In [1]: 1 import numpy as np

Write a python code to evaluate the first derivative of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥5 𝑥 = 1.1
at using the 2-
point forward difference scheme for ℎ = 0.1 .
3
Round the answer to decimal places using the Python function round() as below: ans = round(ans, 3)
Note: Do not use inbuilt methods/libraries to compute the derivative.

In [2]: 1 def forward_difference(f, x, h):

2 return (f(x + h) - f(x)) / h # Define the 2-point forward difference scheme
3 ​
4 def f(x):
5 return x**2 + x**3 + x**5
6 ​
7 # Parameters
8 x = 1.1
9 h = 0.1
10 ​
11 derivative = forward_difference(f, x, h)
12 round(derivative, 3)

Out[2]: 15.048

Write a python code to find the first derivative of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 𝑥42 + 𝑥93 at 𝑥 = 2.0 using the 2-point
backward difference scheme for ℎ = 0.1
.
Round your answer to 3 decimal places. Note: Do not use inbuilt methods/libraries.

In [3]: 1 def backward_difference(f, x, h):

2 return (f(x) - f(x - h)) / h # Define the 2-point backward difference scheme
3 ​
4 def f(x):
5 return x + (x**2 / 4.0) + (x**3/ 9.0)
6 ​
7 # Parameters
8 x = 2.0
9 h = 0.1
10 ​
11 derivative = backward_difference(f, x, h)
12 round(derivative, 3)

Out[3]: 3.243

Write a python code to find the first derivative of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥22−1+1 at 𝑥 = 0.09 using the 3-point central
difference scheme for ℎ = 0.01
.
Round the answer to 1 decimal place. Note: Do not use inbuilt methods/libraries.

In [4]: 1 def central_difference(f, x, h):

2 return (f(x + h) - f(x - h)) / (2 * h) # Define the 3-point central difference schem
3 ​
4 def f(x):
5 return (x**2 - 1) / (x**2 + 1)
6 ​
7 # Parameters
8 x = 0.09
9 h = 0.01
10 ​
11 derivative = central_difference(f, x, h)
12 round(derivative, 1)

Out[4]: 0.4
 Write a python code to solve the differential equation
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡 = 1𝑥 + 1𝑡 .
Use Euler’s forward scheme with time step, ∆𝑡 = 0.001
to find the value of 𝑥(𝑡) 𝑡 = 2.0
at for the initial condition
𝑥(1) = 1.
Round the answer to two decimal places. Note: You should not use any inbuilt methods/libraries in your code.

In [5]: 1 def euler_forward(f, x0, t0, dt, t_end):

2 x, t = x0, t0
3 while t < t_end:
4 x = x + f(x, t) * dt
5 t = t + dt
6 return x
7 ​
8 def f(x, t):
9 return 1/x + 1/t
10 ​
11 # Initial conditions and parameters
12 x0 = 1.0 # Initial value x(1) = 1
13 t0 = 1.0 # Initial time t = 1
14 t_end = 2.0 # Final time t = 2
15 dt = 0.001 # Time step
16 ​
17 x_t = euler_forward(f, x0, t0, dt, t_end)
18 round(x_t, 2)

Out[5]: 2.3

= 𝑥2 − 100𝑥.
Write a python code to solve the differential equation
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡
Use Euler’s backward scheme with time step, Δ𝑡 = 0.001 to find the value of 𝑥(𝑡) at 𝑡 = 1 for the initial condition
𝑥(0) = 1.
Round the answer to two decimal places. Note: You should not use any inbuilt methods/libraries in your code.

In [6]: 1 def euler_backward(f, x0, t0, dt, t_end):

2 x = x0
3 t = t0
4 while t < t_end:
5 x_new = x # Initial guess for x_new is the old x value
6 for _ in range(10): # Iterate to refine x_new
7 x_new = x + dt * f(x_new)
8 x = x_new
9 t += dt
10 return x
11 ​
12 def f(x):
13 return x**2 - 100*x
14 ​
15 # Initial conditions and parameters
16 x0 = 1.0 # Initial value x(0) = 1
17 t0 = 0.0 # Initial time t = 0
18 t_end = 1.0 # Final time t = 1
19 dt = 0.001 # Time step
20 ​
21 x_t = euler_backward(f, x0, t0, dt, t_end)
22 round(x_t, 2)

Out[6]: 0.0

A body of mass 3𝑘𝑔 is attached to a spring with a spring constant 9.

The motion of the body is impeded by a drag force whose magnitude is 6 times speed and the direction is opposite
to that of its velocity.
𝑦 of body is given by 𝑑𝑑𝑡2𝑦2 + 2 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑡 + 3𝑦 = 0 .
The differential equation governing the displacement,
Find the displacement 𝑦(𝑡 = 4) using Euler-Forward scheme given that 𝑦(0) = 4.0 and 𝑑𝑡 (0) = −1.0 . Take
𝑑𝑦
Δ𝑡 = 0.001.
Round your answer to 2 decimal places.
In [7]: 1 def euler_forward(f, y0, v0, t0, t_end, dt):
2 y = y0
3 v = v0
4 t = t0
5 while t < t_end:
6 dy_dt, dv_dt = f(y, v)
7 y = y + dy_dt * dt
8 v = v + dv_dt * dt
9 t += dt
10 return y
11 ​
12 def f(y, v):
13 dy_dt = v
14 dv_dt = -2 * v - 3 * y
15 return dy_dt, dv_dt
16 ​
17 # Initial conditions and parameters
18 y0 = 4.0 # Initial displacement y(0) = 4.0
19 v0 = -1.0 # Initial velocity dy/dt(0) = -1.0
20 t0 = 0.0 # Initial time t = 0
21 t_end = 4.0 # Final time t = 4
22 dt = 0.001 # Time step
23 ​
24 y_t = euler_forward(f, y0, v0, t0, t_end, dt)
25 round(y_t, 2)

Out[7]: 0.04

𝑖
The differential equation which relates the current , voltage 𝑉 , resistance 𝑅 and inductance 𝐿 of a series
electrical circuit, is given by -

𝑑𝑖
𝑑𝑡 + 𝑅𝐿𝑖 = 𝑉𝐿.
Use Euler forward and Euler backward scheme to find the value of current 𝑖(𝑡 = 2)
for the initial condition
𝑖(𝑡 = 0) = 0.0 .
Use 𝑉 = 240.0,𝑅 = 20.0,𝐿 = 50.0 Δ𝑡 = 0.01
and .
Let's say the result from Euler forward scheme is e_forward and from euler backward scheme is e_backward.
Round them both to two decimal places.
Now calculate the following quantity

𝑒 = ((𝑒𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 −𝑒𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 ) × 104

𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 +𝑒𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 )
Round the value of 𝑒 to two decimal places using round(e,2) . What is the value of e ?
In [8]: 1 # Euler-Forward Scheme
2 def euler_forward(i0, V, R, L, dt, t_end):
3 i = i0
4 t = 0.0
5 while t < t_end:
6 i = i + dt * (V - R * i) / L
7 t += dt
8 return i
9 ​
10 # Euler-Backward Scheme
11 def euler_backward(i0, V, R, L, dt, t_end):
12 i = i0
13 t = 0.0
14 while t < t_end:
15 i = (i + dt * V / L) / (1 + dt * R / L)
16 t += dt
17 return i
18 ​
19 # Parameters
20 V = 240.0 # Voltage
21 R = 20.0 # Resistance
22 L = 50.0 # Inductance
23 dt = 0.01 # Time step
24 t_end = 2.0 # Final time
25 i_0 = 0.0 # Initial current i(0)
26 ​
27 e_forward = round(euler_forward(i_0, V, R, L, dt, t_end), 2)
28 e_backward = round(euler_backward(i_0, V, R, L, dt, t_end), 2)
29 error = ((e_forward - e_backward) / (e_forward + e_backward)) * 10**4
30 round(error, 2)

Out[8]: 15.13

𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑡 = 0 by using Euler's backward scheme with

Write a python program to solve the differential equation
𝑑𝑡
time step,Δ𝑡 = 0.01
𝑥(𝑡 = 2.0) given the initial condition 𝑥(𝑡 = 0) = 1.0. Round the answer to 2 decimal places.
and find the value of

In [9]: 1 def euler_backward(x0, dt, t_end):

2 x = x0
3 t = 0.0
4 while t < t_end:
5 x = x / (1 + dt)
6 t += dt
7 return x
8 ​
9 # Parameters
10 dt = 0.01 # Time step
11 t_end = 2.0 # Final time
12 x0 = 1.0 # Initial condition
13 ​
14 x_t_end = euler_backward(x0, dt, t_end)
15 round(x_t_end, 2)

Out[9]: 0.14

Write a Python program to solve the differential equation = 𝑡𝑥2 using Trapezoid method and evaluate
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡
𝑥(𝑡 = 2.0).
Use time step, Δ𝑡 = 0.01 and the initial condition, 𝑥(𝑡 = 1) = 1 . Round your answer to 2 decimal places.
In [10]: 1 def trapezoid_method(x0, dt, t_end, t_start):
2 x = x0
3 t = t_start
4 while t < t_end:
5 t_next = t + dt
6 x_next = (x + (dt / 2) * (x / t**2)) / (1 - (dt / 2) * (1 / t_next**2)) # x_nex
7 x = x_next
8 t = t_next
9 return x
10 ​
11 # Parameters
12 dt = 0.01 # Time step
13 t_end = 2.0 # Final time
14 x0 = 1.0 # Initial condition
15 t_start = 1.0 # Initial time
16 ​
17 x_t_end = trapezoid_method(x0, dt, t_end, t_start)
18 round(x_t_end, 2)

Out[10]: 1.65

Write a python code to solve the differential equation = 𝑥 + 𝑦 using Euler Forward scheme and find the value
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
of 𝑦(𝑥 = 2) .
Take time step, Δ𝑥 = 0.01 and the initial condition to be 𝑦(𝑥 = 0) = 1.0.Round the answer to two decimal
places.

In [11]: 1 def euler_forward(y0, dx, x_end):

2 y = y0
3 x = 0.0
4 while x < x_end:
5 y = y + dx * (x + y) # Update y using Euler Forward formula
6 x += dx # Increment x
7 return y
8 ​
9 # Parameters
10 dx = 0.01 # Time step (Δx)
11 x_end = 2.0 # Final value of x
12 y0 = 1.0 # Initial condition y(x=0)
13 ​
14 y_at_end = euler_forward(y0, dx, x_end)
15 round(y_at_end, 2)

Out[11]: 11.63