2 The axonometric projection is produced by multiple parallel lines of sight perpendicular to the plane of projection, with the observer at infinity and the object rotated about an axis to produce a pictorial view Axonometric projection - is a parallel projection technique used to create a pictorial drawing of an object by rotating the object on an axis relative to a projection or picture plane.
The differences between a multiview drawing and an axonometric
drawing are that, in a multiview, only two dimensions of an object are visible in each view and more than one view is required to define the object; whereas, in an axonometric drawing, the object is rotatedabout an axis to display all three dimensions, and only one view is required. Isometric axes can be positioned in a number of ways to create different views of the same object. Figure A is a regular isometric, in which the viewpoint is looking down on the top of the object. In a regular isometric, the axes at 30° to the horizontal are drawn upward from the horizontal. For the reversed axis isometric, the viewpoint is looking up on the bottom of the object, and the 30° axes are drawn downward from the horizontal. For the long axis isometric, the viewpoint is looking from the right or from the left of the object, and one axis is drawn at 60 ° to the horizontal. ISOMETRIC PROJECTION and ISOMETRIC DRAWING
Isometric drawings are almost always preferred over
isometric projection for engineering drawings, because they are easier to produce. An isometric drawing is an axonometric pictorial drawing for which the angle between each axis equals 120° and the scale used is full scale.
Size comparison of Isometric Drawing and True Isometric Projection
Isometric Axonometric Projections An isometric projection is a true representation of the isometric view of an object.
An isometric view of an object is created by rotating the object 45 o about
a vertical axis, then tilting the object (see figure - in this case, a cube) forward until the body diagonal (AB) appears as a point in the front view The angle the cube is tilted forward is 35° 16’. The 3 axes that meet at A, B form equal angles of 120° and are called the isometric axes. Each edge of the cube is parallel to one of the isometric axes. Line parallel to one of the legs of the isometric axis is an isometric line. Planes of the cube faces & all planes parallel to them are isometric planes The forward tilt of the cube causes the edges and planes of the cube to become shortened as it is projected onto the picture plane.
The lengths of the projected lines are equal to the cosine of 35° 16’, or 0.81647 times the true length. In other words, the projected lengths are approximately 82% of the true lengths.
A drawing produced using a scale
of 0.816 is called an isometric projection and is a true representation of the object.
However, if the drawing is produced
using full scale, it is called an isometric drawing, which is the same proportion as an isometric projection, but is larger by a factor of 1.23 to 1. Isometric scale is produced by positioning a regular scale at 45 ° to the horizontal and projecting lines vertically to a 30° line. In an isometric drawing, true length distances can only be measured along isometric lines, that is, lines that run parallel to any of the isometric axes. Any line that does not run parallel to an isometric axis is called a non-isometric line.
Non-isometric lines include inclined and oblique lines and cannot be measured directly. Instead they must be created by locating two end points. Figure A is an isometric drawing of a cube. The three faces of the isometric cube are isometric planes, because they are parallel to the isometric surfaces formed by any two Figure A: Isometric planes adjacent isometric axes. relative to isometric axes
Planes that are not parallel to
any isometric plane are called non-isometric planes (Figure B)
Figure B: Non-isometric plane
Standards for Hidden Lines, Center Lines and Dimensions
In isometric drawings,hidden lines are omitted unless they are absolutely necessary to completely describe the object. Most isometric drawings will not have hidden lines.
To avoid using hidden lines,
choose the most descriptive viewpoint.
However, if an isometric viewpoint cannot be found that clearly depicts all the major features, hidden lines may be used. Centerlines are drawn only for showing symmetry or for dimensioning. Normally, centerlines are not shown, because many isometric drawings are used to communicate to non- technical people and not for engineering purposes. As per the Standards: Dimension lines, extension lines, and lines being dimensioned shall lie in the same plane.
All dimensions and notes
should be unidirectional, reading from the bottomof the drawing upward and should be located outside the view whenever possible. Thetexts is read from the bottom, using horizontalguidelines. ISOMETRIC VIEWS OF STANDARD SHAPES Square Consider a square ABCD with a 30 mm side shown in Fig. If the square lies in the vertical plane, it will appear as a rhombus with a 30 mm side in isometric view as shown in Fig. (a) or (b), depending on its orientation, i.e., right-hand vertical face or left-hand vertical face. If the square lies in the horizontal plane (like the top face of a cube), it will appear as in Fig.(c). The sides AB and AD, both, are inclined to the horizontal reference line at 30°.
Taken from Dhananjay A Jolhe, Engg. Drawing, MGH
Rectangle
A rectangle appears as a parallelogram in isometric view. Three
versions are possible depending on the orientation of the rectangle, i.e., right-hand vertical face, left-hand vertical face or horizontal face.
Taken from Dhananjay A Jolhe, Engg. Drawing, MGH
Triangle
A triangle of any type can be easily obtained in isometric view as explained
below. First enclose the triangle in rectangle ABCD. Obtain parallelogram ABCD for the rectangle as shown in Fig. (a) or (b) or (c). Then locate point 1 in the parallelogram such that C–1 in theparallelogram is equal to C–1 in the rectangle. A–B–1 represents the isometric view of the triangle.
Taken from Dhananjay A Jolhe, Engg. Drawing, MGH
Pentagon
Enclose the given pentagon in a rectangle and obtain the parallelogram as
in Fig. 18.9(a) or (b) or (c). Locate points 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 on the rectangle and mark them on the parallelogram. The distances A–1, B–2, C–3, C–4 and D–5 in isometric drawing are same as the corresponding distances on the pentagon enclosed in the rectangle.
Taken from Dhananjay A Jolhe, Engg. Drawing, MGH
Circle The isometric view or isometric projection of a circle is an ellipse. It is obtained by using four-centre method explained below. Four-Centre Method : First, enclose the given circle into a square ABCD. Draw rhombus ABCD as an isometric view of the square. Join the farthest corners of the rhombus, i.e., A and C. Obtain midpoints 3 and 4 of sides CD and AD respectively. Locate points 1 and 2 at the intersection of AC with B–3and B–4 respectively. Now with 1 as a centre and radius 1–3, draw a small arc 3–5. Draw another arc 4–6 with same radius but 2 as a centre. With B asa centre and radius B–3, draw an arc 3–4. Draw another arc 5–6 with same radius but with D as a centre.
Taken from Dhananjay A Jolhe, Engg. Drawing, MGH
Any irregular Shape
Any irregular shape 1–2–3–4–5–6–7 can be drawn in isometric view as
follows: The figure is enclosed in a rectangle first. The parallelogram is obtained in isometric for the rectangle as shown. The isolines B–2, D–2, C–3, E–3, G–4, F–4, H–5, H–6 and A–7 has the same length as in original shape, e.g., B–2 in isometric = B–2 in irregular shape.
Taken from Dhananjay A Jolhe, Engg. Drawing, MGH
Isometric views for solids The Boxing-in Method The four basic steps for creating an isometric drawing are: Determine the isometric viewpoint that clearly depicts the features of the object, then draw the isometric axes which will produce that view-point.
height (H), and depth (D) of the object, such that the object will be totally enclosed in a box. Locate details on the isometric planes. Darken all visible lines, and eliminate hidden lines unless absolutely necessary to describe the object. Sketch from an actual object
Note In isometric sketch/drawing), hidden lines are omitted unless they are absolutely necessary to completely describe the object.Sketch from an actual object
