BACHELOR OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

BCE 4106 ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY CONTROL MANAGEMENT

REPORT ABOUT THE ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT

GROUP C
GROUP MEMBERS REG. NO
1. AKAMPULIRA Jonan 2021/A/KCE/1868/F
2. KAWOOYA Andrew 2021/A/KCE/1728/G/F
3. AKANKUNDA Mackline 2021/A/KCE/2021/F
4. MAGOBA Dick 2021/A/KCE/2205/F
5. GUMOSHABE Bruno 2021/A/KCE/1826/F
6. MWEBEMBEZI Derrick 2021/A/KCE/1821/F
7. NIWAGABA Stuart 2021/A/KCE/1726/G/F
8. MUGALA Sharon 2021/A/KCE/1861/F
9. ATWINE Nickson 2021/A/KCE/1858/F
10. ATWEBEMBEIRE Novence. 2021/A/KCE/1243/F

October,2024

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................... ii
1.1 An Overview of the EIA Process in Uganda ............................................................................. 1
1.2 Definition Of EIA ........................................................................................................................ 2
1.3 Aims Of EIA ................................................................................................................................ 3
1.4 Benefits Of EIA ........................................................................................................................... 3
1.5 Principles Of EIA. ....................................................................................................................... 3
1.6 Functions Of EIA ........................................................................................................................ 4
1.7 Disadvantages Of Not Conducting An EIA .............................................................................. 4
2 EIA PROCESS .................................................................................................................................... 6
2.1 The Eia Process: .......................................................................................................................... 6
Procedure To Be Followed In Carrying Out An Eia. (Case Study Of A Road Project) ................... 6
2.2 BROAD VIEW OF THE EIA PROCESS ACCORDING TO UGANDAN MANUAL (The
National Environment Statute (NES) No.4 Of 1995). .......................................................................... 8
2.2.1 Phase I ; Preliminary activities/ Screening process.......................................................... 8
2.2.2 Phase II ; Environment Impact Study(EIS) ..................................................................... 8
2.2.3 Phase III; Decision-making .............................................................................................. 10
2.3 Projects That Require Eia ........................................................................................................ 13
2.4 Projects Likely To Be Exempted From Eia ............................................................................ 14
2.5 Issues To Be Considered In Making An Eia ........................................................................... 14
3 ENVIRONMENT IMPACTED ....................................................................................................... 16
3.1 Positive Impacts ........................................................................................................................ 16
3.2 Negative Impact ........................................................................................................................ 17
3.3 Mitigation Measures ................................................................................................................. 18
3.4 Alleviation measures in environmental management ............................................................ 21
3.5 Negative impacts for road construction projects ................................................................... 22
3.5.1 Impacts identified for a road passing through a lake (lake Bunyonyi case study); .... 24
3.5.2 Mitigation Measures For Environmental Issues On Road Construction Projects ..... 25
3.5.3 Effectiveness of the proposed mitigation measures: ...................................................... 26
3.5.4 Alternative solutions to minimize environmental impacts: ........................................... 26
4 REFERENCE .................................................................................................................................... 28

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1 INTRODUCTION
Background of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) originated in the United States in the late 1960s as a
response to growing concerns about the environmental degradation resulting from industrial
development and infrastructure projects. The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), enacted
in 1969, marked a significant milestone in environmental legislation, requiring federal agencies to
assess the environmental impacts of their proposed actions before making decisions. This
legislation laid the groundwork for EIA as a formalized process, establishing a framework for
evaluating environmental consequences and ensuring public involvement.

As awareness of environmental issues grew globally, the concept of EIA gained traction in other
countries and was adopted into various national policies and regulations. By the 1980s, EIA had
become an essential tool in environmental management, with many nations incorporating it into
their legislative frameworks. International organizations, such as the United Nations and the World
Bank, recognized the importance of EIA in promoting sustainable development and began
advocating for its implementation in development projects worldwide.

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1.1 An Overview of the EIA Process in Uganda
The concept of EIA is not new in Uganda. Before the enactment of the National Environment
Statute (NES) in 1995, EIA was not a legal requirement although there were some provisions
thatwere contained in various enactments such as the Urban Planning Act and the Investment Code
among others. These enactments provided opportunities to incorporate environmental
considerations into development.

However they have not been implemented in a way that promotes comprehensive assessment of
environmental issues in planning and do not expressly tackle EIA but have provisions that
embraced it.

EIA has become an increasingly familiar environmental management tool as a result of pressure
that is mounted on companies, industries to improve upon their environmental performance. It is
now a common tool in the developed countries and is increasingly being applied in Uganda and
other developing countries by foreign and local investors. It is applied to a range of industrial and
commercial activities; from small through medium to large scale establishments.

