NCERT Solutions Class 12 Maths Chapter 13

Exercise 13.4

Question 1:
State which of the following are not the probability distribution of a random variable. Give
reasons for your answer.
(i)
X 0 1 2
P (X) 0.4 0.4 0.2

(ii)
X 0 1 2 3 4
P (X) 0.1 0.5 0.2 -0.1 0.3

(iii)
Y -1 0 1
P (Y) 0.6 0.1 0.2

(iv)
Z 3 2 1 0 -1
P (Z) 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.05

Solution:
Since the sum of all the probabilities in a probability distribution is one.
(i) Sum of the probabilities
Thus, the given table is a probability distribution of random variable.

(ii) For
Since probability of any observation is not negative. Therefore, the given table is not a
probability distribution of random variables.

(iii) Sum of the probabilities

Thus, the given table is not a probability distribution of random variables.

(iv) Sum of the probabilities

Thus, the given table is not a probability distribution of random variable.

Question 2:
An urn contains 5 red and 2 black balls. Two balls are randomly drawn. Let X represents the
number of black balls. What are the possible values of X? Is X a random variable?
Solution:
Let B represents a black ball and R represents a red ball.

The two balls selected can be represented as BB, BR, RB, RR.

Thus, the possible values of X are 0, 1, and 2.

Yes, X is a random variable.

Question 3:
Let X represents the difference between the number of heads and the number of tails obtained
when a coin is tossed 6 times. What are possible values of X?

Solution:
A coin is tossed six times and X represents the difference between the number of heads and
the number of tails.

Therefore, the possible values of X are 6, 4, 2, and 0.

Question 4:
Find the probability distribution of
(i) number of heads in two tosses of a coin
(ii) number of tails in the simultaneous tosses of three coins
(iii) number of heads in four tosses of a coin

Solution:
(i) When one coin is tossed twice. the sample space is
 Let X represent the number of heads.

Thus, X can take the value of 0, 1, or 2.

Since,

Therefore, the required probability distribution is as follows.

X 0 1 2
P
(X)

(ii) The sample space is

Let X represents the number of tails.

Since, X can take the value of 0, 1, 2, or 3.

Therefore, the probability distribution is as follows.

X 0 1 2 3
P (X)

(iii) The sample space is

Let X be the random variable, which represents the number of heads.

Since, X can take the value of 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

Therefore, the probability distribution is as follows.

X 0 1 2 3 4
P (X)

Question 5:
Find the probability distribution of the number of success in two tosses of die, where a success
is defined as
(i) number greater than 4
(ii) six appears on at least one die

Solution:
When a die is tossed two times, we obtain (6 × 6) = 36 number of observations.
Let X be the random variable, which represents the number of success.

(i) Here, success refers to the number greater than 4.

P (number less than or equal to 4 on both the tosses) =

 P (number less than or equal to 4 on first toss and greater than 4 on second
toss) + P (number greater than 4 on first toss and less than or equal to 4 on second toss)

P (number greater than 4 on both the tosses)

Therefore, the probability distribution is as follows.

X 0 1 2
P (X)

(ii) Here, success means six appears on at least one die.

P (six appears on none of the dice)

P (six appears on at least one of the dice)

Therefore, the required probability distribution is as follows.

Y 0 1
P (Y)

Question 6:
From a lot of 30 bulbs which includes 6 defectives, a sample of 4 bulbs is drawn at random
with replacement. Find the probability distribution of the number of defective bulbs.

Solution:
Given, out of 30 bulbs, 6 are defective.

Number of non-defective bulbs

4 bulbs are drawn from the lot with replacement.

Let X be the random variable that denotes the number of defective bulbs in the selected
bulbs.
Thus, the required probability distribution is as follows.

X 0 1 2 3 4
P (X)

Question 7:
A coin is biased so that the head is 3 times as likely to occur as tail. If the coin is tossed twice,
find the probability distribution of number of tails.

Solution:
Let the probability of getting a tail in the biased coin be x.

For a biased coin,

When the coin is tossed twice, the sample space is .

Let X be the random variable representing the number of tails.

Thus, the required probability distribution is as follows.

X 0 1 2
P (X)

Question 8:
A random variable X has the following probability distribution.
X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
P (X) 0

Determine
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)

Solution:

(i) Since, the sum of probabilities of a probability distribution of random variable is one.
(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

Question 9:
The random variable X has probability of the following form, where k is some number:

(a) Determine the final value of k.

(b) Find .

Solution:
(a) Since, the sum of probabilities of a probability distribution of random variable is one.
(b)

Question 10:
Find the mean number of heads in three tosses of a fair coin.

Solution:
Let X denote the success of getting heads.
Thus, the sample space is

Here, X can take the value of 0, 1, 2, or 3.

Thus, the required probability is as follows.

X 0 1 2 3
P (X)

Question 11:
Two dice are thrown simultaneously. If X denotes the number of sixes, find the expectation of
X.

Solution:
Here, X represents the number of sixes obtained when two dice are thrown simultaneously.
Thus, X can take the value of 0, 1 or 2.
Thus, the required probability distribution is as follows.
X 0 1 2
P (X)

Then, expectation of

Question 12:
Two numbers are selected at random (without replacement) from the first six positive integers.
Let X denotes the larger of two numbers obtained. Find .

Solution:
The two positive integers can be selected from the first six positive integers without
replacement in .
X represents the larger of the two numbers obtained.
Thus, X can take the value of 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6.

For , the possible observations are .

For , the possible observations are .

For , the possible observations are .

For , the possible observations are

For , the possible observations are
.

Thus, the required probability distribution is as follows.

X 2 3 4 5 6
P (X)

Then,

Question 13:
Let X denotes the sum of the number obtained when two fair dice are rolled. Find the variance
and standard deviation of X.

Solution:
Here, X can take values 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12.
Thus, the required probability distribution is as follows.

X 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
P (X)

Then,
Then,

Question 14:
A class has 15 students whose ages are 14, 17, 15, 14, 21, 17, 19, 20, 16, 18, 20, 17, 16, 19 and
20 years. One student is selected in such a manner that each has the same chance of being
chosen and the age X of the selected student is recorded. What is the probability distribution
of the random variable X? Find mean, variance and standard deviation of X.

Solution:
There are 15 students in the class. Each student has the same chance to be chosen.

Thus, the probability of each student to be selected is .

The given information can be shown in the frequency table as follows.
X 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
f 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 1

Thus, the probability distribution of random variable X is as follows.

X 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
P (X)
Then,

Question 15:
In a meeting, 70% of the members favour and 30% oppose a certain proposal. A member is
selected at random and we take if he opposed, and if he is in favour. Find
and .

Solution:

Given,
Thus, the probability distribution is as follows.
X 0 1
P (X) 0.3 0.7

Question 16:
The mean of the numbers obtained on throwing a die having written 1 on three faces, 2 on two
faces and 5 on one face is

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 5 (D)

Solution:
Let X be the random variable representing a number on the die.
The total number of observations is six.

Thus, the probability distribution is as follows.

X 1 2 5
P (X)
The correct answer is B.

Question 17:
Suppose that two cards are drawn at random from a deck of cards. Let X be the number of aces
obtained. Then the value of is

(A) (B) (C) (D)

Solution:
Let X denote the number of aces obtained.

Thus, X can take any of the values of 0, 1, or 2.

Since, in a deck of 52 cards, 4 cards are aces. Thus, there are 48 non-ace cards.

Thus, the probability distribution is as follows.

X 0 1 2
P (X)
Thus, the correct answer is D.