Chapter 5

Fluids in Motion
• Contents
• Fluid dynamics
• Equation of continuity
• Bernoulli’s equation
• The Venturi Tube
• Torricelli’s Law
• Fluid dynamics
When a fluid is in motion it’s flow can be characterized as being one of two main
types

Steady flow Non steady(Turbulent flow)

• Each particle of the fluid follows a smooth - An irregular flow characterized
path. by small whirlpool-like regions.
• The paths of the different particles never - Turbulent flow occurs when
cross each other. the velocity of a fluid particles
• The velocity of the fluid at any point remains exceeds a critical speed.
constant in time.
• In discussions of fluid flow, the term viscosity is used in fluid flow to refer to the degree of internal
friction in the fluid. This internal friction is associated with the resistance between two adjacent layers
of the fluid moving relative to each other.
• Many features of fluid motion can be understood by considering the behavior of an ideal fluid, which
satisfies the following conditions:
The assumptions of an ideal fluid model

The fluid is nonviscous The fluid motion is steady The fluid is incompressible Irrotational flow
IN a nonviscous fluid, IN steady flow, the velocity of This means its density is Fluid flow is irrotational
internal friction is the fluid at any point remains constant in time. if there is no angular
neglected. constant in time. momentum of the
fluid about any point
• Streamline :
• It’s the path taken by a fluid particle under steady flow.
• The velocity of the particle is always tangent to the streamline, as shown in
Figure. A set of streamlines as shown in Figure form a tube of flow.
• Note that
No two streamlines can cross each other, for if they did, a fluid particle could
move either way at the crossover point, and the flow would not be steady.
• Equation of continuity
• Consider a fluid moving through a pipe of nonuniform size (diameter). The particles move along streamlines
in steady flow. In a time interval ∆t, the fluid entering the bottom end of the pipe moves a distance ∆𝒙𝟏 =
𝒗𝟏 ∆𝒕 . If 𝑨𝟏 is the cross-sectional area in this region, then the mass contained in the shaded region is ∆𝒎𝟏
= 𝝆𝟏 𝑨𝟏 ∆𝒙𝟏 , where 𝝆𝟏 is the density of the fluid at 𝑨𝟏 . Similarly, the fluid that moves through the upper end of
the pipe at the same time ∆𝒕 has a mass ∆𝒎𝟐 = 𝝆𝟐 𝑨𝟐 ∆𝒙𝟐 . However, because mass is conserved and because
the flow is steady, the mass that flows into the bottom of the pipe through 𝑨𝟏 in the time ∆𝒕 must equal the mass
that crosses 𝑨𝟐 in the same interval.
𝝆𝟏 𝑨𝟏 ∆ 𝒙𝟏 = 𝝆𝟐 𝑨𝟐 ∆ 𝒙𝟐
𝑨𝟏 𝒗𝟏 ∆ 𝒕 = 𝑨𝟐 𝒗𝟐 ∆ 𝒕 , since 𝝆 is constant
𝑨𝟏 𝒗𝟏 = 𝑨𝟐 𝒗𝟐 or ′′ 𝑨 𝒗 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 ‘’
This expression is called the equation of continuity for fluids
‘’The product of the area and the fluid speed at all points along a pipe
is constant.’’
The product, Av, is called the volume flux or the flow rate.
• Example:
A water hose 2 cm in diameter is used to fill a 20 - liter bucket. If it takes 1 min to
fill the bucket, what is the speed 𝒗 at which the water leaves the pipe? ( 1 liter =
𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝒄𝒎𝟑 )
• Solution
𝒅 𝟐
The cross-sectional area of the hose is r = = = 1 cm ,
𝟐 𝟐
A = 𝝅 (𝒓𝟐 ) = 𝝅 𝒄𝒎𝟐 ,

The flow rate = 𝑨 𝒗

𝟐𝟎 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟑
=𝝅 𝒙 𝒗
𝟔𝟎

𝟐𝟎 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟑
𝒗= = 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒄𝒎/𝒔
𝝅 𝒙 𝟔𝟎
Bernoulli’s equation
• Consider a fluid flowing through a nonuniform pipe under steady flow in time ∆𝒕 𝐚𝐬 𝐢𝐥𝐥𝐮𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝.
The force

acting on the lower end of the fluid acting on the upper end of the fluid

is 𝑭𝟏 = 𝑷𝟏 𝑨𝟏 is 𝑭𝟐 = 𝑷𝟐 𝑨𝟐
The work done by this force The work done by this force
𝑾𝟏 = = 𝑭𝟏 ∆𝒙𝟏 =𝑷𝟏 (𝑨𝟏 ∆𝒙𝟏 ) 𝑾𝟐 = - 𝑭𝟐 ∆𝒙𝟐 = - 𝑷𝟐 (𝑨𝟐 ∆𝒙𝟐 )
𝑾𝟏 = 𝑷𝟏 ( ∆𝑽 ) 𝑾𝟐 = - 𝑷𝟐 ( ∆𝑽 )
• The net work done by these forces in time ∆𝒕 is W; [ W = (𝑷𝟏 - 𝑷𝟐 ) ∆𝑽 ]. Part of
this work goes into changing the fluid’s K.E, and part goes into changing the gravitational P.E of the fluid.
W = (𝑷𝟏 - 𝑷𝟐 ) ∆𝑽 = ∆𝑲 + ∆𝑼
𝑰𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑲. 𝑬 Decrease in P.E
𝟏
∆𝑲 = 𝟐 ∆𝒎 (𝒗𝟐𝟐 - 𝒗𝟐𝟏 ) ∆𝑼 = 𝑼𝒇 −𝑼𝒊 = mg ( 𝒚𝟐 −𝒚𝟏 )

Dividing by ∆𝑽 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒔𝒖𝒃. 𝒂𝒃𝒐𝒖𝒕 ∆𝒎/ ∆𝑽 = 𝝆 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒔

𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
(𝑷𝟏 - 𝑷𝟐 ) ∆𝑽 = ∆𝒎 (𝒗𝟐𝟐 − 𝒗𝟐𝟏 ) + mg ( 𝒚𝟐 −𝒚𝟏 ) 𝑷 +
𝟏 𝟐 𝝆𝒗 𝟏 + 𝝆 g 𝒚 𝟏 = 𝑷𝟐 + 𝝆𝒗 𝟐 + 𝝆g𝒚𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
Bernoulli’s equation is applied to an ideal fluid. It is often expressed as:
𝟏
𝑷 + 𝝆𝒗𝟐 + 𝝆 g𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
Bernoulli’s equation states that the sum of the pressure , ( P ) , the kinetic energy per unit volume , ( 𝝆 𝒗 ) , and
𝟐
potential energy per unit volume, ( 𝝆g𝒚 ) has the same value at all points along a streamline.

• Example 1: The Venturi Tube

Determine the flow velocities in an incompressible fluid by using the horizontal constricted pipe (Venturi tube)
Solution Since the pipe is horizontal, 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒚𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
∴ 𝑷𝟏 + 𝝆𝒗𝟐𝟏 = 𝑷𝟐 + 𝝆𝒗𝟐𝟏
𝟐 𝟐
𝑨𝟐 𝑨𝟏
From the equation of continuity, 𝑨𝟏 𝒗𝟏 = 𝑨𝟐 𝒗𝟐 , b𝐲 𝐬𝐮𝐛𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚𝐛𝐨𝐮𝐭 𝒗𝟏 = 𝒗𝟐 and 𝒗𝟐 = 𝒗𝟏
𝑨𝟏 𝑨𝟐

𝟏 𝟏 𝑨𝟏 𝟏 𝑨𝟐 𝟏
𝑷𝟏 + 𝝆𝒗𝟐𝟏 = 𝑷𝟐 + 𝝆( 𝒗𝟏 ) 𝟐 𝑷𝟏 + 𝝆( 𝒗𝟐 ) 𝟐 = 𝑷𝟐 + 𝝆𝒗𝟐𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 𝑨𝟐 𝟐 𝑨𝟏 𝟐

2 𝑃1 − 𝑃2 2 𝑃1 − 𝑃2
𝒗𝟏 = 𝑨𝟐 𝒗𝟐 = 𝑨𝟏
𝜌 (𝑨𝟐𝟏 − 𝑨𝟐𝟐 ) 𝜌 (𝑨𝟐𝟏 − 𝑨𝟐𝟐 )
2 𝑃1 − 𝑃2
The rate of flow = 𝑨 𝒗 = 𝑨𝟏 𝑨𝟐
𝜌 (𝑨𝟐𝟏 − 𝑨𝟐𝟐 )
Example 2: Torricelli’s Law ( speed of efllux )
• An enclosed tank containing a liquid of density 𝝆 has a hole in its side at a distance 𝒚𝟏 from the tank’s bottom.
The hole is open to the atmosphere, and its diameter is much smaller than the diameter of the tank. The air
above the liquid is maintained at a pressure P. Determine the speed of the liquid as it leaves the hole when the
liquid’s level is a distance h above the hole.

• Solution
• If (𝑨𝟐 >> 𝑨𝟏 ), then the fluid will be approximately at rest at the top. Applying Bernoulli’s equation to points 1
and 2, and noting that at the hole 𝒑𝟏 = 𝒑𝒐 , and at the top 𝒑𝟐 = p , we get
𝟏
𝑷𝒐 + 𝟐 𝝆𝒗𝟐𝟏 + 𝝆 g 𝒚𝟏 = 𝑷 + 𝝆g𝒚𝟐 ; 𝒗𝟐 = 0
𝑃2 = 𝑷 𝐀𝟐
• But 𝒚𝟐 - 𝒚𝟏 = h
2 𝑃− 𝑃𝑜
𝒗𝟏 = + 2𝑔ℎ
𝜌

• If the tank is open to the atmosphere, then 𝑷 = 𝑷𝒐 and

𝐀𝟏
𝒗𝟏 = 2𝑔ℎ

𝑃1 = 𝑃𝑜