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Complex Number
Introduction to complex number, De-Moivrer’s theorem,
root of complex number, circular function & hyperbolic
function, relation between circular & hyperbolic function,
inverse hyperbolic functions, separation of real & imaginary
parts, Logarithm of complex quantity.

Prof. Zameer H. Shaikh

M.Sc. Maths (Gold Medalist)

‘‘If I feel unhappy, I do mathematics to become happy. If

I am happy, I do mathematics to keep happy’’

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 Complex Number
Introduction

Gauss first introduced the term complex number cardano* first used complex numbers in solving
cubic equations. Complex numbers find applications in electric circuits, mechanical vibrating
systems. Argand wrote a short book on the geometric representation of complex numbers in
1806. Kuhn of denzig was the first mathematician who proposed geometric representation of
imaginary number 𝑖.

By now we must have studied real numbers system, real valued functions in real analysis. We
have also aware that all the real numbers are represented by the points on a line called real line.

The real number system was extended to have solutions of the equations like x 2 + 1 = 0

x 2 + x + 1 = 0. The solutions of such equations were called complex numbers. The complex
numbers are represented by the points in a plane (two dimensional) called complex plane.

Euler (1707-1783) denoted −1 by the symbol i and stated that every algebraic equation with
real coefficients has roots of the form a + ib where a and b are any real numbers. This type of
number is called complex number.

Definition: Complex number is denoted by 𝑧 and is defined as 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 , 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑅

Where 𝑥 is called real part of 𝑧 and 𝑦 is called imaginary part 𝑧.

𝑖 =Imaginary number = −1 .

Examples: 2 + 3𝑖, 7 − 3𝑖, −5 − 8𝑖 𝑒𝑡𝑐.

Note: 𝑖 2 = −1 , 𝑖 3 = −𝑖 , 𝑖 4 = 1 , 𝑖 5 = 𝑖 and so on.

Complex conjugate: If 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 is a given complex number then the complex conjugate of 𝑧

is denoted by 𝑧 and is given as 𝑧 = 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦 .

Complex Algebra:

Addition: If 𝑧 1 = 𝑥 1 + 𝑖𝑦 1 and 𝑧 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑖𝑦 2 be two complex numbers then

𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = (𝑥 1 + 𝑖𝑦 1 )+(𝑥 2 + 𝑖𝑦 2 )

= 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑖 (𝑦1 + 𝑦2 )

Subtraction: If 𝑧 1 = 𝑥 1 + 𝑖𝑦 1 and 𝑧 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑖𝑦 2 be two complex numbers then

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𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = (𝑥 1 + 𝑖𝑦 1 )−(𝑥 2 + 𝑖𝑦 2 )

= 𝑥1 − 𝑥2 + 𝑖 (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )

Multiplication: If 𝑧 1 = 𝑥 1 + 𝑖𝑦 1 and 𝑧 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑖𝑦 2 be two complex numbers then

𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑥 1 + 𝑖𝑦 1 (𝑥 2 + 𝑖𝑦 2 )

= 𝑥1 𝑥 2 + 𝑖𝑦 2 + 𝑖𝑦1 (𝑥 2 + 𝑖𝑦 2 )

= 𝑥1 𝑥2 + 𝑖 𝑥1 𝑦2 + 𝑖 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑖 2 𝑦1 𝑦2

= 𝑥1 𝑥2 + 𝑖 𝑥1 𝑦2 + 𝑖 𝑥2 𝑦1 − 𝑦1 𝑦2 [∵𝑖 2 = −1]

= (𝑥1 𝑥2 − 𝑦1 𝑦2 ) + 𝑖( 𝑥1 𝑦2 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 )

Division: If 𝑧 1 = 𝑥 1 + 𝑖𝑦 1 and 𝑧 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑖𝑦 2 be two complex numbers then

𝑧1 𝑥 1 +𝑖𝑦 1 𝑥 1 +𝑖𝑦 1 𝑥 −𝑖𝑦
= = × 𝑥 2 −𝑖𝑦 2
𝑧2 𝑥 2 +𝑖𝑦 2 𝑥 2 +𝑖𝑦 2 2 2

𝑧1 𝑥 1 +𝑖𝑦 1 (𝑥 2 −𝑖𝑦 2 ) 𝑥 1 𝑥 2 −𝑖 𝑥 1 𝑦2 +𝑖 𝑥 2 𝑦 1 −𝑖 2 𝑦1 𝑦2 𝑥 1 𝑥 2 −𝑖 𝑥 1 𝑦2 +𝑖 𝑥 2 𝑦 1 + 𝑦1 𝑦2
= = = [∵𝑖 2 = −1]
𝑧2 (𝑥 2 +𝑖𝑦 2 )(𝑥 2 −𝑖𝑦 2 ) 𝑥 22 −𝑖 2 𝑦 22 𝑥 22 +𝑦 22

