AP Exam Ultimate Review

Unit 1 - Thinking Geographically

Unit 2- Population and Migration Patterns and Processes
Unit 3-Cultural Patterns and Processes
Unit 4- Political Patterns and Processes
Unit 5-Agriculture and Rural Land-Use Patterns and Processes
Unit 6-Cities and Urban Land-Use Patterns and Processes
Unit 7-Industrial and Economic Development Patterns and Process

Directions and Information for Students Using this Resource:

● Students should highlight the correct answer for each question.

Steps for Breaking Down AP Style Multiple Choice Questions

1. Comprehend the Question:
a. Read the question and take time to break down what the question is asking you.
b. Based on the question, what has to be included in the answer?
c. Determine what you are looking for in the answer options?
2. Analyze the stimuli and connect it to the original question: If there is a stimuli (map, chart,
picture, etc.)analyze it and determine how it relates to the question you were asked. Look for
patterns, trends, or connect to course concepts as it relates to the original question.
3. Establish Prior Knowledge: Determine what you already know about the topics, content, and
information. Then determine what you might be looking for in the answer based on what you
know.
4. Read your answer options with the question in mind:
a. Read your options one at a time. For each answer option determine what the option is
saying and determine whether it makes sense with what the question is asking you to
do or look for? Does this make sense with what is shown in the stimuli?
b. Don’t fall for the truth trap! Just because an answer option is a true statement does not
mean it answers the question.
5. Select an answer and match it to the question: Determine if this answer option answers the
original question and what the stimulus or stimuli is/are showing?

Unit 1-Thinking Geographically

Which map projection is each of these?

 1. ____________________ 2. _______________________ 3. _________________________
Which are the two you should know the
most? What is accurate/inaccurate with
them?

4. ___________________ 5. ___________________________
Name the type of map

1. _____________________________ 2. __________________________ 3. _______________________

4. ______________________________ 5. ________________________ 6. ____________________

Fill in the blank- Contemporary Tools of Geography

1. ___________________________________ is the acquisition of data about Earth’s surface from a
satellite orbiting Earth or from other long-distance methods.
2. ________________ accurately determines the precise position of something on Earth.
3. ________________ is a computer system that can capture, store, analyze, and display
geography data. Each type of information can be stored in a layer.
4. _______________ Ex. Gathering data about sea level change
5. _______________ Ex. Comparing layers of data on population and light pollution
6. _______________ Ex. Using coordinates to find a location on earth

Matching Terms
1. D___ Human Geography 17. C___ Time-distance decay/Distance
2. H___ Physical Geography decay effect
3. ____ Geographic Scale 18. ____ Cultural Landscape
4. ____ Map scale 19. ____ Place
5. A___ Map projection 20. ____ Site
6. B___ Distribution 21. ____ Situation
7. ____ Density 22. ____ Cultural ecology
8. ____ Concentration 23. ____ Possibilism
9. ____ Pattern 24. ____ Environmental determinism
10. ____ Relative location 25. G___ Globalization
11. ____ Absolute location 26. ____ Local Diversity
12. ____ Absolute distance 27. ____ Absolute Direction
13. ____ Relative distance 28. ____ Relative Direction
14. ____ Time-space convergence 29. ____ Sustainability
15. ____ Diffusion 30. ____ Land Use
16. ____ Hearth 31. ____ Sequent Occupance

a. Scientific method of transferring locations on Earth’s surface to a flat map

b. Extent of a feature’s spread over space (clustered vs. dispersed)
c. Includes costs of overcoming the friction of absolute distance separating two places. (Ex. Time
to get there)
d. Study of where and why human activities are located where they are.
e. The process by which a characteristic spreads across space from one place to another over
time.
f. Arrangement of a feature in space
g. Force or process that involves the entire world and results in making the world essentially
“shrink”. Everything is more interconnected and worldwide.
h. Physical character of a place
i. Geographic study of human-environment relationships.
j. Specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular character
k. Physical environment may limit some human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to
their environment.
l. Combination of cultural features such as language, religion, economic features such as
agriculture and industry and physical features such as climate and vegetation.
m. Belief that the physical environment caused social development.
n. The farther an idea is from the source, the less likely it is to be adopted.
o. Focal point of innovation and invention from which cultural ideas spread outward from
p. Location in relation to other places.
q. The unique differences that are maintained around the world between places and cultural
groups no matter how much globalization occurs. Groups try to preserve this diversity.
r. Scale at which a geographer analyzes a particular phenomenon.
s. Frequency with which something occurs in space.
t. Idea states that with increasing transportation and communication technology, the absolute
distance between certain places is, in effect shrinking.
 u. Exact measurement in standard units between places.
v. Geometric arrangement of objects in space.
w. Exact location on Earth
x. Location of something in relation to something else
y. Study of where and why natural forces occur as they do.
z. Relationship of a feature’s size on a map to its actual size on Earth.
aa. Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet theirs. Includes economic, environment, and social components.
bb. Left, right, forward, backward- directions based on people’s surroundings and
perception
cc.Every group of people that lived on the land left their mark
dd. Compass direction such as North and South
ee.Function that humans apply to the land available to them- ex: residential, agricultural,
commercial
Fill-in-the- blank Types of Diffusion
1. _____________________ is the spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to
other persons or places.
2. _______________________ is the spread of an idea through physical movement of people from
one place to another.
3. ______________________ is the rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the
population.
4. _____________________ is the spread of an underlying principle, even though a characteristic
itself apparently fails to diffuse.
5. _____________________ is the spread of something from lower class/less populated areas to
higher class/more populated cultural centers
6. _____________________Ex. Beyonce starts wearing a certain shirt and some other people start
wearing the shirt.
7. ______________________ Ex. The spread of the Spanish Flu across Europe
8. _______________________ Ex. The spread of Spanish and French to the United States
9. _________________________ Ex. The spread of paper money to all parts of the globe, but each
type of paper money is unique.
10. __________________________ Ex. Walmart being made in rural Arkansas and spreading all over
the world from there
11. _________________ Computers were once as big as a closet and only wealthy companies or
large research labs could afford to have them. However, as technology improved, smaller
computers were purchased for office use. It was not until the 1990s that wealthy American
families began purchasing computers for their homes.
12. _________________The Ebola virus outbreak began in a small village in Sierra Leone. Within a
couple of weeks, it had spread to other areas of the country. After 3 months, 4 countries in
West Africa were dealing with Ebola outbreaks.
13. _________________Most of South America speaks Spanish because Spain established colonies in
South America beginning in the 1500s. Spanish missionaries and conquistadors taught most of
native South Americans to speak a European language.
14. _________________Jazz music is often described as “America’s gift to the world”. What began in
the U.S. in the 1920s is now popular everywhere in the world. Each country that adopts jazz
music, puts their own spin on the sound. Often times, they keep the same jazz beats, but
include different instruments from their own music traditions.
15. ___________________ In the 1960s, surfing started to gain popularity in Southern California. These
surfers began to look for new surf spots in Mexico, Peru, and South Africa. By 1980, all of these
countries had developed surf cultures of their own.
 16. ___________________ Austin is known for its breakfast tacos and Mexican restaurants. The types
of food served in these places are often very different from traditional cuisine in Mexico. Austin
has created a whole different style of cooking that combines Mexican recipes with more Texas
style ingredients.
17. ____________________ Soccer is the world’s most popular sport. Often times, when a famous
player, like Neymar, creates a new hair style, other players adopt the same hair, fans of their
team start to choose the same hairstyle for themselves. Suddenly, what started as a pro player
trend, becomes a world-wide trend, especially for teenagers who want to emulate their
favorite players.
18. ___________________ There are several traditions of Santa Claus around the world. Each carry
their own cultural style.
19. ___________________ There are many types of burgers in India that are chicken burgers or tikka
burgers made out of potatoes or other vegetables.
20. __________________ The spreading of the Yanny vs. Laurel audio clip on the internet

Latitude vs. Longitude

- ________________________ is major line of______________ because it splits the Earth into Northern
and Southern Hemispheres.
- ___________________ measures distance from Equator ___________ and _______________
- _______________________ is major line of _______________ because it splits the Earth into the
Eastern and Western Hemispheres.
- ____________________ measures distance from Prime Meridian ____________ and ___________

Types of Region Fill-in-the-blank

1. ___________________ area within which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive
characteristics.
2. ___________________ area organized around a node or focal point. The activity is more intense
near the center of the region and loses intensity as you move outward from the center
3. ___________________ area that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity. Defined by
how people perceive an area.

Directions: Identify which type each of the following regions are.

New Hampshire
Reception area for a tv station
American Rust Belt (area where a lot of
automobiles are produced)
American South
DC metro region
The Midwest
Brazil
Route 95 corridor
Austin, Texas
The distribution network for the
newspaper USA Today
French-language region in Canada

The Middle East

Haitian neighborhood in Miami, Florida
DMV (DC, Maryland, Virginia)

Baltimore Ravens “Nation”

Multiple Choice
1. Why is the Mercator map projection especially useful for navigation on the surface of the
earth?
a. Distortion of shape is minimized
b. Direction is constant across the map
c. Distances are correctly portrayed
d. Area of land masses is shown correctly
e. It shows the sizes of bodies of water realistically

2. How are a cartogram and proportional symbols map similar?

a. Both indicate exact locations of specific data precisely
b. Both portray numerical data for comparison between places
c. Both provide a good compromise among distortions of shape, size, direction and
distance.
d. Both display latitude and longitude accurately.
e. Both are useful for comparing the physical area of a country.

3. Which term refers to the collection of geospatial data through the use of satellite imagery?
a. Remote sensing
b. Fieldwork
c. Global position system
d. Geographic information system

4. _______________ argued that cultural landscapes should form the basic unit of geographic
inquiry.
a. Ptolemy
b. George Perkins Marsh
c. Eratosthenes
d. Carl Sauer
e. W. D. Pattison

5. A perceptual region’s boundaries are

a. Determined by a set of uniform physical and cultural characteristics across a particular
area.
b. Drawn around the functions that occur between a particular place and the
surrounding area.
c. Determined by the portion of a particular area that has been modified by human
activities.
d. Fuzzy because they allow for individual interpretation.
e. Designated by the inclusion of a particular cultural characteristic.

6. A ratio of the number of items within a defined unit of area measures

a. Dispersion
b. Direction
c. Pattern
d. Density
 e. Diffusion

7. Which of the following best describes the site of Manhattan?

a. A regional transportation hub for the northeastern United States.
b. A midway point along an urban corridor stretching from Boston to Washington D.C.
c. An island bordered by the Hudson and East Rivers
d. An important center for international trade and commerce
e. An urban center located two hours northeast of Philadelphia by train

8. Thematic maps that employ a range of color tones to illustrate how particular values vary
across predefined areas, such as counties, provinces, or states, are referred to as
a. Dot maps
b. Choropleth maps
c. Proportional symbol maps
d. Isoline maps
e. Cartograms

9. What elements of study do human and physical geography have in common?

a. They are taught or studied within the same department in major universities, but only
rarely.
b. They are concerned with where things occur and why they occur where they do.
c. They are dedicated primarily to managing national park systems.
d. They are focused primarily on managing the world's growing human population.
e. They represent a network of academic professionals dedicated primarily to studying
coal mining's effects on physical and human systems.

10. Without looking at a map, we might deduce that the coordinates 170 W longitude, 11 S
latitude are likely
a. just west of the International Date Line and just north of the equator.
b. just south of the equator and just east of the prime meridian.
c. just east of the International Date Line and just south of the equator.
d. just east of the prime meridian and just south of the equator.
e. just south of the International Date Line and just east of the equator.

11. The acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite, spacecraft, or specially
equipped high-altitude balloon is
a. GIS.
b. GPS.
c. remote sensing.
d. aerial photography.
e. USGS.

12. The diffusion of HIV/AIDS prevention methods and treatments in the United States is an
example of which type of diffusion?
a. Contagious
b. Hierarchical
c. Relocation
d. Stimulus
e. Geospatial

13. The region of Idaho is an example of which type of region

a. Functional
b. Vernacular
c. Cultural
 d. Governmental
e. Formal

14. Which of the following is an example of a functional region?

a. A newspaper’s distribution area
b. Texas
c. A neighborhood in a city where everyone speaks Spanish
d. Redskins nation
e. Takoma Park

15. Who is considered to be the father of geography?

a. Ptolemy
b. Aristotle
c. Eratosthenes
d. Galileo
e. Thanes

Topic 1.1 - Introduction to Mapping: Identify types of maps, the types of information presented in
maps, and different kinds of spatial patterns and relationships portrayed in maps.
Essential Knowledge IMP-1.A.1:Types of maps include reference maps and thematic maps.

1. The map above is provided by the Center for Disease Control (CDC) shows infant mortality
rate in the United States for 2016. Which of the following statements best describes the map
above?
a. The dot density map shows a larger amount of maternal deaths (MMR )in the
southeastern United States.
b. The choropleth map shows a lack of access to prenatal and postnatal care in the
southeastern United States.
c. The graduated symbol map shows greater access to prenatal care and postnatal care
in the western coastal region of the United States.
d. The isoline map shows a greater amount of child mortality (CMR) in the Southwestern
United States.
e. The cartogram map shows fewer infant deaths in the northeastern United States.
Essential Knowledge IMP-1.A.2:Types of spatial patterns represented on maps include absolute and
relative distance and direction, clustering, dispersal, and elevation.
 2. Which of the following statements best explains the spatial patterns seen in the map above?
a. Hispanic/Latino populations are evenly distributed throughout southeastern Wisconsin.
b. The largest clustering of Hispanic/Latino populations are found near Menomonee Falls.
c. Hispanic/Latino populations are dispersed throughout census tracts near Milwaukee.
d. Hispanic/Latino populations are largely clustered on the southside of Milwaukee and
near Lake Michigan.
e. Hispanic/Latino populations are located in areas of lower elevation.
Essential Knowledge IMP-1.A.3:All maps are selective in information; map projections inevitably
distort spatial relationships in shape, area, distance, and direction.

3. Which map projection is most distorted at low latitudes in order to provide a more correct size
but distorts shape, like in the map above?
a. Robinson
b. Goode’s Equal Area
c. Gall-Peters
d. Azimuthal
e. Mercator
Topic 1.2 - Geographic Data:Identify different methods of geographic data collection.
Essential Knowledge IMP-1.B.1:Data may be gathered in the field by organizations or by individuals.
Brookfield, WI Voter Profile

Category Population Percent of Total

Total Population 41,464 100%

18 years and older 20,069 48.4%

65 years and older 9,164 22.1%

White 34,166 82.4%

 Black or African American 373 0.9%

American Indian or 41 0.1%

Alaska Native

Asian 4,727 11.4%

Two or More Races 1,866 4.5%

Hispanic or Latino 1,285 3.1%

4. Which of the following data sources is most likely used to create the spatial analysis shown in
the table?
a. Property Taxes
b. Utility records
c. Home Estimates taken by housing inspectors
d. Census Surveys
e. School District Enrollment Demographic Data

Essential Knowledge IMP-1.B.2:Geospatial technologies include geographic information systems

(GIS), satellite navigation systems, remote sensing, and online mapping and visualization.

5. Google Earth is a geobrowser that uses

satellite imagery and aerial imagery Wisconsin State Fair Park, West Allis, WI
among other geographic data to
represent the Earth as a three-
dimensional globe. Which of the following
best describes the data in the image?
a. A political map of the city of West
Allis.
b. A series of overlayed geographic
information system layers.
c. Coordinates used for navigation to
the absolute location of the largest
display of Wisconsin farm animals.
d. Choropleth of qualitative spatial
information.
e. Remote Sensing Satellite image of
the commercial and recreational
land use.
Essential Knowledge IMP-1.B.3:Spatial information can come from written accounts in the form of
field observations, media reports, travel narratives, policy documents, personal interviews, landscape
analysis, and photographic interpretation.
6. The image to the right shows a
gardener's planting plans, which
type of spatial information are they
using?
a. Media report
b. Landscape analysis
c. A policy document
d. Photographic interpretation
e. Travel narrative

Topic 1.3 - The Power of Geographic

Data:Explain the geographical effects of decisions made using geographical information.
Essential Knowledge IMP-1.C.1:Geospatial and geographical data, including census data and
satellite imagery, are used at all scales for personal, business and organizational, and governmental
decision- making purposes.
Houston, Texas before and after Hurricane Harvey

7. The satellite images show changes to Houston before and after Hurricane Harvey, which of the
following decisions can best be made using the spatial information found in the maps?
a. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) can use the information to
determine which populations are most affected and will need assistance following the
hurricane.
b. Harris County Flood Control District can use the image to determine vegetation loss and
improvements to storm water drainage for future hurricanes.
c. State and local governments can use the image to determine total economic losses
incurred.
d. Urban planners can use the image to determine where future developments in the city
will take place.
e. Houston Chamber of Commerce can use the map to determine economic losses to
local business and the number of insurance claims.
Topic 1.4 - Spatial Concepts:Define major geographic concepts that illustrate spatial relationships.
Essential Knowledge IMP-1.A.1:Spatial concepts include absolute and relative location, space,
place, flows, distance decay, time-space compression, and pattern.
8. Which statement best describes the absolute location of Chicago, Illinois?
 a. 41.8 °N, 87.7 ° W
b. 300 miles away from Springfield, IL
c. Located in the Northern and Western Hemisphere
d. The rural center of Illinois
e. The capital of Illinois
Topic 1.5 - Human–Environmental Interaction: Explain how major geographic concepts illustrate
spatial relationships.
Essential Knowledge IMP-1.B.1:Concepts of nature and society include sustainability, natural
resources, and land use.
9. Interstate Park is Wisconsin's oldest state park, established in 1900 and is located along the St.
Croix National Scenic Riverway. What type of land use is best demonstrated by Interstate
Park?
a. Agricultural
b. Transportation
c. Recreational
d. Commercial
e. Residential
Essential Knowledge IMP-1.B.2:Theories regarding the interaction of the natural environment with
human societies have evolved from environmental determinism to possibilism.
10. Hoover Dam sought to “tame” the Colorado River bringing flood control, drinking water, and
cheap hydropower, and allowed vast agricultural development in areas that were originally
arid. The Hoover Dam reflects which of the following viewpoints of human-environment
interaction?
a. Possibilism
b. Environmental Determinism
c. Ecotourism
d. Sustainable Development
e. Carry capacity

Topic 1.6 - Scales of Analysis: Define scales of analysis used by geographers.(C)& Explain what scales
of analysis reveals.(D)
Essential Knowledge IMP-1.C.1:Scales of analysis include global, regional, national, and local.
11. Which of the following scales would be most useful for an urban planner who is helping to
design changes to a local park?
a. 1: 200
b. 1: 600
c. 1: 1,000
d. 1: 5,000
e. 1: 10,000
Essential Knowledge IMP-1.D.1:Patterns and processes at different scales reveal variations in, and
different interpretations of, data.
 12. Based on this comparison of the two maps, which of the following statements is most
accurate?
a. The unemployment rate for each of the counties of Wisconsin is similar to the state’s
unemployment rate.
b. The unemployment rate for each of the counties of Wisconsin is similar to local city
unemployment rates.
c. The unemployment rate of the state of Wisconsin reveals variation in unemployment
when data is compared at various scales.
d. The unemployment rate of Milwaukee County is significantly lower than the state
unemployment rate.
e. The unemployment rate of Waukesha County is significantly higher than the state
unemployment rate.

Topic 1.7 - Regional Analysis:Describe different ways that geographers define regions.
Essential Knowledge IMP-1.A.1:Regions are defined on the basis of one or more unifying
characteristics or on patterns of activity.
 13. Which of the following statements best explains the reasons for the regional split between
Western and Eastern Europe?
a. The regions have two distinct lingua francas being used along international trade lines.
b. The two regions share historical and political similarities resulting in centripetal force.
c. The two regions are split by differences in religion, political history, and levels of
economic development.
d. The two regions are split by economic systems.
e. The two regions have linguistic and religious similarities fostering international
cooperation.
Essential Knowledge IMP-1.A.2:Types of regions include formal, functional, and
perceptual/vernacular.

14. Based on the map, which type of region is shown?

a. Perceptual
b. Functional
c. Vernacular
d. Formal
e. Homogenous

Essential Knowledge IMP-1.A.3:Regional

boundaries are transitional and often
contested and overlapping.

15. Which of the following statements best explains why countries in the southern portion of
Central Asia that border the Middle East, South Asia, Europe, and East Asia are often
contested or overlap with the regions mentioned.
a. The countries share linguistic similarities as their official languages are a reflection of
Islam's influence in the region.
b. These regions share religious similarities with some surrounding regions, while sharing
historical and political connections with other regions.
c. These countries share a singular ethnic identity as a result of the historical russification of
the region.
 d. These countries are part of a much larger Cold War shatterbelt regions.
e. These countries have linguistic differences that resulted in devolution.
Essential Knowledge IMP-1.A.4: Geographers apply regional analysis at local, national, and global
scales.

16. Based on the comparison between the two maps, which statement best represents the data?
a. Different scales show no variation in the data for the share of Americans who are
obese.
b. Different scales reveal that rates of obesity are higher for all sub-regions when the data
is presented at the sub-national/sub-regional scale.
c. Different scales reveal that rates of obesity are the highest on the West Coast of the
United States .
d. Different scales reveal that rates of obesity are highest in sub-regions located in the
regions of the South and Midwest.
e. Different scales reveal that rates of obesity are highest in the Northeast of the US.
Unit 2- Population and Migration Patterns and Processes

Matching- Population Statistics

1. ____ Crude Birth Rate (CBR) 6. ____ Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
2. ____ Crude Death Rate (CDR) 7. ____ Life Expectancy
3. ____ Natural Increase Rate (NIR) 8. ____ Dependency Ratio
4. ____ Doubling Time 9. ____ Sex Ratio
5. ____ Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

a. The number of years needed to double a population assuming a constant rate of natural
increase.
b. Total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.
c. Measure the number of births in a society.
d. Number of males per hundred females in the population.
e. Measures the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live at current
mortality rates.
f. Total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in a society.
g. Percentage by which a population grows in a year. Subtract CDR from CBR after converting
the number to percentages.
h. Annual number of deaths of infants under one year of age, compared with total live births.
i. Number of people who are too young or too old to work, compared to the number of people
in productive years.
Which of the above population statistics would be higher in an LDC?
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
Which of the above population statistics would be higher in an MDC?
______________________________________________________________________________________________
MAKE SURE YOU UNDERSTAND WHY!!
Fill in the blank- What type of density are each of these?
1. _____________________ Density is the number of people supported by a unit area of arable
land.
2. _____________________ Density is the total number of people divided by total land area.
3. _____________________ Density is the ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable
land.

Population Policies- Fill in the Blank

1. _______________________- Population policies where a government tries to reduce fertility.
a. Example of a country? ____________________________________________________
b. Example of a method? _____________________________________________________
2. _______________________- Population policies where a government tries to increase fertility
a. Example of a country? ____________________________________________________
b. Example of a method? _____________________________________________________
Demographic Transition
- What does the Demographic Transition show us?

- Explain the level of the CBR, CDR, and NIR in each of the stages.
Stage Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Stage 5

CBR

CDR

NIR

- At which stage is the NIR the highest? Why?

- At which stage is the NIR the lowest? Why?

Population Pyramids
- What two demographics about the population do the population pyramids show us?

- Describe what a population pyramid in stage 2 would look like. What is an example of a
country in that stage currently?

- Describe what a population pyramid in stage 4 would look like. What is an example of a
country in that stage currently?

Fill-in-the-blank- Directions: Write in the most likely stage that each of the following population
pyramids represents.
Thomas Malthus
Thomas Malthus said that ___________________ increased exponentially and
_______________________ increased arithmetically.
- What is one reason that people agree with him?

- What is one reason that people disagree with him?