Until very recently, assessments were mainly done by foreign consultants and the costs met by the
developers. NEMA now has a technical team which is charged with providing EIA expertise for
all projects. Most districts in Uganda now have environmental officers and committees charged
with handling environmental matters in their jurisdictions. Some municipalities, Ministries and
government departments have established environmental offices to handle environmental matters.
Such environmental committees are also found in schools and institutions all over the country.
This kind of awareness raising will greatly improve upon the efficiency and effectiveness of the
EIA process, its monitoring and compliance in the country.

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1.2 Definition Of EIA
The process by which information about the environmental effects of a proposed activity is
collected, analyzed, and presented to decision-makers (Institute of Chemical Engineering, UK,
1994). OR

Environment Impact Assessment is a process of analyzing the positive and negative effects of a
proposed project, plan, or activity on the environment. This may include studies on the weather,
flora and fauna, soil, human health including physical, social, biological, economic and cultural
impacts. It is one of those measures taken to ensure that development is sustainable OR.

EIA is a process used to predict the environmental consequences of proposed projects, activities
or actions of

All of these definitions share three basic concepts:

 EIA is a process,
 EIA is part of project planning, and
 EIA is a proactive way of addressing environmental concerns.development.

EIA should be conducted before the commencement of a project to study the possible impact that
a proposed project or activity may have on the environment and hence eliminate, reduce or avoid
adverse impacts and costs that would be met after damage is inflicted by either redesigning the
project or instituting mitigation measures.

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1.3 Aims Of EIA
An application of EIA has the following aims in common:

1. Provides decision-makers with complete and balanced information,

2. Assesses intangible, unquantifiable effects that are not addressed by other technical reports,
3. Provides a source of information on a proposal to the public,
4. Formalizes the consideration of alternatives to a proposal being considered, and
5. Improves the design of development and safeguards the environment through the
application of mitigation and avoidance measures.

1.4 Benefits Of EIA

The application of EIA has numerous benefits. It is expected to:

1. Lower project costs in the long term,

2. Plan for and implement avoidance or remedial measures in time to minimize adverse
impacts,
3. Protect the environment,
4. Provide an opportunity for the public to get involved and participate,
5. Enhance public confidence, and n foster good public relations.

1.5 Principles Of EIA.

Under the three core values, the following eight guiding principles govern the entire process of
EIA in its implementation:

 Participation: all interested parties have appropriate and timely access to the process
 Transparency: all assessment decisions and their basis are open and accessible.
 Certainty: the process and timing of the assessment are agreed upon in advanced and
adhered to by all participants,
 Accountability: decision-makers are responsible to all parties for their actions and
decisions under the assessment process,
 Credibility: assessment is carried out with professionalism and objectivity.
 Cost-effectiveness: the assessment process and its outcomes ensure environmental
protection at the least cost to society,

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  Flexibility: the assessment process is able to adapt so that it can deal efficiently with any
sort of proposal and any decision-making situation, and
 Practicality: the information and outputs provided by the assessment process are readily
usable in decision-making and planning.

1.6 Functions Of EIA

1. The primary function of EIA is to avail to both the developer and the authorities such as
NEMA and the Town Planners, the opportunity to choose projects with full knowledge of
their impact on the environment. It also enables the relevant authorities to decide whether
to allow the project to proceed or not. This will save the developer time and costs that
would have been incurred and enables him to develop plans and policies for the mitigation
of such impacts.
2. EIA enables developers and decision makers to predict and assess the potential impacts of
the project on the well-being of the natural environment and also helps them identify
alternatives through recommending the implementation of appropriate modifications /
actions that integrate economic, social and environmental concerns.
3. EIA can help improve the credibility and also portrays a good corporate image for an
organization as an environmentally responsible organization to the general public including
government agencies and employees.
4. The EIA process is also of great benefit to banks and other financial institutions that extend
credit to their clients. It is a means by which the institution can protect its investment by
ensuring that the project fulfils all planning and legal requirements, particularly with regard
to environmental concerns.

1.7 Disadvantages Of Not Conducting An EIA

If EIA is not incorporated into project planning, the probability of a number of negative
consequences increases. These include:

1. Costly litigation, prosecution, expensive clean-ups, and the sudden burden of paying
monetary compensation, expensive “surprises” such as closing down of the project which
can result in significant losses to developers and project proponents,
2. Loss of trust in public and private institutions,
3. Worsening environmental conditions leading to a deterioration in the natural resource base
and a slowing of the economy, and

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4. Consumer and public backlash against the industries and businesses responsible for
environmental disasters.

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2 EIA PROCESS
2.1 The Eia Process:
Procedure To Be Followed In Carrying Out An Eia. (Case Study Of A Road Project)
The EIA process: the sequence of steps in its application

Project screening:

Determines whether the project requires an EIA; identify the potential environmental
impacts likely to be associated with the road project. This step also outlines possible project
alternatives such as route options, methods of construction, and materials.

Scoping:

Identifies potentially significant impacts and provides alternatives to the project as well as
a basis for developing terms of reference. Formulates the basis for the EIA in terms of
identification of key areas of focus and also stakeholders’ concerns.

