COMMUNICATION SYSTEM 2 LAB SHEET 4 PART :2

S Bhargava Siva Sai(SC21B121)

% This program Transmits the Bits through a channel and receives it using QPSK
scheme.

clear;
fc = 25; % Carrier Frequency
Ts = 1; % Symbol Time
N = 10000; % Number of Bits
fs = 100; % Sampling Frequency
norm_factor = fs/2; % Normalization factor
var = 10; % AWGN Noise Variance

% This function is used to create an input wave

[~, inp_bits, temp] = plus_one_and_minus_one_seq(fs, Ts, N);

% This function is used to create another array of ODD and EVEN bits
[odd_bit_wave, even_bit_wave, ~, ~, ~] = bit_split_by_2(inp_bits, temp, Ts, N,
fs);

% Modulation of ODD and EVEN binary wave

odd_bit_modulate = am_modulation(odd_bit_wave,Ts,N/2,fc,fs,"cos");
even_bit_modulate = am_modulation(even_bit_wave,Ts,N/2,fc,fs,"sin");

% QPSK transmitted signal

% Here imaginary part is used show phase difference between EVEN and ODD bit
wave
qpsk_signal = odd_bit_modulate + 1i*even_bit_modulate;

% Signal Received from channel & Band Pass Receive filter

y = qpsk_signal;

% Adding AWGN to Channel's Impulse response

Noise = sqrt(var)*(randn([1,length(y)]) + 1i*randn(1,length(y))); % AWGN
y = y + Noise;

% Correlating Receiver for odd_bits & even_bits

corr_odd_wave = imag(y*1i);
corr_even_wave = real(y*-1i);

% Creating Local Oscillators

variable = 0:1/fs:Ts*N*0.5-1/fs;
local_oscillator_cos = cos(2*pi*fc*variable);
 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM 2 LAB SHEET 4 PART :2
S Bhargava Siva Sai(SC21B121)
local_oscillator_sin = sin(2*pi*fc*variable);

% Demodulating the wave received from Band Pass Receive Filter

demodulated_wave_even = corr_even_wave.*local_oscillator_sin;
demodulated_wave_odd = corr_odd_wave.*local_oscillator_cos;

% Demodulator Low Pass Filter Specifications

fpass_LPF = 5;
fstop_LPF = 10;
fpass_LPF_norm = fpass_LPF/norm_factor;
fstop_LPF_norm = fstop_LPF/norm_factor;

% Creating a Low Pass Filter to Filter the Unfiltered Demodulated Wave

[imp, ~, ~] = Low_pass_Filter(fs, [0 fpass_LPF_norm, fstop_LPF_norm, 1], [1 1
0 0]);

% Convolving Low Pass Filter with Unfiltered Demodulated Wave (EVEN & ODD)
Cont_Demodulated_Wave_Even = conv(imp,demodulated_wave_even);
Cont_Demodulated_Wave_Odd = conv(imp,demodulated_wave_odd);

% Taking 5 samples for a particular Bit

% If 100 bits are input, then 500 samples are taken
sample_even = [];
for i = fs/2:(fs*Ts)/5:length(Cont_Demodulated_Wave_Even)-fs/2
sample_even = [sample_even Cont_Demodulated_Wave_Even(i)];
end

% Decision maker which converts a sample of 5 values into single bit (For
Channel)
sample_bits_even = decision_maker(sample_even);

% Taking 5 samples for a particular Bit

% If 100 bits are input, then 500 samples are taken
sample_odd = [];
for i = fs/2:fs*Ts/5:length(Cont_Demodulated_Wave_Odd)-fs/2
sample_odd= [sample_odd Cont_Demodulated_Wave_Odd(i)];
end

% Decision maker which converts a sample of 5 values into single bit (For
Channel)
sample_bits_odd = decision_maker(sample_odd);

% Creating an array of receievd even and odd bits

 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM 2 LAB SHEET 4 PART :2
S Bhargava Siva Sai(SC21B121)
received_bits = [];
for i = 1:N/2
received_bits = [received_bits sample_bits_odd(i) sample_bits_even(i)];
end

% Calculating Bit Error Rate

BER = Bit_Error_Rate(inp_bits, received_bits, N);
Bit_Error_Rate = sprintf("Bit Error rate = %d percent", BER);
disp(Bit_Error_Rate);
Bit Error rate = 2.392000e+01 percent

Q2.

% This program Transmits the Bits through a channel and receives it using 16-
QAM scheme.

clear;
fc = 25; % Carrier Frequency
Ts = 1; % Symbol Time
N = 20000; % Number of Bits
fs = 100; % Sampling Frequency
norm_factor = fs/2; % Normalization factor
var = 10; % AWGN Noise Variance

% This function is used to create an input wave

[~, inp_bits, temp] = plus_one_and_minus_one_seq(fs, Ts, N);

% This function is used to create another array of ODD and EVEN bits
[~, ~, ~, ~, temp_half_bits] = bit_split_by_2(inp_bits, temp, Ts, N, fs);

% To create Time Axis for 16-QAM modulated signal

temp_quarter_bits = temp_half_bits(1:length(temp_half_bits)/2);

QAM_16_signal = []; % 16-QAM transmitted signal

% This loop is to process 4-bits at a time
for i = 1:N/4
temp_stor = inp_bits(4*i-3:4*i);
encoded = encode_16_QAM(temp_stor); % This encodes the 4-bits of 16-QAM
every time the loop runs

% This creates an array of ones

one_arr = ones(1,fs*Ts);