Epidemiologic Transition
- Describe what kills people in each stage of the epidemiologic transition.
Stage 1 and 2 Stage 3 and 4 Stage 5

Migration Transition
- Describe what kind of migration is most likely happening in each stage of the demographic
transition model
Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 and 4

Ravenstein Migration Laws

Name 2 of Ravenstein’s Migration Laws
1. _____________________________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________________________
Migration Terms- Matching
1. _____ Migration 11. _____ Internally Displaced Persons
2. _____ Emigration 12. _____ Internal Migration
3. _____ Immigration 13. _____ Interregional Migration
4. _____ Net Migration 14. _____ Intraregional Migration
5. _____ Pull Factor 15. _____ Intervening Obstacles
6. _____ Push Factor 16. _____ Refugees
7. _____ Guest Workers 17. _____ Asylum Seekers
8. _____ Transnational Migration 18. _____ Step Migration
9. _____ Voluntary Migration 19. _____ Chain Migration
10. _____ Forced Migration 20. _____ Quota
 21. _____ Transhumance

a. Induces people to move out of a present location.

b. A permanent move to a new location
c. Permanent movement from one country to another.
d. Environmental or cultural feature that hinders migration
e. Movement within one region
f. Permanent movement within the same country
g. Migrant has been compelled to move by cultural factors.
h. Migration from a location
i. Max limits on number of people that could immigrate to US from each country in a year
period.
j. Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of nationality
previously migrated there.
k. People who have been forced to migrate from their homes and cannot return for fear of
persecution.
l. Migrant has chosen to move for economic improvement.
m. Difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants.
n. Movement from one region of a country to another.
o. Induces people to move into a new location.
p. Migration to a location.
q. The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures.
r. Migration is gradual and occurs in steps (especially for international migration) and often is
from rural to urban
s. Programs that allow foreign workers to temporarily reside in a country for a particular job or
project (construction, agriculture)
t. A person who has moved across international borders in search of protection and filed a claim
for asylum with the host country’s government
u. A person who is forcibly uprooted within their country but has not crossed an international
border
LDCs vs. MDCs
Directions: Rank the following regions from least developed (1) to most developed (10) (There are
some that could be argued)
1._______ Latin America
2. _______ North America
3. _______ Sub-Saharan Africa
4. _______ MENA (Middle East and North Africa)
5. _______ East Asia
6. _______ Western Europe
7. _______ Southeast Asia
8. _______ South Asia
9. _______ Oceania
10. ______ Eastern Europe and Central Asia

Multiple Choice
1. Geographers might characterize as overpopulated a country where
a. there are too many people according to a standard economic measure of poverty.
b. the population numbers less than one million, but there is concern that the country's
natural resources are adequate for only half that number.
 c. the population numbers more than 100 million and there is concern about the finite
limits of natural resources, although the resources available in the country seem
adequate to that population.
d. the population numbers more than one million, and there is an average distribution of
population to resources.
e. All of these answer choices are correct.

2. Given patterns of development and where people live within specific regions, we might
expect to find a lower proportion of farmers living in which of these areas?
a. East Asia
b. South Asia
c. Southeast Asia
d. Southeastern Europe
e. Sub-Saharan Africa

3. Rapidly declining crude death rates are found in which stage of the demographic transition?
a. Stage 1
b. Stage 2
c. Stage 3
d. Stage 4
e. Stage 5

4. If your ancestors migrated to the United States during the 1840s and 1850s, barring any other
evidence, you might strongly suspect that they originated in
a. Norway or England.
b. Ireland or Germany.
c. Italy or Poland.
d. Spain or Portugal.
e. Russia or Bulgaria.

5. Leading approaches to reducing birth rates emphasize the long-term benefits of

a. teaching people to become more active consumers.
b. school programs that ignore contraceptive techniques and teach "abstinence only."
c. improving men's educational attainment in conjunction with small loans to businesses
owned by men in small communities.
d. improving local economic conditions in conjunction with improving women's
educational attainment.
e. information about sexually transmitted diseases.

6. We can calculate that a country would raise, or increase, its physiological density by
a. increasing the amount of agricultural land.
b. limiting the number of farmers.
c. increasing the areas of its urban centers.
d. increasing the size of its population.
e. limiting the number of farm animals.

7. From the discussions of demographic changes within the United States we can deduce that
the largest level of interregional migration in the United States was caused by the
a. arrival of Europeans and their wars with Native Americans beginning in the 1600s.
b. unauthorized immigration from Latin America, especially in the 1900s.
c. immigration of Asians beginning in the early twentieth century, despite the Chinese
Exclusion Acts.
d. opening up of the western territories to settlement.
 e. industrial development in the northeast, particularly at the outset of the Industrial
Revolution.

8. Country X has a crude birth rate of 40 and a crude death rate of 15. In what stage of the
demographic transition is this country?
a. Stage 1
b. Stage 2
c. Stage 3
d. Stage 4
e. Stage 5

9. According to the United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) in 2010, the largest
number of refugees were forced to migrate from ________, which have seen a great deal of
armed conflict in recent years.
a. Vietnam and Indonesia
b. Afghanistan and Iraq
c. Sudan, South Africa, and Colombia
d. Mexico and Colombia
e. Ethiopia, Nicaragua, and Somalia

10. According to the Epidemiological Transition Model, when do vaccines and improved
sanitation cause the death rate to decrease?
a. Stage 1
b. Stage 2
c. Stage 3
d. Stage 4
e. Stage 5

11. Which is the most common negative impact of emigration on the country of origin?
a. An increase in unemployment rates
b. A decline in the crowded conditions of urban areas
c. Loss of farmers resulting in smaller food supply
d. Loss of working age population to another country
e. An increase in the number of abandoned and homeless children
12. Which of the following countries is at stage two of the demographic transition model?
a. San Marino
b. Nigeria
c. Denmark
d. Russia
e. Finland

13. A rectangle-shaped population pyramid indicates a country that is

a. Growing slowly or not at all
b. Growing rapidly
c. Experiencing high immigration rates
d. Composed mainly of the older age classes
e. Highly dependent on the economically productive generations

14. Which of the following countries would you expect to have the densest population?
a. China
b. Peru
c. Mexico
d. Belgium
e. Colombia
 15. Most migrants to the United States during the peak of the late nineteenth century came from
which parts of Europe?
a. Central
b. south and east
c. east and west
d. north and west
e. north and east

16. Over the past century, the population of the world has been
a. Growing even though the fertility rate is decreasing
b. Growing even though life expectancy if decreasing
c. Growing because the fertility rate is increasing
d. Declining because life expectancy is decreasing
e. Declining even though the fertility rate is increasing

17. Which of the following countries is most likely to be showing the lowest natural increase rate?
a. Afghanistan
b. Liechtenstein
c. United States
d. Japan
e. Chile

18. The population of developed countries can be described as having

a. Higher fertility rates than undeveloped countries
b. Higher crude death rates than undeveloped countries
c. Higher crude birth rates than undeveloped countries
d. Lower natural increase than undeveloped countries
e. Lower life expectancy rates than undeveloped countries

19. All of the following are examples of forced migration EXCEPT

a. The Trail of Tears in the early 19th century
b. The Atlantic slave trade
c. The California gold rush in the mid-19th century
d. The Irish Potato Famine from 1846-1850
e. The Japanese internment camps during WWII

20. Relatively few people live at ________, but there are significant exceptions, especially in Latin
America.
a. low elevations
b. Sea-level
c. high elevations
d. near coastlines
e. the poles

Topic 2.1 - Population Distribution:Identify the factors that influence the distribution of human
populations at different scales. Define methods geographers use to calculate population density.
Explain the differences between and the impact of methods used to calculate population density.

Essential Knowledge IMP-2.A.1:Physical factors (e.g., climate, landforms, water bodies) and human
factors (e.g., culture, economics, history, politics) influence the distribution of population.
 17. Which generalization is best illustrated by the map?
a. People are spread out evenly throughout the continent.
b. The majority of the world’s population lives in the northern region.
c. More people in Central Africa than any other region.
d. Climate and access to water resources are the primary factors influencing population
distribution.
e. People have preserved fertile land for farming by choosing to settle heavily in areas
with poor farmland.

Essential Knowledge IMP-2.A.2: Factors that illustrate patterns of population distribution vary
according to the scale of analysis.

18. Which of the following statements best explains the difference between the patterns of
distribution seen in the maps?
a. Hog production is most often seen in regions that are characterized by cattle ranching.
b. The distribution of hog production varies when information is presented at the national
scale when compared to the sub-regional scale.
c. There is clustering of hog production in the midwest of the United States.
d. The population distribution of hogs and pigs correlates to religious taboos and customs.
 e. The distribution of hog production varies when information is presented at the Global
scale when compared to the national scale.

Essential Knowledge IMP-2.B.1:The three methods for calculating population density are arithmetic,
physiological, and agricultural.
Country Arithmetic Density Physiological Density Agricultural Density

Canada 3 61 2

United States 140 889 25

Egypt 98 6995 703

United 242 963 18

Kingdom

India 325 629 415

Japan 337 3054 198

19. Which of the following statements best represents the pattern found in the chart?
a. Farmers in the United States have access to modern technology compared to farmers
in Egypt.
b. Japan has more total farmers per square kilometer than India.
c. India has more available natural resources and access to modern farming technology
than the United Kingdom.
d. Canada has a lower carrying capacity than the United States.
e. The United Kingdom has more farmers per square kilometer than Japan.
Essential Knowledge IMP-2.C.1:The method used to calculate population density reveals different
information about the pressure the population exerts on the land.
Country Arithmetic Density Physiological Density Agricultural Density

Canada 3 61 2

United States 140 889 25

Egypt 98 6995 703

United 242 963 18

Kingdom

India 325 629 415

Japan 337 3054 198

20. Which of the following statements best represents the pattern found in the chart?
a. Canada has a higher carrying capacity than the United Kingdom.
b. Japan has more arable land than the United States.
c. India has more total land area than Canada.
d. Egypt has the lowest carrying capacity of all countries listed.
e. The United States has less farmers per square mile of arable land than Canada.

Topic 2.2 - Consequences of Population Distribution:Explain how population distribution and density
affect society and the environment.

Essential Knowledge IMP-2.D.1:Population distribution and density affect political, economic, and
social processes, including the provision of services such as medical care.

21. Which of the following statements best explains the patterns of distribution seen in the maps?
a. Maternity Care Deserts appear more frequently in the Western United States.
b. Rural areas experience greater access to maternity care than urban areas.
c. Greater access to prenatal care can be found in urban areas than in rural areas.
d. The South will have access to more specialized medical hospitals than other regions.
e. Contraception methods are harder to get access to in the Northeast.
Essential Knowledge IMP-2.D.2: Population distribution and density affect the environment and
natural resources; this is known as carrying capacity.
 22. Looking at the map of East Asia to the
right, what concept best describes the
concern created by the strain on natural
resources in population dense areas such
as Shanghai and Beijing?
a. Carrying Capacity
b. Replacement Rate
c. Total Fertility Rate
d. Infant Mortality Rate
e. Zero Population Growth

Topic 2.3 - Population Composition:Describe

elements of population composition used by
geographers & explain ways that geographers
depict and analyze population composition.
Essential Knowledge IMP-2.E.1: Patterns of age structure and sex ratio vary across different regions
and may be mapped and analyzed at different scales.

23. Comparing Japan from 1950 to 2019, which statement is true?

a. The number of children 0-4 has remained stable.
b. The percentage of Japanese 30-50 years old has decreased.
c. The number of females as a percentage of the population is far greater in 2019.
d. The percentage of Japanese 65 and older is dramatically greater in 2019.
e. The Japanese population is much more stable and sustainable in 2019.
Essential Knowledge IMP-2.F.1:Population pyramids are used to assess population growth and
decline and to predict markets for goods and services.
24. Italy currently has a higher senior population and declining birth rates. Which of the following
products or services would be utilized most
often?
a. Video game systems and public
schools.
b. Luxury cars and automotive shops.
c. Nursing homes and adult diapers.
d. Emergency services and skate parks.
e. Daycare centers and public parks.

Topic 2.4 - Population Dynamics: Explain factors

that account for contemporary and historical
trends in population growth and decline.
Essential Knowledge IMP-2.A.1: Demographic
factors that determine a population’s growth and
decline are fertility, mortality, and migration.

25. From 2000 to 2011 Sangamon County experienced positive population change despite having
some years that featured net migration losses. What factor could have created this scenario?
a. Birth rates out paced death rates.
b. More people moved to Sangamon County during this time.
c. People lived longer due to better access to healthcare.
d. Increased economic development.
e. Death and birth rates both increased.
Essential Knowledge IMP-2.A.2: Geographers use the rate of natural increase and population-
doubling time to explain population growth and decline.
26. Which of the following best describes a country with slow population growth?
a. NIR/RNI of 0.9
b. NIR/RNI of 0.4
c. NIR/RNI of - 0.1
d. NIR/RNI of 0.10
e. NIR/RNI of 0.18
Essential Knowledge IMP-2.A.3: Social, cultural, political, and economic factors influence fertility,
mortality, and migration rates.

27. According to the chart, what effects did the Brexit referendum have on migration?
a. More people entered the UK than left the UK following the EU referendum.
b. Immigration for educational purposes decreased significantly following the EU
referendum.
c. Net migration remained unchanged following the EU referendum.
d. The number of people who were seeking British citizenship increased following the EU
referendum.
e. Following the EU referendum immigration decreased, while emigration increased.
Topic 2.5 - The Demographic Transition Model: Explain theories of population growth and decline.
Essential Knowledge IMP-2.B.1:The demographic transition model can be used to explain population
change over time.
28. Which is most likely a bigger concern for a country in Stage 5 of the DTM?
a. A greater demand for government spending on pensions and healthcare for the
elderly.
b. A greater demand for government spending on education and daycare for children.
c. A higher rate of unemployment among people of working age.
d. A higher rate of emigration by people in search of jobs.
e. A faster overall population growth than in previous decades.

Essential Knowledge IMP-2.B.2: The epidemiological transition explains causes of changing death
rates.
29. Which of the following statements is true about the ETM?
a. In stage 3, people mostly die from infectious disease, accidents, and human conflict.
b. Diseases that affect large populations decline in stage 2 as sanitation, medicine, and
nutrition improve.
c. Diseases like Alzheimer's and dementia start to dramatically increase in stage 3.
d. In stage 4, bacteria and parasites become resistant to antibiotics and vaccines.
e. In stage 5, people are mostly dying from accidents, animal attacks and human conflict.
Topic 2.6 - Malthusian Theory:Explain theories of population growth and decline.
Essential Knowledge IMP-2.B.3: Malthusian theory and its critiques are used to analyze population
change and its consequences.
30. Using the stimulus, what is the relationship between population
and resources?
a. As resources increase, the population will stabilize.
b. As resources decrease, the population will also decrease.
c. As the population increases, it will outpace available
resources.
d. As the population decreases, resources will stabilize.
e. There is no discernable pattern.
Topic 2.7 - Population Policies:Explain the intent and effects of various
population and immigration policies on population size and
composition.
Essential Knowledge IMP-2.A.1:Types of population policies include those that promote or discourage
population growth, such as pronatalist, antinatalist, and immigration policies.
31. In 1979, China instituted the One Child Policy. Using the stimulus, which of the following
statements most accurately represents the effect of the
policy on China’s population?
a. The policy impact can be seen in cohort 70-74 and
75-79 because of a higher crude death rate.
b. The policy impact can be seen in cohort 40-44 as
the bars are shorter.
c. The policy impact can be seen in cohort 20-24 and
25-29 as people waited longer to have children.
d. It led to an increase in population as seen in ages
35-39.
e. It had little to no effect on China’s population.
Topic 2.8 - Women and Demographic Change:Explain how the
changing role of females has demographic consequences in
different parts of the world.
Essential Knowledge IMP-2.B.1: Changing social values and
access to education, employment, health care, and
contraception have reduced fertility rates in most parts of the
world.
32. According to the chart, how did a woman's access to
education affect the number of children on average women
had?
a. Gender inequality is higher in places where Total Fertility
Rates are lower.
b. Women in MDCs typically have lower TFRs, whereas
LDCs had higher TFRs as women obtained more years of
schooling.
c. As women obtain more years of schooling, there is a
decrease in the TFR.
d. As women obtain greater levels of education, crude
birth rates will increase.
e. As women obtain greater levels of education, death
rates will decrease.
Essential Knowledge IMP-2.B.2:Changing social, economic, and political roles for females have
influenced patterns of fertility, mortality, and migration, as illustrated by Ravenstein’s laws of
migration.
The following are paraphrased versions of some of Ravenstein’s stated laws of
migration, published between 1876 and 1889.
 I. The majority of migrants move
only a short distance in any one
migration.
II. Migration proceeds step-by-
step.
III. Females are more migratory than
males within the county of their
birth, but males more frequently
venture beyond that county
boundary.
IV. Most migrants are adults; families
rarely migrate out of their county
of birth.
V. The major cause of migration is
economic.
33. Which of Ravenstein’s laws are contested by the information provided in the chart?
a. law I only
b. laws I and III
c. laws IV and V
d. Law III only
e. None are contested
Topic 2.9 - Aging Populations:Explain the causes and consequences of an aging population.
Essential Knowledge IMP-2.C.1:Population aging is determined by birth and death rates and life
expectancy.
Country Crude Birth Rate (CBR) Crude Death Rate (CDR) Life Expectancy

Mali 41.07 9.2 62.41

Singapore 9.05 4.04 86.35

Cuba 10.11 9.29 79.64

Turkey 14.28 6.05 76.21

Afghanistan 35.46 12.33 64.83

34. According to the chart, which country will be the most likely to experience an aging
population in the future?

a. Mali

b. Singapore

c. Cuba

d. Turkey

e. Afghanistan
Essential Knowledge IMP-2.C.2:An aging population has
political, social, and economic consequences, including the
dependency ratio.
35. Which of the following describes a concern for a country
with an aging population?
 a. As a country’s population ages, the life expectancy for the younger population of the
country decreases and healthcare costs decline.
b. As a country’s population ages, the infant mortality rate decreases and there is an
increased need for daycare centers.
c. As the proportion of older people in the country increases, fewer young workers are
available to contribute tax revenues to support programs that provide services to the
older population.
d. As the proportion of older people in the country increases, the sex ratio becomes
disproportionally skewed toward males.
e. As the proportion of older people increases, the total population decreases because
older people do not have children.
Topic 2.10 - Causes of Migration:Explain how different causal factors encourage migration.

Essential Knowledge IMP-2.C.1:Migration is commonly divided into push factors and pull factors.
36. Which of the following would be considered an example of a political push/pull factor in
migration?
a. Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar have faced discrimination and violence due to their
faith.
b. The Chinese government persecuted, arrested, and killed many Tibetans who opposed
China's takeover of Tibet.
c. An earthquake and tsunami in Japan damaged nuclear reactors, releasing radioactive
materials.
d. Many jobs were lost as a result of the Great Depression.
e. Factory workers in states like Michigan and Ohio moved to the South starting in the
1970s where new factories opened.
Essential Knowledge IMP-2.C.2:Push/pull factors and intervening opportunities/obstacles can be
cultural, demographic, economic, environmental, or political.

37. An earthquake in Turkey and Syria, tsunami in Indonesia, and hurricane off the coast of Florida
are best explained by which of the following statements?
a. Natural disasters will create barriers to migration as infrastructural networks may be
damaged.
b. Natural disasters create a political push for interregional migrants.
c. Economic factors may create challenges for migrants who are engaging in
international migration.
d. Intervening opportunities pull migrants to areas that are prone to natural disasters.
e. Population density and land-use often determine the urgency of a government’s
response to natural disasters.

Topic 2.11 - Forced and Voluntary Migration:Describe types of forced and voluntary migration.

Essential Knowledge IMP-2.D.1:Forced migrations include slavery and events that produce refugees,
internally displaced persons, and asylum seekers.
 38. According to the chart, most refugees in the world come from three countries. Which of the
following scenarios is most likely to produce these refugees?
a. These refugees are fleeing to economically advanced countries neighboring their
home countries, in pursuit of better employment opportunities.
b. The refugees are Jewish people fleeing religious persecution of the Christian majority.
c. The refugees are fleeing civil war produced from political instability.
d. The refugees are forced to leave their homes because of racial segregation imposed
by a theocratic government.
e. The refugees are fleeing the recent environmental disaster of a hurricane devastating
the region.

Essential Knowledge IMP-2.D.2:Types of voluntary migrations include transnational, transhumance,

internal, chain, step, guest worker, and rural-to-urban.
 39. Which of the following statements is best supported by the data in the maps?
a. Increases in migration from 1960 to 2021, cities such as São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro
have experienced an increase in urban sprawl.
b. Increases in the share of people living in urban areas between 1960 and 2021 suggests
a rural to urban shift.
c. Decreases in the share of people living in urban areas between 1960 and 2021 suggests
the occurrence of counter migration.
d. Increases in the share of people living in urban areas between 1960 and 2021 suggests
an increase in the primary sector of the economy.
e. Decreases in the share of people living in urban areas between 1960 and 2021 suggests
lower levels of economic development.
Topic 2.12 - Effects of Migration:Explain historical and contemporary geographic effects of migration.
Essential Knowledge IMP-2.E.1:Migration has political, economic, and cultural effects.

40. Which of the following statements

best represents that data found in
the map?
a. The map shows what
countries asylum seekers
are leaving and where they
are going.
b. The map demonstrates a
push factor experienced by
migrants
c. The map demonstrates a
pull factor encouraging
migrants.
d. The map demonstrates
Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration.
e. The map demonstrates the flow of international remittances following migration.
Unit 3-Cultural Patterns and Processes

Unit 3 Review Packet- AP Human Geography

Matching- Unit Terms
1. _____ Popular Culture
2. _____ Folk Culture
3. _____ Syncretism
4. _____ Acculturation
5. _____Assimilation
6. _____ Taboo
7. _____ Dialects
8. _____ Isogloss
9. _____ Standard Language
10. _____ Language Family
11. _____ Language Branch
12. _____ Language Group
13. _____ Official Language
14. _____ Multilingual State
15. _____ Lingua Franca
16. _____ Pidgin
17. _____ Creole
18. _____ Language Extinction
19. _____ Universalizing Religion
20. _____ Ethnic Religion
21. _____ Religious Branch
22. _____ Religious Denomination
23. _____ Religious Sect
24. _____ Ethnocentrism
25. _____ Cultural Relativism
26. _____ Fundamentalism
27. _____ Ethnicity
28. _____ Race
29. _____ Nationality
30. _____ Nation-state
31. _____ Self-determination
32. _____ Centripetal Force
33. _____ Ethnic Cleansing
34. _____ Balkanization
35. _____ Cultural Landscape
36. _____Land-Use Patterns
37. _____ Sequent Occupancy
38. _____ Cultural Convergence
39. _____ Cultural Divergence
40. _____ Multiculturalism
41. _____ Ethnic Neighborhood
42. _____ Gender Inequality Index
43. _____ Gendered Space

a. blending of cultures and ideas from different places

b. identity with a group of people who share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a
particular country
c. Having people conform with the customs, attitudes etc. of an existing group.
d. Traditionally practiced primarily by small homogeneous groups living in isolated rural areas and
may include a custom such as wearing a sarong in Malaysia or a sari in India. Cultural
practices of everyday existence in the traditional societies in which they developed. Reflects
the local environment.
e. pidgin language that evolves to the point at which it become the primary language. Ex.
Haitian and French have versions of this
f. effort to rid a country or region of every one of a particular ethnicity through forced migration
or genocide. Ex Yugoslavia, Rwanda
g. language in which all government business occurs and is established by a country.
h. ethnicities have the right to govern themselves
i. group of people who share a common identity and cultural traditions of a hearth
j. Adoption of a different culture (often the dominant one)
k. identity with a group of people who share a biological ancestor.
l. relatively small religious group that has broken away from an established denomination
m. Dialect that is well established and widely recognized as the most acceptable for
government, business, education and mass communication. Ex. British Received Pronunciation
n. territory corresponds to that occupied by an ethnicity that has been transformed into a
nationality Ex. Denmark
o. new language with some characteristics of at least two languages, which occurs when two
groups with different languages meet Ex. Spanglish
p. a collection of many languages, all which came from the same original tongue long ago, but
have since evolved different characteristics Ex. Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan
q. language is no longer in use by living people. Ex. Colonialism in Africa, America etc. destroyed
some languages
r. Refers to not judging a culture to our own standards of what is right, wrong, strange or normal.
Instead we should try to understand the cultural practices of other groups in its own cultural
context.
s. Religions that appeal primarily to one group of people, living in one place, more spiritually
bound to particular regions. Ex. Hinduism, Judaism
t. geographically distinct versions of a single language that vary from the parent form Ex. English
in U.S. vs. London, English in South and North
u. Country that has multiple official languages such as Belgium or Canada
v. Found in large, heterogeneous societies that share certain habits (such as wearing jeans)
despite differences in other personal characteristics. Relatively uniform across space but
rapidly changes over time- "fads"
w. a division of a religious branch that unites a number of local congregations in a single legal
and administrative body
x. Further division from family to group, set of languages with a relatively recent common origin
and many similar characteristics Ex. Romance languages
y. force that tends to unify people within a state and enhance support for a state. Ex Star-
Spangled Banner, 9/11
z. religions that seek to unite, attempt to be global and appeal to all, often want to spread so
they have missionaries Ex. Christianity, Islam, Buddhism. Divided into branches, denominations
and sects
aa. process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities
bb. literal interpretation and strict and intense adherence to basic principles of a religion
(goes against current global culture)
cc.language of international communication (often to facilitate trade). Ex. English
dd. word-usage boundary, boundary lines of different words coalesce in some locations to
form regions
ee.restriction on behavior imposed by a social custom. These start because people refuse to eat
certain plants and animals that are thought to embody negative forces in the environment.
Ex. Muslims not eating pork
ff. Large and fundamental division within a religion
 gg.Further division within a language branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent
past
hh. When everyone starts to have one mass global culture
ii. Cultural pluralism or diversity within a society
jj. Measures a country’s loss of achievement due to gender inequality, based on reproductive
health, employment and general empowerment
kk. Use your own culture as the center/correct culture and evaluate all other cultures based on
that
ll. How different groups of people use the land that they reside on, including commercial,
residential, agricultural, transportation, etc.
mm. combinations of physical features, agricultural and industrial practices, religious and
linguistic characteristics, evidence of sequent occupancy, and other expressions of culture
including traditional and postmodern architecture and land-use patterns.
nn. An area (often in a city) where one ethnicity primarily resides
oo.Land is affected by every group of people that historically or currently live on land
pp. Areas that are mainly reserved for one gender or another in a culture
qq. When people leave their own culture to adopt practices of another

Fill-in-the-blank: Types of Diffusion

1. _________________ is the spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to
other persons or places.
2. _________________ is the spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one
place to another.
3. _________________ is the rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the
population.
4. _________________ is the spread of an underlying principle, even though a characteristic itself
apparently fails to diffuse.
5. _____________________Ex. Beyonce starts wearing a certain shirt and some other people start
wearing the shirt.
6. ______________________ Ex. The spread of the Spanish Flu across Europe
7. _______________________ Ex. The spread of Spanish and French to the United States
8. _________________________ Ex. The spread of paper money to all parts of the globe, but each
type of paper money is unique.
9. __________________________ Ex. Walmart being made in rural Arkansas and spreading all over
the world from there
10. _________________ Computers were once as big as a closet and only wealthy companies or
large research labs could afford to have them. However, as technology improved, smaller
computers were purchased for office use. It was not until the 1990s that wealthy American
families began purchasing computers for their homes.
11. _________________The Ebola virus outbreak began in a small village in Sierra Leone. Within a
couple of weeks, it had spread to other areas of the country. After 3 months, 4 countries in
West Africa were dealing with Ebola outbreaks.
12. _________________Most of South America speaks Spanish because Spain established colonies in
South America beginning in the 1500s. Spanish missionaries and conquistadors taught most of
native South Americans to speak a European language.
13. _________________Jazz music is often described as “America’s gift to the world”. What began in
the U.S. in the 1920s is now popular everywhere in the world. Each country that adopts jazz
music, puts their own spin on the sound. Often times, they keep the same jazz beats, but
include different instruments from their own music traditions.
 14. ___________________ In the 1960s, surfing started to gain popularity in Southern California. These
surfers began to look for new surf spots in Mexico, Peru, and South Africa. By 1980, all of these
countries had developed surf cultures of their own.
15. ___________________ Austin is known for its breakfast tacos and Mexican restaurants. The types
of food served in these places are often very different from traditional cuisine in Mexico. Austin
has created a whole different style of cooking that combines Mexican recipes with more Texas
style ingredients.
16. ____________________ Soccer is the world’s most popular sport. Often times, when a famous
player, like Neymar, creates a new hair style, other players adopt the same hair, fans of their
team start to choose the same hairstyle for themselves. Suddenly, what started as a pro player
trend, becomes a world-wide trend, especially for teenagers who want to emulate their
favorite players.
17. ___________________ There are several traditions of Santa Claus around the world. Each carry
their own cultural style.
18. ___________________ There are many types of burgers in India that are chicken burgers or tikka
burgers made out of potatoes or other vegetables.
19. __________________ The spreading of the Yanny vs. Laurel audio clip on the internet

Chapter 4: Culture
- Folk culture generally spreads by ____________________ diffusion. Popular culture generally
spreads by __________________________ diffusion.
- Folk culture generally originates _____________________. Popular culture generally originates
_________________________________.
- Example of Folk culture? Example of Popular Culture?
Chapter 5: Language
- What is the difference between a language family, branch, and group?

- What language family has the most speakers in the world?

- What language has the most speakers in the world?

Chapter 6:Religion
- What is the difference between a universalizing and ethnic religion?

- Which universalizing religion has the most followers?

- Which ethnic religion has the most followers?

Fill out the chart- Religions

- Directions: Fill out the chart with the predominant areas that each religion exists in the world
Religion Type: Ethnic or Universalizing Location in World

Bahá'í

Shintoism
 Daoism

Confucianism

Sikhism

Christianity Protestant Branch

Christianity Roman Catholic

Branch

Christianity Eastern Orthodox

Branch

Islam Sunni Branch

Islam Shia Branch

Animism

Hinduism

Buddhism

Judaism

Chapter 7: Ethnicity
- What is the difference between ethnicity and race?

- What is the difference between ethnicity and nationality?

Multiple Choice
1. In contrast to folk culture, popular culture is more likely to vary
a. from place to place at a given time.
b. from time to time at a given place.
c. both from place to place and from time to time, in equal measure.
d. neither from place to place nor from time to time.
e. only in more developed countries.

2. When we analyze the patterns of popular culture in our surroundings, we can surmise that
a. all culture is transmitted from one location to another through small scale and local
migration.
 b. popular culture diffuses through relocation diffusion.
c. nodes of innovation are central to the process of hierarchical diffusion.
d. unlike folk culture, popular culture is usually transmitted orally across time and location.
e. it is impossible for us to make scientific observations about the diffusion of popular
culture.

3. The diffusion of jeans is a good example primarily of the

a. diffusion of popular culture.
b. adoption of unique folk culture.
c. impact of high income on clothing habits.
d. opposition to globalization.
e. increasing incidence of synthetic textiles replacing natural fibers.

4. A restriction on behavior imposed by social custom is a

a. folk culture.
b. habit.
c. terrior
d. taboo.
e. tariff.

5. The trend of globalization has threatened

a. popular culture and folk culture relatively equally.
b. the folk customs of only a few isolated communities.
c. the spread of the international banking system.
d. folk culture more than popular culture.
e. folk culture, but only in the largest cities on each continent.

6. A lingua franca is
a. an English word that has entered the French language.
b. a language understood by people who have different native languages.
c. an extinct language that has been revived.
d. an official language in a region of the world different from where the language
originated.
e. a language used by French colonial administrations.

7. The four most frequently spoken branches of Indo-European include all but
a. Balto-Slavic.
b. Celtic.
c. Indo-Iranian.
d. Romance.
e. Germanic.

8. The second-largest language family is

a. Indo-European.
b. Sino-Tibetan.
c. Afro-Asiatic.
d. Austronesian.
e. Dravidian.

9. British and American English differ in all but which of the following?
a. alphabet
b. pronunciation
c. spelling
d. vocabulary
e. prevalent dialects
10. A language that was nearly extinct in British-controlled areas but which is now being revived is
a. Slavic.
b. Celtic.
c. Iranian.
d. English.
e. Pictish.

11. The large number of individual languages documented in Africa has resulted primarily from
a. thousands of years of isolation between cultural groups.
b. repeated invasions by outsiders.
c. introduction of many different languages by the colonial powers.
d. frequent migration by the different tribal groups.
e. colonial administration of native lands.

12. Hebrew is an example of

a. an isolated language.
b. an extinct language.
c. a revived language.
d. a language family.
e. an Altaic language.

13. All of the following describe the English language except

a. It is a lingua franca.
b. Its recent growth is due to expansion diffusion.
c. It is an Indo-European language.
d. It has diffused along with economic globalization.
e. It is an isogloss.

14. When geographers study the sites where religions originated as well as the processes by which
those religions diffused to other locations, they are focusing on the
a. spatial connections in religion.
b. geo-religious linkages of culture.
c. role of history in the social sciences.
d. lack of spatial connections in religion.
e. loss of historical processes in the formations of religions.

15. The maps in this chapter indicate that Eastern Orthodoxy is a branch of Christianity prevalent
in
a. Russia.
b. Italy.
c. Spain.
d. Russia and Spain but not Greece.
e. Greece and Germany but not Russia

16. Which is not an ethnic Asian religion?

a. Buddhism
b. Confucianism
c. Shintoism
d. Daoism
e. Hinduism

17. Hinduism's caste system

a. assigns everyone to a distinct class.
b. decrees the pilgrimages which should be taken.
c. is a substitute for the lack of a holy book.
 d. identifies a family's important deities.
e. is the basis for seasonal celebrations.

18. Judaism is classified as an ethnic rather than a universalizing religion, partly because
a. its main holidays relate to events in the life of its founder, Abraham.
b. it uses a standard solar calendar rather than a lunar calendar.
c. its rituals derive from the agricultural cycle in Israel.
d. it commemorates the Exodus from Egypt.
e. the holy text is the foundation of the religion.

19. Which is the most dramatic change in the geographic distribution of African Americans in the
United States?
a. rural to urban within the state
b. change to sharecropping
c. relocation to northern cities
d. movement out of inner-cities
e. relocation to coastal cities

20. What was apartheid?

a. the dialect of Dutch which is spoken in South Africa
b. South Africa's governmental system
c. the existence of landlocked states in southern Africa
d. the geographic separation of races in South Africa
e. kinship system of Sub-Saharan Africa

21. A nationality is
a. a group of people tied to a place through legal status and tradition.
b. a country.
c. ethnic identity.
d. any cohesive group of people.
e. any group with shared religion, language, and origin of birth.

22. Which of the following is likely the least or weakest centripetal force in the United States?
a. ABC, NBC, CBS, and other network television
b. the U.S. flag flying in different ethnic neighborhoods
c. Internet content available from around the world
d. "The Star Spangled Banner" being sung at baseball games
e. lessons about civic responsibility in the public school system

23. Traditionally, the most important unit of African society was the
a. state.
b. tribe.
c. nation.
d. kingdom.
e. caliphate.

24. The most important centripetal force in Yugoslavia before its breakup was the
a. religion.
b. language.
c. number of nationalities.
d. common economic interests.
e. conflict with Turkey

25. One distinctive feature of the Indo-European family is that it

a. Has a smaller spatial distribution than other language families
b. Is the only language family with just one major lingua franca
 c. Includes most of the world’s oldest languages
d. Is spoken by nearly half the world’s population
e. Is the only one that is spoken in Europe today

26. Some countries have several official languages because they want to
a. Make international diplomacy easier
b. Foster political cooperation with neighboring countries
c. Make government operate more efficiently
d. Prepare students to participate in the global economy
e. Give recognition to different groups within the country

27. Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are alike in that they all
a. Began as universal religions
b. Are examples of ethnic religions
c. Evolved into polytheistic religions
d. Trace their heritage to Abraham
e. Started in a region that is now part of Europe

28. Which best describes the main difference between ethnicity and nationality?
a. Nationality is connected to a state while ethnicity is connected to a culture
b. Nationality is connected to a culture while ethnicity is connected to a state.
c. Nationality is connected to a language while ethnicity is connected to a religion
d. Nationality is connected to cities while ethnicity is connected to rural areas
e. Nationality is connected to religion while ethnicity is connected to urban enclaves.

29. Which was the most common religious change among Africans as a result of contact with
people from Europe and the Middle East?
a. From animism to a universalizing religion
b. From an ethnic religion to animism
c. From a universalizing religion to an ethnic religion
d. From monotheism to polytheism
e. From polytheism to an ethnic religion

30. The English language belongs to which of the following branches of the Indo-European
language family?
a. Romanic
b. Hellenic
c. Celtic
d. Germanic
e. Armenian
31. Which of the following areas describes a conflict region between various ethnic groups,
including Serbs, Albanians, and Bosnians?
a. The Persian Gulf
b. The West Bank
c. The Himalayans
d. The Balkan Peninsula
e. The Horn of Africa

Enduring Understandings:
● Cultural practices vary across geographical locations because of physical geography and
available resources.(3.1-3.3)
● The interaction of people contributes to the spread of cultural practices.(3.4& 3.7)
● Cultural ideas, practices, and innovations change or disappear over time.(3.5-3.6& 3.8)
Topic 3.1- Introduction to Culture: Define the characteristics, attitudes, and traits that influence
geographers when they study culture.
Essential Knowledge IMP-3.A.1:Culture comprises the shared practices, technologies, attitudes, and
behaviors transmitted by a society.
41. Regardless of the country in which they are born, people of Mexican ancestry might share
some cultural similarities, even if they don’t natively speak the same language. Mexicans are:
a. a racial group.
b. an ethnic group.
c. a multistate nation.
d. a culturally relativistic people.
e. a language family.

Essential Knowledge IMP-3.A.2: Cultural traits include such things as food preferences, architecture,
and land use.

42. The Saami are a people who are native to the northern parts of Scandinavian countries that
historically herd reindeer. The Saami are
a. a nonmaterial culture.
b. a racial group.
c. an indigenous culture.
d. a multistate nation.
e. an ethnocentric people.
Essential Knowledge IMP-3.A.3:Cultural relativism and
ethnocentrism are different attitudes toward cultural
difference.

Topic 3.2 - Cultural Landscapes:Describe the

characteristics of cultural landscapes & explain how
landscape features and land and resource use reflect
cultural beliefs and identities.
Essential Knowledge IMP-3.B.1: Cultural landscapes are
combinations of physical features, agricultural and
industrial practices, religious and linguistic characteristics,
evidence of sequent occupance, and other expressions
of culture including traditional and postmodern
architecture and land-use patterns.

43. Everything is a part of the cultural landscape.

Which statement best explains how this image is a
part of the cultural landscape?
a. The umbrella on a sunny day reflects a
cultural response to the physical
environment.
 b. The absence of vegetation shows a cultural adaptation to urbanization.
c. The sidewalks are a way to make the neighborhood more pedestrian-friendly.
d. Street signs act as cultural markers.
e. Both Chinese writing and English writing are used on the front of the building.

44. This structure was built in 1785, prior to this neighborhood becoming Chinatown. The owners
and the builders were not Chinese, but as the neighborhood changed, the building and its
significance changed. This is best explained by the term
a. chain migration.
b. cultural marker.
c. sequent occupancy.
d. secularization.
e. economic landscape.

Essential Knowledge IMP-3.C.1:Attitudes toward ethnicity and gender, including the role of women in
the workforce; ethnic neighborhoods; and indigenous communities and lands help shape the use of
space in a given society.
45. A Pakistani family moves to a predominantly Pakistani neighborhood in London, where the
family members maintain many of their cultural traditions. Which of the following terms best
describes this circumstance?
a. Distance decay
b. Ethnic enclave
c. Step migration
d. Gentrification
e. Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration
Topic 3.3 - Cultural Patterns: Explain patterns and landscapes of language, religion, ethnicity, and
gender.
Essential Knowledge IMP-3.D.1:Regional patterns of language, religion, and ethnicity contribute to a
sense of place, enhance placemaking, and shape the global cultural landscape.
 46. How does this mural best represent efforts to create a sense of place in the city of Milwaukee?
a. The English language is used to communicate in the majority language.
b. The bald Eagle, native to the American Midwest, is prominently featured to enhance
pride in the city.
c. This representation fosters a sense of belonging and pride among different cultural
groups within the city.
d. Local artists were involved in the creation of the mural to increase their sense of
belonging.
e. The vibrant range of colors are continuous like the light spectrum. This illustrates the
continuity of community and place for city residents.
Essential Knowledge IMP-3.D.2: Language, ethnicity, and religion are
factors in creating centripetal and centrifugal forces.

47. Various legal and policy frameworks, including the European

Charter for Regional or Minority Languages and the Northern
Ireland (St Andrews Agreement) Act 2006, provide support for the
promotion of the Irish Gaelic language and the rights of Irish
speakers. What is the best explanation for efforts to promote
education and public uses of the Irish Gaelic language in
Northern Ireland to encourage centripetal force?
a. Cultural Preservation: Promoting the Irish Gaelic language
is often seen as a means to preserve and revitalize a rich
cultural heritage.
b. Identity and Nationalism: The promotion of the English
language has been used to marginalize speakers of
traditional Irish Gaelic. Outlining clear differences between
Irish and British or Ulster-Scots culture establishes dissent and division.
c. Language Rights and Inclusivity: Advocates for the Irish Gaelic language argue that
promoting its use helps create a more inclusive and diverse society. This inclusivity is
seen as contributing to a more cohesive and multicultural Northern Ireland.
d. Historical Significance: The Irish language has deep historical significance in the region,
encouraging the desire for reconciliation between Northern Ireland and the Republic of
Ireland.
e. National Division: Highlighting differences between traditional Irish culture and
impressed colonial British culture helps to heal historic wounds of imperialism.
Topic 3.4 - Types of Diffusion: Define the types of diffusion.
Essential Knowledge IMP-3.A.1:Relocation and expansion—including contagious, hierarchical, and
stimulus expansion—are types of diffusion.
48. In the context of social media trends, which of the following best describes the difference
between hierarchical and contagious diffusion?
a. Hierarchical diffusion involves trends spreading organically through personal networks,
while contagious diffusion is driven by formal channels and authorities.
b. Hierarchical diffusion relies on viral content and peer-to-peer sharing, while contagious
diffusion is characterized by the involvement of organizations and authorities.
c. Hierarchical diffusion is initiated by authorities or organizations and spreads through
formal channels, while contagious diffusion involves trends spreading informally through
personal networks and peer influence.
d. Hierarchical diffusion is limited to the digital realm, while contagious diffusion extends to
physical world interactions.
e. Hierarchical diffusion and contagious diffusion are interchangeable terms and have the
same meaning in the context of social media trends.
49. South Korea, a country whose culture highly values respect, has a baseball league where
players flip their bats as a signature move after home runs, something that is seen in the United
States as disrespectful to the pitcher and the game. Which of the following best explains this
regional difference in the cultures?
 a. South Korea has not been exposed to American culture enough to understand the
unwritten rules of the game.
b. Baseball’s culture may have originated in the United States, but the culture changed as
it moved to other areas.
c. East Asian versions of baseball developed from local, indigenous games with different
customs.
d. Baseball, or any sport, will adopt the culture of the new place more so than the culture
of the sport.
e. Korean culture has reshaped baseball to reject American individualism and embrace a
greater respect for uniformity.
Topic 3.5 - Historical Causes of Diffusion: Explain how historical processes impact current cultural
patterns.

Essential Knowledge IMP-3.A.1:Interactions between and among cultural traits and larger global
forces can lead to new forms of cultural expression; for example, creolization and lingua franca.
50. Swahili is the language of trade for most of East Africa and the only African language in use by
the African Union. As such it is a good example of a
a. Lingua franca
b. Dialect
c. Syncretism
d. Creolization
e. Cultural hearth

Essential Knowledge IMP-3.A.2: Colonialism, imperialism, and trade helped to shape patterns and
practices of culture.
51. Sikhism is an important South Asian religion. As British colonialism reached South Asia, Sikhism
spread to other parts of the British Empire, such as Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and
Kenya. This is an example of
a. Relocation diffusion
b. Contagious diffusion
c. Hierarchical diffusion
d. Stimulus diffusion
e. Impact diffusion
52. The English, Spanish, and French languages have some of the widest ranges, spread across
various continents. What is the best explanation for this wide linguistic dispersal?
a. These languages are widespread because of modern online importance.
b. Colonialism and economic imperialism brought these languages around the world.
c. Indo-European languages are fashionable, so they have spread far.
d. The massive relocation of English, Spanish, and French speakers around the world
caused this linguistic dispersal.
e. Climatic factors made these languages the most well-suited to places beyond their
origin.
 53. The image above depicts the Buddhist temple of Borobodur in Indonesia – which of the
following historical processes most accurately explains the presence of Buddhism outside of its
hearth in South Asia?
a. Siddhartha Gautama spread the tenets of Buddhism by sending letters to indigenous
Indonesians.
b. Buddhist missionaries traveled to Southeast Asia to establish new Buddhist communities.
c. Buddhists were forcibly expelled from South Asia and relocated in Indonesia.
d. European colonists in South and Southeast Asia forcibly displaced Buddhists to spread
Christianity.
e. Indonesian travelers to South Asia learned about Buddhism and created a new branch
upon their return home.

Topic 3.6 - Contemporary Causes of Diffusion: Explain how historical processes impact current cultural
patterns.

Essential Knowledge IMP-3.A.3: Cultural ideas and practices are socially constructed and change
through both small-scale and large-scale processes such as urbanization and globalization. These
processes come to bear on culture through media, technological change, politics, economics, and
social relationships.
“There is a clear risk of bias, manipulation, abusive surveillance and authoritarian control over social
networks, the internet and any uncensored citizen expression platform, by private or state actors…this
has serious democratic and civic implications. In countries with technological capacity and a highly
centralized political structure, favorable conditions exist to obtain partisan advantages by limiting
social contestation, freedom of expression and eroding civil rights.”
- Miguel Moreno, professor of philosophy at the University of Granada, Spain
54. Which of the following statements best summarizes the argument made by Miguel Moreno in
the quote above?
a. Moreno argues that increased access to technology undermines democracy
b. Moreno believes that social networks and the internet are prone to be monitored and
censored, limiting free speech.
c. Moreno argues that the internet and social media are tools that should be slowly
introduced to populations so that democracy can grow gradually.
d. Moreno discusses the challenges of managing social networks, emphasizing the need
for outside organizations to monitor and promote free speech.
e. According to Moreno, countries with advanced technology and highly centralized
governments are less likely to have authoritarian tendencies.
Essential Knowledge IMP-3.A.4: Communication technologies, such as the internet and the time-
space convergence, are reshaping and accelerating interactions among people; changing cultural
practices, as in the increasing use of English and the loss of indigenous languages; and creating
cultural convergence and divergence.

55. Religious identities of African and South American people have become more similar through
missionary work and global religious institutions. This process is called
a. placelessness
b. secularization
c. cultural convergence
d. homogenization
e. Syncretism

56. One important consequence of cultural extinction is

a. A decreasing population
 b. Increased poverty in peripheral regions
c. Loss of genetic diversity
d. Loss of indigenous knowledge about ecosystems
e. Increasing population
Topic 3.7 - Diffusion of Religion and Language:Explain what factors lead to the diffusion of
universalizing and ethnic religions.

Essential Knowledge IMP-3.B.1:Language families, languages, dialects, world religions, ethnic

cultures, and gender roles diffuse from cultural hearths.

57. What type of diffusion most likely explains the existence of a Shinto shrine in the American state
of Washington?

a. Expansion diffusion by way of Shinto missionaries

b. Stimulus diffusion from the creation of a new branch of Shintoism in North America
c. Hierarchical diffusion of Shinto from their central teaching authority
d. Relocation diffusion of Japanese citizens to Washington
e. Expansion diffusion due to the creation of Shinto primary schools in Washington

Essential Knowledge IMP-3.B.2:Diffusion of language families, including Indo-European, and religious

patterns and distributions can be visually represented on maps, in charts and toponyms, and in other
representations.
 58. How is linguistic diffusion most accurately reflected in the names of states in South America?
a. Spanish and Portuguese toponyms reflect the languages of settler colonists in the 16th
century.
b. A number of states in South America have retained indigenous toponyms.
c. Many South American states previously had English toponyms that were later changed
back to reflect indigenous languages.
d. North American languages diffused throughout Central and South America.
e. Creolized languages in the Caribbean combined multiple diffused languages.

Essential Knowledge IMP-3.B.3:Religions have distinct places of origin from which they diffused to
other locations through different processes. Practices and belief systems impacted how widespread
the religion diffused.

59. Which of the following best explains the wide variety of Christian religious beliefs and practices
in the Americas?
a. Only a small number of Christian ethnic populations migrated to the Americas from
Europe
b. Christianity spread to the Americas through repeated patterns of relocation diffusion
 c. Christianity spread to the Americas through hierarchical diffusion
d. The cultural hearth of Christianity is located in the Americas. It then spread and mixed
with other indigenous cultures throughout the Americas
e. Christian beliefs and practices were modified as a result of existing taboos and cultural
differences in the Americas

Essential Knowledge IMP-3.B.4: Universalizing religions, including Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, and
Sikhism, are spread through expansion and relocation diffusion.
60. Which of the following universalizing religions originated in the Arabian Peninsula and then
spread through political conquest and missionary activity?
a. Hinduism
b. Buddhism
c. Islam
d. Taoism
e. Judaism
Essential Knowledge IMP-3.B.5:Ethnic religions, including Hinduism and Judaism, are generally found
near the hearth or spread through relocation diffusion.
61. Which of the following statements BEST explains why Hinduism is the third largest religion in the
world despite its ethnic status?
a. Hinduism has spread by proselytizing and converting new people to its religion in India,
Pakistan, and Indonesia.
b. The spread of Hinduism through relocation diffusion has meant a greater adherence in
the Western Hemisphere.
c. Hinduism is primarily located in an area of high population growth in India and Nepal.
d. The other dominant religions in the world have seen a decrease in numbers because of
paganism, meaning a greater percentage for Hinduism.
e. The Hindu religion has expanded into China’s eastern regions, meaning a greater
adherence of followers.
Topic 3.8 - Effects of Diffusion: Explain how the process of diffusion results in changes to the cultural
landscape.

Essential Knowledge IMP-3.B.1: Acculturation, assimilation, syncretism, and multiculturalism are effects
of the diffusion of culture.
62. The religious practices of some Native American groups combine elements from their
traditional religion with elements of Christianity. This is an example of
a. cultural complex
b. cultural confluence
c. counterculture
d. cultural diaspora
e. cultural syncretism
 Unit 4- Political Patterns and Processes

Unit 4 Test Review Packet- AP Human Geography

Political Geography Matching-Borders and State Shapes
1. _____ Landlocked State
2. _____ Frontier Boundary
3. _____ Physical Boundary
4. _____ Geometric Boundary
5. _____ Cultural Boundary
6. _____ Subsequent Boundary
7. _____ Antecedent Boundary
8. _____ Superimposed Boundary
9. _____ Relict Boundary
a. national border that no longer exists but has left an imprint on the local cultural or
environmental geography. Ex. Berlin Wall
b. zone where no state exercises complete political control (very few exist today) Ex. NK and SK?
c. boundary that coincides with significant features of the natural landscape Ex. Chile and
Argentina
d. boundary drawn after a population has established itself and respects existing spatial patterns
of certain social, cultural and ethnic groups. Ex. Ireland and Northern Ireland
e. boundary along an agreed upon straight line Ex. US and Canada border
f. boundary that follows the distribution of cultural characteristics Ex. India and Pakistan- religion
g. state that lacks a direct outlet to the sea because it is completely surrounded by several other
countries Ex. Uganda
h. boundary given to a region before it has a population so it does not have much significance
until it is populated. Ex. US and Canada
i. boundary drawn after a population has settled and does not pay much attention to the
social, cultural, and ethnic compositions of populations that they divide. Ex. division of African
countries
Centrifugal vs. Centripetal Forces
Directions: Classify each of the following scenarios as an example of centrifugal or centripetal force.
1. ___________________The Roman Catholic faith gave unity to the Polish people even as the
borders of Poland moved all over the map of central Europe.
2. _________________ In 1971, each of the two parts of Pakistan became an independent state:
Pakistan in the west and Bangladesh in the east.
 3. _________________ There are mountain ranges that block part of a country from reaching the
other part.
4. __________________Almost half of the population of Uruguay lives in the capital city of
Montevideo, and there are virtually no other important urban centers.
5. ________________There are over 250 different cultural groups in Nigeria, among the most
important of which are the Hausa, Yoruba, and Ibo.
6. ________________The wealthiest region of Italy is the north and the poorest is the south, the
Mezzogiorno.
7. _________________Belgium’s northern region uses Flemish as an official language, and its
southern region uses French as an official language.
8. _________________ From 2000 B.C. onward there is a continuous record of Chinese civilization, a
fact which helps China have a very clear cultural identity.

Geographic Relationships between States and Nations

Each of the 8 diagrams retains the 3 states, shown by solid lines. There are also eight different ethnic
(ethno-national) configurations, shown with dashed lines.
Part A:
Directions: Which model would you associate each of the following? (Put the letter of the model next
to each A-H)

1. Perfect Nation-State ______

2. Nation without a State (Stateless Nation) ______
3. Multi-State Nation _______
4. Bi-National State ______
5. Multi-National State ______
6. Irredentism (when one part of the state is located somewhere else) ________
7. Ethnic exclaves (portion of a state geographically separated from the main part of the state)
_______
8. Ethnic enclaves (portion of a state completely surrounded by another state) ________
Part B:
Directions: The following examples represent different relationships between ethnic and political
boundaries. With which model (Put the the letter of the model next to each A-H)
 1. Hungarians:__________
a. The state of Hungary emerged out of the Austro-Hungarian Empire after World War I,
but with a very restrictive set of boundaries. Although most of the people who live in
Hungary are Hungarians, there are Hungarian minorities in surrounding countries,
including a pocket of Hungarians in the middle of Romania.
2. U.S.S.R: ____________
a. the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was born of the Russian Empire in 1917. It
encompassed over 100 different nationalities, fifteen of which were assigned Union
Republic status. The Soviet Union ceased to exist on December 26th, 1991, in part
because of the “nationalities problem”.
3. Palestinians: __________
a. The Palestinians are an Arab people of the Middle East; yet, there is no independent
state of Palestine on today’s world political map. The British mandate called Palestine
became the State of Israel. Today, the Palestinian people are spread over Israel, Jordan
and Syria, and continue to demand a sovereign state of their own.
4. Bretons and Basques in France: ____________
a. In France, the concept of being French permeates virtually everyone who lives there.
Nevertheless, two minorities on the mainland are distinctly non-French, the Basques of
the southwest, and the Bretons of the peninsula known as Brittany.
5. Icelanders: _________
a. Although they are of Northern European origin, the people who live on the island of
Iceland have evolved as a nation of their own. Virtually the entire population of Iceland
is today comprised of Icelanders and few Icelanders live anywhere else in the world.
6. Flemings and Walloons in Belgium: __________
a. Although the map would encourage us to think that the people who live in Belgium are
Belgians, this is not necessarily true. Instead the people of northern Belgium identify
themselves as Flemings, and the people of southern Belgium identify themselves as
Walloons.
7. Germans: ___________
a. There are two German states in Europe, Germany, and Austria. In addition, about 70%
of Switzerland’s population is German-speaking, most of whom live on the German and
Austrian sides of Switzerland.
8. Albanians: ____________
a. Most of the people who identify themselves as Albanians live in the Republic of Albania.
However, the southernmost part of Yugoslavia, an area bordering Albania known as
Kosovo, is about 90% Albanian.
Devolution vs. Supranationalism
Directions: Fill in the blank with either Devolution or Supranationalism

1. _______________________ is the breaking up of a state/movement of power from central

government to regional levels of government
2. ________________________ is when a state gives a large amount of power to an authority which
in theory is placed higher than the state.
3. _______________________ The European Union
4. _______________________ Sudan and South Sudan
5. ______________________ The UK
6. ______________________United Nations
7. ______________________ Belgium
International Organizations
Directions: Label each of the following organizations with the kind of organization: 1) regional vs.
international; 2) political, military, economic
1. United Nations 1)_________________, 2)_________________
2. OPEC 1)_________________, 2)_________________
3. AU 1)_________________, 2)_________________
4. NATO 1)_________________, 2)_________________
5. OAS 1)_________________, 2)_________________
6. NAFTA 1)_________________, 2)_________________
7. OSCE 1)_________________, 2)_________________
8. European Union 1)_________________, 2)_________________
Matching- Various Political Geography terms

1. _____ Sovereignty
2. _____ Colony
3. _____ Nation
4. _____ Nation-state
5. _____ Stateless Nation
6. _____ Unitary State
7. _____ Federal State
8. _____ Reapportionment
9. _____ Gerrymandering
10. ____ Centrifugal Force
11. ____ Centripetal Force
12. ____ International organization
13. ____ Terrorism
14. ____ Organic Theory
15. ____ Heartland Theory
16. ____ State
17. ____ City-state
18. ____ Empire
19. ____ Balkanization
20. ____ Irredentism
21. ____ Self-determination
22. ____ Multinational State
23. ____ Multi-state Nation
24. ____ Autonomous/Semi-Autonomous Regions
25. ____ Colonialism
26. ____ Imperialism
27. ____ Separatism
28. ____ Neocolonialism
29. ____ Shatterbelt
30. ____ Choke Point

a. an area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government that has
control over its internal and foreign affairs (country is a synonym)
b. first states to evolve in Mesopotamia and ancient world- sovereign state that comprises a town
and the surrounding countryside
c. believed that nations must expand their land base in order to maintain vibrancy. Disbanded
after Hitler used this to expand Germany
d. geographically defined sovereign state composed of citizens with a common heritage,
identity, and set of political goals (rare)
e. contentious political process by which a state may break up into smaller countries
f. Redrawing electoral districts after each census
g. bind countries together and include strong national institutions, a sense of common history,
and a reliance on strong central government. Ex. 9/11
h. state has independence from control of its internal affairs by other states
i. Nation that is fighting to establish their own state
j. the great geographical pivot point of all human history was in northern and central Asia, the
most populous landmass on Earth, and he who rules the heartland, rules the world.
k. systematic use of violence by a group in order to intimidate a population or coerce a
government into granting its demands
l. Government structure that allocates strong power to units of local government with the
country
m. extensive group of states Ex. Roman
n. Force that pulls countries apart and include regionalism, ethnic strife, and territorial disputes
o. territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state, rather than being completely independent
p. group of people with a common political identity, but does not necessarily have a state
q. Government structure that places most power in the hands of central government officials
r. alliance of two or more countries seeking cooperation without giving up their own self-
determination
s. political or popular movement intended to reclaim and reoccupy an area considered lost or
unredeemed. Justified on the basis of real or imagined national and historic or ethnic
affiliation. Ex. Palestinians, Kurds, Jewish Homeland
t. process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power
u. The advocacy or practice of separation of a certain group of people from a larger body on
the basis of ethnicity, religion or gender. Often searching for self-determination Ex. Catalonia,
Spain or Scotland, UK
v. Effort of one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and
cultural principles on a territory.
w. Region caught between stronger colliding external forces, under persistent stress, and often
fragmented by aggressive rivals. Ex. Eastern Europe, Korea, Vietnam
x. Ethnicities have the right to govern themselves
y. Dependent territory of a country that has a degree of self-governance from external authority.
Ex. American Indian Reservations
z. Practice of using capitalism, globalization, and cultural imperialism to influence LDCs instead
of previous direct colonial methods. Ex. China’s influence in Africa
aa. A group of people with a shared ethnic or linguistic culture that resides in multiple states
Ex. Kurds
bb. Strategic strait or canal which could be closed or blocked to stop sea traffic (especially
oil)
cc.Contains 2 or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist
peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities Ex. UK
dd. Political or economic control of an area either formally or informally to expand/create
an empire
Real World Examples
Directions: Label the real world example with the correct term from this unit (there is no word bank
and there are multiple correct answers)
1. ____________________________________ Scotland, UK
2. ____________________________________ Catalonia, Spain
3. ____________________________________ Kurds in the Middle East
4. ____________________________________ Nunavut in Canada
5. ____________________________________ American Indian Reservations
6. ____________________________________ Nigeria
7. ____________________________________ Palestinians
8. ____________________________________ Hong Kong
9. ____________________________________ Japan
10. ____________________________________ China’s claim over Taiwan
11. ____________________________________ Belgium
12. ____________________________________ Sudan and South Sudan
13. ____________________________________ Yugoslavia breaking up
14. ____________________________________ Eastern Europe
15. ____________________________________ Quebec in Canada
16. ____________________________________ Vietnam during Vietnam War
17. ____________________________________ Panama Canal
18. ____________________________________ Iceland

Multiple Choice
1. Which of the following is NOT a necessary criterion for a state?
a. Sovereignty
b. Defined boundary
c. Common culture and identity
d. Recognition by other states
e. A permanent population

2. People who all consider themselves part of a stateless nation share all of the following
characteristics EXCEPT
a. A history that people remember
b. A widely spoken language
c. A formal government recognized by other countries
d. A similar ethnic identity
e. A religion that most people practice

3. Argentina both a national legislature and 23 provincial legislatures, which exercise power
separately from the national legislature. Which term best describes the country’s government?
a. Federal
b. Municipal
c. Confederate
d. Autocratic
e. Unitary
4. Which supranational organization focused on the production of oil?
a. ASEAN
b. OPEC
c. EU
d. NAFTA
e. NATO

5. Which groups have been gaining more local power around the world is a result of devolution?
a. Indigenous people
b. French-speaking people
c. Spanish-speaking people
d. Recent immigrants from East Asia
e. Recent immigrants from Syria

6. The centralized power of a unitary state is most likely to be threatened by the development of
a. A self-governing region
b. A broad trade agreement with neighboring state
c. A constitution that requires citizens to be born within a state
d. Voting districts that divide large rural areas
e. A new religion found only within the state

7. Today, nations act to establish control over disputed areas of the sea primarily by
a. Charting endangered species in uninhabited coastal areas
b. Attending international conventions on maritime law
c. Mapping uncharted areas of the world’s oceans using advanced technology
d. Engaging in economic activities in coastal areas and open waters
e. Allocating funding to increase the size of their naval forces

8. A federal state is likely to possess

a. Citizens who favor democratic elections
b. A leader with the power to revise the country’s constitution
c. A large amount of mineral resources
d. Multiple systems of checks and balances
e. A king and queen

9. The geographic boundary of a state can also be a physical boundary, such as

a. A religious movement
b. A lake or mountain
c. A language barrier
d. A type of currency
e. A national dish

10. One example of a geometric political boundary is the

a. A cultural divide between Creole and Cajun communities in New Orleans, Louisiana
 b. Straight line of the George Washington Bridge between New York and New Jersey
c. Sharp accent of the Sierra Nevada
d. Curve of Ohio’s coast around Lake Erie
e. Straight line between the states of Colorado and Kansas

11. In democratic nations, legislators and political parties typically redraw boundaries for voting
districts after the release of data from
a. A national geographical survey
b. A state public opinion poll
c. A state primary election
d. A national census
e. A national study on spending patterns

12. A separation fence, such as that which exists on the territory between India and Pakistan is
most often used to demarcate
a. A cease-fire line
b. A cross-border region
c. A linguistic border
d. An annexed zone
e. A decolonized zone

13. A nation-state is most often defined by its twin attributes of sovereignty and
a. Religious tolerance
b. Social democracy
c. Ethnic homogeneity
d. Economic prosperity
e. A strong anti-terrorist policy

14. Gerrymandering is a practice in which a political party attempts to gain an unequal

advantage by
a. Nominating a candidate who challenges that state’s constitution
b. Advocating that the electoral college be replaced by the popular vote
c. Changing the boundaries of legislative district
d. Electing a party chairperson who is a friend of the current president
e. Seeking the support of labor unions

15. When a sovereign state undergoes the political process of devolution, it grants some of the
powers of
a. Its local governments to its state governments
b. Its central government to the government of another country
c. Its local governments to its central government
d. Its central government to its regional governments
e. Its colonies to its central government

16. Both domestic and international acts of terror are defined as terrorism because both
a. Have the effect of intimidating a group of people through violence
b. Can be perpetrated by groups that believe in civil disobedience
 c. Have been outlawed by anti-terrorist legislation
d. Can be traced to radical religious doctrines
e. Are organized through digital communication such as email

17. One of the classic examples of supranationalism is the European Union (EU), because this body
of member states has
a. Transferred some of its powers to a central authority
b. Invested all of its power in a prime minister
c. A single annual election
d. A single intergovernmental bank
e. Required its member states not to sign international treaties

18. The United Nations has a policy of using economic and military sanctions to limit the sovereign
powers of
a. Only contested states
b. Humanitarian organizations such as the Red Cross
c. Any country that disrupts international peace
d. Only its member states
e. Territories of non-member states

19. The end of the Cold War provided electoral geographers with the first opportunity to study
modern political cleavages in
a. Canada and Australia
b. Poland and the Czech Republic
c. The United States and Mexico
d. France and the United Kingdom
e. Jamaica and Bermuda

20. Over the past half century, the number of sovereign states in the world
a. has remained approximately the same.
b. has increased by a couple of dozen.
c. has decreased by a couple of dozen.
d. has increased by more than a hundred.
e. has increased by more than a thousand.

Enduring Understandings:
● The political organization of space results from historical and current processes, events, and
ideas. (4.1-4.3)
● Political boundaries and divisions of governance, between states and within them, reflect
balances of power that have been negotiated or imposed. (4.4-4.7)
● Political, economic, cultural, or technological changes can challenge state sovereignty. (4.8-
4.10)
4.1 Introduction to Political Geography: Identify and define different types of political entities.

Essential Knowledge PSO- 4.A.1: Independent states are the primary building block of the world
political map.
63. Which of the following terms refers to a politically organized independent territory with a
government, defined borders, and a permanent population?
a. Multinational state
 b. Multistate nation
c. Stateless nation
d. Nation
e. State
Essential Knowledge PSO- 4.A.1: Types of political entities include, nations, nation-states, stateless
nations, multinational states, multistate nations, and autonomous and semi autonomous regions, such
as American Indian reservations.
64. An estimated 25 to 30 million
Kurds live in an area covering
about 74,000 square miles.
Which term accurately
describes the status of the
Kurds as depicted on the map?
a. Autonomous region
b. Stateless nation
c. Sovereign nation
d. Independent state
e. Nation-state

4.2 Political Processes: Explain the

processes that have shaped
contemporary political geography.
Essential Knowledge PSO- 4.B.1: The concepts of sovereignty, nation-states, and self-determination
shape the contemporary world.
65. Kosovo seeks recognition as a sovereign state by the United Nations as a whole. Which of the
following best describes the benefits of this recognition?
a. Recognition by supranational organizations is a centrifugal force.
b. After the devolution of Yugoslavia, Serbia claimed sovereignty over Kosovo through
irredentism. UN recognition would dismiss that claim.
c. Being recognized by other countries is a key element of sovereignty, which would allow
Kosovo to confirm its independence from Serbia and defend its territory.
d. Recognition by the UN would allow Kosovo to declare an official language making
their population more homogenous and becoming a nation-state.
e. Sovereign states hold more power globally.
Essential Knowledge PSO- 4.B.2- Colonialism, imperialism, independence movements, and devolution
along national lines have influenced contemporary political boundaries.
 66. The Berlin Conference, which took place in 1884-1885, most directly impacted which of the
following?
a. The devolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire into smaller nation-states.
b. The creation of mandates in the former Ottoman Empire.
c. The division of East and West Germany.
d. The creation of superimposed and geometric boundaries in Africa.
e. The fall of the Berlin Wall.

4.3 Political Power and Territoriality: Describe the concepts of political power and territoriality as used
by geographers.

Essential Knowledge PSO- 4.C.1: Political power is expressed geographically as control over people,
land, and resources, as illustrated by neocolonialism, shatterbelts, and choke points.

67. Explain how oil prices in the United States would be affected if the choke points in Asia and
Africa were blocked.
 a. Oil prices would be unaffected because the United States can import oil from Europe.
b. Oil prices would decrease as demand for fossil fuels would decrease.
c. Oil prices would decrease as the supply of oil increased.
d. Oil prices would increase as most of the oil imported to the United States passes through
these choke points.
e. Oil prices would increase because production would increase in other regions.
Essential Knowledge PSO- 4.C.2: Territoriality is the connection of people, their culture, and their
economic systems to the land.
68. Which policy has Russia used to claim territory on the basis of ethnic distribution/identity in
Crimea?
a. Nationalism
b. Supranationalism
c. Devolution
d. Ethno-nationalism
e. Irredentism

4.4 Defining Political Boundaries: Define types of political boundaries used by geographers.

Essential Knowledge IMP- 4.A.1: Types of political boundaries include relic, superimposed,
subsequent, antecedent, geometric and consequent boundaries.
69. Which of the following statements accurately explains why subsequent boundaries are the
most common type of boundary?
a. The process of establishing them happens before people settle in the area.
b. The process of establishing them takes cultural differences into account.
c. The process of establishing them is lengthy and related to territoriality.
d. The process of establishing them connects to previously set boundaries.
e. The process of establishing them correlates to the devolution of territories.
4.5 The Function of Political Boundaries: Explain the nature and function of international and internal
boundaries.

Essential Knowledge IMP- 4.B.1: Boundaries are defined, delimited, demarcated, and administered
to establish limits of sovereignty, but they are often contested.

70. Using the map above, how does the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
(UNCLOS) complicate territoriality in the South China Sea?
a. Territorial sea and exclusive economic zones overlap, further complicated by China’s
control of the Spratly Islands.
b. Boundaries are clearly defined by UNCLOS in the South China Sea.
c. China controls the Spratly Islands; therefore, they have sovereignty over the region.
d. UNCLOS does not apply to the South China Sea because it isn’t open ocean.
e. Man-made islands are not considered sovereign territories.
Essential Knowledge IMP- 4.B.2: Political boundaries often coincide with cultural, national, or
economic divisions. However, some boundaries are created by demilitarized zones or policy, such as
the Berlin Conference.
71. Which of the following statements accurately explains the nature of the border between North
and South Korea?
a. It establishes a free-trade zone between the two countries.
b. It creates a boundary between the two countries’ exclusive economic zones.
c. It serves to regulate migration between the two countries.
d. It provides a militarized zone between the two countries so that armed conflict only
occurs within that area.
e. It provides a demilitarized buffer between the two countries to deter armed conflicts
between them.
4.6 Internal Boundaries: Explain the nature and function of international and internal boundaries.

Essential Knowledge IMP- 4.B.5: Voting districts, redistricting, and gerrymandering affect election
results at various scales.
72. Changes in a state’s internal political boundaries, based on changes in a state’s population,
affect which of the following political bodies?
a. U.S. Senate districts
b. State legislative districts
c. U.S. House of Representatives districts
d. State legislative districts and U.S. Senate districts
e. State legislative districts and U.S. House of Representatives districts

4.7 Forms of Governance: Define federal and unitary states and explain how they affect spatial
organization.

Essential Knowledge IMP- 4.C.1: Forms of governance include unitary states and federal states.
73. What main advantage does a unitary state have compared to a federal state?
a. A unitary state is more efficient.
b. A unitary state has more sources of revenue.
c. A unitary state is more connected to local issues.
d. A unitary state enables greater political participation.
e. A unitary state has more elected representatives in government.

Essential Knowledge IMP- 4.D.1: Unitary states tend to have more top-down, centralized forms of
governance, while federal states have more locally based, dispersed power centers.
 74. The trend in the graph has been challenged in recent years by
a. The Arab Spring.
b. The global takeover of reactionary politics.
c. Sudden uptick in the number of countries embracing autocracy.
d. Series of democratic revolutions.
e. The spread of globalized culture.
4.8 Defining Devolutionary Factors: Define factors that led to devolution of states.

Essential Knowledge SPS- 4.A.1: Factors that can lead to the devolution of states include the division
of groups by physical geography, ethnic separatism, ethnic cleansing, terrorism, economic and
social problems, and irredentism.
75. The semi-autonomous region of Nunavut was established through devolution. Which of the
following reasons supports this creation?
a. The Canadian government used ethnic cleansing to make a more homogenous
nation-state.
b. The indigenous peoples of northern Canada fought for control of economic resources.
c. Nunavut is geographically separated from the rest of Canada.
d. Increased terrorism forced the Canadian government to cut ties for security reasons.
e. Irredentist claims from other indigenous groups fought for Nunavut’s autonomy.
4.9 Challenges to Sovereignty: Explain how political, economic, cultural, and technological changes
challenge state sovereignty.

Essential Knowledge SPS- 4.B.1: Devolution occurs when states fragment into autonomous regions;
subnational political-territorial units, such as those within Spain, Belgium, Canada, and Nigeria; or
when states disintegrate, as happened in Sudan and the former Soviet Union.
 76. What does the map show about differences between ethnic boundaries and political
boundaries?
a. That ethnic boundaries do not typically differ from political boundaries.
b. That political boundaries, which indicate sovereignty, sometimes fail to recognize
cultural and ethnic diversity within a territory.
c. That ethnic boundaries are absolute, whereas political boundaries are relative.
d. That political boundaries are fuzzy, whereas ethnic boundaries are clearly defined.
e. That both political and ethnic boundaries are clearly defined in the landscape.
Essential Knowledge SPS- 4.B.2: Advances in communication technology have facilitated devolution,
supranationalism, and democratization.
77. Social media is credited as a key centrifugal force for democratization in which recent
historical event?
a. The Russian invasion of Ukraine.
b. The balkanization of Yugoslavia.
c. The Arab Spring Movement.
d. The fall of the Soviet Union.
e. The Communist Revolution in China.

4.10 Consequences of Centrifugal and Centripetal Forces: Explain how the concepts of centrifugal
and centripetal forces apply at the state scale.

Essential Knowledge SPS- 4.C.1: Centrifugal forces may lead to failed states, uneven development,
stateless nations, and ethnic nationalist movements.
78. Which statement best describes the relationship between the physical geography of the
Philippines and its sovereignty?
a. The climate and topography serve as centripetal forces.
b. The location of the Philippines capital serves as a centripetal force.
c. The fragmented layout serves as a centrifugal force.
d. The Philippines’ situation in Southeast Asia serves as a centrifugal force.
e. The Philippines’ distance from other countries serves as a centrifugal force.
Essential Knowledge SPS- 4.C.2: Centripetal forces can lead to ethnonationalism, more equitable
infrastructure development, and increased cultural cohesion.
 79. Which of the following is the likely cause of Italy’s unification?
a. Common language and religious beliefs act as a centripetal force.
b. The Papal States conquered the separate states forcing them to unite.
c. Italy’s geographic location and access to trade routes increased economic opportunities.
d. Decreased political tension as diversity leads to tolerance.
e. Decreased immigration as people stick to their own ethnic enclaves.

Unit 5-Agriculture and Rural Land-Use Patterns and Processes

Unit 5: Agriculture Human Geography

Match the correct agricultural regions with the correct type of farming
 1. _____ Shifting cultivation
2. _____ Intensive subsistence
3. _____ Pastoral Nomadism
4. _____ Mixed Crop and Livestock
5. _____ Dairy Farming
6. _____ Grain Farming
7. _____ Livestock Ranching
8. _____ Mediterranean Farming
9. _____ Commercial Gardening
10. _____ Plantation Farming

Agricultural terms Matching

1. _____ Green Revolution
2. _____ Agricultural Revolution
3. _____ 2nd Agricultural Revolution
4. _____ Subsistence Agriculture
5. _____ Commercial Agriculture
6. _____ Columbian Exchange
7. _____ Extensive Cultivation
8. _____ Intensive Cultivation
9. _____ Shifting Cultivation
10. _____ Pastoral Nomadism
11. _____ Transhumance
12. _____ Intensive Subsistence Farming
13. _____ Crop Rotation
14. _____ Mixed Crop and Livestock Farming
15. _____ Dairy Farming
16. _____ Milkshed
17. _____ Grain Farming
18. _____ Ranching
19. _____ Mediterranean Agriculture
20. _____ Commercial Gardening
21. _____ Plantation Farming
22. _____ Aquaculture
23. _____ Von Thünen's Model
24. _____ Overproduction
25. _____ Sustainable Agriculture
26. _____ Ridge Tillage
27. _____ Topsoil Loss
28. _____ Salinization
29. _____ Desertification
30. _____ Urban Sprawl
31. _____ Organic Agriculture
32. _____ Agribusiness
33. _____ Metes and Bounds Survey Method
34. _____ Township and Range Survey Method
35. _____ Long Lot Survey Method
36. _____ Linear Rural Settlement
37. _____ Clustered Rural Settlement
38. _____ Dispersed Rural Settlement
39. _____ Land Rent Curve
40. _____ Food Desert
41. _____ Economies of Scale
42. _____ Community-supported Agriculture (CSA)
43. _____ Value-added speciality crops
44. _____ Local Food Movements
45. _____ Fair Trade

a. Rapid growth of cities in MDCs caused demand for milk to increase. Often located near urban
areas. Labor-intensive because the cows much be milked twice a day
b. over thousands of years, plant cultivation apparently evolved from a combo of accident and
deliberate experiment, Happened around 10,000 years ago
c. Crops are fed to animals, livestock supply manure to improve soil fertility to grow more crops.
Crop rotation is used. Ex. Corn belt in US. Most common commercial agriculture west of
Appalachians and Europe
d. rejects or limits the use of fertilizers, pesticides, hormones, antibiotics, additives, and GMOs
e. Urbanization caused more demand for food, mechanization helped reduce human hands
with agricultural technology, transportation was made easier
f. ring surrounding a city from which milk can be supplied without spoiling
g. seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pasture areas
h. 1970s, development of higher-yield and fast-growing crops through increased technology,
pesticides, and fertilizers transferred from MDCs to LDCs
i. expansion of human populations away from central urban areas into previously remote and
rural areas, often resulting in communities reliant on heavy car usage
j. crops grown primarily for consumption by humans rather than livestock. Ex. Wheat belt. Often
uses reaper or combine that permits large scale production
k. farming as part of a larger food-production system
l. found in LDCs, production of food primarily for consumption by the farmer's family
m. commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area. Semi-arid and arid, vegetation too
sparse or soil is too poor. Hard to transport meat
n. found in MDCs, production of food primarily for sale off the farm
o. Herding of domesticated animals. Dry, mountainous climates such as North Africa. Live off the
grain and animal products.
p. process by which formerly fertile lands becomes increasingly arid, unproductive and desert-
like
q. practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting in
soil
r. Higher agricultural density. These feed most LDCs. Most of the work is done by hand. Waste
virtually no land. Two types: Wet Rice Dominant and Wet rice not dominant
s. system of planting crops on ridge tops- lower production costs, conserves soil
t. widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, people, technology, and diseases between
Americas, West Africa and Europe (Old world and New World) in 15th-16th centuries
u. efficient agricultural practices create too much food even though demand is the same due to
market saturation.
v. soils in arid areas are brought under cultivation through irrigation, leaves a salty residue which
makes soil infertile
w. Tropics and subtropics. Use large farms that specialize in 1 od 2 crops such as cotton,
sugarcane, rubber, palm oil. Import a large labor force
x. dispersed, widespread ranching and farming, more traditional, less labor, often specific
product
y. U.S. southeast because of long growing season, humid. Truck farming, use many machines
z. smaller plots of land with large labor inputs to generate greater yields, capital-intensive- uses
mechanical tools, labor-intensive-uses human labor
aa. Farming of crustaceans, molluscs, aquatic plants, algae, and other organisms in
freshwater or saltwater in controlled conditions
bb. Compares cost of land and cost of transporting products to market vs. value of yield
per hectare. Crops with higher transportation costs are closer to the market
cc.preserves and enhances environmental quality. Includes sensitive land management, limited
use of chemicals, and integrated crop and livestock
dd. near the sea, west part of continent so winds give moderate winter temperature.
Horticulture- growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers such as olives and grapes
ee.erosion due to fragile soil, steep slopes or a lot of rain
ff. Humid low-latitude climate- regions with high temps and abundant rain such as tropics. Also
called slash-and-burn agriculture. Grow crops on a cleared field (swidden) for only a few years
until soil nutrients are depleted then do not plant anything so soil can recover. 25% of world
land area
gg.land survey method used for the original 13 colonies, boundaries are made using a combo of
metes (measurements using compass direction/distance measurements) and bounds using
general landmarks
hh. an area that has limited access to affordable and nutritious food
ii. Public Land Survey System, divides land into 6 mile square townships. Township designations
indicate the location north or south of the baseline, and range designations indicate the
 location east or west of the Principal Meridian.
jj. cost per unit of output decreases with increasing scale for an industry
kk. Less interested in farming and more interested in fur trading so needed lots that touched the
river and road
ll. allows the consumer to subscribe to the harvest of a certain farm or group of farms which
connects consumers and producers more closely in the larger food system. In return for
subscribing to a harvest, subscribers receive either a weekly or bi-weekly box of produce or
other farm goods.
mm. settlement formed in a long line, often due to a river, or coast
nn. Determines which types of agriculture goes where based on cost to get to market, land cost
and profit from agricultural products
oo.a number of families live in close proximity to each other, with fields surrounding the collection
of houses and farm buildings
pp. food that is produced close to where it is consumed. Ex: Farmers’ markets
qq. manufacturing processes that increase the value of primary agricultural commodities
Ex. Organic produce, free-range chickens
rr. typical of the North American rural landscape, is characterized by farmers living on individual
farms isolated from neighbors rather than alongside other farmers in settlements
ss. trade agreement in which producers/workers of developing countries get better social and
environmental working conditions and a higher amount of money for their products

Von Thunen Model

Place each of the following types of Agriculture in the correct ring according to Von Thunen’s Model
of Rural Land Use. There are sometimes more than one type in each ring

- Forestry
- Ranching
- Commercial Gardening
- Grain Farming
- Dairy

Why does each of these types of farming go in that

ring?
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________

Name whether each of the following types of agriculture are 1) intensive or extensive 2) subsistence
or commercial and 3) name a country or region where that type exists
1. Dairy farming
1)______________________2)_______________________3)____________________
2. Pastoral Nomadism
1)______________________2)_______________________3)_____________________
3. Grain farming
 1)______________________2)_______________________3)____________________
4. Mixed Crop and Livestock
1)______________________2)_______________________3)____________________
5. Shifting Cultivation
1)_____________________2)_______________________3)_____________________
6. Intensive Subsistence Wet Rice Dominant
1)______________________2)_______________________3)____________________
7. Mediterranean Farming
1)______________________2)_______________________3)____________________
8. Commercial Gardening
1)______________________2)_______________________3)____________________
9. Intensive Subsistence Wet Rice Not Dominant
1)______________________2)_______________________3)____________________
10. Plantation Farming 1)______________________2)_______________________3)____________________
11. Livestock Ranching
1)______________________2)_______________________3)____________________

Fill in the Blank with the agricultural concept that matches each example (there are multiple correct
answers for some of them)
1. _______________________________ Ex: Farmers’ markets
2. _______________________________ Ex: Free Range Chickens
3. _______________________________ Ex: Food subscription services
4. _______________________________Ex: People in Baltimore City not having a grocery store near
them to get fresh food
5. _______________________________ Ex: Growing plants on a rooftop in the city
6. _______________________________ Ex: When coffee plantation workers in LDCs get more money
for their coffee products and better working hours/conditions

Identify the rural settlement pattern or rural survey pattern from the photo
______________________________ ___________________________________

__________________________________ ___________________________________

______________________________ ___________________________________

Multiple Choice
1. The Industrial Revolution transformed Western agriculture
a. Through mechanization and the creation of new markets
b. With biotechnology
c. Through technological and religious change
 d. By eliminating agricultural pests
e. By eliminating plant hybridization

2. Ranching is a good example of which type of agricultural system?

a. Intensive subsistence cultivation
b. Extensive commercial cultivation
c. Labor-intensive agriculture
d. Capital intensive agriculture
e. Controlled agriculture

3. All of the following are plantation crops EXCEPT

a. Cotton
b. Tea
c. Sugarcane
d. Rubber
e. Wheat

4. Which of the following methods of farming has become more popular in response to the
widespread use of pesticides in farming?
a. Slash-and-burn agriculture
b. Crop rotation
c. Organic farming
d. Shifting cultivation
e. Agricultural industrialization

5. Herders who move herds constantly in order to find food sources as old sources are depleted
engage in
a. Shifting cultivation
b. Pastoral nomadism
c. Commercial farming
d. Agropastoralism
e. Sedentarization

6. Which of the following is an benefit of industrial agriculture?

a. It uses fewer fossil fuels.
b. It gives consumers more access to food.
c. It conserves water through irrigation
d. It increases the number of farming jobs
e. It decreases the amount of chemical fertilizers running off farm fields

7. A direct result of the U.S. farm crisis is

a. More jobs available in the farming industry
b. Less food available for consumption
c. A decrease in the number of small farms
d. Increased price of crops for consumers
e. Higher profits for farmers

8. Which of the following best characterizes the Green Revolution?

 a. The Green Revolution relied solely on technology to increase crop yields in the years
following WWII.
b. The Green Revolution resulted in increased biodiversity worldwide, especially in places
where monocropping and high-yield varietals were prevalent.
c. The Green Revolution was able to increase crop yields and food production in many
locations throughout the world, but its impact on the environment, geopolitics, and the
world economy has yet to be fully understood.
d. There has been no major famines since the agricultural practices of the Green
Revolution took hold in the 1960s.
e. Much more land was put under cultivation during the Green Revolution, and this, rather
than the development of high-yield varietals, was responsible for the increase in food
production from 1960 to 1985.

9. The domestication of plants and animals occurred in the

a. First Agricultural Revolution
b. Green Revolution
c. Second Agricultural Revolution
d. Columbian Exchange
e. Industrial Revolution

10. What agricultural practice is employed by people who moved from place to place with their
cattle?
a. Dairying
b. Intensive subsistence
c. Ranching
d. Shifting cultivation
e. Pastoral nomadism

11. Which describes a change in agriculture that shows the clearest impact of development of
agribusiness?
a. The small-scale farming sector has grown stronger.
b. The number of farmers involved in sustainable agriculture has increased dramatically
c. The use of organic farming methods has increased greatly.
d. The networks for production and distribution have become more efficient.
e. The emphasis on local trade has increased significantly.

12. Which statement best explains why a large number of agricultural products are imported into
the United States from Chile?
a. Inexpensive labor in Chile reduces the cost of production.
b. The growing season in Chile allows U.S. consumers to have fresh fruits and vegetables in
the winter.
c. Subsides in the United States make agricultural products less expensive.
d. Improvements in agricultural technologies have increases Chile’s output.
e. The number of U.S. farmers has declined so significantly that the country cannot
produce enough food for consumers.

13. Which aspect of von Thunen’s Model has changed as a result of developments in
transportation?
 a. The market is no longer at the center.
b. The width of the rings has increased
c. The width of the rings has decreased
d. The rings now stretch along rivers
e. The model now includes a ring for transportation

14. Which lists products in the order in which they will be produced, starting closest to the market,
according to von Thunen’s Model?
a. Grain, forest, beef cattle, dairy cattle
b. Tomatoes, grain, forest, beef cattle
c. Dairy cattle, beef cattle, forest
d. Dairy cattle, forest, grain, beef cattle
e. Forest, tomatoes, beef cattle, dairy cattle
f.
15. Which of the following is not part of vertical integration in agriculture?
a. Traditional family farms
b. Rail lines
c. Supermarkets
d. marketing/advertising
e. Processing centers

Enduring Understandings:
● Availability of resources and cultural practices influence agricultural practices and land-use
patterns. (5.1-5.2)
● Agriculture has changed over time because of cultural diffusion and advances in technology.
(5.3-5.5)
● Availability of resources and cultural practices influence agricultural practices and land-use
patterns. (5.6- 5.9)
● Agricultural production and consumption patterns vary in different locations, presenting
different environmental, social, economic, and cultural opportunities and challenges. (5.10-
5.12)

5.1 Introduction to Agriculture:Explain the connection between physical geography and agricultural
practices.

Essential Knowledge PSO- 5.A.1: Agricultural practices are influenced by the physical environment
and climate conditions, such as the Mediterranean climate and tropical climates.
 80. Use the image above to answer the question. Which type of agricultural practice is NOT found
in or near tropical regions?
a. Mixed crop and livestock
b. Intensive subsistence
c. Shifting cultivation
d. Grain
e. Plantation

Essential Knowledge PSO- 5.A.2: Intensive farming practices include market gardening, plantation
agriculture, and mixed crop/livestock systems.
81. Mixing crops and livestock requires farmers to do which of the following?
a. Divide the work between crops and livestock so that farmers hardly need to work during
the summer season.
b. Generate 90 percent of their income from the sale of livestock.
c. Use double cropping to increase their incomes from the sale of crops.
d. Locate agricultural practices close to the market where land costs are greater and
invest greater capital related to labor.
e. Circumvent market forces that determine the prices of livestock and crops.

Essential Knowledge PSO- 5.A.3: Extensive farming practices include shifting cultivation, nomadic
herding, and ranching.
82. Transhumance is least likely to occur in which of the following conditions?
a. In regions that experience dry or arid conditions.
b. In regions where sedentary subsistence farming is more difficult.
c. In regions where it is common to use monocultural practices to increase commercial
profits for farmers.
d. In regions where populations are more likely to rely on the consumption of animal
products than plant based products.
e. In regions where these is a cultural and economic tradition of migrating herds between
highlands and lowlands.

5.2 Settlement Patterns and Survey Methods: Explain the connection between physical geography
and agricultural practices.
Essential Knowledge PSO- 5.A.1: Specific agricultural practices shape different rural land-use
patterns.
83. The different areas of the world where Mediterranean agriculture predominates have
similarities in which of the following?
a. Physical environments.
b. Cultural beliefs.
c. Broad expanses of flat land along sea coasts.
d. Social customs.
e. Levels of livestock production with the mixed crop and livestock regions.

Essential Knowledge PSO- 5.A.2: Rural settlement patterns are classified as clustered, dispersed, or
linear.

84. Which of the following is not an expression of rural settlement patterns as seen above?
a. Dispersed
b. Exurbs
c. Linear
d. Nucleated
e. Agglomerated

Essential Knowledge PSO- 5.A.3: Rural survey methods include metes and bounds, township and
range, and long lot.
A rural city planner is evaluating different land surveying and land division methods for a new
development project in a historically agricultural area. The planner is debating whether to use
Township and Range or Long Lot. The choice will have a significant impact on the layout and land
use of the development.

85. In this scenario, what is the primary consideration for the rural city planner when deciding
between Township and Range and Long Lot lines for the land division method?
a. The need to establish property lines based on relative location or developing equal
parcels of land for property owners.
b. Developing equal parcels of land for property owners or a property owner's access to
natural resources necessary for agricultural land use.
c. The accessibility of land parcels for future urban development and infrastructure.
d. The financial cost associated with the surveying method or the ease of property sales.
e. The legal requirements and regulations specific to land division in the region.

5.3. Agricultural Origins and Diffusions: Identify major centers of domestication of plants and animals.
Explain how plants and animals diffused globally.
Essential Knowledge SPS- 5.A.1: Early hearths of domestication of plants and animals arose in the
Fertile Crescent and several other regions of the world, including the Indus River Valley, Southeast
Asia, and Central America.

86. Using the image above, which of the following statements best explains how the potato
became culturally and economically significant to Irish populations.
a. The hearth of the potato is in Southwest Asia and diffused to Ireland following the
adoption of Green Revolution technology.
b. The hearth of the potato is in East Asia and diffused to Europe via Silk Road trade
networks.
c. The hearth of the potato is in Sub-Saharan Africa and diffused to Europe as part of
triangular trade networks following the Columbian Exchange.
d. The hearth of the potato is in Latin America and diffused to Europe due to missionary
efforts to spread Catholicism.
e. The hearth of the potato is in Latin America and diffused to Europe via Spanish
Colonization and was introduced to Ireland via English colonization.

Essential Knowledge SPS- 5.B.1: Patterns of diffusion, such as the Columbian Exchange and the
agricultural revolutions, resulted in the global spread of various plants and animals.
 87. Using the Image above, which of the following statements best explains the role the
Columbian Exchange played in diffusion of agricultural products worldwide?
a. The Columbian Exchange helped to raise the life expectancy of populations by
diversifying diets and reducing mortality rates.
b. The Columbian Exchange introduced new animal and plant products to regions
resulting in reductions in biodiversity, while increasing global economic and cultural
connections.
c. The Columbian Exchange increased global commodity exchanges while reducing the
diffusion of cultural traits.
d. The Columbian Exchange caused a decrease of native populations and loss of
indigenous cultural traits.
e. The Columbian Exchange resulted in an increase in diffusion of animal and plant
commodities while reducing syncretism.

5.4 The Second Agricultural Revolution: Explain the advances and impacts of the second agricultural
revolution.

Essential Knowledge SPS- 5.C.1: New technology and increased food production in the second
agricultural revolution led to better diets, longer life expectancies, and more people available for
work in factories.
 89. Which set of countries will have the least access to agricultural technology associated with the
Second Agricultural Revolution?
a. Kenya, Tanzania, and Botswana
b. Afghanistan, Iran, and Iraq
c. Kenya, Namibia, and South Africa
d. Madagascar, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe
e. Chad, Libya, and Egypt

5.5 The Green Revolution: Explain the consequences of the Green Revolution on food supply and the
environment in the developing world.

Essential Knowledge SPS- 5.D.1: The Green Revolution was characterized in agriculture by the use of
high-yield seeds, increased use of chemicals, and mechanized farming.
90. Which of the following concerns have resulted from the widespread distribution of Green
Revolution technologies?
a. Too much food will be produced in developing countries and it will go to waste.
b. Application of bones, ash, and manure changes the chemistry of soil.
c. The sustainability of the use of equipment, fertilizers, and seeds for farmers in developed
and developing countries.
d. Fertilizer ingredients like nitrogen are only found in Europe and China, and are too
expensive to transport.
e. Miracle wheat and other hybrid crops do not taste like traditional grains.
Essential Knowledge SPS- 5.D.2: The Green Revolution had positive and negative consequences for
both human populations and the environment.
91. The Green Revolution is recognized for achieving all but which of the following?
a. The rapid and uniform diffusion of sustainable agricultural practices.
b. The expanded use of fertilizers.
c. An increase in agricultural productivity in India and other Asian countries.
d. The development and diffusion of high-yield seeds.
e. Preventing a food crisis in the 1970s.
5.6 Agricultural Production Regions: Explain how economic forces influence agricultural practices.

Essential Knowledge PSO- 5.C.1: Agricultural production regions are defined by the extent to which
they reflect subsistence or commercial practices (monocropping or monoculture).
 92. Which conclusion about the distribution of types of agriculture and development is supported
by the information in the map?
a. Countries with high employment in agriculture are also highly developed.
b. Countries with large populations also have fewer farmers.
c. Countries with fewer laborers working in agriculture are more likely to engage in
commercial agricultural activities involving monocropping or monoculture.
d. Countries with lower percentages employed in agriculture tend to be in LDCs.
e. Subsistence farmers are cut off from world markets.

Essential Knowledge PSO- 5.C.2: Intensive and extensive farming practices are determined in part by
land costs (bid-rent theory).

93. Which of the following statements best explains

the relationship between land costs and
agricultural products in relation to the market?
a. Cattle Ranching is considered an
intensive form of agriculture because
animal products could be walked to
market but required lower land costs.
b. Dairy farming was traditionally
considered an intensive practice
because the products spoil, resulting in
locations close to the market at greater
land costs.
c. Grain farming is considered an extensive
practice because the products are not
difficult to transport to the market but
require greater land costs to develop.
d. Market Gardening is considered an
intensive practice because products
produced need to be close to the
market but allow for lower land costs.
e. Pastoral Nomadic Agricultural practices are considered extensive due to transhumance
and result in greater land costs.
5.7 Spatial Organization of Agriculture: Explain how economic forces influence agricultural practices.
Essential Knowledge PSO- 5.C.3: Large-scale commercial agricultural operations are replacing small
family farms.
94. Which of the following statements best describes the current shift in agricultural production as
a country develops?
a. As countries develop, countries experience a shift to commercial factory farming
methods and away from small scale productions in order to meet increased consumer
demands.
b. Developing countries will experience a shift from commercial production back to family
owned operations as consumers demand more organic and cruelty free farming
methods.
c. Countries with small scale family farms will have production locations that are closer to
the market.
d. Countries with small scale production will be more likely to engage in subsistence
farming practices.
e. Less developed countries will have much larger commercial farming operations in order
to meet the demands of consumers who lack access to infrastructure connected to the
market.

Essential Knowledge PSO- 5.C.4 - Complex commodity chains link production and consumption of
agricultural products.

95. Which of the following examples best describes a potential consequence of a breakdown in a
commodity chain on the production and consumption of agricultural products.
a. Car parts produced in Germany and Japan are delayed due to ongoing political
choke points resulting in fewer assembled cars available on the market.
b. Illness affecting Congolese laborers in cobalt mining industries delays production of
lithium batteries in Asia countries and decreases prices of cell phones at retail locations
worldwide.
c. Avian flu affecting egg producing poultry in northern California and the midwest
contributes to increased prices at grocery store retailers across the country and income
losses for farmers.
d. Producers at the beginning of the supply chain affect the prices of agricultural goods
paid by consumers at the end of the supply chain.
e. Beef raised and slaughtered in Brazil affected by diseases such as rabies affects prices
on the international market.
Essential Knowledge PSO -5.C.5: Technology has increased economies of scale in the agricultural
sector and the carrying capacity of the land.
96. Which of the following statements best explains how economies of scale have helped to meet
the consumer demands for agricultural products?
a. Monopolies within the agricultural sector have allowed companies to acquire more
factors of production resulting in higher prices for consumers.
b. Criticism of modern agriculture has resulted in changes to consumer demands as
consumers become more educated about agricultural production.
c. Agricultural technology allows for an increase in the production and yield of agricultural
products in order to meet consumer demands.
d. Factory processing plants that package more than one agricultural product are more
likely to be faced with issues related to cross contamination.
 e. Vertical integration and factory processing technology has allowed larger production,
lower cost, and greater efficiency within agricultural production to meet consumer
demands.
5.8 Von Thünen Model: Describe how the von Thünen model is used to explain patterns of agricultural
production at various scales.

Essential Knowledge PSO- 5.D.1: Von Thünen’s model helps to explain rural land use by emphasizing
the importance of transportation costs associated with distance from the market; however, regions
of specialty farming do not always conform to von Thünen’s concentric rings.

97. Use the image above to answer the

question. According to von Thünen's
model, which pairing of rings, products,
and reasons for the location is
INCORRECT?
a. First ring - market gardens and milk
- require close proximity to market
b. Second ring - woodlots and timber
- require close proximity to market
due to weight
c. Third Ring - pasture land and crops
- location less market-driven
d. Fourth Ring - woodlots and timber - furthest from the market
e. Fourth Ring - pasture for livestock - requires open space
5.9 The Global System of Agriculture: Explain the interdependence among regions of agricultural
production and consumption.

Essential Knowledge PSO- 5.E.1: Food and other agricultural products are part of a global supply
chain.
98. Lisa is a baker and imports exotic fruits like mangoes to meet consumer demands, which are
not native to her region. How does Lisa's decision to import exotic fruits like mangoes for her
bakery reflect the concept that food and agricultural products are part of a global supply
chain?
a. It demonstrates the importance of supporting local agriculture to reduce transportation
costs.
b. It highlights the benefits of seasonal and regional food choices to minimize
environmental impact.
c. It exemplifies the trend of businesses seeking unique and diverse ingredients from
around the world to meet consumer demands.
d. It showcases the advantages of growing all ingredients locally to ensure food security.
e. It underlines the need for reducing imported food items to promote self-sufficiency.

Essential Knowledge PSO- 5.E.2: Some countries have become highly dependent on one or more
export commodities.
99. In Haiti the primary export commodity is coffee. Haiti's economy heavily relies on the coffee
industry, with vast coffee plantations spread across the country. Earthquakes and political
instability have severely impacted coffee production, causing a significant decrease in
exports. How does the decrease in coffee exports from Haiti exemplify challenges related to
commodity dependence?
a. It underscores the importance of self-sufficiency in coffee production to prevent
economic vulnerability.
b. It demonstrates the fragility of economies that rely heavily on a single export good or
service.
c. It demonstrates the environmental consequences of overreliance on a single export
commodity.
 d. It shows the need for local consumers to reduce their coffee consumption to support
Haiti's coffee industry.
e. It reveals the potential economic ripple effects that a downturn in one region's
production can have on the global coffee market.
Essential Knowledge PSO- 5.E.3: The main elements of global food distribution networks are affected
by political relationships, infrastructure, and patterns of world trade.

100. The United States and Cuba have had a historically strained relationship since its
communist revolution resulting in trade embargoes. How does a trade embargo between the
United States and Cuba illustrate the tension between global food networks and political
relationships?
a. It proves that nations should prioritize self-sufficiency in food production to avoid
dependence on others.
b. It highlights the importance of international organizations in regulating food distribution.
c. It emphasizes the role of climate change in disrupting global food networks.
d. It showcases that political tensions can disrupt the flow of products in the commodity
chain, impacting global food distribution.
e. It demonstrates the need for increased government subsidies to support the agricultural
sector during political conflicts.

5.10 Consequences of Agricultural Practices: Explain how agricultural practices have environmental
and societal consequences.

Essential Knowledge IMP- 5.A.1: Environmental effects of agricultural land use include pollution, land
cover change, desertification, soil salinization, and conservation efforts.
 101. Which of the following statements best explains the trends seen in the chart above?
a. Wet Rice Farming uses large flooded fields that release carbon dioxide, methane,
nitrogen oxides contributing to greenhouse gas emissions.
b. Plantation Farming methods use a significant amount of chemical fertilizers, herbicides,
and pesticides to develop crops such as apples, tomatoes,and carrots.
c. Market Gardening Farming creates cash crops like sugarcane, bananas, coffee, and
cocoa and results in large amounts of deforestation and habitat destruction.
d. Cattle Ranching and Dairy Farming are the largest agricultural contributors of
greenhouse gasses due to their emissions of methane into the air as cattle process grass
and other plants.
e. Aquaculture and Mariculture contribute significantly to pollution in both fresh water and
ocean environments due to the use of chemical pesticides.

Essential Knowledge IMP-5.A.2: Agricultural practices – including slash and burn, terraces, irrigation,
deforestation, draining wetlands, shifting cultivation, and pastoral nomadism– alter the landscape.
 102. How does overgrazing associated with pastoral nomadism demonstrate how
agricultural practices can alter the landscape?
a. It demonstrates the adaptability of pastoral nomadic communities to harsh
environmental conditions.
b. It emphasizes the need for governments to support traditional nomadic practices
through subsidies.
c. It illustrates how modern technology has allowed pastoral nomads to overcome
environmental challenges.
d. It demonstrates how agricultural practices can lead to irreversible trends such as
deforestation and desertification on the landscape.
e. It highlights the importance of expanding livestock herds to counteract environmental
challenges.
Essential Knowledge IMP-5.A.3: Societal effects of agricultural practices include changing diets, role
of women in agricultural production, and economic purpose.

103. Guatemala is transitioning from traditional farming practices to modern, cash-crop

agriculture. As a result, they are cultivating crops like cashews and cocoa, which are in high
demand in global markets. The shift has influenced what populations eat and how they
produce food. Women, who traditionally played central roles in farming, are now diversifying
their roles and entering new fields of employment in agribusiness. How do agricultural
practices influence societal changes as it relates to consumer diets and the roles of women?
a. By primarily contributing to technological advancements and urbanization, thus
indirectly impacting diets and women's roles.
b. By encouraging the consumption of traditional, unprocessed foods and reducing the
need for women's involvement in farming.
c. By shaping dietary patterns and nutritional choices due to the types of crops cultivated
and affecting the roles of women in economic functions and societal roles.
d. By promoting cultural diversity and culinary innovation while having no direct impact on
women's roles.
e. By exclusively focusing on crop yields and neglecting any social or cultural
consequences.
5.11 Challenges of Contemporary Agriculture: Explain challenges and debates related to the
changing nature of contemporary agriculture and food-production practices.

Essential Knowledge IMP- 5.B.1: Agricultural innovations such as biotechnology, genetically modified
organisms, and aquaculture have been accompanied by debates over sustainability, soil and water
usage, reductions in biodiversity, and extensive fertilizer and pesticide use.

104. Which of the following statements best exemplifies the concerns over sustainability
regarding Green Revolution technology and modern agricultural practices?
a. The lack of pesticide and fertilizers used in organic agriculture resulting in lower yields.
b. Freshwater and ocean fish farming operations contaminate ecosystems and increase
the spread of disease and pests to local wildlife species.
c. The ethical considerations of altering the genetic makeup of crops resulting in greater
diversity of plant and animal species.
d. The potential benefits of increased crop yields and pest resistance
e. The importance of reducing the use of technology in agriculture to protect the
environment.
Essential Knowledge IMP- 5.B.2: Patterns of food production and consumption are influenced by
movements relating to individual food choice, such as urban farming, community-supported
agriculture (CSA), organic farming, value-added speciality crops, fair trade, local-food movements,
and dietary shifts.

105. Which of the following statements best aligns with an increase in demand of organic
and fair trade products?
a. The decline in the popularity of eco-friendly practices.
 b. A growing consumer interest in sustainable and ethical food production.
c. A limited availability of a variety of organic and fair trade products.
d. A decline in the health-consciousness of consumers.
e. The increasing cost of organic and fair trade products.

Essential Knowledge IMP-5.B.3: Challenges of feeding a global population include lack of food
access, as in cases of food insecurity and food deserts, problems with distribution systems, adverse
weather, and land use lost to suburbanization.

106. Which of the following challenges faced by populations in food deserts best
characterizes regions with high food insecurity?
a. Insufficient technological
infrastructure for food delivery
services.
b. An abundance of local farmers'
markets and community gardens.
c. A surplus of fast-food restaurants and
convenience stores.
d. A lack of transportation options for
accessing nearby grocery stores.
e. An oversupply of government
subsidies for agriculture in these
regions.

Essential Knowledge IMP- 5.B.4: The location of

food-processing facilities and markets, economies
of scale, distribution systems, and government
policies all have economic effects on food-
production practices.

107. Which of the following is not a

government policy that directly improves the financial position of U.S. farmers?
a. Sale of grain to other countries at low interest rates (U.S. Public Law 480).
b. Encouragement to avoid production of crops in excess supply.
c. Government financing when commodity prices are low.
d. Government purchase of surplus production to offset farmer losses.
e. Encouragement of planting cover crops to slow erosion.
5.12 Women in Agriculture: Explain geographic variations in female roles in food production and
consumption.

Essential Knowledge IMP-5.C.1: The role of females in food production, distribution, and consumption
varies in many places depending on the type of production involved.

108. The diverse roles of females in food production, distribution, and consumption are
influenced by various factors, including the type of production. Which of the following best
supports this variability?
a. In regions with subsistence farming, women are primarily responsible for crop cultivation
and food preparation, while men handle distribution and trade.
b. In industrialized countries, women tend to dominate the agricultural labor force,
whereas men are more involved in food distribution and retail.
c. In less developed countries women’s roles are based on crop cultivation and food
preparation, while in more developed countries women’s roles are more heavily
associated with other components of agribusiness.
d. In countries with advanced technology and automation in agriculture, women have
largely withdrawn from the agricultural sector, as the industry has nearly disappeared
from global demand.
e. In very few cultures, women are traditionally responsible for agricultural production,
while in most others, it is men who primarily engage in food cultivation and distribution.

Unit 6-Cities and Urban Land-Use Patterns and Processes

Unit 6 Review Packet- AP Geog

Urban Geography Matching
1. _____ Urbanization
2. _____ Central Business District
3. _____ Concentric Zone Model
4. _____ Zone in Transition
5. _____ Sector Model
6. _____ Multiple Nuclei Model
7. _____ Census Tract
8. _____ Quantitative Data
9. _____ Qualitative Data
10. _____ Social Area Analysis
11. _____ Squatter Settlements
12. _____ Forward Capital
13. _____ Zones of Abandonment
14. _____ Redlining
15. _____ Gentrification
16. _____ White Flight
17. _____ Blockbusting
18. _____ Underclass
19. _____ Annexation
20. _____ City
21. _____ Central City
22. _____ Urbanized Area
23. _____ Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)
24. _____ Micropolitan Statistical Area (uSA)
25. _____ Megalopolis
26. _____ The Peripheral Model (Galactic City Model)
27. _____ Edge City
28. _____ Urban Sprawl
29. _____ Zoning Ordinances
30. _____ Smart Growth
31. _____ New Urbanism
32. _____ Service
33. _____ Central Place Theory
34. _____ Market Area (hinterland)
35. _____ Range
36. _____ Threshold
37. _____ Gravity Model
38. _____ Rank-size Rule
39. _____ Primate City Rule
40. _____ Urban Infilling
41. _____ World Cities
42. _____ Disamenity Zones
43. _____ Inclusionary Zoning
44. _____ Suburbanization
45. _____ Exurb
46. ____ Boomburb
47. ____ Bid Rent Theory
48. ____ Greenbelts
49. ____ Slow-growth cities
50. ____ Mixed-use development

a. Downtown, area of a city where retail and office activities are clustered
b. an area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally establish residences
on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures
c. Banks drawing lines on a map to identify areas in which they will refuse to loan money
d. An area delineated by the U.S. Bureau of the Census for which statistics are published, in
urbanized areas, correspond roughly to neighborhoods and zipcodes
e. inner-city residents, because they are trapped in an unending cycle of economic and social
problems
f. Continuous urban complex of MSAs from Boston to Washington D.C. Also called BosWash
corridor.
g. An urbanized area of between 10,000 and 50,000 inhabitants, the country in which it is found
and adjacent counties tied to a city
h. an increase in the number of people and % of people living in cities
i. a city grows outward from a central area in a series of concentric rings, like the rings of a tree.
Usually it’s the CBD, the zone of transition, zone of working-class homes, zone of better
residence, commuter's zone. Made by Burgess
j. legislation and regulations to limit suburban sprawl and preserve farmland
k. urban settlement that has been legally incorporated into an independent, self-governing unit.
l. central city and surrounding built-up suburbs
m. process by which middle-class people move into deteriorated inner-city neighborhoods and
renovate housing
n. progressive spread of urban development over the landscape.
o. In the U.S. a central city of at least 50,000 population, the county within which the city is
located, and adjacent counties meeting one of several tests indicating a functional
connection to the central city.
p. Zone of industry and poorer quality housing in urban models
q. Whites moved out to the suburbs, and immigrants and people of color vied for scarce jobs
and resources in the declining urban centers
r. an urban area consists of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business
areas tied together by a beltway or ring road.
s. city develops in a series of sectors, certain areas of the city are more attractive for various
activities. As city grows, activities expand outward in a wedge or sector from the center.
Made by Hoyt.
t. a law that limits the permitted uses of land and maximum density of development in a
community
u. Capital city placed in a remote or peripheral area for economic, strategic, or symbolic
reasons.
v. around the beltway are nodes of consumer and business services
w. process of legally adding land area to a city
x. The lack of jobs, big declines in land value and falling demand can cause properties and
neighborhoods to become abandoned. As more people leave, even more businesses close.
y. Compare the distributions of characteristics and create an overall picture of where various
types of people tend to live
z. real estate agents and developers encouraged affluent white property owners to sell their
homes and businesses at a loss by stroking fears that their neighborhoods were being
overtaken by racial or ethnic minorities.
aa. began in US in 1980s as a way of changing the suburban, automobile-centered cities of
the past into the more sustainable, pedestrian-friendly cities of the future
 bb. city is a complex structure that includes more than one center around which activities
revolve. Ex. port, neighborhood business center, university etc. Made by Harris and Ullman
cc.a city surrounded by suburbs
dd. any activity that fulfills a human want or need and returns money to those who provide
it
ee.Areas of undeveloped land around an urban area
ff. Process of building up underused lands within cities
gg.maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service. Radius of the circle drawn to
delineate a service's market area
hh. the largest settlement has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement
ii. area surrounding a service from which customers are attracted, represented by a hexagon in
central place theory
jj. Residential area farther out from the densely packed suburbs
kk. helps to explain how the most profitable location can be identified which creates a regular
pattern of market centers
ll. Cities that planners have put into place smart growth initiatives to decrease the rate that the
city grows horizontally
mm. The price and demand for real estate change as the distance from the CBD increases
nn. Increasingly popular way to produce affordable housing through the private market,
incentivizes private developers to designate a certain % of housing “below market rate”
oo.Cities that are closely integrated into the global economic system because they are at the
center of the flow of information and capital like NYC, Tokyo, London
pp. minimum number of people needed to support the service
qq. municipality of more than 100,000 people that has been growing at a double digit
pace for three consecutive decades and that is not the major city of any metropolitan area
rr. Places that are larger and closer together will have a greater interaction than places that are
smaller and farther away from each other
ss. Economic activities such as residential, office, industry are all mixed together
tt. People moving from cities to residential areas on the outskirts of those cities
uu. the country's nth- largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement. AKA. The
second-largest city is one-half the size of the largest, the fourth-largest city is one fourth the size
of the largest
vv. Census and survey data provide information about changes in population and urban areas
ww. The poorest part of the city that are not connected to city services and often run by
gangs
xx. Field studies and narratives provide information about individual attitudes about urban
change
Urban Models
Directions: Write in the name of each urban model next to the correct image.
Urban Settlement vocabulary
Directions: Rank the following from largest to smallest but number 1 for the largest and 6 for the
smallest.
1. _______ Central City
2. _______ Urbanized Area
3. _______ Metropolitan Statistical Area
4. _______ City
5. _______ Micropolitan Statistical Area
6. _______ Megalopolis

Urban Renewal and Design

Directions: Write the correct urban renewal, sustainability, or design initiatives for each of the
following examples
 1. ______________________________________ creating a building that has residential apartments on
the top 3 floors, open office space on the 2nd floor and retail such as coffee shops on the
ground floor
2. ______________________________________ putting a park or undeveloped area near an urban
area
3. ______________________________________ a city lawmaker puts policies in place that do not
allow certain buildings to be built outward from the city
4. ______________________________________ creating a shared community space surrounded by
open concept retail and restaurants, with bike paths and wide walking paths to get to other
areas
5. ______________________________________ DC requiring a new apartment building to provide
some apartments for a cheaper rent

Central Place Theory

Directions: Fill in the blank for the definitions of central place theory.
- _____________________ is the size of the population necessary for any particular service to exist
and remain profitable.
- ____________________ is the distance people will travel to obtain specific goods or services
- ____________________ surrounds the central place, for which it provides goods and services and
from which it draws population.
- ____________________ is a location where people go to receive goods and services.
Provide an example of each of the following
- Service with a low threshold: ___________________________________
- Service with a medium threshold: _______________________________
- Service with a large threshold: _________________________________
- Service with a large range/Higher-order good: ______________________________
- Service with a small range/lower-order good: ______________________________

Multiple Choice
1. Since the 1980s, there has been a trend to build suburbs and edge cities within the United
States
a. In mountainous, rocky areas
b. Along rural roads rather than major highways
c. Within and around historic districts of large cities
d. Increasingly closer to the central city
e. Increasingly farther away from the central city

2. The concentric zone model is portrayed as a series of rings, with the outermost ring being they
a. Central business district
b. Factory zone
c. Commuter zone
d. Working-class zone
e. Zone of transition
3. In the sector model, also known as the Hoyt model, it is proposed that a city should grow
outward from its center because
a. Private cars will carry commuters in and out of the city effectively
b. There are not enough trails and bike paths within the city’s center for residents who
enjoy recreation
c. Major lines of transportation will carry commuters to outlying areas
d. Physical features such as lakes and rivers take up most of the space in the city’s center
e. Many commercial activities in the city’s center should be relocated to outlying
residential areas

4. In global cities, frequent displacement of minority populations with low incomes is often
caused by the process of
a. Social reproduction
b. Urban blight
c. Gentrification
d. Rent control
e. Traffic congestion

5. Edge cities typically grow on the borders of large urban areas at points near
a. Electrical and nuclear power plants
b. Schools and universities
c. Sports and recreation complexes
d. Major roads and airports
e. Navigable waterways

6. Which terms most accurately describes a city with a population of approximately 60,500 in
2016 that was strongly integrated with its adjacent counties, socially and economically?
a. Metropolitan area
b. Metropolitan statistical area
c. Micropolitan statistical area
d. Primate city
e. Suburban area

7. Which best describes a typical megacity of the periphery?

a. An urban area facing numerous challenges, as rapid growth brings many social
problems
b. A megalopolis that exerts international influence and power far beyond its boundaries
c. A world city with economic and cultural dominance over a wide area
d. A city with a concentration of global corporations and media hubs
e. A vast slum where housing, food, and services are hard to obtain

8. Which urban model would best describe a city that includes edge cities along its beltways?
a. Galactic city
b. Concentric zone
c. Multiple-nuclei
 d. Sector
e. Griffen-Ford

9. A diverse, walkable, mixed-use neighborhood would most directly be a core goal of

a. Restrictive zoning
b. Gentrification
c. Exurbanism
d. New urbanism
e. Counter-urbanization

10. How are filtering and gentrification related?

a. They both lead to similar changes in the average income in a neighborhood
b. They both occur more in rural areas than in urban areas
c. After years of filtering, a neighborhood might be ready for gentrification
d. Gentrification is one step in the filtering process
e. Filtering and gentrification are the same thing

11. Traditionally, North American cities have been more likely than European cities to have a
higher percentage of
a. Historic buildings in the central business district
b. Wealthy people living near the central business district
c. Tall buildings in the central business district
d. Residents living in high-density suburbs
e. Workers who use public transportation to go to work

12. Which is most likely to decrease as a neighborhood becomes gentrified?

a. Property tax rates
b. Enrollment in private high schools
c. Number of older buildings
d. Average household income
e. Variety of cultural opportunities

13. An excellent example of a primate city that serves as the focus of an country and its culture is
a. Copenhagen, Denmark
b. Marseilles, France
c. Calgary, Canada
d. Seattle, US
e. Tijuana, Mexico

Enduring Understandings:
● The presence and growth of cities vary across geographical locations because of physical
geography and resources.(6.1-6.5)
● The attitudes and values of a population, as well as the balance of power within that
population, are reflected in the built landscape.(6.6-6.9)
● Urban areas face unique economic, political, cultural, and environmental challenges.(6.10-
6.11)
Topic 6.1 The Origin and Influences of Urbanization:Explain the processes that initiate and drive
urbanization and suburbanization.

Essential Knowledge IMP-6.A.1:Site and situation influence the origin, function,and the growth of
cities.

109. The first hearths of urbanization, such as Mesopotamia, were primarily established
around which features?
a. Fertile plains
b. Natural resources
c. River valleys
d. Mountainous areas
e. Semi-arid deserts

Essential Knowledge IMP-6.A.2: Changes in transportation and communication, population growth,

migration, economic development, and government policies influence urbanization.

110. Which of the following statements would best explain the trends seen between the
chart and the map relating to the urban development of Oak Creek, WI?
 a. The addition of a grocery store has addressed a need in an existing food desert
drawing more people to the area.
b. Economic development within Oak Creek, WI’s Drexel Town Square has led to an
increase in population of the city.
c. Oak Creek’s population growth can be attributed to greater levels of development
and an increase in access to healthcare.
d. Economic Development in Oak Creek, Wi is a result of local government officials using
policies such as eminent domain to acquire land to make future development possible.
e. Internal migrations trends and population increases in southeastern Wisconsin can be
attributed to greater access to infrastructure networks.

Topic 6.2 Cities Across the World:Explain the processes that initiate and drive urbanization and
suburbanization.

Essential Knowledge IMP-6.A.3:Megacities and metacities are distinct spatial outcomes of

urbanization increasingly located in countries of the periphery and semiperiphery.

111. The two maps above show the world's top 20 megacities by population, in 2010 and
then projected forward to 2100. Which of the following conclusions best describes the trends
shown in these maps?
a. The world’s largest megacities are becoming more geographically dispersed over time.
b. The world’s largest megacities are becoming concentrated in developing countries.
c. Immigration from less-developed countries is fueling the growth of megacities in more-
developed countries, causing them to surge ahead in population.
d. Growth of megacities in the 21st century is mainly a function of climate and distance to
markets.
e. Due to their size, megacities tend to be more stable over time.
Essential Knowledge IMP-6.A.4:Processes of suburbanization, sprawl, and decentralization have
created new land-use forms—including edge cities, exurbs, and boomburbs—and new challenges.

112. Which of the following contributed to suburban land use forms such as edge cities,
exurbs, and boomburbs in the United States in the 1950s and 1960s?
a. Greater availability of mortgage loans to populations of diverse ethnic and racial
backgrounds.
 b. A baby boom attributed to higher birth rates following the second World war.
c. The growth of economic activity outside of the CBD in the urban periphery.
d. The creation of the interstate highway system resulted in less connection to the CBD.
e. Gentrification of lower-income neighborhoods and infilling of spaces closer to the CBD.

Topic 6.3 Cities and Globalization:Explain how cities embody processes of globalization.

Essential Knowledge IMP-6.B.1:World cities function at the top of the world’s urban hierarchy and
drive globalization.

113. Which statement does the stimulus above most clearly demonstrate?
a. Central European cities are the biggest destination for international migrants.
b. The presence of supranational organizations in large urban metros influence the foreign
and domestic policies of political states.
c. Economic metros such as London and Paris are essential and influential cogs in the
global supply chain.
d. Hierarchical diffusion of fashion and technology trends accounts for the prominent
status of Paris and London.
e. Centripetal political forces are driving the growth of major Spanish cities.

Essential Knowledge IMP-6.B.2:Cities are connected globally by networks and linkages and mediate
global processes.
 114. What do the two stimuli above suggest about the benefits of a megaregion like “Bos-
Wash”, the economies and trade networks connecting New York City, Washington D.C., and
Boston?
a. Communication, transportation, and cooperation between the three cities leads to
increased economic productivity and influence over global markets.
b. Boston would be a successful global city without their connection to New York City and
Washington D.C.
c. Megaregions are hubs for international political influence as they are often locations
that are at the center foreign policy debates.
d. Megalopolises influence the diffusion of global cultural languages far from their cultural
hearths.
e. Metropolitan areas influence international migration patterns and the domestic policies
of political states.

Topic 6.4 The Size and Distribution of Cities:Identify the different urban concepts such as hierarchy,
interdependence, relative size, and spacing that are useful for explaining the distribution, size, and
interaction of cities.

Essential Knowledge IMP-6.C.1:Principles that are useful for explaining the distribution and size of cities
include rank-size rule, the primate city, the gravity model, and Christaller’s central place theory.

115. New York City and Los Angeles are 3,000 miles apart in terms of absolute distance, but
they are very connected economically and culturally. What explains this connectivity?
a. The cities have similar transportation and communication infrastructure, which
facilitates interaction over greater distances.
 b. Both have diverse populations, which leads to a common cultural experience.
c. Both have high populations, which counteract distance in the gravity model.
d. They have similar economic bases, which leads to a higher trade rate between the two
cities.
e. Both have major airport hubs that allow for large jets and frequent arrivals and
departures, and facilitate easier travel between the two cities.

116. The fact that Cincinnati, OH is able to support a major-league baseball team and an
NFL football team, while its neighbor Toledo can support only a minor league team, is largely
attributable to which theory?
a. Primate City Theory
b. Sector theory
c. Central-Place Theory
d. Urban-matrix Theory
e. The Rank-size Theory

Topic 6.5 The Internal Structure of Cities:Explain the internal structure of cities using various models
and theories.

Essential Knowledge IMP-6.D.1:Models and theories that are useful for explaining internal structures of
cities include the Burgess concentric-zone model, the Hoyt sector model, the Harris and Ullman
multiple- nuclei model, the galactic city model, bid-rent theory, and urban models drawn from Latin
America, Southeast Asia, and Africa.
 117. Which statement BEST reflects the relationship between residential density and land
value?
a. Land value increases as one moves away from the CBD, evidenced by larger homes in
the suburbs.
b. Residential density decreases as one moves away from the CBD because housing
prices increase.
c. Residential density is highest in the suburbs because of more space and the perception
of better schools.
d. Land value is the highest in the CBD, forcing residential density to increase to share the
cost of living in the CBD.
e. Residential density is lowest in the suburbs because the CBD focuses on commercial
rather than residential properties.

Topic 6.6 Density and Land Use:Explain how low-, medium-, and high-density housing characteristics
represent different patterns of residential land use.

Essential Knowledge IMP-6.A.1:Residential buildings and patterns of land use reflect and shape the
city’s culture, technological capabilities, cycles of development, and infilling.
 118. “In the heart of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, a luxury multi-family apartment building sits at
the site of the former Seaman-Sleeth Co. Founded in 1885, this facility once supplied materials
to the thriving steel mills of Pittsburgh but fell into disuse by the 1980s due to global
competition. After years of underutilization, developers prepared the ground for a new
chapter.”
The development of residential units at The Foundry at 41st, described and pictured above,
best aligns with which urban development strategy?
A. Infilling to create high-density housing
B. Brownfield remediation to create suburban-style, low-density housing
C. Gentrification to increase housing density while maintaining local culture
D. Revitalization of neighborhoods to become part of a megaregion
E. New Urbanism by increasing housing density near walkable amenities

Topic 6.7 Infrastructure:Explain how a city’s infrastructure relates to local politics, society, and the
environment.

Essential Knowledge IMP-6.B.1:The location and quality of a city’s infrastructure directly affects its
spatial patterns of economic and social development.
 119. According to the stimuli above,which statement best describes the difference between
how infrastructure affects patterns of development in Washington DC and Beijing?

a. Washington DC has a larger rapid transit network than Beijing in order to

accommodate commuters from neighboring cities and suburbs.
b. Washington DC has a larger rapid transit network than Beijing to help facilitate the
movement of their more densely urbanized population.
c. Beijing has made efforts to increase their rapid transit network since they experience
greater traffic congestion than Washington DC.
d. Beijing has increased their rapid transit network since they have more densely
populated suburbs than Washington DC.
e. Washington DC has a smaller rapid transit network than Beijing because there is not
enough widespread support for low-cost public transportation.
Topic 6.8 Urban Sustainability:Identify the different urban design initiatives and practices. & Explain
the effects of different urban design initiatives and practices.

Essential Knowledge IMP-6.C.1:Sustainable design initiatives and zoning practices include mixed land
use, walkability, transportation-oriented development, and smart-growth policies, including New
Urbanism, greenbelts, and slow-growth cities.

120. Which of the following is an example of a smart growth policy for urban development?
a. An increase in the number of highway lanes for projected population growth.
b. A decrease in the number of parks to maximize zoning ordinance usage.
c. An increase in mixed land-use policies interspersing residential and commercial land
use.
d. A decrease in the industrial sector zoning of a city.
e. An increase in land area to provide more space for residential growth in cities.
Essential Knowledge IMP-6.D.1:Praise for urban design initiatives includes the reduction of sprawl,
improved walkability and transportation, improved and diverse housing options, improved livability
and promotion of sustainable options. Criticisms include increased housing costs, possible de facto
segregation, and the potential loss of historical or place character.

121. Which is a positive aspect of greenbelts in European cities and slow-growth cities in the
United States?
a. They both increase the number of urban sustainability projects.
b. They both decrease crime rates in urban hotspots.
c. They both expand the transportation corridors surrounding cities to serve populations in
the urban periphery.
d. They both limit urban sprawl by encouraging walkability and mass transit.
e. They both increase agricultural productivity near cities.
Topic 6.9 Urban Data:Explain how qualitative and quantitative data are used to show the causes and
effects of geographic change within urban areas.

Essential Knowledge IMP-6.E.1:Quantitative data from census and survey data provide information
about changes in population composition and size in urban areas.

Source A Source B
“St. Croix County, on the
border of Minnesota's Twin
Cities, experienced the
second-largest increase in
county population at
10.9%. No other Wisconsin
county increased by
double digits.”
- Summary of Wisconsin
Census Report (2020)

122. What is the most likely cause of the population increase in St. Croix Country mentioned
above?
a. Urban sprawl from the Twin Cities resulted in urban commuters moving across the
border to Wisconsin.
b. It has significant pull factors as a major tourist destination.
c. Higher birth rates in St. Croix County explain their double digit increase.
d. Brain drain from the Twin Cities led to urban professionals relocating their businesses to
St. Croix County.
e. Higher taxes in St. Croix County attracted residents seeking better municipal services.

Essential Knowledge IMP-6.E.2:Qualitative data from field studies and narratives provide information
about individual attitudes toward urban change.

Source A Source B
Washington Highlands was the first metro
Milwaukee neighborhood to implement
specific restrictions on the race of the
people who could live there. As
described in a 1979 report by the
Metropolitan Integration Research
Center, when Washington Highlands was
developed in 1919, the property deeds of
the development specified that "at no
time shall the land included in Washington
Highlands or any part thereof, or any
building thereon be purchased, owned,
leased or occupied by any person other
than of the white race."

123. Sources A and B both provide information about how neighborhoods and districts
within the City of Milwaukee changed as a result of redlining. Which of the following
statements below best describes the relationship between these sources of data?
a. Both sources are examples of quantitative data that specifies the effects of redlining
b. Source A is qualitative data that provides insight into the quantitative data in Source B
c. Source A is qualitative data that is unrelated to Source B
d. Both sources are examples of qualitative data that attest to increased housing equality
in the City of Milwaukee
e. Source A is quantitative data that states the percentage of property deeds issued in
Washington Highlands during this time period

Topic 6.10 Challenges of Urban Changes:Explain causes and effects of geographic change within
urban areas.

Essential Knowledge IMP-6.A.1:As urban populations move within a city, economic and social
challenges result, including: issues related to housing and housing discrimination such as redlining,
blockbusting, and affordability; access to services; rising crime; environmental injustice; and the
growth of disamenity zones or zones of abandonment.
124. Which of the following is an example of an environmental injustice?
a. Hazardous waste sites located near lower-class residential neighborhoods.
b. Higher-class residential neighborhoods located far from commercial sites.
c. Middle-class families moving into higher-income neighborhoods.
d. An increase in the number of parks in a neighborhood.
 e. The establishment of industrial parks adjacent to higher-income neighborhoods.

Essential Knowledge IMP-6.A.2: Squatter settlements and conflicts over land tenure within large cities
have increased.

125. The emerging megacities in Africa and Asia face many challenges. Which of the
following are not among these challenges regarding urban development?
a. Building and maintaining adequate infrastructure to support a growing population.
b. Increase in crime in areas with unclear land tenure
c. Providing and maintaining a clean and healthy environment.
d. Controlling the cost of living and the accessibility to housing.
e. An oversupply of accessible housing and declining land costs.

Essential Knowledge IMP-6.A.3:Responses to economic and social challenges in urban areas can
include inclusionary zoning and local food movements.

126. How could the following image demonstrate inclusionary zoning?

a. If it is combined with mixed use development to create special rates for small business
owners.
 b. If a fixed percentage of the apartment units were rent-controlled for lower income
residents.
c. If the businesses offered special discounts to all residents living above them in the same
building.
d. If the government provided tax incentives to developers who renew locations of urban
development.
e. If landlords were given the ability to exercise eminent domain for residents and
commercial renters.
Essential Knowledge IMP-6.A.4: Urban renewal and gentrification have both positive and negative
consequences.

127. Which of the following is a direct result of redlining in American cities?

a. Low-interest loans given to minorities for home improvement projects
b. More government funding of infrastructure in inner city neighborhoods
c. Less access to educational opportunities through Pell Grant funding, reducing job
growth
d. High-interest loans resulting in lack of investment in mortgages in inner city
neighborhoods
e. Transportation networks expanded as a result of more federal funding of inner projects
Essential Knowledge IMP-6.A.5:Functional and geographic fragmentation of governments—the way
government agencies and institutions are dispersed between state, county, city, and neighborhood
levels—presents challenges in addressing urban issues.

128. Hurricane Katrina was one of the deadliest and costliest hurricanes in U.S. history. During
relief efforts, coordination issues arose due to logistical challenges. Delays in mobilizing the
National Guard and other resources to affected areas exacerbated the crisis on the ground
and left local governments overwhelmed as they tried to provide relief. This example best
illustrates which challenge for governments seeking to address urban issues?
a. It demonstrates how various levels of government can work together to solve a regional
issue following a climate event.
 b. Following Hurricane Katrina, FEMA and other disaster relief efforts at various levels
worked together to revise their framework and procedures to address catastrophic
events.
c. Louisiana and other states affected by hurricanes face structural challenges in funding
disaster preparedness programs and agencies.
d. It demonstrates how a functional breakdown at multiple levels of government can
create barriers or delays to relief efforts in urban areas following a climate event.
e. The fragmentation of New Orleans into multiple municipalities created
miscommunication between local officials and hindered the effectiveness of relief
efforts.
Topic 6.11 Challenges of Urban Sustainability:Describe the effectiveness of different attempts to
address urban sustainability challenges.

Essential Knowledge IMP-6.B.1:Challenges to urban sustainability include suburban sprawl, sanitation,

climate change, air and water quality, the large ecological footprint of cities, and energy use.

129. What environmental impact is represented in the following image?

a. The water cycle
b. The urban heat island
c. Agricultural runoff
d. Urban sustainability
e. The urban footprint
Essential Knowledge IMP-6.B.2:Responses to urban sustainability challenges can include regional
planning efforts, remediation and redevelopment of brownfields, establishment of urban growth
boundaries, and farmland protection policies.

130. What is the most logical conclusion one could

draw from this data about regional planning for climate
change?
a. Cities in core countries are leading the way in
climate change investment.
b. Cities in the United States are heavily investing in
climate change programs.
c. Cities in the Eastern Hemisphere are all above
average in climate change programs.
d. Latin American cities are leading the Western
Hemisphere in attempting to counteract climate
change.
e. European initiatives like greenbelts have diffused
to the rest of the world to combat climate
change
Unit 7-Industrial and Economic Development Patterns and
Process
 Unit 7 Test Review Packet- Human Geography
Matching Terms
1. ____ Development
2. ____ Human Development Index
3. ____ Gross National Product (GNP)
4. ____ Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)
5. ____ Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
6. ____ GNI Per capita PPP
7. ____ Primary Sector
8. ____ Secondary Sector
9. ____ Tertiary Sector
10. ____ Quaternary Sector
11. ____ Quinary Sector
12. ____ Life Expectancy
13. ____ Literacy Rate
14. ____ Infant Mortality Rate
15. ____ Natural Increase Rate
16. ____ Core-periphery Model/World Systems Theory
17. ____ GINI Coefficient
18. ____ Gender-Inequality Index (GII)
19. ____ Rostow’s Economic Development Model
20. ____ World Trade Organization (WTO)
21. ____ Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
22. ____ World Bank
23. ____ International Monetary Fund
24. ____ Structural Adjustment Program
25. ____ Fair Trade
26. ____ Fossil Fuel
27. ____ OPEC
28. ____ Renewable Resource
29. ____ Dependency Theory
30. ____ Commodity Dependence
31. ____ Complementarity
32. ____ Comparative Advantage

a. value of the total output of goods and services produced country, normally during a year
b. activities or services that focus on the creation, re-arrangement, and interpretation of new
and existing ideas.“Gold-collar” professions
c. Annual number of deaths of infants under one year of age, compared with total live births.
d. measures a country's loss of achievement due to gender inequality. Uses reproductive health,
empowerment, and labor market participation
e. economic policies that create conditions encouraging international trade
f. Adjustment made to GNI that accounts for what money actually buys within different
countries
g. process of improving the material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and
technology. Two groups: More Developed Country (MDC) and Less Developed Country (LDC)
h. created by UN, recognized that a country's level of development is a function of economic,
social, and demographic factors. Includes things like: GDP per capita, Literacy Rate, Amount
of Education, Life expectancy
i. energy source formed from the residue of plants and animals buried millions of years ago.Ex.
Coal, Natural Gas, Oil
j. percentage by which a population grows in a year. Subtract CBR from CDR after converting
the numbers to percentages
k. average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live
l. measure of income inequality within a country
m. specialized tertiary activities in the knowledge sector. Anything in business, services,
education, government etc. that have to do with generating or exchanging knowledge.
n. Economic sector where manufacturers process, transform, and assemble raw materials into
useful products
o. provides loans to countries experiencing balance of payment problems that threaten
expansion of international trade
p. division of world's countries into global economic core, semi periphery, and periphery. Core
includes MDCs. Semi-periphery would be newly industrialized countries such as Brazil, India,
China and periphery would be the LDCs.
q. dollar value of a country’s final income in a year divided by its population, adjusted to US
currency, measures average wealth
r. percentage of country's people who can read and write
s. Value of the output of goods and services produced in a country in a year, including including
net income from foreign investments
t. They reduce barriers to trade by negotiating reduction/elimination of international trade
restrictions and they reduce/eliminate restrictions on international movement of $ by banks,
corps and individuals. Made in 1195
u. Economic sector that directly extracts materials from Earth through agriculture- mining, fishing,
forestry, agriculture
v. helps provide loans to LDCs to help build infrastructure
w. 5-stage model of development: 1. Traditional Society 2. Preconditions for Takeoff 3. Takeoff 4.
Drive to maturity 5. Age of mass consumption. Optimistic model that assumes all countries are
capable of developing and will pass through the 5 stages at some point
x. investment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country
y. products are made and traded according to standards that protect workers and small
businesses in LDCs
z. Originally made to enable oil-rich countries to gain more control over their resource since
developed countries were exploiting them. Created in 1960
aa. Resource that is naturally replenished as quickly as it is being used. Such as solar or wind
power.
bb. Economic sector that involves the provision of goods and services to people in
exchange for payment
cc.the ability of one country to make a certain product more efficiently than another product.
dd. the notion that resources flow from a "periphery" of poor and underdeveloped states to
a "core" of wealthy states
ee. two places are said to exhibit a degree of this if each offers something to the other that it
needs or wants.
ff. when commodities are the majority of its exports. The combination of a high concentration of
exports and the large share of commodities in those exports is often linked to
 underdevelopment.
LDCs vs. MDCs
Directions: Rank the following regions from least developed (1) to most developed (10). Think of HDI
1._______ Latin America
2. _______ North America
3. _______ Sub-Saharan Africa
4. _______ MENA (Middle East and North Africa)
5. _______ East Asia
6. _______ Western Europe
7. _______ Southeast Asia
8. _______ South Asia
9. _______ Oceania
10. ______ Eastern Europe and Central Asia

Energy Types
Directions: Write whether each of the following types of energy are renewable or nonrenewable
1. ____________________ Coal
2. ____________________ Hydroelectric
3. ____________________ Solar
4. ____________________ Natural Gas
5. ____________________Geothermal
6. ____________________ Nuclear Fission
7. ____________________ Nuclear Fusion
8. ____________________ Wind
9. ____________________ Petroleum
10. ____________________ Biomass

Rostow vs. Wallerstein Theories

Directions: Name the stages/parts of each model, describe it, give an example and compare it to
the demographic transition model.
Rostow’s Economic Development Model
Stage Name? General Description of Country Example What stage of
stage Demographic
Transition Model does
this line up with?

1.

2.

3.

4.
 5.

Wallerstein’s- World Systems Theory/Core-periphery Model

Part name? General Description of Country Example What stage of Demographic
part of theory Transition Model does this
line up with?

1.

2.

3.

Industry (Ch 11) Matching

1. _____ Industry
2. _____ Industrial Revolution
3. _____ Cottage Industry
4. _____ Fordism
5. _____ Post-Fordist
6. _____ Situation Factors
7. _____ Site Factors
8. _____ Bulk-reducing/Weight-losing industry
9. _____ Bulk-gaining/Weight-gaining industry
10. _____ Break-of-bulk point
11. _____ Labor-intensive industry
12. _____ Capital
13. _____ Right-to-work laws
14. _____ New international division of labor
15. _____ Outsourcing
16. _____ Export-processing zones (EPZ)
17. _____ Maquiladoras
18. _____ Just-in-time delivery
19. _____ Least-cost Theory
20. _____ Agglomeration
21. _____ Deglomeration
22. _____ Footloose Firms
23. _____ Brownfields
24. _____ Backwash Effect
25. _____ Special Economic Zone (SEZ)
26. _____ Technopoles
27. _____ Sustainable Development
28. _____ Ecotourism
29. _____ Free Trade Zone (FTZ)
a. Factories built by U.S. companies in Mexico near the U.S. border to take advantage of much
lower labor costs in Mexico in export processing zones
b. series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing
goods very quickly
c. Industries that have no real inclination to be located close to either raw materials or primary
markets, since their products are so lightweight and valuable. Ex. computer chips, diamonds.
d. Ability to borrow money
e. Location where transfer among transportation modes is possible. Ex. Philly, Baltimore
f. The manufacturing of goods in a factory (secondary sector)
g. one in which wages and other compensation paid to employees constitute a high
percentage of expenses ex. Textiles
h. Hub for information-based industry and high-tech manufacturing Ex. Silicon Valley or
MIT/Harvard
i. When firms leave an agglomerated region to start up in a distant, new place.
j. Requires a factory to maintain an open-shop, as in employees are not required to join a union
k. Home-based manufacturing was known as this before the industrial revolution
l. Previously developed land that is not currently in use, land was usually used for industrial or
commercial purposes, known or suspected pollution in the area.
m. An industry in which the inputs weigh more than the final products. To minimize transport costs,
a bulk-reducing industry needs to locate near its source of inputs. Ex Copper
n. factories assign each worker on specific task to perform for mass production
o. Area of a country where business and trade laws a different from the rest of the country. They
have goals to get business to invest in that area due to lower taxes, less regulations etc.
p. Industrial factors involving the unique characteristics of a location- land, labor, and capital.
q. selective transfer of some jobs to LDCs, the core-periphery model explains how labor is split up
in the world
r. Contracting part of work out to non-company employees or other companies (often in
another country)
s. Officially designed for manufacturing but it is a zone in a country that has more accessible
distribution facilities, lax environmental laws, and attractive tax exemptions in order to attract
foreign corporations (usually in developing countries, set up by the govt to promote industry)
t. Many companies from the same industry cluster together in a small area to draw from the
same set of collective resources.
u. Industrial factors involving transport of materials to and from factory.
v. Industry that makes something that gains volume or weight during production. To minimize
transport costs, a bulk-gaining industry need to locate near where the product is sold. ex.
beverage production
w. Skilled workers have a wide variety of assignments and workers work in teams and problem
solve.
x. Shipment of parts and materials arrive at a factory moments before they are needed
y. Forms locate their production facilities in places that minimize transportation costs,
agglomeration costs, and labor costs. Made by Alfred Weber
z. new injections of money/capital into the economy lead to more spending, which leads to
more injection
aa. Attempt to remedy problems stemming from natural- resource depletion, mass
consumption, the effects of pollution, and the impact of climate change.
bb. tourism based in natural environments—often environments that are threatened by
 looming industrialization or development—that frequently helps to protect the environment in
question while also providing jobs for the local population.

cc.Type of SEZ, zone of a country where it is duty-free, offering warehousing, storage, and
distribution facilities for trade, transshipment, and re-export operations
Site or Situation
Directions: Decide whether each of the following is part of a place’s site or situation.
- Dark, fertile soil Site? Situation?
- Across river from town Site? Situation?
- Level land for building Site? Situation?
- Good well water Site? Situation?
- Upwind from swamp Site? Situation?
- No local building materials Site? Situation?
- Downstream from rapids Site? Situation?
- Close to supply routes Site? Situation?
Weber’s Least-cost Theory of Location
Directions: For each example of a business listed below, indicate with a check whether Labor,
Transportation or Agglomeration is the most important factor in deciding on the best location.

Labor Transportation Agglomeration

Back office call center

in India

Clothing
manufacturing in
China

Computer chips in
Taiwan

Doctor’s offices close

to hospital

Location of Industry
Directions: Name three regions and a more specific city within that region where industry was
located historically and still exists somewhat. Explain why it was located there.
- Region: ___________________ City: ___________________
- Why: _________________________________________________________________
- Region: ___________________ City: ___________________
- Why: _________________________________________________________________
- Region: ___________________ City: ___________________
- Why: _________________________________________________________________

Directions: Name three regions and a more specific city within that regions where industry is shifting to
more now. Explain why it is shifting to there.
- Region: ___________________ City: ___________________
- Why: _________________________________________________________________
- Region: ___________________ City: ___________________
- Why: _________________________________________________________________
 - Region: ___________________ City: ___________________
- Why: _________________________________________________________________

Multiple Choice
1. In the core-periphery model of global economic patterns, all of Africa is included in the
periphery EXCEPT
a. Zimbabwe
b. Morocco
c. South Africa
d. Liberia
e. Egypt
2. The gross domestic product per capita is a measure of the total goods and services produced
by a country divided by that country’s
a. Unemployment rate
b. Gross national product
c. Total population
d. Number of corporations
e. Total number of exports

3. Fishing, farming and forestry are considered as part of what economic sector?
a. Primary
b. Secondary
c. Tertiary
d. Quaternary
e. Quinary

4. Based upon Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory, which of the following countries best fits the
description of a peripheral country?
a. Brazil
b. Mali
c. Japan
d. Germany
e. China

5. Which question would most likely be studied using the Gini index?
a. Whether a country is moving closer to gender equality
b. Whether religious traditions influence educational achievement
c. Whether climate influences the infant mortality rate
d. Whether push or pull factors are more influential on migration
e. Whether the income distribution influences economic growth

6. All are stages of Rostow’s Stages of Economic Growth model except

a. Pre-condition for take-off
b. Drive to maturity
c. High mass consumption
d. Late expanding
e. Traditional society
7. Which is the least developed region among the following?
 a. North America
b. Eastern Europe
c. Southwest Asia
d. Western and Central Europe
e. East Asia

8. The secondary sector of the economy includes which of the following?

a. data processing
b. mining
c. government
d. construction
e. banking

9. Per capita GDP is a poor indicator of which of the following?

a. the approximate level of material well being in a country
b. the number of countries below the poverty level
c. the distribution of wealth within a country
d. the spatial distribution of global wealth
e. potential for providing all citizens with a comfortable life

10. In terms of the GII, most African countries have

a. rates far below the United States and Western Europe.
b. rates that exceed the United States and Western Europe owing to African investment in
centers of higher learning.
c. rates that are greater than the United States but less than Europe.
d. core-periphery models.
e. weak national economies.
11. The large percentage of population involved in agriculture in China indicates that
a. the country imports most of its food.
b. few people are unemployed.
c. most people consume an inadequate amount of calories.
d. most people must produce food for their own survival.
e. factory production cannot expand.

12. The shift of manufacturing within the United States to the South can be explained by all of the
following traits of the South EXCEPT
a. Lower wages
b. Increased population
c. More government regulations
d. More land available for development
e. Greater accessibility to numerous highways

13. Silicon Valley in Northern California is famous as the home to many businesses that produce
high-tech products or serve high-tech companies. This demonstrates the principle of
a. Outsourcing
b. post-Fordism
c. Market dependence
d. Back office processing
 e. Agglomeration economies

14. The EPZs found in Mexico are known as

a. Free zones
b. Special economic zones
c. Urban enterprise zones
d. Maquiladoras
e. Backwash regions

15. Which is most responsible for deindustrialization in highly developed countries?

a. Easy capital financing available in developing countries
b. Low wages in developing countries
c. Labor shortages in developed countries
d. The lack of strong unions in developed countries
e. The shortage of raw materials in developed countries

16. The main benefit for countries that host Export Processing Zones is that these zones
a. Create thousands of relatively high-paying jobs for their citizens
b. Increase availability of manufactured products for their citizens
c. Attract thousands of foreign workers, which results in millions of extra dollars in tax
revenue
d. Increase opportunities for the citizens to work for American companies and to learn
English
e. Provide an efficient way to increase imports from the United States

17. An example of a product made by a bulk-reducing industry is

a. Gasoline
b. Milk
c. Automobiles
d. Homes
e. Textiles

18. The purpose of the locational triangle in Weber’s model was to show where
a. Different kinds of neighborhoods would be located in a city
b. Various types of agriculture would be located
c. Industries would decide to locate a factory
d. Cities of various sizes would be located in a state or country
e. Culture hearths were most likely to be located

19. Which often happens to an industrial site after the factory on it closes?
a. In old industrial areas, it often becomes a brownfield site.
b. In EPZs, it is almost always reclaimed as a recreational site.
c. In the Great Lakes region, it usually attracts new industry.
d. In the South and West of the United States, it usually remains vacant.
e. In most poor countries, it often becomes an office park.

Enduring Understandings:
 ● Industrialization, past and present, has facilitated improvements in standards of living, but it has
also contributed to geographically uneven development. (7.1-7.5)
● Economic and social development happen at different times and rates in different places.
(7.6-7.7)
● Environmental problems stemming from industrialization may be remedied through sustainable
development strategies. (7.8)

7.1 The Industrial Revolution : Explain how the Industrial Revolution facilitated the growth and diffusion
of industrialization.

Essential Knowledge SPS-7.A.1: Industrialization began as a result of new technologies and was
facilitated by the availability of natural resources.

131. The most clear evidence that industrialization diffused from Britain in the 18th century
would be?

a. The use of improved agricultural technology and methods in Western Europe

b. The rise of the factory system in the Iberian Peninsula
c. Massive, state-sponsored industrialization in Russia at the start of the 20th century
d. Adoption of assembly line production in the Caucasus shatterbelt
e. Widespread industrialization of the Americas via colonization
 132. Refer to the chart above showing the production of coal and iron in the United
Kingdom from 1800 to 1900. What can be inferred from the data in the chart regarding the
relationship between industrialization and the availability of natural resources in the United
Kingdom during the 19th century?
a. Industrialization in the United Kingdom declined as natural resources became scarcer.
b. Industrialization in the United Kingdom was independent of the availability of natural
resources.
c. Industrialization in the United Kingdom was positively correlated with the availability of
coal and other natural resources.
d. Industrialization in the United Kingdom primarily relied on imported natural resources.
e. The data does not provide sufficient information to draw any conclusions about the
relationship between industrialization and natural resources.

Essential Knowledge SPS-7.A.2: As industrialization spread it caused food supplies to increase and
populations to grow; it allowed workers to seek new industrial jobs in the cities and changed class
structures.
 133. How did the Industrial Revolution impact urbanization patterns in the 19th century?
a. It led to a decline in urban populations as people moved to rural areas.
b. Urbanization remained stagnant as industrialization primarily occurred in rural settings.
c. Urban areas experienced significant population growth due to industrialization.
d. The Industrial Revolution had no noticeable effect on urbanization trends.
e. Urbanization was primarily driven by religious movements during this period.

Essential Knowledge SPS-7.A.3: Investors in industry sought out more raw materials and new markets,
a factor that contributed to the rise of colonialism and imperialism.
 134. What is the most reasonable explanation for the shift in “economic gravity” towards
Europe from 1500-1950, depicted above?
a. Rampant war profiteering during World Wars I and II.
b. The collapse of long-standing regional trade networks in South Asia and East Asia.
c. Investors generated massive profits through linking colonial resources to domestic
production and international markets.
d. The Printing Press and the subsequent reshaping of the European workforce.
e. The short and long-term effects of the Columbian Exchange and the development of
triangular trade.

7.2 Economic Sectors and Patterns: Explain the spatial patterns of industrial production and
development.
India’s Economic Measures
GII (Gender Inequality Index): 0.437
HDI (Human Development Index):
0.645
GDP (Gross Domestic Product): $9.28
Trillion

Essential Knowledge SPS-7.B.1: The different economic sectors– including primary, secondary, tertiary,
quaternary, and quinary– are characterized by distinct development patterns.

135. As India continues to develop their economy, what is the most likely shift that would
take place in their workforce?
a. The percentage of the workforce employed in the primary sector would decrease.
b. The percentage of the workforce employed in the tertiary sector would increase to
meet the educational needs of a growing population.
c. The percentage of the workforce employed in the primary sector would increase as
more jobs in resource extraction are created.
d. The percentage of the workforce employed in the secondary sector would remain
constant.
e. The percentage of the workforce employed in the quinary sector would decrease due
to foreign leadership at the heads of multinational corporations.

Essential Knowledge SPS-7.B.2: Labor, transportation (including shipping containers), the break-of-bulk
point, least cost theory, markets, and resources influence the location of manufacturing such as core,
semi periphery, and periphery locations.
 139. Using the data above, what conclusions can be made regarding the connection
between the locations of manufacturing facilities and the factors that influence them?
a. Manufacturing is evenly distributed across countries due to improvements in global
infrastructure.
b. Manufacturing is primarily concentrated in core locations due to the availability of
resources and labor.
c. Manufacturing is mainly located in periphery regions near areas with lower cost and
working age populations.
d. Manufacturing facilities are situated in states with advantageous tax codes that benefit
multinational companies.
e. Manufacturing is evenly distributed between core, semi-periphery, and periphery
locations.

7.3 Measures of Development: Describe social and economic measures of development.

Essential Knowledge SPS-7.C.1: Measures of social and economic development include Gross
Domestic Product (GDP); Gross National Product (GNP); and Gross National Income (GNI) per capita;
sectoral structure of an economy, both formal and informal; income distribution; fertility rates; infant
mortality rates; access to health care; use of fossil fuels and renewable energy; and literacy rates.

Development Measure Comparisons

Country GII MMR Adolesce Life Share of Population Labor Force GNI GDP
 (Deat nt Expectan Seats in with at least Participation (PPP
hs per Birth Rate cy National some Rate Dollars
100,00 ( per Gov. Secondary (% Ages )
0) 1,000 Held by Education 15+)
Women Women (% ages 25+)
15-19) (By %)

Femal Mal Femal Mal

e e e e

Switzerlan 0.03 5 2.8 84 Years 29.3 96.4 97.2 62.6 74.1 $66,93 $
d 7 3 618.23
Billion

United 0.11 6 6.5 78.7 Years 22.5 78.8 65.7 51.2 93.4 $62,57 $
Arab 3 4 653.07
Emirates Billion

United 0.18 14 19.8 77.2 Years 23.6 95.7 95.5 56.1 68.2 $ $ 21.13
States 2 63,670 Trillion

India 0.43 174 13.2 67.2 Years 11.7 39.0 63.5 23.6 78.6 $6,489 $9.28
7 Trillion

Democrat 0.65 693 124.2 59.2 years 8.2 36.7 65.8 60.8 66.5 $985 $120.9
ic 5 6 Billion
Republic
of the
Congo

140. Which of the following statements best demonstrates why multiple measures are
needed to determine the development of a state?
a. Switzerland's HDI measures demonstrate that there is high social development but low
economic development.
b. All regions of the world struggle with increasing their indices of women empowerment
and have social development scores that still demonstrate inequality.
c. India’s economic development measures would misrepresent their overall
development if not compared to their social development measures.
d. The United Arab Emirates has a GII score that indicates greater social development
than the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
e. The United States would have a higher HDI score than Switzerland based on the social
measures given.

Essential Knowledge SPS-7.C.2: Measures of gender inequality, such as the Gender Inequality Index
(GII), include reproductive health, indices of empowerment, and labor-market participation.
 141. Refer to the chart to the right, which displays the Gender Inequality Index (GII) scores
for various countries in the year 2020. Which of the following trends is best supported by the
data?
a. GII has consistently increased at an exponential rate.
b. Former Soviet states have an overall higher change in GII.
c. For most states, GII changed the most from 2017-2020
d. For most states, GII changed the most from 2010-2020
e. States with decreasing GII are facing significant national security issues and centrifugal
forces

Essential Knowledge SPS-7.C.3: The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite measure used
to show spatial variation among states in levels of development.
 142. Using the maps above, what statement best describes the relationship between an
economic factor like GDP/capita and a more comprehensive factor like HDI?
a. There is no correlation between low GDP per capita and low HDI
b. In many cases, countries with high GDP/capita have a higher HDI
c. There is a strong correlation between HDI scores and population density.
d. Lower HDI scores are exclusively found in countries with abundant natural resources.
e. HDI scores are more closely correlated to Total Fertility Rate (TFR), not economic data.

7.4 Women and Economic Development: Explain how and to what extent changes in economic
development have contributed to gender parity.

Essential Knowledge SPS-7.D.1: The roles of women change as countries develop economically.

143. In the context of economic development, which of the following statements best
reflects the changing roles of women?
a. Women's roles become static and unchanging across all economic levels.
b. Economic development has no impact on the roles and status of women.
c. Women's participation in the labor force tends to shift to professions outside of the
primary sector as countries develop economically.
d. Women's roles are primarily determined by political factors rather than economic ones.
e. Women's roles in family life become more traditional as countries become
economically developed.
Essential Knowledge SPS-7.D.2: Although there are more women in the workforce, they do not have
equity in wages or employment opportunities.
 144. Based on the graph, what can be inferred about the gender wage gap in Japan?
a. The gender wage gap has significantly decreased over the past decade and wages
are nearly equal between men and women today.
b. Women have consistently earned more than men in the workforce.
c. Men and women have earned equal wages throughout the decade.
d. The gender wage gap has decreased marginally over the past decade.
e. There is no gender wage gap in this country.

Essential Knowledge SPS-7.D.3: Microloans have provided opportunities for women to create small
businesses, which have improved standards of living.

145. How does microfinance contribute to addressing economic challenges and spatial
patterns in developing regions?
a. Microfinance exacerbates income inequality by favoring urban over rural areas.
b. Microfinance fosters entrepreneurship and economic development, particularly in rural
communities, and allows for greater opportunity for female empowerment.
c. Microfinance promotes agricultural practices, leading to increased rural-urban
migration.
d. Microfinance primarily supports large-scale industries, neglecting small businesses in
urban centers.
e. Microfinance has no impact on spatial patterns and economic disparities in developing
regions.

7.5 Theories of Development: Explain different theories of economic and social development.

Essential Knowledge SPS-7.E.1: Different theories, such as Rostow’s Stages of Economic Growth,
Wallerstein’s World System Theory, dependency theory, and commodity dependence, help explain
spatial variations in development.

146. Countries in the periphery that replace imports with goods manufactured locally would
contradict which of the following theories of development?
a. Sustainable Development
b. Rostow’s Stages of Economic Growth
c. Neoliberalism
d. Commodity Dependence
e. Wallerstein’s World System Theory
7.6 Trade and the World Economy: Explain causes and geographic consequences of recent
economic changes such as the increase in international trade, deindustrialization, and growing
interdependence in the world economy.

Essential Knowledge PSO-7.A.1: Complementarity and comparative advantage establish the basis
for trade.

147. If two countries specialize in the production of certain goods because they each have
a better comparative advantage for those goods and then trade with each other, which of
the following would be true?
a. A smaller number of overall goods would be available in each country.
b. Each country would increase its consumption possibilities and increase its
complementarity through international trade.
c. Total world production of goods would decrease as there would have fewer markets to
sell their products to.
d. There would be no complementarity between countries as there would be greater
commodity dependence.
e. One nation would gain at the expense of the other nation.

Essential Knowledge PSO-7.A.2: Neoliberal policies, including free trade agreements, have created
new organizations, spatial connections, and trade relationships, such as the EU, World Trade
Organization (WTO), Mercosur, and OPEC, that foster greater globalization.

148. Which of the following is an example of a neoliberal policy that fosters greater
globalization through international trade agreements?
a. Imposing high tariffs on imports to protect domestic industries.
b. Promoting economic self-sufficiency and discouraging international trade through
supranational organizations such as the EU.
c. Participating in bilateral agreements with select trading partners.
d. Joining international organizations like the World Trade Organization (WTO) to promote
free trade.
e. Implementing strict government regulations to limit foreign investments.

Essential Knowledge PSO-7.A.3: Government initiatives at all scales may affect economic
development, including tariffs.

149. How can the implementation of tariffs impact the economic actions of political states
and the distribution of development around the world?
a. Tariffs generally lead to increased international trade, fostering economic globalization.
b. Tariffs often result in lower consumer prices, promoting domestic economic stability.
c. Tariffs can influence the spatial distribution of industries by impacting production costs
and influencing the location of product production internationally.
d. Tariffs generally are used by supranational organizations to foster economic and
political cooperation.
e. Tariffs primarily contribute to the decentralization of urban centers and growth on the
urban periphery.
Essential Knowledge PSO-7.A.4: Global financial crises (e.g., debt crises), international lending
agencies (e.g., the International Monetary Fund), and strategies of development (e.g microlending)
demonstrate how different economies have become more closely connected, even
interdependent.

150. During the Asian Financial Crisis of 1997-1998, Thailand unpegged its currency from the
U.S dollar resulting in currency depreciation, market instability, and unsustainable foreign debt
in the neighboring countries of South Korea, Indonesia and Malaysia. How did the Asian
Financial Crisis of 1997-1998 highlight the increasing interconnectedness of global economies?
a. It demonstrated how financial instability in one region can quickly spread to other
regions.
b. It resulted in the complete isolation of affected Asian countries from the rest of the
world.
c. It showed that economic crises in one region can have limited impact on other regions.
d. It led to the collapse of international lending agencies like the International Monetary
Fund (IMF) who had to provide emergency loans to affected countries.
e. It reinforced the idea that development strategies such as microlending are ineffective
during economic crises.

7.7 Changes as a Result of the World Economy: Explain causes and geographic consequences of
recent economic changes such as the increase in international trade, deindustrialization, and
growing interdependence in the world economy.
 Essential Knowledge PSO-7.A. 5: Outsourcing and economic restructuring have led to a decline in
jobs in core regions and an increase in jobs in newly industrialized countries.

Internationa Headquarter Location Manufacturing Facilities Locations

l
Corporation

Apple Cupertino, California, China, Czech Republic, Malaysia, Thailand, and South Korea
USA

Nike Beaverton, Oregon, Indonesia, China, Taiwan, India, Thailand, Vietnam, Pakistan,
USA Philippines, and Malaysia

Cisco San Jose, California, Mexico, Brazil, South Korea, China, Taiwan, Malaysia, and
USA Singapore
b. Jobs within the manufacturing sector have disappeared in MDCs as all manufacturing
has shifted to LDC countries.
c. Due to linguistic diffusion, reinforced by centuries of colonial and imperial networks,
companies are outsourcing jobs in the service sector, but maintaining headquarters in
core countries.
d. The chart illustrates how the flow of resources, labor and production aligns with
Wallerstein's World System Theory.
e. The concept of time-space compression is has allowed for tertiary sector jobs to be
outsourced to semiperiphery and periphery countries, but headquartered in core
countries.
Essential Knowledge PSO-7.A.6: In countries outside the core, the growth of industry has resulted in
the creation of new manufacturing zones- including special economic zones, free-trade zones, and
export-processing zones– and the emergence of an international division of labor in which
developing countries have lower-paying jobs.

152. A result of the new international division of labor would be

a. A loss of manufacturing jobs in LDCs and an increase in employment in MDCs.
b. A loss of manufacturing jobs in MDCs and an increase in employment in LDCs.
c. More efficient transportation systems in developing countries.
d. An increase in customer service jobs in LDCs.
e. An increase in footloose industry.
Essential Knowledge PSO-7.A.7: The contemporary economic landscape has been transformed by
post-Fordist methods of production, multiplier effects, economics of scale, agglomeration, just-in-time
delivery, the emergence of service sectors, high technology industries and growth poles.

153. Which of the following is the best example of agglomeration within an urban
framework?
a. A large department store located at the peak value intersection of a city.
b. A co-op of community agricultural producers sharing a silo for the storage of grain.
c. A public stadium financed by taxpayers being open to the public.
d. An urban garden developed in a food desert to reduce food insecurity.
e. A local shopping mall where a variety of products can be purchased.

7.8 Sustainable Development: Explain how sustainability principles relate to and impact
industrialization and spatial development.

Essential Knowledge IMP-7.A.1: Sustainable development policies attempt to remedy problems

stemming from natural-resource depletion, mass consumption, the effects of pollution, and the
impact of climate change.
“Wisconsin's solar resources, although modest, contributed almost one-sixth of the state's renewable-
sourced electricity generation in 2022, an increase from about one-tenth in 2021…By mid-2023, there
were 46 utility-scale solar PV facilities in Wisconsin, and they had a combined capacity of nearly 800
megawatts, up from slightly more than 500 megawatts a year earlier. Other large-scale projects are
planned. More than 1,600 megawatts of additional utility-scale solar PV capacity are in
development, with almost 900 megawatts expected to come online by the end of 2023.”
-US Energy Information Administration: Wisconsin Profile (August 2023)

154. Using the stimulus above, as consumer demand for products or resources increases,
governments or other regulatory agencies may enact which of the following measures to
ensure sustainability?
a. Create more green spaces to promote health and wellness.
b. Implement a policy for businesses to be run solely on renewable resources within five
years.
c. Provide low interest loans to promote gentrification in urban disamenity areas.
d. Use supranational organizations to combine economic resources to combat climate
change.
e. Improve walkability in urban neighborhoods by developing new urban mixed use
designs.

Essential Knowledge IMP-7.A.2: Ecotourism is tourism based in natural environments– often

environments that are threatened by looming industrialization or development– that frequently helps
to protect the environment in question while also providing jobs for the local population.

“Sports and adventure tourism is expanding in Jordan….more than 1000 km of mountain bike and
hiking trails have recently been developed, and are led by the local tour operator with knowledge of
low-impact paths. Projects are also underway to better develop and protect these routes, in direct
collaboration with local communities.”
- Griffith University: Global Sustainable Tourism Dashboard
155. Sports and adventure tourism initiatives taking place in Jordan, as they are described
above, highlight what key features of ecotourism?
a. Accelerating the development of natural environments to maximize job creation in the
tourism industry.
b. Heavily using natural environments for tourism in the short run, while consulting NGOs for
long-term remedial conservation strategies.
c. Balancing the effects of tourism on the natural environment and prioritizing job creation
for the local population.
d. The essential role of a national government in creating agencies and oversight of
ecotourism projects.
e. Catering to tourism companies can directly improve to the well-being of local
communities.

Essential Knowledge IMP-7.A.3: The UN’s Sustainable Development Goals help measure progress in
development, such as small-scale finance and public transportation projects.

156. UN Sustainable Development Goal 9 is to, “build resilient infrastructure, promote

inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation.” Which of the following
projects does not align with this goal?
a. Singapore, London, and Beijing have ongoing projects to extend their Mass Rapid
Transit networks, providing residents with more transportation options.
b. Cities like Bogotá, Colombia, and Curitiba, Brazil, have successfully implemented Bus
Rapid Transit systems in an attempt to reduce emissions.
c. Cities like Amsterdam and Shenzhen have not converted their bus fleets to electric
vehicles due to a lack of government incentive programs.
d. Cities like Copenhagen, Denmark, are known for their well-integrated transportation
systems, which prioritize cycling and walking alongside public transit.
e. Cities like Portland, Oregon, have prioritized active transportation initiatives, leading to
increased usage of bikes and reduced reliance on cars.