Project description and consideration of alternatives:

Seeks to describe all reasonable alternatives, including preferred and ‘no action’ options
(project location, scale, process, layout, and operating conditions)

Prediction of impacts:

Identifies and predicts impacts as quantitatively as possible in terms of characteristics such

as magnitude, extent, and duration

Evaluation of impacts:

Determines the significance or importance of the predicted impacts;

Predict the possible environmental impacts of the road project by using quantitative and
qualitative methods to evaluate the magnitude, extent, duration, and reversibility of impacts,
among other important characteristics.

Key areas of potential impacts are erosion of soil, air and noise pollution, loss of
biodiversity, and social impacts within the surrounding communities.

Mitigation measures:

Designs systems and/or processes to avoid, reduce, and minimise adverse impacts and to
enhance beneficial outcomes

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Suggest ways in which adverse impacts can be avoided, reduced, or mitigated and beneficial
ones improved. The mitigation measures shall include erosion control, noise barriers, and
ecology restoration, among others.

The design shall ensure that such measures are incorporated during the planning phase of
the project, construction and operational phases.

Stakeholder’s involvement:

Ensures that stakeholders’ views as well as issues of quality, comprehensiveness, and

effectiveness are adequately addressed in the decision-making process and that these ideas
are shared throughout the EIA process with those involved.

Monitoring and auditing measures:

Identifies impacts that require monitoring or auditing,

EIA report:

Summarises all the information obtained, analysed, interpreted, and compiled into a report
format, which should contain a non-technical summary as well as sections on the
methodologies, results, analysis, and conclusions

Review: Assesses whether or not all possible issues have been addressed adequately in the
report to facilitate the decision-making process

Decision-making: Determines whether or not the project should proceed based on the
information and conclusions provided in the EIA report and review

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2.2 BROAD VIEW OF THE EIA PROCESS ACCORDING TO UGANDAN MANUAL
(The National Environment Statute (NES) No.4 Of 1995).
The main EIA process is made up of three phases namely;

2.2.1 Phase I ; Preliminary activities/ Screening process

EIA law usually requires that all projects undergo a preliminary assessment to determine whether
a full EIA is required. However, not all development projects will necessarily cause adverse effects
to the environment, and hence not all proposed projects that require EIA may undergo the entire
EIA process or the same level of assessment.

The objective of the screening phase is to determine if a proposed project;

1 Has or does not have significant impact. If it is found to have no potential of causing
adverse effects to the environment, it shall be excluded from further EIA and an
appropriate decision shall be made to either approve or implement the project.

2 Has adverse environmental impacts for which mitigation measures can readily be
identified either directly or through an environmental impact review. If found that
adequate mitigation measures have been incorporated for the identified impact, the
environmental aspects of the project may then be approved.

3 Has significant impact whose mitigation measures can not readily be identified hence
requiring a detailed EIS.

The developer gives a description of the project he intends to undertake and its impacts in the
preliminary report. The report is submitted to the National Environment Management Authority,
a Statutory body which is mandated by law to approve a project where upon it is decided whether
a full EIA should be undertaken or not.

2.2.2 Phase II ; Environment Impact Study(EIS)

This stage deals with the identification of possible impacts

a) Scoping

This exercise should as much as possible involve consultation with the potentially affected
communities as well as Non-Governmental Organisations, the private sector and other interested
parties. Meetings should be arranged to obtain their comments on what to include in the study and
what alternatives to be considered.

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 The team under the guidance of the coordinator identifies all the possible environmental impacts
of the proposed project. The team in conjunction with the authority determines the scope of the
study based on the magnitude of the project, extent of the impact, significant impacts which include
specific local economic, social and ecological setting.

a) Baseline Study

This involves undertaking a detailed description of the existing environment including the social
and economic activities of the local population resident in the area to be affected.

b) Impact Evaluation

The various impacts that the project may have on the environment are evaluated by the team and
ranked according to two criteria;

i) Quantitative or measurable change, where the impact can be measured and

ii) Qualitative change where the impact cannot be measured but depends on
the environmental acceptability of the project.

Quantitative changes provide a numerical representation of a measure and include the following;

Water quality and hydrology: whether the proposed project will contaminate a public water
supply, alter the course or flow of flood water, or deplete ground water supply;

Population and housing: whether the proposed project will displace large numbers of
people, induce substantial growth or concentration of people

Geology; whether the proposed project will expose structures and human to major hazards
such as earth quakes, landslides or result in changes in deposition of soils;

Biological resources: whether it will eliminate plant and animal communities, cause fish or
wildlife population to drop below self-sustaining levels;

Air quality: whether the intended project will result in substantial air emissions or decrease
in ambient air quality.