% This modulates the wave created for ODD and EVEN bits
 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM 2 LAB SHEET 4 PART :2
S Bhargava Siva Sai(SC21B121)
odd_bit_modulate = encoded(1)*am_modulation(one_arr,Ts,1,fc,fs,"cos");
even_bit_modulate = encoded(2)*am_modulation(one_arr,Ts,1,fc,fs,"sin");

% This is 16-QAM modulated signal (wave) processed with the encoded

function
QAM_16_signal = [QAM_16_signal odd_bit_modulate+1i*even_bit_modulate];
end

% Signal Received from channel & Band Pass Receive filter

y = QAM_16_signal;

% Adding AWGN to Channel's Impulse response

Noise = sqrt(var)*(randn([1,length(y)]) + 1i*randn([1,length(y)])); % AWGN
y = y + Noise;

% Correlation Receiver for odd & even part

corr_even = imag(y);
corr_odd = real(y);

% Creating Local Oscillators

variable = 0:1/fs:Ts*N*0.25-1/fs;
local_oscillator_cos = cos(2*pi*fc*variable);
local_oscillator_sin = sin(2*pi*fc*variable);

% Demodulating the wave received from Band Pass Receive Filter

demodulated_wave_odd = corr_odd.*local_oscillator_cos;
demodulated_wave_even = corr_even.*local_oscillator_sin;

% Demodulator Low Pass Filter Specifications

fpass_LPF = 5;
fstop_LPF = 10;
fpass_LPF_norm = fpass_LPF/norm_factor;
fstop_LPF_norm = fstop_LPF/norm_factor;

% Creating a Low Pass Filter to Filter the Unfiltered Demodulated Wave

[imp, ~, ~] = Low_pass_Filter(fs, [0 fpass_LPF_norm, fstop_LPF_norm, 1], [1 1
0 0]);

% Convolving Low Pass Filter with Unfiltered Demodulated Wave (EVEN & ODD)
Cont_Demodulated_Wave_Even = conv(demodulated_wave_even,imp);
Cont_Demodulated_Wave_Odd = conv(demodulated_wave_odd,imp);

% If 100 bits are input, then 100 samples are taken

 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM 2 LAB SHEET 4 PART :2
S Bhargava Siva Sai(SC21B121)
sample_even = [];
for i = fs:(fs*Ts):length(Cont_Demodulated_Wave_Even)-fs/2
sample_even = [sample_even Cont_Demodulated_Wave_Even(i)];
end

sample_odd = [];
for i = fs:fs*Ts:length(Cont_Demodulated_Wave_Odd)-fs/2
sample_odd= [sample_odd Cont_Demodulated_Wave_Odd(i)];
end

% Decision maker which gives received bits

received_bits = decode_16_QAM_single_sample(sample_odd, sample_even, Ts, N);

subplot(2,1,1);
stem (inp_bits);
title("Transmitted Bits");
xlabel("Bits");
ylabel("Amplitude (0 or 1)");

subplot(2,1,2);
stem(received_bits);
title("Received Bits");
xlabel("Bits");
ylabel("Amplitude (0 or 1)");
 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM 2 LAB SHEET 4 PART :2
S Bhargava Siva Sai(SC21B121)

% Calculating Bit Error Rate

BER = Bit_Error_Rate(inp_bits, received_bits, N);
Bit_Error_Rate = sprintf("Bit Error rate = %d percent", BER);
disp(Bit_Error_Rate);
Bit Error rate = 2.953000e+01 percent

Q3.

% This program provides with the demodulation scheme of 8-PSK

clear;
fc = 25; % Carrier Frequency
Ts = 1; % Bit Time
N = 15000; % Number of Bits
fs = 100; % Sampling Frequency
norm_factor = fs/2; % Normalization factor
var = 1; % AWGN Noise Variance

% This function is used to create an input wave

[~, inp_bits, ~] = plus_one_and_minus_one_seq(fs, Ts, N);

% Creating Time axis

temp_psk_wave = 0:1/fs:Ts*N/3 - 1/fs;
 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM 2 LAB SHEET 4 PART :2
S Bhargava Siva Sai(SC21B121)
psk_wave = []; % Creating a 8-PSK wave
% This loop extracts 3 bits at a time and phase-mapper function modulates its
phase accordingly
for i = 1:N/3
temp_stor = inp_bits(3*i-2:3*i); % This extracts 3 bits at a time and
stores it

% This creates an outwave and phase according to the bits received

[outwave, phase] = phase_mapper_8_PSK(temp_stor, Ts, fs, fc);

psk_wave = [psk_wave outwave]; % This is to append the outwave according

to the bit sequence processed
end

% Signal Received from channel & Band Pass Receive filter

y = psk_wave;

% Adding AWGN to Channel's Impulse response

Noise = sqrt(var)*(randn([1,length(y)])+1i*randn([1, length(y)])); % AWGN
y = y + Noise;

% Creating Local Oscillators

variable = 0:1/fs:1-1/fs;
local_oscillator_cos = cos(2*pi*fc*variable);
local_oscillator_sin = sin(2*pi*fc*variable);

% Demodulating the wave received from Band Pass Receive Filter

demod_cos = [];
demod_sin = [];
for i = 1:N/3
temp_stor = y((i-1)*fs*Ts+1:fs*Ts*i);
temp_demod_cos = local_oscillator_cos.*temp_stor;
temp_demod_sin = local_oscillator_sin.*temp_stor;
demod_cos = [demod_cos temp_demod_cos];
demod_sin = [demod_sin temp_demod_sin];
end

