Chapter three

(3-1) Double Integrals

# Introduction

In this chapter, we define the double integral of a function of two variables

𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚)

over a region in the plane as the limit of approximating Riemann sums. Just as
a single integral represents the signed area, so does a double integral represent
signed volume. Double integrals can be evaluated using the Fundamental
Theorem of Calculus, but now the evaluations are done twice by integrating
with respect to each of the variables 𝒙 and 𝒚 in turn. Double integrals can be
used to find areas of more general regions in the plane. Moreover, just as the
Substitution Rule could simplify finding single integrals, we can sometimes use
polar coordinates to simplify computing a double integral. We study more
general substitutions for evaluating double integrals as well.

We also define triple integrals for a function of three variables 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛) over a
region in space. Triple integrals can be used to find volumes of still more general
regions in space, and their evaluation is like that of double integrals with yet a
third evaluation. Cylindrical or spherical coordinates can sometimes be used to
simplify the calculation of a triple integral, and we investigate those techniques.
Double and triple integrals have a number of additional applications, such as
calculating the average value of a multivariable function and finding moments
and centers of mass for more general regions than those encountered before.
# Fubini’s Theorem for Calculating Double Integrals

The double integral measures the volume of the same region as the two iterated
integrals. A theorem published in 1907 by Guido Fubini says that the double
integral of any continuous function over a rectangle can be calculated as an
iterated integral in either order of integration.

(Fubini proved his theorem in greater generality, but this is what it says in our
setting.)

Fubini’s Theorem says that double integrals over rectangles can be calculated
as iterated integrals. Thus, we can evaluate a double integral by integrating
with respect to one variable at a time using the Fundamental Theorem of
Calculus. Fubini’s Theorem also says that we may calculate the double integral
by integrating in either order, a genuine convenience. When we calculate a
volume by slicing, we may use either planes perpendicular to the x-axis or
planes perpendicular to the y-axis.

Example 3-1-1
3-1

Figure 3-1
Example 3-1-2

3-2

Figure 3-2
Example 3-1-3

3-3

Figure 3-3
# Properties of Double Integrals
Example 3-1-4

3-4a

3-4b

Figure 3-4a Figure 3-4b

Example 3-1-5

3-5)

Figure 3-4

Example 3-1-6
Example 3-1-7
 Example 3-1-8

(3-2) Triple Integrals in Rectangular Coordinates

Just as we defined single integrals for functions of one variable and double
integrals for functions of two variables, so we can define triple integrals for
functions of three variables.

Let’s first deal with the simplest case where f is defined on a rectangular box:

𝑩 = {(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛)|𝒂 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝒃, 𝒄 ≤ 𝒚 ≤ 𝒅, 𝒓 ≤ 𝒛 ≤ 𝒔}

The first step is to divide B into sub-boxes—by dividing:

the interval [a, b] into l subintervals [𝒙𝒊−𝟏 , 𝒙𝒊 ] of equal width ∆𝒙. [𝒄, 𝒅] into m

subintervals of width ∆𝒙. [𝒓, 𝒔] into n subintervals of width ∆𝒛.

The planes through the endpoints of these subintervals parallel to the
coordinate planes divide the box B into 𝒍𝒎𝒏 sub-boxes. Each sub-box has
volume ΔV = Δx Δy Δz.

𝑩𝒊𝒋𝒌 = [𝒙𝒊−𝟏 , 𝒙𝒊 ] × [𝒚𝒋−𝟏 , 𝒚𝒋 ] × [𝒛𝒌−𝟏 , 𝒛𝒌 ]

Figure 3-5

Then, we form the triple Riemann sum

𝒍 𝒎 𝒏

∑ ∑ ∑ 𝒇(𝒙∗𝒊𝒋𝒌 , 𝒚∗𝒊𝒋𝒌 , 𝒛∗𝒊𝒋𝒌 ) 𝜟𝑽

𝒊=𝟏 𝒋=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏

where the sample point is in 𝑩𝒊𝒋𝒌 (𝒙∗𝒊𝒋𝒌 , 𝒚∗𝒊𝒋𝒌 , 𝒛∗𝒊𝒋𝒌 ).