Qualitative changes on the other hand refer to measures that are more descriptive and represent the
presence of something reported and not necessarily measurable. These changes would subsequently
lead to the degradation of the visual quality and sense of beauty of the natural environment. This
considers such issues as, whether:

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 i) The proposed project will significantly alter the existing natural view sheds including
changes in natural terrain;
ii) It will greatly reduce sunlight or introduce shadows in areas used extensively by the
communities;
iii) It will comply with local guidelines or goals related to visual
quality;
iv) it will significantly increase light and glare on the project
vicinity.

d) Identification of Mitigation Measures

The EIA process seeks to compare various alternative options that may be available for any project
and hence determine which one represents the most desirable balance between environmental and
economic costs and benefits. Analysis and discussion of a range of alternatives to the proposed
project should include an evaluation of the merits of each alternative with respect to:

i) Technology and engineering design;

ii) Associated environmental costs of each alternative; interference and harmony with the
surrounding features;
iii) Conformity to the existing laws;
iv) Constraints and benefits of each alternative;
v) Nature of the alternative/ locations of project.

During such analyses, environmental losses and gains associated with the various alternatives are
compared together with economic costs and benefits to provide a balanced and full picture of each
alternative.

The team then identifies measures for the elimination (where possible), reduction of the potential
impact, repairing damage or compensation for the various alternatives identified in the study and
enhancing positive environmental benefits. The cost of the mitigation measures is also included in
the evaluation.

2.2.3 Phase III; Decision-making

On the basis of whether the proposed project is exempt or appropriate mitigation measures have
been incorporated for the identified impacts, a decision shall be made to either approve or
disapprove the environmental aspects of the proposed project. If approved, the necessary action

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shall be undertaken by the developer. After reaching a decision on the proposed action, and if it is
approved, the developer will be permitted to implement the project in accordance with the
mitigation terms or conditions attached to the approval. In the decision given by the developer, he
shall give one alternative and cite reasons for rejecting others. The alternatives rejected and their
reasons for being rejected should also be included in the report.

When approving an EIA, the Lead Agency can give a directive to the developer before, during and
after realization of the project with a view to remedying any adverse effects of the project and
ascertaining what impact the project may have in the event of decommissioning.

Post Assessment Environmental Audits

Monitoring of projects after EIA has been conducted is essential as this will ensure that the
mitigation measures and any other conditionalities set out by the developer in the EIA are complied
with and also verifies the performance of existing plans in the face of new laws and standards. The
developer is required to ensure that all practicable measures to minimise any predictions as laid
out in the project brief or EIS are complied with.

Environmental Audit means the systemic, documented periodic and objective evaluation of how
well an environmental organization management and equipment are performing in conserving the
environment and its resources.

Environmental Audits are therefore a monitoring mechanism, the responsibility of carrying out an
environmental audit lies with NEMA and the Lead Agencies. After completion of the project or
before the commencement of its activities, the developer is required to undertake an initial
environmental audit of the project. It is required of the developer to prepare an environmental audit
report after each audit and to have it submitted to the Executive Director.

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 Audit of the Authority

An inspector shall be designated to carry out an audit of any land, project or facility for
which a project brief or EIS has been made to determine how far the predictions made in
the project brief or EIS are complied with.

Mitigation Measures

A mitigation measure is that which a developer may carry out to reduce or minimize the impact to
the environment that the proposed project may cause or may have caused.

The purpose of this is to look for alternative and better ways of implementing the proposed project
or associated activities so that the negative impacts are substantially eliminated or minimized while
the benefits are enhanced.

A mitigation or management plan should include the following items;

b) Identification and summary of all anticipated adverse' environmental impacts

c) Description of each mitigation measures, including the type of impact to which it
relates and the conditions under which it is required, together with designs,
equipment descriptions and operating procedures
d) Description of the elements of the monitoring programme
e) Monitoring and reporting procedures that are designed to ensure early detection of
conditions that necessitates corrective actions and provide information on the
progress and results of mitigation and institutional strengthening measures.
Improvement Notices

Where a developer fails to put in place mitigation measures as set out in his EIS, he will be
issued with an improvement notice by an environmental inspector and or commence criminal
or civil proceedings against him as laid out in the NES.

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2.3 Projects That Require Eia
i) Urban development: establishments of industrial estates
ii) Shopping centres or malls expansion of recreational townships in areas like national
parks or protected areas
iii) Transportation: all major roads
iv) All roads in scenic, wooded areas railway lines airports / fields water transport,
pipelines
v) Aerial spraying
vi) Mining:
vii) quarrying and open cast extraction of precious metals, metalliferous ores, limestone
etc.
viii) Dams, rivers and water storage sources:
ix) Storage dams
x) River diversions and water transport catchment areas drilling for purposes of utilising
ground water resources
xi) Forestry activities: timber harvesting use of pesticides and fertilizers
xii) Introduction of new crops
xiii) Processing and manufacturing products:
xiv) Mineral processing foundries glass works oil refineries
xv) Tanning and dressing of hides and skins
xvi) Food processing
xvii) Brewing and malting
xviii)Electrical infrastructure:
xix) Generation stations, Transmission lines, electrical substations, manufacturing
storage schemes
xx) Waste disposal: sites for disposal sewage disposal works offensive odours
xxi) Atmospheric emissions
xxii) Natural conservation areas:
xxiii)Creation of buffer zones, national parks establishment of wilderness areas
introduction of alien species of fauna and flora policies for management of
ecosystems