% Demodulator Low Pass Filter Specifications

fpass_LPF = 5;
fstop_LPF = 10;
fpass_LPF_norm = fpass_LPF/norm_factor;
fstop_LPF_norm = fstop_LPF/norm_factor;

% Creating a Low Pass Filter to Filter the Unfiltered Demodulated Wave

 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM 2 LAB SHEET 4 PART :2
S Bhargava Siva Sai(SC21B121)
[imp, ~, ~] = Low_pass_Filter(fs, [0 fpass_LPF_norm, fstop_LPF_norm, 1], [1 1
0 0]);

% Convolving Low Pass Filter with Unfiltered Demodulated Wave (EVEN & ODD)
demodulated_wave_cos = conv(demod_cos,imp);
demodulated_wave_sin = conv(demod_sin,imp);

% Taking 5 samples for a particular Bit (for sine and cosine wave)
% If 100 bits are input, then 500 samples are taken
sample_cos = [];
for i = fs:(fs*Ts):length(demodulated_wave_cos)-fs/2
sample_cos = [sample_cos demodulated_wave_cos(i)];
end

sample_sin = [];
for i = fs:(fs*Ts):length(demodulated_wave_sin)-fs/2
sample_sin = [sample_sin demodulated_wave_sin(i)];
end

% Decision maker for Received bits

received_bits = decode_phase_single_sample(sample_cos, sample_sin, Ts, N);

subplot(2,1,1);
stem(inp_bits);
title("Transmitted Bits");
xlabel("Bits");
ylabel("Amplitude (0 or 1)");

subplot(2,1,2);
stem(received_bits);
title("Received Bits");
xlabel("Bits");
ylabel("Amplitude (0 or 1)");
 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM 2 LAB SHEET 4 PART :2
S Bhargava Siva Sai(SC21B121)

% Calculating Bit Error Rate

BER = Bit_Error_Rate(inp_bits, received_bits, N);
Bit_Error_Rate = sprintf("Bit Error rate = %d percent", BER);
disp(Bit_Error_Rate);
Bit Error rate = 3.395333e+01 percent

Q4.

% This program provides with the demodulation scheme of 8-PSK

clear;
Ts = 1; % Symbol Time
N = 10000; % Number of Bits
fs = 100; % Sampling Frequency
norm_factor = fs/2; % Normalized Frequency
var = 10; % AWGN Noise Variance

% This function is used to create an input wave

[x, inp_bits, ~] = plus_one_and_minus_one_seq(fs, Ts, N);

fsk_4 = []; % 4-FSK Transmitted signal

% This loop checks 2 bits at a Time and modulates accordingly
for i = 1:N/2
 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM 2 LAB SHEET 4 PART :2
S Bhargava Siva Sai(SC21B121)
if inp_bits(2*i-1) == 0 && inp_bits(2*i) == 0
fc = 22; % Carrier frequency if 00 transmitted
fsk_4_modulate = am_modulation(x(2*(i-
1)*fs*Ts+1:2*i*fs*Ts),Ts,2,fc,fs,"cos"); % modulated wave
elseif inp_bits(2*i-1) == 0 && inp_bits(2*i) == 1
fc = 24; % Carrier frequency if 01 transmitted
fsk_4_modulate = am_modulation(x(2*(i-
1)*fs*Ts+1:2*i*fs*Ts),Ts,2,fc,fs,"cos"); % modulated wave
elseif inp_bits(2*i-1) == 1 && inp_bits(2*i) == 0
fc = 26; % Carrier frequency if 10 transmitted
fsk_4_modulate = am_modulation(x(2*(i-
1)*fs*Ts+1:2*i*fs*Ts),Ts,2,fc,fs,"cos"); % modulated wave
elseif inp_bits(2*i-1) == 1 && inp_bits(2*i) == 1
fc = 28; % Carrier frequency if 11 transmitted
fsk_4_modulate = am_modulation(x(2*(i-
1)*fs*Ts+1:2*i*fs*Ts),Ts,2,fc,fs,"cos"); % modulated wave
end
fsk_4 = [fsk_4 fsk_4_modulate]; % 4-FSK Transmitted Signal
end

% Signal Received from channel & Band Pass Receive filter

y = fsk_4;

% Adding AWGN to Channel's Impulse response

Noise = sqrt(var)*(randn([1,length(y)])+1i*randn([1, length(y)])); % AWGN
y = y + Noise;

% Different Carrier Frequencies for Local_Oscillator

fc1 = 22;
fc2 = 24;
fc3 = 26;
fc4 = 28;

% Creating the Local Oscillator for different carrier frequencies

variable = 0:1/fs:Ts*N-1/fs;
LO_cos_1 = cos(2*pi*fc1*variable);
LO_cos_2 = cos(2*pi*fc2*variable);
LO_cos_3 = cos(2*pi*fc3*variable);
LO_cos_4 = cos(2*pi*fc4*variable);

% Demodulator Low Pass Filter Specifications

fpass_LPF = 5;
fstop_LPF = 10;
fpass_LPF_norm = fpass_LPF/norm_factor;
fstop_LPF_norm = fstop_LPF/norm_factor;
 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM 2 LAB SHEET 4 PART :2
S Bhargava Siva Sai(SC21B121)
% Creating a Low Pass Filter to Filter the Unfiltered Demodulated Wave
[imp, ~, ~] = Low_pass_Filter(fs, [0 fpass_LPF_norm, fstop_LPF_norm, 1], [1 1
0 0]);