By analogy with the definition of a double integral, we define the triple

integral as the limit of the triple Riemann sums

∭ 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛) 𝒅𝑽
𝑩
𝒍 𝒎 𝒏

= 𝒍𝒊𝒎 ∑ ∑ ∑ 𝒇(𝒙∗𝒊𝒋𝒌 , 𝒚∗𝒊𝒋𝒌 , 𝒛∗𝒊𝒋𝒌 ) 𝜟𝑽

𝒍,𝒎,𝒏→∞
𝒊=𝟏 𝒋=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏
Just as for double integrals, the practical method for evaluating triple
integrals is to express them as iterated integrals, as follows. If f is continuous
on the rectangular box 𝑩 = [𝒂, 𝒃] × [𝒄, 𝒅] × [𝒓, 𝒔]then

𝒔 𝒅 𝒃
∭ 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛) 𝒅𝑽 = ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛) 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒛
𝑩 𝒓 𝒄 𝒂

The iterated integral on the right side means that we integrate in the following
order: with respect to x (keeping y and z fixed, with respect to y (keeping
𝒛fixed) then, with respect to 𝒛.

There are five other possible orders in which we can integrate, all of which
give the same value. For instance, if we integrate with respect to y, then 𝒛, and
then x, we have:
𝒃 𝒔 𝒅
∭ 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛) 𝒅𝑽 = ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛) 𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒛𝒅𝒙
𝑩 𝒂 𝒓 𝒄

Example 3-2-1 Evaluate the triple integral ∭𝑩 𝒙𝒚𝒛𝟐 𝒅𝑽

where B is the rectangular box 𝑩 = {(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛)|𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏, −𝟏 ≤ 𝒚 ≤ 𝟐, 𝟎 ≤ 𝒛 ≤ 𝟑}

Solution We could use any of the six possible orders of integration. If we choose
to integrate with respect to x, then y, and then 𝒛, we obtain the following result

𝟑 𝟐 𝟏
∭ 𝒙𝒚𝒛 𝒅𝑽 = ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝒙𝒚𝒛𝟐 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒛
𝟐
𝑩 𝟎 −𝟏 𝟎

𝟑 𝟐 𝒙=𝟏
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝒛𝟐
= ∫ ∫ [ ] 𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒛
𝟎 −𝟏 𝟐 𝒙=𝟎
𝟑 𝟐
𝒚𝒛𝟐
=∫ ∫ 𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒛
𝟎 −𝟏 𝟐

𝟑 𝒚=𝟏 𝟑 𝟑
𝒚 𝟐 𝒛𝟐 𝟑𝒛𝟐 𝒛𝟑 𝟐𝟕
=∫ [ ] 𝒅𝒛 = ∫ 𝒅𝒛 = ] =
𝟎 𝟒 𝒚=−𝟏 𝟎 𝟒 𝟒 𝟎 𝟒
If we can express the region E in the form
𝑬 = {(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛)|(𝒙, 𝒚) ∈ 𝑫, 𝒖𝟏 (𝒙, 𝒚) ≤ 𝒛 ≤ 𝒖𝟐 (𝒙, 𝒚)}
where D is the projection of E onto the xy-plane and the upper boundary of the solid
E is the surface with equation 𝒛 = 𝒖𝟐 (𝒙, 𝒚) and lower boundary is the surface 𝒛 =
𝒖 (𝒙,𝒚)
𝒖𝟐 (𝒙, 𝒚). Then we have ∭𝑬 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛) 𝒅𝑽 = ∬𝑫 [∫𝒖 𝟐(𝒙,𝒚) 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛)𝒅𝒛] 𝒅𝑨
𝟏

Figure 3-6
Example 1

Evaluate ∭𝑬 𝒛 𝒅𝑽 where E is the solid bounded by the four

planes 𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝒚 = 𝟎, 𝒛 = 𝟎, 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟏.

Solution When we set up a triple integral, it’s wise to draw two diagrams: The
solid region E and its projection D on the xy-plane
The lower boundary of the solid is the plane z = 0 and the upper boundary is the
plane 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟏 or 𝒛 = 𝟏 − 𝒙 − 𝒚

So, we use 𝒖𝟏 (𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝟎 and 𝒖𝟐 (𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝟏 − 𝒙 − 𝒚

Notice that the planes 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟏 intersects the xy- plane in the line x + y = 1 (or
y = 1 – x).