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2.4 Projects Likely To Be Exempted From Eia
1. Clearing and Farm construction for subsistence use

2. Construction or repair of individual houses

3. Small/ minor land use changes in slopping areas

4. Information collection/ scientific and education , Environmental enforcement actions

5. Emergency repairs to facilities

2.5 Issues To Be Considered In Making An Eia

Ecological Considerations;

A. Biological diversity including:

 Effect of proposal on number, diversity, breeding habits etc. Of wild animals

and vegetation.

 Gene pool of domesticated plants and animals e.g. Monoculture as opposed to

wild types.

 Sustainable use including:

 Effect of proposal on soil fertility.

 Breeding populations of fish and game or wild animals.

 Natural regeneration of woodland and sustainable yield.

 Wetland resource degradation or wise use of wetlands.

B. Ecosystem maintenance including:

 Effect of proposal on food chains.
 Nutrient cycles, iii) Aquifer recharge. water run-off rates etc..
 Arial extent of habitats. v) Fragile ecosystems.
 Social considerations including:
 Effects of proposal on generation or reduction of employment in the area,
 Social cohesion or disruption,
 Effect on human health,

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  Immigration or emigration,
 Communication- roads opened up, re-routed.
 Local economy.
 Waste management: Construction projects generate significant amounts of waste
materials, including concrete, asphalt, and debris. Implementing recycling and waste
management practices, such as segregating and reusing materials, can minimise the amount
of waste sent to landfills and promote sustainable construction practices.
 Climate impact (carbon emissions): Opt for sustainable construction materials, use fuel-
efficient machinery, and incorporate green practices like planting vegetation to absorb
carbon dioxide.
 Land consumption: Plan and design roads to use the least amount of land, consider multi-
level roads or shared spaces, and prioritise refurbishing or expanding existing roads.
 Alteration of natural drainage: Design road drainage systems that mimic natural flow
patterns and incorporate permeable materials where feasible.
 Thermal pollution: Consider using reflective or permeable pavements that can reduce the
heat island effect of large asphalt surfaces.
 Spread of Invasive Species:
 Ensure machinery is cleaned before entering a new site and use native plants in
landscaping to prevent the introduction of non-native species.
 Cultural and Historical Impact: Before construction, conduct assessments to
identify cultural or historical sites. Adjust road designs to avoid or minimise impact on these
sites.

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3 ENVIRONMENT IMPACTED

The environmental impacts of a project are those resultant changes in environmental parameters,
in space and time, compared with what would have happened had the project not been under taken.
The parameters may be any of the type of environmental receptors noted previously: air quality,
water quality, noise, levels of local unemployment and crime. Impact can be;

Positive and negative environmental impacts are categorized based on whether they harm or
benefit ecosystems, resources, and living conditions:

3.1 Positive Impacts

Positive Environmental Impacts: These include efforts that support ecosystem health, like
reforestation, renewable energy adoption, or pollution reduction. For instance, using solar power
can lower greenhouse gas emissions and reduce reliance on fossil fuels, directly benefiting air
quality and climate stability. Conservation programs for endangered species, which help maintain
biodiversity, are also positive environmental efforts. Others can include.

Environmental-
i. Potential project benefits to the environment (Soil, Water, Air, Flora and Fauna).
Social Impacts
 Provision of social amenities and infrastructure e.g. Water, power, schools,
hospitals,
 Improved security
 Potential project positive impacts on culture and social fabric e.g. securing of
public areas ,Safeguarding and pronouncement;

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  Potential job creation;
 Potential enhancement of businesses;
 Potential enhancement of livelihoods.
 Evaluation of project area environmental status;
 Evaluation of project area historic and cultural sites;
 Evaluation of project area socio-economic activities;

3.2 Negative Impact

Negative Environmental Impacts: Activities that deplete resources, destroy habitats, or
pollute ecosystems fall under negative impacts. Common examples are industrial
emissions that contribute to climate change and deforestation, which leads to biodiversity
loss and soil erosion. Plastic pollution, affecting marine and terrestrial ecosystems, is also
a significant negative impact.
Environmental impacts
 Impact on Soil (disturbance, pollution and siltation);
 Impact on Geology (disturbance and pollution);
 Impact on Surface and Groundwater (interference with river flow pattern, pollution
of surface and groundwater);
 Impact on Air (Pollution from dust, smoke and other emissions
 Impact from excessive noise and vibration; I
 mpact on Flora (Removal of trees, crops and other important vegetation)
 Impact on Fauna (Displacement of wildlife, interference with wildlife migratory
corridors);
 Landscape alteration causing visual intrusion;
 Construction activity impacts (material storage, soil excavation, siltation and
pollution);
 Solid, liquid and sanitary waste generated at the construction camp and project
construction site;
 Greenhouse Effects where the project will result in removal of forest vegetation
from large area;
 Safety Risk of Construction Workers.