% Demodulating the 4_fsk wave

fsk_demod = y.*LO_cos_1 + y.*LO_cos_2 + y.*LO_cos_3 + y.*LO_cos_4;
% Filtering the Unfiltered Demodulated Wave
cont_fsk_demod = conv(imp,fsk_demod);

% Taking 5 samples for a particular Bit

% If 100 bits are input, then 500 samples are taken
sample = [];
for i = fs/2:fs*Ts/5:length(cont_fsk_demod)-fs/2
sample= [sample cont_fsk_demod(i)];
end

% Decision maker which converts a sample of 5 values into single bit (For
Channel)
received_bits = decision_maker(sample);

subplot(2,1,1);
stem (inp_bits);
title("Transmitted Bits");
xlabel("Bits");
ylabel("Amplitude (0 or 1)");

subplot(2,1,2);
stem(received_bits);
title("Received Bits");
xlabel("Bits");
ylabel("Amplitude (0 or 1)");
 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM 2 LAB SHEET 4 PART :2
S Bhargava Siva Sai(SC21B121)

% Calculating Bit Error Rate

BER = Bit_Error_Rate(inp_bits, received_bits, N);
Bit_Error_Rate = sprintf("Bit Error rate = %d percent", BER);
disp(Bit_Error_Rate);
Bit Error rate = 4.012000e+01 percent

Q5.

% This program helps to transmit a data through QPSK modulation approach

% The constellation map of transmitted data is also shown
% The PSD of the transmitted signal is also shown
% Observation - 1 : The Bandwidth of QPSK signal is same as of BPSK signal due
to same Symbol Time
% Observation - 2 : Bit rate is twice the original as 2 bits are processed at
a time

clear;
fc = 20; % Carrier Frequency
Ts = 1; % Symbol Time
N = 10000; % Number of Bits
fs = 100; % Sampling Frequency
var = 0.01; % AWGN Noise Variance

% This function is used to create an input wave

 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM 2 LAB SHEET 4 PART :2
S Bhargava Siva Sai(SC21B121)
[x, inp_bits, temp] = plus_one_and_minus_one_seq(fs, Ts, N);

% This is BPSK modulated signal (This will be compared with QPSK)

bpsk_modulate = am_modulation(x,Ts,N,fc,fs,"cos");

% This function is used to create another array of ODD and EVEN bits
[odd_bit_wave, even_bit_wave, odd_bits, even_bits, ~] =
bit_split_by_2(inp_bits, temp, Ts, N, fs);

% Modulation of ODD and EVEN binary wave

odd_bit_modulate = am_modulation(odd_bit_wave,Ts,N/2,fc,fs,"cos");
even_bit_modulate = am_modulation(even_bit_wave,Ts,N/2,fc,fs,"sin");

% QPSK transmitted signal

% Here imaginary part is used show phase difference between EVEN and ODD bit
wave
% This is for Constellation map
qpsk_signal = odd_bit_modulate + 1i*even_bit_modulate;

% Actual QPSK transmitted signal

qpsk_real = real(qpsk_signal)+imag(qpsk_signal);

% To convert the ODD and EVEN bits into NRZ form

even_bits_NRZ = even_bits*2-1;
odd_bits_NRZ = odd_bits*2-1;

% This signal is to show Constellation map of QPSK

QPSK_const = sqrt(Ts/2)*(odd_bits_NRZ + 1i*even_bits_NRZ);

% Adding AWGN to Channel's Impulse response

Noise = sqrt(var)*(randn([1,length(QPSK_const)]) +
1i*randn(1,length(QPSK_const))); % AWGN
QPSK_const = QPSK_const + Noise;

scatterplot(QPSK_const);
title("Constellation diagram of QPSK");
grid on;
 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM 2 LAB SHEET 4 PART :2
S Bhargava Siva Sai(SC21B121)

Q6.

% This program helps to transmit a data through 16-QAM modulation approach

% The constellation map of transmitted data is also shown
% The PSD of the transmitted signal is also shown
% Observation - 1 : The Bandwidth of 16-QAM signal is same as BPSK signal due
to same Symbol Time
% Observation - 2 : Bit rate is four times the original as 2 symbols (pair of
ODD and EVEN) are processed at a time
% 1 symbol = 4 bits here

clear;
fc = 20; % Carrier Frequency
Ts = 1; % Bit Time
N = 20000; % Number of Bits
fs = 100; % Sampling Frequency
var = 0.1; % AWGN Noise Variance
 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM 2 LAB SHEET 4 PART :2
S Bhargava Siva Sai(SC21B121)
% This function is used to create an input wave
[x, inp_bit, temp] = plus_one_and_minus_one_seq(fs, Ts, N);

% This is BPSK modulated signal (This will be compared with 16-QAM)

bpsk_modulate = am_modulation(x,Ts,N,fc,fs,"cos");

% This function is used to create another array of ODD and EVEN bits
[~, ~, ~, even_bits, temp_half_bits] = bit_split_by_2(inp_bit, temp, Ts, N,
fs);

% To create Time Axis for 16-QAM modulated signal

temp_quarter_bits = temp_half_bits(1:length(temp_half_bits)/2);

QAM_16_signal = []; % 16-QAM transmitted signal

QAM_16_const = []; % Constellation map for 16-QAM transmitted bits

% This loop is to process 4-bits at a time

for i = 1:N/4
temp_stor = inp_bit(4*i-3:4*i);
encoded = encode_16_QAM(temp_stor); % This encodes the 4-bits of 16-QAM
every time the loop runs
% This creates an array of ones
one_arr = ones(1,fs*Ts);

