56, what is the mean power usage (average dB per hour)? What is the variance?
Mean power usage ( average dB per hour):
𝝈𝟐 𝟐𝟐
𝝁+ 𝟒+
𝒆 𝟐 =𝒆 𝟐 = 𝒆𝝁 + 𝟐 = 𝒆𝟔
Variance:
𝟐 𝟐
(𝒆𝟐𝝁 + 𝝈 )(𝒆𝝈 − 𝟏) = 𝒆𝟏𝟐 (𝒆𝟒 − 𝟏)

Exercise 6.58
The number of automobiles that arrive at a certain intersection per minute has a Poisson
distribution with a mean of 5. Interest centers around the time that elapses before 10
automobiles appear at the intersection.
𝒆−𝝁 𝝁𝒙
𝑿 ~ 𝑷(𝟓), 𝑷(𝒙 ; 𝝁) =
𝑿!
(a) What is the probability that more than 10 automobiles appear at the intersection during
any given minute of time?
𝑷[ 𝑿 > 𝟏𝟎 ] = 𝟏 − 𝑷[ 𝑿 ≤ 𝟏𝟎 ]
= 𝟏 − 𝑭(𝒙 ; 𝝁)
= 𝟏 − 𝑭(𝟏𝟎 ; 𝟓)
= 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖𝟔𝟑
= 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝟕
( 𝐑𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐨 𝐓𝐀𝐁𝐋𝐄 𝐀. 𝟐 ∶ 𝑭(𝟏𝟎 ; 𝟓) = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖𝟔𝟑 )
(b) What is the probability that more than 2 minutes elapse before 10 cars arrive?
𝟐 𝟏 𝒙 𝟐
𝜶 = 𝟏𝟎, 𝜷= = , 𝒙 = 𝟐, 𝒂= = = 𝟏𝟎
𝟏𝟎 𝟓 𝜷 (𝟏⁄ )
𝟓
𝑷[ 𝑿 > 𝟐 ] = 𝟏 − 𝑷[ 𝑿 ≤ 𝟐 ] = 𝟏 − 𝑭(𝒂 ; 𝜶)
= 𝟏 − 𝑭(𝟏𝟎 ; 𝟏𝟎)
= 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟓𝟒𝟐
= 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓𝟖
( 𝐑𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐨 𝐓𝐀𝐁𝐋𝐄 𝐀. 𝟐𝟒 ∶ 𝑭(𝟏𝟎 ; 𝟏𝟎) = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟒𝟐 )
Exercise 6.59
Consider the information in Exercise 6.58.
(a) What is the probability that more than 1-minute elapses between arrivals?
𝑷[ 𝑿 > 𝟏 ] = 𝟏 − 𝑷[ 𝑿 ≤ 𝟏 ]
= 𝟏 − 𝑭(𝟏 , 𝟏𝟎)
=𝟏−𝟎
=𝟏
(b) What is the mean number of minutes that elapse between arrivals?
𝟏 𝟏
𝝁= = = 𝟎. 𝟐
𝝀 𝟓