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  Existence of the project e.g. Visual Intrusion
 Use of natural resources
 The emission of pollutants (air, soil, water)
 The creation of nuisances and generation of waste, noise, smells, dust etc. xvii.
Waste e.g. Solid waste, Liquid waste, Effluent discharge
Social Impacts
 Socio economic impacts ( Income, relocation, cultural, values, HIV-AIDS, etc
 Geo-political impacts
 Trans boundary issues

 Risks

 Health and Safety

3.3 Mitigation Measures

Mitigation measures are actions recommended to reduce, avoid, or offset the potential adverse
impacts on the environment resulting from proposed development activities.

The objectives of mitigation measures are to minimize and remove undesirable impacts and to
maximize project benefits aiming to achieve environmental protection and socio-economic
benefits.

3.3.1.1 Types of measures

Preventive measures

Some potential adverse impacts may be reduced or eliminated before they occur by introducing
preventive measures.

Examples of preventive measures include the following:

 Implementation of a health education program.

 Initiation of a public awareness program.
 Avoidance of any activities which may create adverse effects.
 Use of de-sanding basin or sediment traps.
 Planting of tree cover.

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  Development of codes of practice for activities such as road construction which have a high
potential for erosion and sedimentation.
 Implementation of an ‘emergency management plan’ for environmental protection.
 Consolidation of the storage of hazardous substances.
 Scheduling activities to take place during the dry months to avoid erosion, and
 Use of local workforce to avoid laying extra burden on local resources.

Mitigation action plans should emphasize preventive measures which promote improved
environment management techniques and reduce implementation costs as they are the best way of
achieving environmental sustainability.

Compensatory measures

Compensatory measures are actions undertaken to compensate for unavoidable adverse impacts.
Possible compensatory measures include the following:

 Creation of similar resources or habitats elsewhere to replace the loss.

 Compensation to the affected individuals for the loss of land, houses, or other properties,
rehabilitation of displaced settlements and community facilities.
 Establishment of fish hatchery and release of fingerlings in upstream areas.

Corrective measures

Corrective measures are adopted to reduce the adverse impacts to acceptable levels.

The following are examples of the types of corrective measures that can be used:

 Installation of pollution-control devices.

 Construction of fish ladders in dams and weirs.
 Control of airborne dust.
 Erosion control and re-vegetation of slopes.
 Installation of an early warning system for floods in the downstream area.
 Safe disposal of spoil materials, and n provision of personal protection equipment to the
workforce.

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3.4 Alleviation measures in environmental management
Alleviation, focuses on reducing the severity of impacts that have already occurred, rather than
preventing them. Alleviation measures aim to lessen the negative effects on the environment or
affected communities but do not necessarily restore the original conditions

They can include;

Implementing community support programs to address social impacts.

Providing financial compensation to affected parties.

Reduce waste; reducing waste at the source by choosing reusable items, supporting sustainable
businesses, and minimizing packaging. this reduces the strain on landfills and conserves naturel
resources

Implement mitigation measures; offset unavoidable impacts by restoring, preserving or

enhancing habitants e.g. plant native species to reduce soil erosion and enhance biodiversity

Use of non- structural measures; use non-structural measures to address specific impacts or
supplement structural measures, these include economic incentives, legal instruments, community
services and training

Continuously improve; regularly measure the progress and change plans to reduce environmental
impact. this allows organizations to respond to new environmental requirements and stay
competitive

Use an environmental management system; use an environmental management system (EMS)

to reduce environmental impacts

Consider gender equality; consider gender equality in environmental management policies,

programs, projects and budgets. this includes using local knowledge, particularly women’s skills,
knowledge and capacities s

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3.5 Negative impacts for road construction projects
Generally, the environmental impacts of a road construction project can be categorized as either
primary or secondary. Primary impacts are those, which are attributed directly by the project and
secondary impacts are those, which are indirectly induced and typically include the associated
investment and changed patterns of social and economic activities by the proposed action.

AIR EMISSIONS

Construction and Operation Emissions of CO2, CO, SO2, NOx and PM10 will result from the
operation of the proposed project and road vehicles during construction processes and
transportation of material by vehicles .

Constructing roads contributes to greenhouse gas emissions from equipment, trucks, and the
production of materials like concrete and asphalt. Additionally, the roads facilitate more vehicular
traffic, further increasing carbon dioxide emissions, a primary driver of climate change.

Dust generation

Dust generated during construction will result from clearing and earthworks, including trenching,
levelling, bund construction and reinstatement operations. The major dust sources will be from the
movement of vehicles over the cleared work area and transporting materials and equipment to the
work areas.

The occurrence and significance of the dust generation will depend upon meteorological and
ground conditions at the time and location of activities. However, under normal meteorological
conditions, dust impacts will be limited to within several hundred meters of the construction area/s.

Dust generation can affect the ability of nearby vegetation to survive and maintain effective
evapotranspiration especially at agricultural areas.

Noise And vibration

Noise will be generated by equipment associated with the construction activities including
clearing, ditch digging, drilling, blasting, vehicle movements, etc. The main sources of noise
associated with the proposed construction activities include the following: Construction activities.
Material delivery. Noise impacts on sensitive receptors (hospitals, schools, residential areas…etc)
will depend on where they are located relative to the proposed project activities.

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Construction activities have the potential to produce vibration levels that may be annoying or
disturbing to humans and may cause damage to structures and architectural if appropriate
precautions are not taken. Construction activities would result in varying degrees of ground-borne
vibration, depending on the stage of construction, the equipment and construction methods
employed, the distance from the construction locations to vibration-sensitive receptors and soil
conditions.

Habitat Destruction and Fragmentation

Clearing land for roads disrupts ecosystems, displacing wildlife and destroying habitats. It can
fragment habitats, isolating species populations, and increasing the risk of extinction, particularly
for those sensitive to changes in their environment.

Fragmentation also disrupts migration paths for animals, causing increased roadkill and genetic
isolation, reducing biodiversity.

Soil Erosion and Water Pollution

Excavation and grading destabilize soil, leading to erosion. This can cause sediment runoff into
nearby rivers, lakes, and streams, which clogs waterways, impacts aquatic life, and affects water
quality.

Construction materials, fuel, and chemicals used on-site can leak, leading to soil and water
contamination.

Water Drainage Issues

Road construction can alter natural water drainage patterns, impacting wetlands, streams, and
rivers. Changes in water flow can lead to flooding in some areas and drying out of others, affecting
both the local environment and human settlements.

Loss of Vegetation and Soil Compaction

Clearing vegetation for roads reduces plant cover, which is critical for absorbing CO2, providing
oxygen, and supporting local wildlife. Soil compaction from machinery also reduces soil quality,
making it less supportive for plant growth.

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Spread of Invasive Species

Roads can act as corridors for invasive plant species, which can outcompete native plants, altering
ecosystems and reducing biodiversity.

3.5.1 Impacts identified for a road passing through a lake (lake Bunyonyi case study);
The impacts identified for a road passing through Lake Bunyonyi encompass a range of
environmental, social, and economic consequences they may include the following;
o Disturbance to local wildlife habitat: The road will cut through the ecosystem
surrounding Lake Bunyonyi, potentially disrupting habitats of various species,
including rare birds and fish. This could impact biodiversity in this ecologically
sensitive area.
o Risk of water contamination: Lake Bunyonyi, known for its clean waters, could
be at risk from sediment runoff, oils, and other construction pollutants, which may
flow into the lake and impact its water quality and aquatic life, including fish
species relied upon by local communities.
o Increased soil erosion: The hilly terrain in Kabale is prone to soil erosion, which
could worsen with vegetation clearing for road construction. This erosion may lead
to landslides and further sediment deposition into the lake.
o Noise and air pollution: Heavy machinery and construction vehicles will emit
noise and exhaust gases, affecting air quality and disturbing wildlife. The noise
could disrupt breeding or nesting patterns of birds, particularly near Lake
Bunyonyi.
o Invasive species introduction: Construction can inadvertently introduce invasive
plant species, which may overtake native flora and alter the local ecosystem
dynamics around Kabale and the lake area.
o Loss of forest cover: Road construction will require clearing vegetation along the
route, potentially reducing forest cover and affecting the micro-climate around
Lake Bunyonyi.
o Impact on local communities and tourism: Lake Bunyonyi is a popular tourist
destination. Construction activities might deter tourists, affecting local businesses.
Moreover, increased traffic and road access may disrupt the traditional lifestyle of
local communities.

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3.5.2 Mitigation Measures For Environmental Issues On Road Construction Projects
Environmental issues on road construction projects can vary depending on the location and
specific project, but some common concerns and their potential mitigating measures are
summarised below:
 Deforestation: Only clear the minimal required area for the project, replant trees,
and use pre-existing routes when possible.
 Habitat destruction: Road construction often involves clearing vegetation and
disrupting natural habitats. To mitigate this, developers can conduct thorough
environmental impact assessments beforehand and consider alternative routes that
minimise damage to sensitive ecosystems. Additionally, replanting efforts and
restoration of affected areas should be part of the project plan.
 Soil erosion and sedimentation: Construction activities can lead to soil erosion
and sediment runoff, which can negatively affect water bodies and aquatic life.
Implementing erosion control measures such as sediment traps, silt fences, and
erosion control blankets can help prevent sedimentation and protect nearby streams
and rivers.
 Air pollution: Road construction machinery and vehicles can contribute to air
pollution through emissions of pollutants such as particulate matter and carbon
dioxide. Using cleaner and more efficient equipment, like electric or hybrid
machinery, can help reduce emissions. Regular maintenance and proper tuning of
vehicles and equipment are also important to minimise pollution.
 Noise pollution: Construction activities can result in excessive noise, which can
disturb nearby communities and wildlife. Implementing noise barriers, controlling
working hours, and using quieter construction methods and equipment can help
minimise noise pollution and its impact on local residents and ecosystems.
 Water pollution: During road construction, stormwater runoff can pick up
pollutants such as sediment, oil, and chemicals, which can contaminate nearby
water bodies. Implementing proper sediment and erosion control measures, as well
as setting up appropriate containment and treatment systems, can help prevent
water pollution.

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3.5.3 Effectiveness of the proposed mitigation measures:
The effectiveness of the proposed mitigation measures is crucial in assessing their potential
impact on the environment and community well-being. Evaluation of the anticipated outcomes of
these strategies and their ability to address the identified challenges effectively s discussed below
and includes;
o Revegetation plans: If the project includes replanting trees and vegetation along
the road, it could help restore some of the lost habitat. However, long-term success
depends on using native species and providing adequate care for new plantings.
o Water quality protection: Measures like sediment ponds or silt fences near Lake
Bunyonyi are effective in controlling runoff if maintained properly. They can
prevent sediment from reaching the lake, but effectiveness will rely on regular
monitoring and immediate repairs if damaged.
o Noise control measures: Limiting construction to daylight hours and installing
temporary noise barriers can mitigate noise pollution. This will help reduce stress
on local wildlife and inconvenience to nearby communities, but it requires strict
adherence to noise control protocols.
o Air quality controls: Measures such as dust suppression and equipment
maintenance are proposed to minimize air pollution. Effective application can
reduce dust that may settle on plants or enter Lake Bunyonyi, but enforcement will
be crucial.
o Erosion control practices: Using erosion control materials, terraces, and retaining
walls along steep sections of the road can help prevent landslides and excessive
runoff. This is especially important on Kabale’s slopes, where soil stability is
already fragile.
o Establishing monitoring programs: Regular monitoring for ecological changes
and pollution levels will allow project managers to adjust mitigation strategies as
needed. This requires sustained funding and trained personnel for best results.

3.5.4 Alternative solutions to minimize environmental impacts:

Exploring alternative solutions is essential for minimizing environmental impacts associated with
the proposed project. Various strategies and approaches that can effectively reduce negative
consequences while promoting sustainability and ecological balance may include the following;
o Build elevated road sections in sensitive areas: Elevated road structures or
bridges over ecologically sensitive parts, especially near water bodies, could reduce
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 habitat fragmentation and protect wildlife below. This design could preserve more
of the natural landscape around Lake Bunyonyi.
o Create wildlife corridors and crossings: Design designated crossings for animals
along the road to mntain connectivity between habitats on either side. This can
prevent animals from venturing onto the road, reducing the risk of accidents and
preserving migration routes.
o Advanced water management: Install bio-retention swales, rain gardens, and
sediment control basins along the route to capture and treat stormwater before it
flows into Lake Bunyonyi. These natural filtration systems are effective in
removing pollutants and sediments.
o Limit deforestation by minimizing road width: Reducing the width of the road
in forested sections can help preserve as much forest cover as possible. This may
slightly limit traffic flow but would be a worthwhile compromise for environmental
protection.
o Engage with local communities on sustainable tourism: Involve local
communities in planning how the road could benefit tourism sustainably. For
instance, viewpoints or rest areas along the route could be developed with minimal
environmental impact, promoting eco-tourism.
o Utilize low-impact construction methods: Use machinery and construction
practices that reduce land disturbance, such as low-impact clearing and grading
techniques, especially around fragile areas near Lake Bunyonyi.
o Phased construction approach: Carry out construction in phases, focusing on one
segment at a time. This approach minimizes the environmental disturbance at any
given moment, allowing the ecosystem in each section to partially recover before
moving to the next phase.

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4 REFERENCE
Asia, S., Khadka, R. B., Gorzula, S., Joshi, A. R., Guragain, S., & Mathema, A. B. (n.d.). Impact
Assessment.

Barrow, C. J. (n.d.). Environmental Management for Sustainable Development Second Edition.

Edition, F. (n.d.). Introduction to environmental impact assessment.

Evans, J. W., Everitt, R. R., & Carpenter, R. A. (n.d.). Environmental Impact Assessment for
Developing Countries in Asia. 1.

Kyakuwaire, I., & Street, C. (2001). SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT SERIES No . 1 A GUIDE

TO THE ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT PROCESS IN Kenneth Kakuru. 1, 1–29.

Management, E. (n.d.). No Title.

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