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Chapter 10 Notes

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14 views6 pages

Chapter 10 Notes

Uploaded by

abbytameling
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Week 11: Covalent bonding

Sharing electrons
• Atoms gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve a stable, noble-gas electron
configuration, ns2np6.
• This general trend to achieve eight valence electrons is known as the
________________.
• Hydrogen, which has valence electrons in the first shell, 1s2, follows the duet rule.
How many bonds is a carbon atom likely to make in a molecule?

Shared electrons form a ____________________

Unshared electrons are called ___________________

A single bond has _____ shared. Electrons

A double bond has _____ shared electrons

A triple bond has ______ shared electrons

Identify the shared and lone pair electrons:

Valid Lewis structures have:


Correct number of valence electrons
Obey the octet (or duet for H) rule (exceptions later in the chapter!)

Lewis structure rules


1. Write correct ____________ structure
1. Terminal H atoms
2. Put more ________________atoms in terminal positions, less electronegative more in
middle except for H.
2. Calculate total # ___________electrons
3. Distribute electrons giving as many octets as possible (H gets a duet)
4. If any atoms lack an octet, use ___________________ bonds.
Lewis structure of CHCl3

Draw a Lewis structure for formaldehyde, CH2O.

Draw the Lewis structure of carbon dioxide

More complex molecules:


• There are often clues in the formula to help you to arrange the atoms in a molecule.
• In NH2OH, the OH tells you that there is an O–H bond in the molecule.
• The formula of ethanol, CH3CH2OH, tells you that
• the first C is bonded to 3 H atoms and the second C;
• the second C is bonded to the first C, 2 H atoms and an O; and
• there is an O–H bond in the molecule.

Draw the Lewis structure for CH3CH2OH

Structures of polyatomic ions:


Add a valance electron for each (-) charge, subtract one for each (+) charge
Place structure in brackets with charge indicated.

Draw a Lewis structure for the acetate ion, CH3COO-.


CH3OH
Practice:
SeOF2

CH3NH2

CO32−
P2H 4

Resonance:
• Molecules/ions that have such structures are said to exhibit resonance and the
structures are referred to as resonance structures.

Draw resonance structures for the nitrite ion, NO2–.

Electronegativity is a relative measure of the ability of a bonded atom to attract shared


electrons.
• In general, electronegativity increases
• left to right across a row of the periodic table, and
• bottom to top within a periodic table group.
• An element with a high electronegativity pulls shared electrons closer to it than an
element with a lower electronegativity.
• Thus, elements of high electronegativity are less likely to share electrons and are less
likely to be central atoms in a molecule.
• In situation where two elements have the same number of valence electrons, select the
one with the lower electronegativity to be the central atom.

What is the central atom of POBr3?

Use formal charge to decide which structure (or structures) is the better representation of the
real molecule.
• Formal charge is a type of electron bookkeeping in which you assign a fictitious charge
to each atom in a molecule by comparing the number of valence electrons the atom
appears to have in the structure to the number of valence electrons it brought to the
molecule.
−¿−¿ ¿
formal charge=¿ valence e
• The most likely Lewis structures
• have small or zero formal charges, especially for the central atom;
• have negative formal charges associated with elements of higher
electronegativity; and
• have positive formal charges associated with elements of lower
electronegativity.

Draw the resonance structures of dinitrogen monoxide, N2O.


• Then use formal charge to determine which structure is more likely to resemble the real
molecule.

Exceptions to octet rules:


1. Less than an octet examples:

2. Unpaired electrons (radicals) (draw ClO)

3. More than an octet


If an element is in the third period or beyond, it can expand its octet

Draw SeO3 and assign formal charges with typical octet rule, and with expanded octets
Overall rules to check for Lewis structures:
Verify that the final structure
• fulfills the duet rule for all hydrogen atoms,
• fulfills the octet rule for all period 2 atoms (unless the atom is Be or B or the
molecule is a radical),
• contains the exact number of electrons calculated in step 1,
• contains small formal charges, and
• assigns negative formal charges to the atoms of greater electronegativity.

Draw the Lewis structure for chlorine pentafluoride, ClF5.

Electronegativity and polarity


 Two identical atoms share electrons completely evenly, but two different atoms
generally share electrons unevenly to form _________________________.
• Bonds between atoms can range in type based on whether the electrons are evenly
shared, unevenly shared, or completely transferred.
• Polar covalent bonds are dipoles because they exhibit separate areas of opposite charge
of equal magnitude.

Bond Enthalpy
• Bond strength is measured as bond enthalpy, the enthalpy change associated when
breaking a specific bond in 1 mol of gaseous molecules.
Based on bond enthalpy values, which is more reactive, hydrogen chloride, HCl, or hydrogen
bromide, HBr?

Estimating reaction enthalpy from bond enthalpy


• Calculate the total energy that would be added to turn the reactant molecules into
individual atoms (bond-breaking is endothermic),
• Calculate the total energy that would be released when these atoms combine to form
the product molecules (bond-making is exothermic), and
• Compare the two energy values.
∆ H rxn =Σ(∆ H of bonds broken)– Σ(∆ H of bonds formed )
Use bond enthalpies to estimate ∆Hrxn for the combustion of methane. CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) →
CO2(g) + 2 H2O(g)

Bond enthalpy and bond length


• In general, as bond length increases, bond enthalpy ____________. Longer bonds tend
to be weaker bonds.
Describe the relationship between bond lengths and bond enthalpies for single, double, and
triple bonds between carbon atoms.

Rank the following bonds from strongest to weakest and from longest to shortest. What
relationship between bond strength and bond length, if any, can be observed from these
rankings?
S-Br, S-I, S-Cl, S-F

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