So, the projection of E is the shown triangular region, and we can express

E as follows: 𝑬 = {(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛)|𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏, 𝟎 ≤ 𝒚 ≤ 𝟏 − 𝒙, 𝟎 ≤ 𝒛 ≤ 𝟏 − 𝒙 − 𝒚}

Hence, we have that

𝟏 𝟏−𝒙 𝟏−𝒙−𝒚 𝟏 𝟏−𝒙 𝒛=𝟏−𝒙−𝒚

𝒛𝟐
∭𝒛𝒅𝑽 = ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝒛𝒅𝒛𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒙 = ∫ ∫ [ ] 𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒙
𝑬 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟐 𝒛=𝟎
𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏−𝒙
= ∫ ∫ (𝟏 − 𝒙 − 𝒚) 𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒙
𝟐 𝟎 𝟎
𝒚=𝟏−𝒙
𝟏 𝟏 (𝟏 − 𝒙 − 𝒚 )𝟑
= ∫ [− ] 𝒅𝒙
𝟐 𝟎 𝟑 𝒚=𝟎

𝟏 𝟏
= ∫ (𝟏 − 𝒙)𝟑 𝒅𝒙
𝟔 𝟎
𝟏
𝟏 (𝟏 − 𝒙)𝟒 𝟏
= [− ] =
𝟔 𝟒 𝟎
𝟐𝟒

Example 2 Evaluate ∭𝑬 √𝒙𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 𝒅𝑽 where E is the region bounded by the

paraboloid 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 and the plane 𝒚 = 𝟒.

Solution The solid E is shown here. Its projection D3 onto the 𝒙𝒛-plane is the disk
x2 + z2 ≤ 4. Then, the left boundary of E is the paraboloid y = x2 + z2.

The right boundary is the plane y = 4.

So, taking 𝒖𝟏 (𝒙, 𝒛) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 and 𝒖𝟐 (𝒙, 𝒛) = 𝟒 then we have:

𝟒
∭√𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝑽 = ∬ [∫ √𝒙𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 𝒅𝒚] 𝒅𝑨
𝑬 𝑫𝟑 𝒙𝟐 +𝒛𝟐
 = ∬ (𝟒 − 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒛𝟐 )√𝒙𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 𝒅𝑨
𝑫𝟑

However, it’s easier to convert to polar coordinates in the 𝒙𝒛-plane:

x = r cos θ, z = r sin θ

That gives:

∭ √𝒙𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 𝒅𝑽 = ∬ (𝟒 − 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒛𝟐 )√𝒙𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 𝒅𝑨
𝑬 𝑫𝟑
𝟐𝝅 𝟐
=∫ ∫ (𝟒 − 𝒓𝟐 )𝒓𝒓𝒅𝒓𝒅𝜽
𝟎 𝟎
𝟐𝝅 𝟐
=∫ 𝒅𝜽 ∫ (𝟒𝒓𝟐 − 𝒓𝟒 )𝒅𝒓
𝟎 𝟎
𝟐
𝟒𝒓𝟑 𝒓𝟓 𝟏𝟐𝟖𝝅
= 𝟐𝝅 [ − ] =
𝟑 𝟓 𝟎 𝟏𝟓
 Sheet (6)
(1) evaluate the iterated integral.
𝟑 𝟎
a) ∫𝟎 ∫−𝟐(𝒙𝟐 𝒚 − 𝟐𝒙𝒚)𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒙

𝟐 𝝅/𝟐
b) ∫−𝟏 ∫𝟎 𝒚 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒙
(2) evaluate the double integral over the given region 𝑹

a) ∬𝑹 𝒙𝒚 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒚 𝒅𝑨 𝑹: − 𝟏 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏, 𝟎≤𝒚≤𝝅

𝒙𝒚𝟑
b) ∬𝑹 𝒅𝑨 𝑹: 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏, 𝟎≤𝒚≤𝟐
𝒙𝟐 +𝟏
 𝒚
(3) Find the volume of the region bounded above by the plane 𝒛 = and below
𝟐

by the rectangle 𝑹: 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟒, 𝟎 ≤ 𝒚 ≤ 𝟐.

(4) integrate 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒙/𝒚 over the region in the first quadrant bounded by
the lines 𝒚 = 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙, 𝒙 = 𝟏 and 𝒙 = 𝟐.
(5) Find the area of the region 𝑹: 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐, 𝟐 − 𝒙 ≤ 𝒚 ≤ √𝟒 − 𝒙𝟐 ,

using(a) Fubini’s Theorem, (b) simple geometry.

(6) Evaluate the integrals in Exercises

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
a) ∫𝟎 ∫𝟎 ∫𝟎 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 )𝒅𝒛𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒙