3. (( )) or let - Arithmetic computation using the shell. 4. set - Assign values to positional parameters. 5. tar - Back up files specified in the command line. 6. head - Beginning of file. 7. tr - Change case of text. 8. cd dirname - Change current directory to dirname. 9. cd or cd $HOME - Change current directory to home directory. 10. basename, expr - Change filename extension. 11. chgrp - Change file's group ownership. 12. touch - Change file's last modification or access time. 13. chown - Change file's ownership. 14. chmod - Change file's permissions. 15. passwd - Change own password. 16. pwd - Check current directory. 17. man - Command documentation. 18. history - Command history. 19. type - Command type (external, internal, or alias). 20. bzip2 - Compress file (to .bz2). 21. gzip - Compress file (to .gz). 22. zip - Compress multiple files to a single file (to .zip). 23. cat - Concatenate files. 24. cp -r - Copy directory tree. 25. cp - Copy file. 26. ftp, scp, sftp - Copy file between machines. 27. grep -c - Count number of lines containing a pattern. 28. wc - Count number of lines, words, and characters. 29. ar - Create an archive of C object files. 30. ln - Create links to a file. 31. ln -s - Create symbolic links to a file. 32. cut - Cut columns or fields from a file. 33. sleep - Delay command execution in a script. 34. diff - Difference between two files (as sed-like instructions). 35. ``ls -l | grep "^d"` - Directory list. 36. du - Disk space utilization. 37. top - Free space in memory and swap. 38. read - Input data to shell script interactively. 39. paste - Join two files laterally. 40. kill - Kill job. 41. ``grep -E, egrep, fgrep` - Lines containing one or more of multiple patterns. 42. grep - Lines containing a pattern. 43. sort - Lines in ASCII collating sequence. 44. sort -n - Lines in numeric sequence. 45. tail -r - Lines in reverse order. 46. sort -f - Lines sorted ignoring case. 47. uniq -d - Lines that are repeated. 48. uniq -u - Lines that occur only once. 49. ssh - Log in to a remote machine. 50. make - Maintain a group of C programs. 51. tail -f - Monitor growth of a file. 52. mv - Move files to another directory. 53. bg - Move job to the background. 54. fg - Move job to the foreground. 55. sed - Multiple segments from a file. 56. hostname - Name of the local host. 57. uname - Operating system name. 58. uname -r - Operating system release. 59. export - Pass variable value to sub-shell. 60. tr -s - Squeeze multiple spaces to a single space. 61. expr - String length. 62. tr - Substitute one character for another. 63. sed - Substitute one pattern for another. 64. su - Superuser from a nonprivileged account. 65. date - System date. 66. top - System memory usage. 67. who -r, runlevel - System run level. 68. kill - Terminate process. 69. exit, logout - Terminate shell script. 70. ping - Test connectivity of host. 71. bunzip2 - Uncompress .bz2 file. 72. gunzip - Uncompress .gz file. 73. unzip - Uncompress .zip file. 74. umount - Unmount file system. 75. who - Users and their activities.