% This modulates the wave created for ODD and EVEN bits
odd_bit_modulate = encoded(1)*am_modulation(one_arr,Ts,1,fc,fs,"cos");
even_bit_modulate = encoded(2)*am_modulation(one_arr,Ts,1,fc,fs,"sin");

% This is 16-QAM modulated signal (wave) processed with the encoded

function (To show Constellation map)
QAM_16_signal = [QAM_16_signal odd_bit_modulate+1i*even_bit_modulate];

% This is actual processed 16-QAM wave

QAM_16_signal_real = real(QAM_16_signal)+imag(QAM_16_signal);

% This signal is used to show 16-QAM signal (bits)

QAM_16_const = [QAM_16_const encoded(2)+1i*encoded(1)];
end

% This is scaled with sqrt(Ts/2) in order to maintain Amplitude

QAM_16_const = sqrt(Ts/2)*QAM_16_const;

% Adding AWGN to Channel's Impulse response

 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM 2 LAB SHEET 4 PART :2
S Bhargava Siva Sai(SC21B121)
Noise = sqrt(var)*(randn([1,length(QAM_16_const)]) +
1i*randn(1,length(QAM_16_const))); % AWGN
QAM_16_const = QAM_16_const + Noise;

scatterplot(QAM_16_const);
title("Constellation Diagram of 16-QAM");
grid on;

Q7.
% This program helps to transmit a data through 8-PSK modulation approach
% The constellation map of transmitted data is also shown
% The PSD of the transmitted signal is also shown
% Observation - 1 : The Bandwidth of 8-PSK signal is same as of BPSK signal
due to same Symbol Time
% Observation - 2 : Bit rate is thrice the original as 3 bits are processed at
a time

clear;
 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM 2 LAB SHEET 4 PART :2
S Bhargava Siva Sai(SC21B121)
fc = 20; % Carrier Frequency
Ts = 1; % Bit Time
N = 15000; % Number of Bits
fs = 100; % Sampling Frequency
var = 0.001; % AWGN Noise Variance

% This function is used to create an input wave

[x, inp_bits, ~] = plus_one_and_minus_one_seq(fs, Ts, N);

% This is BPSK modulated signal (This will be compared with 8-PSK)

bpsk_modulate = am_modulation(x,Ts,N,fc,fs,"cos");

% Creating Time axis

temp_psk_wave = 0:1/fs:Ts*N/3 - 1/fs;

psk_wave = []; % Creating a 8-PSK wave

PSK_8_const_sig = []; % Creating a 8-PSK bit sequence for constellation
mapping

% This loop extracts 3 bits at a time and phase-mapper function modulates its
phase accordingly
for i = 1:N/3
temp_stor = inp_bits(3*i-2:3*i); % This extracts 3 bits at a time and
stores it

% This creates an outwave and phase according to the bits received

[outwave, phase] = phase_mapper_8_PSK(temp_stor, Ts, fs, fc);

psk_wave = [psk_wave outwave]; % This is to append the outwave according

to the bit sequence processed
PSK_8_const_sig = [PSK_8_const_sig (Ts/2)*exp(1i*phase)]; % This is for
Contellation map
end

% Adding AWGN to Channel's Impulse response

Noise = sqrt(var)*(randn([1,length(PSK_8_const_sig)])+1i*randn([1,
length(PSK_8_const_sig)])); % AWGN
PSK_8_const_sig = PSK_8_const_sig + Noise;

scatterplot(PSK_8_const_sig);
title("Constellation diagram of 8-PSK")
grid on;
 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM 2 LAB SHEET 4 PART :2
S Bhargava Siva Sai(SC21B121)

Q8

% This program provides with the demodulation scheme of 8-PSK

clear;
Ts = 1; % Symbol Time
N = 10000; % Number of Bits
fs = 100; % Sampling Frequency
norm_factor = fs/2; % Normalized Frequency
var = 0.1; % AWGN Noise Variance

% This function is used to create an input wave

[x, inp_bits, ~] = plus_one_and_minus_one_seq(fs, Ts, N);

fsk_4 = []; % 4-FSK Transmitted signal

% This loop checks 2 bits at a Time and modulates accordingly
for i = 1:N/2
 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM 2 LAB SHEET 4 PART :2
S Bhargava Siva Sai(SC21B121)
if inp_bits(2*i-1) == 0 && inp_bits(2*i) == 0
fc = 22; % Carrier frequency if 00 transmitted
fsk_4_modulate = am_modulation(x(2*(i-
1)*fs*Ts+1:2*i*fs*Ts),Ts,2,fc,fs,"cos"); % modulated wave
elseif inp_bits(2*i-1) == 0 && inp_bits(2*i) == 1
fc = 24; % Carrier frequency if 01 transmitted
fsk_4_modulate = am_modulation(x(2*(i-
1)*fs*Ts+1:2*i*fs*Ts),Ts,2,fc,fs,"cos"); % modulated wave
elseif inp_bits(2*i-1) == 1 && inp_bits(2*i) == 0
fc = 26; % Carrier frequency if 10 transmitted
fsk_4_modulate = am_modulation(x(2*(i-
1)*fs*Ts+1:2*i*fs*Ts),Ts,2,fc,fs,"cos"); % modulated wave
elseif inp_bits(2*i-1) == 1 && inp_bits(2*i) == 1
fc = 28; % Carrier frequency if 11 transmitted
fsk_4_modulate = am_modulation(x(2*(i-
1)*fs*Ts+1:2*i*fs*Ts),Ts,2,fc,fs,"cos"); % modulated wave
end
fsk_4 = [fsk_4 fsk_4_modulate]; % 4-FSK Transmitted Signal
end

% Signal Received from channel & Band Pass Receive filter

y = fsk_4;

% Adding AWGN to Channel's Impulse response

Noise = sqrt(var)*(randn([1,length(y)])); % AWGN
y = y + Noise;

% Different Carrier Frequencies for Local_Oscillator

fc1 = 22;
fc2 = 24;
fc3 = 26;
fc4 = 28;

% Creating the Local Oscillator for different carrier frequencies

variable = 0:1/fs:Ts*N-1/fs;
LO_cos_1 = cos(2*pi*fc1*variable);
LO_cos_2 = cos(2*pi*fc2*variable);
LO_cos_3 = cos(2*pi*fc3*variable);
LO_cos_4 = cos(2*pi*fc4*variable);

% Demodulator Low Pass Filter Specifications

fpass_LPF = 5;
fstop_LPF = 10;
fpass_LPF_norm = fpass_LPF/norm_factor;
fstop_LPF_norm = fstop_LPF/norm_factor;
 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM 2 LAB SHEET 4 PART :2
S Bhargava Siva Sai(SC21B121)
% Creating a Low Pass Filter to Filter the Unfiltered Demodulated Wave
[imp, magni, freq] = Low_pass_Filter(fs, [0 fpass_LPF_norm, fstop_LPF_norm,
1], [1 1 0 0]);

% Demodulating the 4_fsk wave

fsk_demod = y.*LO_cos_1 + y.*LO_cos_2 + y.*LO_cos_3 + y.*LO_cos_4;
% Filtering the Unfiltered Demodulated Wave
cont_fsk_demod = conv(imp,fsk_demod);

% Taking 5 samples for a particular Bit

% If 100 bits are input, then 500 samples are taken
sample = [];
for i = fs/2:fs*Ts/5:length(cont_fsk_demod)-fs/2
sample= [sample cont_fsk_demod(i)];
end

% Decision maker which converts a sample of 5 values into single bit (For
Channel)
received_bits = decision_maker(sample);

subplot(2,1,1);
stem (inp_bits);
title("Transmitted Bits");
xlabel("Bits");
ylabel("Amplitude (0 or 1)");

subplot(2,1,2);
plot(cont_fsk_demod);
 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM 2 LAB SHEET 4 PART :2
S Bhargava Siva Sai(SC21B121)

Q9.

% This program Transmits the Bits through a channel and receives it using QPSK
scheme.

clear;
fc = 25; % Carrier Frequency
Ts = 1; % Symbol Time
N = 10000; % Number of Bits
fs = 100; % Sampling Frequency
norm_factor = fs/2; % Normalization factor
var = 0.1:0.1:1; % AWGN Noise Variance

% This function is used to create an input wave

[~, inp_bits, temp] = plus_one_and_minus_one_seq(fs, Ts, N);

% This function is used to create another array of ODD and EVEN bits
 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM 2 LAB SHEET 4 PART :2
S Bhargava Siva Sai(SC21B121)
[odd_bit_wave, even_bit_wave, ~, ~, ~] = bit_split_by_2(inp_bits, temp, Ts, N,
fs);

% Modulation of ODD and EVEN binary wave

odd_bit_modulate = am_modulation(odd_bit_wave,Ts,N/2,fc,fs,"cos");
even_bit_modulate = am_modulation(even_bit_wave,Ts,N/2,fc,fs,"sin");

% QPSK transmitted signal

% Here imaginary part is used show phase difference between EVEN and ODD bit
wave
qpsk_signal = odd_bit_modulate + 1i*even_bit_modulate;

% Signal Received from channel & Band Pass Receive filter

y = qpsk_signal;

BER_plot = [];
for i = 1:length(var)
% Adding AWGN to Channel's Impulse response
Noise = sqrt(var(i))*(randn([1,length(y)]) + 1i*randn(1,length(y))); %
AWGN
y = y + Noise;

% Correlating Receiver for odd_bits & even_bits

corr_odd_wave = imag(y*1i);
corr_even_wave = real(y*-1i);

% Creating Local Oscillators

variable = 0:1/fs:Ts*N*0.5-1/fs;
local_oscillator_cos = cos(2*pi*fc*variable);
local_oscillator_sin = sin(2*pi*fc*variable);

% Demodulating the wave received from Band Pass Receive Filter

demodulated_wave_even = corr_even_wave.*local_oscillator_sin;
demodulated_wave_odd = corr_odd_wave.*local_oscillator_cos;

% Demodulator Low Pass Filter Specifications

fpass_LPF = 5;
fstop_LPF = 10;
fpass_LPF_norm = fpass_LPF/norm_factor;
fstop_LPF_norm = fstop_LPF/norm_factor;

% Creating a Low Pass Filter to Filter the Unfiltered Demodulated Wave

[imp, magni, freq] = Low_pass_Filter(fs, [0 fpass_LPF_norm,
fstop_LPF_norm, 1], [1 1 0 0]);

% Convolving Low Pass Filter with Unfiltered Demodulated Wave (EVEN & ODD)
Cont_Demodulated_Wave_Even = conv(imp,demodulated_wave_even);
Cont_Demodulated_Wave_Odd = conv(imp,demodulated_wave_odd);
 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM 2 LAB SHEET 4 PART :2
S Bhargava Siva Sai(SC21B121)

% Taking 5 samples for a particular Bit

% If 100 bits are input, then 500 samples are taken
sample_even = [];
for i = fs/2:(fs*Ts)/5:length(Cont_Demodulated_Wave_Even)-fs/2
sample_even = [sample_even Cont_Demodulated_Wave_Even(i)];
end

% Decision maker which converts a sample of 5 values into single bit (For
Channel)
sample_bits_even = decision_maker(sample_even);

% Taking 5 samples for a particular Bit

% If 100 bits are input, then 500 samples are taken
sample_odd = [];
for i = fs/2:fs*Ts/5:length(Cont_Demodulated_Wave_Odd)-fs/2
sample_odd= [sample_odd Cont_Demodulated_Wave_Odd(i)];
end

% Decision maker which converts a sample of 5 values into single bit (For
Channel)
sample_bits_odd = decision_maker(sample_odd);

% Creating an array of receievd even and odd bits

received_bits = [];
for j = 1:N/2
received_bits = [received_bits sample_bits_odd(j)
sample_bits_even(j)];
end

% Calculating Bit Error Rate

BER = Bit_Error_Rate(inp_bits, received_bits, N);
Bit_error = sprintf("Bit Error rate = %d percent", BER);
disp(Bit_error);
BER_plot = [BER_plot BER];
end
Bit Error rate = 0 percent
Bit Error rate = 0 percent
Bit Error rate = 3.100000e-01 percent
Bit Error rate = 1.530000e+00 percent
Bit Error rate = 3.930000e+00 percent
Bit Error rate = 6.560000e+00 percent
Bit Error rate = 9.670000e+00 percent
Bit Error rate = 1.240000e+01 percent
Bit Error rate = 1.508000e+01 percent
Bit Error rate = 1.773000e+01 percent
 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM 2 LAB SHEET 4 PART :2
S Bhargava Siva Sai(SC21B121)

Q10

% This program Transmits the Bits through a channel and receives it using 16-
QAM scheme.

clear;
fc = 25; % Carrier Frequency
Ts = 1; % Symbol Time
N = 20000; % Number of Bits
fs = 100; % Sampling Frequency
norm_factor = fs/2; % Normalization factor
var = 0.1:0.1:1; % AWGN Noise Variance

% This function is used to create an input wave

[~, inp_bits, temp] = plus_one_and_minus_one_seq(fs, Ts, N);

% This function is used to create another array of ODD and EVEN bits
 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM 2 LAB SHEET 4 PART :2
S Bhargava Siva Sai(SC21B121)
[odd_bit_wave, even_bit_wave, odd_bits, even_bits, temp_half_bits] =
bit_split_by_2(inp_bits, temp, Ts, N, fs);

% To create Time Axis for 16-QAM modulated signal

temp_quarter_bits = temp_half_bits(1:length(temp_half_bits)/2);

QAM_16_signal = []; % 16-QAM transmitted signal

% This loop is to process 4-bits at a time
for i = 1:N/4
temp_stor = inp_bits(4*i-3:4*i);
encoded = encode_16_QAM(temp_stor); % This encodes the 4-bits of 16-QAM
every time the loop runs

% This creates an array of ones

one_arr = ones(1,fs*Ts);

% This modulates the wave created for ODD and EVEN bits
odd_bit_modulate = encoded(1)*am_modulation(one_arr,Ts,1,fc,fs,"cos");
even_bit_modulate = encoded(2)*am_modulation(one_arr,Ts,1,fc,fs,"sin");

% This is 16-QAM modulated signal (wave) processed with the encoded

function
QAM_16_signal = [QAM_16_signal odd_bit_modulate+1i*even_bit_modulate];
end

% Signal Received from channel & Band Pass Receive filter

y = QAM_16_signal;

BER_plot = [];
for i = 1:length(var)
% Adding AWGN to Channel's Impulse response
Noise = sqrt(var(i))*(randn([1,length(y)]) + 1i*randn([1,length(y)])); %
AWGN
y = y + Noise;

% Correlation Receiver for odd & even part

corr_even = imag(y);
corr_odd = real(y);

% Creating Local Oscillators

variable = 0:1/fs:Ts*N*0.25-1/fs;
local_oscillator_cos = cos(2*pi*fc*variable);
local_oscillator_sin = sin(2*pi*fc*variable);

% Demodulating the wave received from Band Pass Receive Filter

demodulated_wave_odd = corr_odd.*local_oscillator_cos;
 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM 2 LAB SHEET 4 PART :2
S Bhargava Siva Sai(SC21B121)
demodulated_wave_even = corr_even.*local_oscillator_sin;

% Demodulator Low Pass Filter Specifications

fpass_LPF = 5;
fstop_LPF = 10;
fpass_LPF_norm = fpass_LPF/norm_factor;
fstop_LPF_norm = fstop_LPF/norm_factor;

% Creating a Low Pass Filter to Filter the Unfiltered Demodulated Wave

[imp, magni, freq] = Low_pass_Filter(fs, [0 fpass_LPF_norm,
fstop_LPF_norm, 1], [1 1 0 0]);

% Convolving Low Pass Filter with Unfiltered Demodulated Wave (EVEN & ODD)
Cont_Demodulated_Wave_Even = conv(demodulated_wave_even,imp);
Cont_Demodulated_Wave_Odd = conv(demodulated_wave_odd,imp);

% If 100 bits are input, then 100 samples are taken

sample_even = [];
for j = fs:(fs*Ts):length(Cont_Demodulated_Wave_Even)-fs/2
sample_even = [sample_even Cont_Demodulated_Wave_Even(j)];
end

sample_odd = [];
for j = fs:fs*Ts:length(Cont_Demodulated_Wave_Odd)-fs/2
sample_odd= [sample_odd Cont_Demodulated_Wave_Odd(j)];
end

% Decision maker which gives received bits

received_bits = decode_16_QAM_single_sample(sample_odd, sample_even, Ts,
N);

% Calculating Bit Error Rate

BER = Bit_Error_Rate(inp_bits, received_bits, N);
Bit_Error = sprintf("Bit Error rate = %d percent", BER);
disp(Bit_Error);

BER_plot = [BER_plot BER];

Bit Error rate = 0 percent
Bit Error rate = 6.250000e-01 percent
Bit Error rate = 3.490000e+00 percent
Bit Error rate = 6.755000e+00 percent
Bit Error rate = 1.052000e+01 percent
Bit Error rate = 1.370000e+01 percent
Bit Error rate = 1.646000e+01 percent
Bit Error rate = 1.918500e+01 percent
Bit Error rate = 2.165000e+01 percent
Bit Error rate = 2.403000e+01 percent
 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM 2 LAB SHEET 4 PART :2
S Bhargava Siva Sai(SC21B121)

Q11.

% This program provides with the demodulation scheme of 8-PSK

clear;
fc = 25; % Carrier Frequency
Ts = 1; % Bit Time
N = 15000; % Number of Bits
fs = 100; % Sampling Frequency
norm_factor = fs/2; % Normalization factor
var = 0.1:0.1:1; % AWGN Noise Variance

% This function is used to create an input wave

[x, inp_bits, temp] = plus_one_and_minus_one_seq(fs, Ts, N);

% Creating Time axis

temp_psk_wave = 0:1/fs:Ts*N/3 - 1/fs;
 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM 2 LAB SHEET 4 PART :2
S Bhargava Siva Sai(SC21B121)

psk_wave = []; % Creating a 8-PSK wave

% This loop extracts 3 bits at a time and phase-mapper function modulates its
phase accordingly
for i = 1:N/3
temp_stor = inp_bits(3*i-2:3*i); % This extracts 3 bits at a time and
stores it

% This creates an outwave and phase according to the bits received

[outwave, phase] = phase_mapper_8_PSK(temp_stor, Ts, fs, fc);

psk_wave = [psk_wave outwave]; % This is to append the outwave according

to the bit sequence processed
end

% Signal Received from channel & Band Pass Receive filter

y = psk_wave;

BER_plot = [];
for i = 1:length(var)
% Adding AWGN to Channel's Impulse response
Noise = sqrt(var(i))*(randn([1,length(y)])+1i*randn([1, length(y)])); %
AWGN
y = y + Noise;

% Creating Local Oscillators

variable = 0:1/fs:1-1/fs;
local_oscillator_cos = cos(2*pi*fc*variable);
local_oscillator_sin = sin(2*pi*fc*variable);

% Demodulating the wave received from Band Pass Receive Filter

demod_cos = [];
demod_sin = [];
for i = 1:N/3
temp_stor = y((i-1)*fs*Ts+1:fs*Ts*i);
temp_demod_cos = local_oscillator_cos.*temp_stor;
temp_demod_sin = local_oscillator_sin.*temp_stor;
demod_cos = [demod_cos temp_demod_cos];
demod_sin = [demod_sin temp_demod_sin];
end

% Demodulator Low Pass Filter Specifications

fpass_LPF = 5;
fstop_LPF = 10;
fpass_LPF_norm = fpass_LPF/norm_factor;
fstop_LPF_norm = fstop_LPF/norm_factor;
 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM 2 LAB SHEET 4 PART :2
S Bhargava Siva Sai(SC21B121)
% Creating a Low Pass Filter to Filter the Unfiltered Demodulated Wave
[imp, magni, freq] = Low_pass_Filter(fs, [0 fpass_LPF_norm,
fstop_LPF_norm, 1], [1 1 0 0]);

% Convolving Low Pass Filter with Unfiltered Demodulated Wave (EVEN & ODD)
demodulated_wave_cos = conv(demod_cos,imp);
demodulated_wave_sin = conv(demod_sin,imp);

% Taking 5 samples for a particular Bit (for sine and cosine wave)
% If 100 bits are input, then 500 samples are taken
sample_cos = [];
for i = fs:(fs*Ts):length(demodulated_wave_cos)-fs/2
sample_cos = [sample_cos demodulated_wave_cos(i)];
end

sample_sin = [];
for j = fs:(fs*Ts):length(demodulated_wave_sin)-fs/2
sample_sin = [sample_sin demodulated_wave_sin(j)];
end

% Decision maker for Received bits

received_bits = decode_phase_single_sample(sample_cos, sample_sin, Ts, N);

% Calculating Bit Error Rate

BER = Bit_Error_Rate(inp_bits, received_bits, N);
Bit_Error = sprintf("Bit Error rate = %d percent", BER);
disp(Bit_Error);

BER_plot = [BER_plot BER];

Bit Error rate = 1.578667e+01 percent
Bit Error rate = 2.508667e+01 percent
Bit Error rate = 3.020667e+01 percent
Bit Error rate = 3.397333e+01 percent
Bit Error rate = 3.726667e+01 percent
Bit Error rate = 3.938667e+01 percent
Bit Error rate = 4.091333e+01 percent
Bit Error rate = 4.222667e+01 percent
Bit Error rate = 4.298000e+01 percent
Bit Error rate = 4.432667e+01 percent
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM 2 LAB SHEET 4 PART :2
S Bhargava Siva Sai(SC21B121)