1

DEPT. OF CSE
U21CSG05 COMPUTER
NETWORKS
COURSE
OUTCOMES

2
Syllabus
TEXT BOOKS &
REFERENCES

4
 COURSE
OUTCOMES
⚫ Upon completion of the course, the student will be
able to
⚫ CO1: Solve the topology issues in physical layer
(Apply)
⚫ CO2: Model the error detection and correction
mechanism for data-link layer (Apply)
⚫ CO3: Implement suitable routing protocols for the
networks (Apply)
⚫ CO4: Examine the functions of transport layer protocols
(Analyze)
⚫ CO5: Compare the performance of different application
5
layer protocols (Analyze)
 TEXT BOOKS &
REFERENCES
⚫ TEXT BOOKS:
⚫ 1. J.F. Kurose, K.W. Ross, “Computer Networking: A Top-Down
Approach”, 5th edition, Addison-Wesley, 2017
⚫ 2. Behrouz A Forouzan, “Data Communications and Networking”,
5th edition, Tata McGraw–Hill, New Delhi, 2015

⚫ REFERENCES:
⚫ 1. William Stallings, “Data and Computer Communications”, 10th
edition, Pearson Education, 2013
⚫ 2. Larry L. Peterson, Bruce S. Davie, “Computer Networks: A
Systems Approach”, 5th edition, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Inc., 2012
⚫ 3. Ying-Dar Lin, Ren-Hung Hwang and Fred Baker, “Computer6
 Topic
s
• Functions of transport layer
• UDP
• TCP
• SCTP
• TCP congestion control
• Congestion avoidance mechanisms
• Quality of Service
• Integrated services
• Differentiated services

7
TCP Features
Numbering System
⚫ Although the TCP software keeps track of the segments being transmitted or
received,there is no field for a segment number value in the segment header.
⚫ Instead, there are two fields, called the sequence number and the acknowledgment
number. These two fields refer to a byte number and not a segment number.
Byte Number
⚫ The bytes of data being transferred in each connection are numbered by TCP.
⚫ The numbering starts with an arbitrarily generated number.
Sequence Number
⚫ The value in the sequence number field of a segment defines the number assigned
to the first data byte contained in that segment.
Acknowledgment Number
⚫ The value of the acknowledgment field in a segment defines the number of the next
byte
⚫ a party expects to receive. The acknowledgment number is cumulative.
Figure 22.15 Control field
Connection Establishment
SCTP

• Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) is a

new transport-layer protocol designed to combine
some features of UDP and TCP in an effort to
create a better protocol for multimedia
communication.

Topics discussed in this section:

SCTP Services and Features
Packet Format
An SCTP Association
Flow Control and Error Control
23.40
Note

SCTP is a message-oriented, reliable

protocol that combines the best features of
UDP and TCP.

23.41
Table 23.4 Some SCTP applications

23.42
SCTP Services
Process-to-Process Communication
⚫ SCTP, like UDP or TCP, provides process-to-process
communication.
Multiple Streams
SCTP Services
Multihoming
 SCTP Services
Full-Duplex Communication
⚫ Like TCP, SCTP offers full-duplex service, where data can flow
in both directions at the same time. Each SCTP then has a sending
and receiving buffer and packets are sent in both directions.
Connection-Oriented Service
⚫ Like TCP, SCTP is a connection-oriented protocol. However, in
SCTP, a connection is called an association.
Reliable Service
⚫ SCTP, like TCP, is a reliable transport protocol. It uses an
acknowledgment mechanism to check the safe and sound arrival
of data. We will discuss this feature further in the section on error
control.
Note

An association in SCTP can involve

multiple streams.

23.46
Note

SCTP association allows multiple IP

addresses for each end.

23.47
 SCTP Features

In SCTP, a data chunk is numbered using a

TSNTransmission Sequence Number
(TSN).

23.48
 SCTP Features

To distinguish between different streams,

SCTP uses an SI (Stream Identifier (SI).

23.49
 SCTP Features

Note

To distinguish between different data

chunks belonging to the same stream,
SCTP uses SSNs (Stream Sequence
Number (SSN)).

23.50
SCTP Features

TCP has segments; SCTP has packets.

23.51
Figure 23.29 Comparison between a TCP segment and an SCTP packet

23.52
Note

In SCTP, control information and data

information are carried in separate chunks.

23.53
Note

Data chunks are identified by three items:

TSN, SI, and SSN.
TSN is a cumulative number identifying the
association; SI defines the stream; SSN
defines the chunk in a stream.

23.54
Note

In SCTP, acknowledgment numbers are

used to acknowledge only data chunks;
control chunks are acknowledged by other
control chunks if necessary.

23.55
Note

In an SCTP packet, control chunks come

before data chunks.

23.56
Note

A connection in SCTP is called an

association.

23.57
Note

No other chunk is allowed in a packet

carrying an INIT or INIT ACK chunk.
A COOKIE ECHO or a COOKIE ACK chunk
can carry data chunks.

23.58
Table 23.5 Chunks

23.59
Figure 23.33 Four-way handshaking

23.60
Note

In SCTP, only DATA chunks

consume TSNs;
DATA chunks are the only chunks
that are acknowledged.

23.61
Figure 23.34 Simple data transfer

23.62
Note

The acknowledgment in SCTP defines the

cumulative TSN, the TSN of the last data
chunk received in order.

23.63
Figure 23.35 Association termination

23.64
TCP Congestion Control
TCP Congestion Control
TCP Congestion Control
Backpressure method for alleviating congestion
TCP Congestion Control
Backpressure method for alleviating congestion
TCP Congestion Control
TCP Congestion Policy
Slow Start, exponential increase
Slow Start, exponential increase
Slow Start, exponential increase
Congestion Aviodance,additive increase
Congestion Aviodance,additive increase
Congestion Aviodance,additive increase
Multiplicative Decrease
Multiplicative Decrease
Fast Retransmit and Fast Recovery
TCP congestion policy summary
Congestion Avoidance Mechanisms
Congestion Avoidance Mechanism
Congestion Avoidance Mechanism
Congestion Avoidance Mechanism
Congestion Avoidance Mechanism
Congestion Avoidance Mechanism
Congestion Avoidance Mechanism
Congestion Avoidance Mechanism
Congestion Avoidance Mechanism
Congestion Avoidance Mechanism
Congestion Avoidance Mechanism
Source Based Congestion Aviodance
Congestion Avoidance Mechanism
Congestion Avoidance Mechanism
 Quality of Service
⚫ Quality of service (QoS) is an internetworking issue that
has been discussed more than defined. We can informally
define quality of service as something a flow seeks to
attain.
Flow characteristics
Flow characteristics
Techniques to Improve QoS
Scheduling
FIFO Queuing
Priority queuing
Weighted fair queuing
Weighted fair queuing
Traffic Shaping
Leaky bucket
 Leaky bucket

A leaky bucket shapes algorithm bursty traffic into fixed-rate traffic

by averaging the data rate. It may drop the packets if the bucket is
full.
Token bucket
Token bucket
Resource Reservation
Admission Control
Integrated Services
Integrated Services
Integrated Services
Integrated Services
Integrated Services
Integrated Services
RSVP
RSVP
RSVP
Path messages
Resv messages
Reservation merging
Reservation merging
Reservation styles
Reservation styles
DIFFERENTIATED SERVICES
DIFFERENTIATED SERVICES
DIFFERENTIATED SERVICES
DIFFERENTIATED SERVICES
DIFFERENTIATED SERVICES
Traffic conditioner
DIFFERENTIATED SERVICES
Q and A