𝑧1 𝑥 1 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 1 𝑦 2 +𝑖( 𝑥 2 𝑦1 − 𝑥 1 𝑦2 )
=
𝑧2 𝑥 22 +𝑦 22

𝑧1 𝑥 1 𝑥 2 + 𝑦1 𝑦2 ( 𝑥 2 𝑦1 − 𝑥 1 𝑦 2 )
= +𝑖
𝑧2 𝑥 22 +𝑦 22 𝑥 22 +𝑦 22

Equality of complex number: Two complex numbers 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 and 𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑 are said to be equal if
and only if 𝑎 = 𝑐 and 𝑏 = 𝑑 .

Basic Formulae:

(a) 𝑎 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2
(b) 𝑎 − 𝑏 2 = 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2
(c) 𝑎 + 𝑏 3 = 𝑎3 + 3𝑎2 𝑏 + 3𝑎𝑏 2 + 𝑏 3
(d) 𝑎 − 𝑏 3 = 𝑎3 − 3𝑎2 𝑏 + 3𝑎𝑏 2 − 𝑏 3
(e) 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 = 𝑎 − 𝑏 (𝑎 + 𝑏)
(f) 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑎 − 𝑏𝑖 (𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖)
𝟑+𝟒𝒊 (𝟐+𝒊)
Ex1. Express in the form of 𝒂 + 𝒊𝒃
𝟏+𝒊

Sol. First we have to evaluate

3 + 4𝑖 2 + 𝑖 = 3 2 + 𝑖 + 4𝑖(2 + 𝑖)

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 = 6 + 3𝑖 + 8𝑖 + 4𝑖 2

= 6 + 3𝑖 + 8𝑖 − 4

= 2 + 11𝑖
3+4𝑖 (2+𝑖) 2+11𝑖
∴ =
1+𝑖 1+𝑖

2+11𝑖 1−𝑖
= × 1−𝑖 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔
1+𝑖

2+11𝑖 (1−𝑖)
= 1+𝑖 (1−𝑖)

2−2𝑖+11𝑖−11𝑖 2
= {∵ 𝑎 − 𝑏 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 }
12 −𝑖 2

2−2𝑖+11𝑖−11𝑖 2
= 1−𝑖 2

2−2𝑖+11𝑖+11
= [∵𝑖 2 = −1]
1+1

3+4𝑖 (2+𝑖) 13+9𝑖

=
1+𝑖 2

13 9𝑖
= +
2 2

13 9
= +𝑖
2 2

= 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏
13 9
𝑎= , 𝑏=2
2

𝟏+𝒊 𝒏
Ex2.Find the smallest positive integer 𝒏 for which =𝟏
𝟏−𝒊

1+𝑖 𝑛
Sol. We have =1
1−𝑖

1+𝑖 1+𝑖 𝑛
× 1+𝑖 =1 [Multiplying and dividing by complex conjugate of denominator]
1−𝑖

𝑛
1+𝑖 2
=1
1−𝑖 1+𝑖

𝑛
1+2𝑖+𝑖 2
=1 {∵ 𝑎 − 𝑏 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 }
12 −𝑖 2

1+2𝑖−1 𝑛
=1 [∵𝑖 2 = −1]
1+1

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 2𝑖 𝑛
=1
2

𝑖𝑛 = 1

But 𝑖 4 = 1

∴ 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑖4

This gives 𝑛 = 4
1 1 1
Note: = −𝑖 , = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 , = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝒊 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 +𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 −𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

Ex3. If 𝒛 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 + 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 Prove that

𝟏+𝒛 𝜽
(i) = 𝒊 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝟐
𝟏−𝒛
𝟐 𝜽
(ii) = 𝟏 − 𝒊 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝟐
𝟏+𝒛

Sol. We have 𝑧 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

∴ 1 + 𝑧 = 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝜃 𝜃 𝜃 𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
1 + 𝑧 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2 + 2 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 [ ∵ 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2 , 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ]

𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
1 + 𝑧 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2

Also, 1 − 𝑧 = 1 − (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)

1 − 𝑧 = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝜃 𝜃 𝜃 𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
1 − 𝑧 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 2 − 2𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 [ ∵ 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 2 , 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ]
𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
1 − 𝑧 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 + 𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2

𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
1+𝑧 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 +𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 2 2
(i) = 𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
1−𝑧 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠
2 2 2
𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 +𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 2 2
= 𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠
2 2 2
𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝜃
2
𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 +𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛
2
= 𝜃 𝜃
(𝑠𝑖𝑛 −𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠 )
2 2

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 𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 +𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 2 2
= 𝜃 𝜃
(𝑠𝑖𝑛 −𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠 )
2 2
Multiplying and dividing by 𝑖
𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
1+𝑧 𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 +𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 2 2
= 𝜃 𝜃
1−𝑧 𝑖 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 −𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠 )
2 2
𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
1+𝑧 𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 +𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 2 2
= 𝜃 𝜃
1−𝑧 ( 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 − 𝑖 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 )
2 2

𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
1+𝑧 𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜 𝑠 +𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 2 2
= 𝜃 𝜃 [∵𝑖 2 = −1]
1−𝑧 ( 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 )
2 2

𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
1+𝑧 𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 +𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 2 2
= 𝜃 𝜃
1−𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠 +𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 2

1+𝑧 𝜃
= 𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2
1−𝑧
Hence Proved.

2 2
(ii) = 𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
1+𝑧 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠2+𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2
2
1
= 𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠
2
𝑐𝑜𝑠2+𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2
2 1 1
= 𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
1+𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠2+𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2
2
2 1 𝜃 𝜃 1
1+𝑧
= 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 − 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 [ ∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 +𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ]
𝑐𝑜𝑠
2
𝜃 𝜃
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 2
= 𝜃
1+𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠
2
𝜃 𝜃
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎−𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
2 2
= 𝜃 − 𝜃 ∵ =𝑐−𝑐
1+𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐
2 2
𝜃 𝜃
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 2
= 𝜃 −𝑖 𝜃
1+𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠
2 2
2 𝜃
= 1 − 𝑖 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2
1+𝑧

Hence Proved.
𝟑+𝟐𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
Ex4. Solve for θ such that the expression 𝟏−𝟐𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 is purely imaginary.

3+2𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 3+2𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 1+2𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

Sol. We have 1−2𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 1−2𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 × 1+2𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔

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 3+2𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 (1+2𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 )
= 1−2𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 (1+2𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 )

3+6𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 +2𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 +4𝑖 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃

= ∵ 𝑎 − 𝑏 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 }
12 − 2𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 2
3+6𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 +2𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 +4𝑖 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃
= 1−4 𝑖 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃
3+6𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 +2𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 −4𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃
= ∵ 𝑖 2 = −1
1+4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃

(3−4𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃)+8𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

= 1+4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃
(3−4𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃) 8𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
= +
1+4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃 1+4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃

3+2𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 (3−4𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃) 8𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

= +𝑖
1−2𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 1+4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃 1+4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃

3+2𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
Given that 1−2𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 is purely imaginary, it means its real part is zero.

(3−4𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃)
∴ =0
1+4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃

(3 − 4𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃) = 0 1 + 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃

3 − 4𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃 = 0

4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃 = 3
3
𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃 = 4

3
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 4

3
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 2

𝜋 3
But 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 = 2

𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3

𝜋
This gives θ= 3

Modulus and argument of complex number:

Modulus of complex number 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 is denoted by |𝑧| and is defined as

𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 . Modulus is also called as absolute value.

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Argument of complex number 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 is denoted by 𝜃 and is defined as
𝑦
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 Argument is also called as Amplitude.
𝑥

Exponential form of complex number ( Euler’s Formula)

𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

Polar form of complex Number:

Polar form of a complex number 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 is given by

𝑧 = 𝑟(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ) OR 𝑧 = 𝑟 𝑒 𝑖𝜃

Where 𝑟 = 𝑧 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
𝑦
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 depending on the quadrant
𝑥

Polar form of 𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚 for different signs of 𝒙, 𝒚 ∶

(a) Complex number 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 ∶ As 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 lie in the first quadrant , its polar form is given by
𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑟 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 )
𝑦
Where 𝑟 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 , 𝛼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 , 𝜃=𝛼
𝑥

(b) Complex number −𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 ∶ As −𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 lie in the second quadrant , its polar form is
given by −𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑟 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 )
𝑦
Where 𝑟 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 , 𝛼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 , 𝜃 =𝜋−𝛼
|𝑥|

(c) Complex number – 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦 ∶ As – 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦 lie in the third quadrant , its polar form is given
by −𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑟 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 )
|𝑦 |
Where 𝑟 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 , 𝛼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 , 𝜃 =𝜋+𝛼
|𝑥|
(d) Complex number 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦 ∶ As 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦 lie in the second quadrant , its polar form is given
by 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑟 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 )
|𝑦 |
Where 𝑟 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 , 𝛼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 , 𝜃 = −𝛼
𝑥

Argand Diagram:

Mathematician Argand represented a complex number in a diagram is called argand diagram.

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Ex1.Express the following complex number in to polar form

(i) 𝟏+𝒊
(ii) −𝟏 + 𝒊
(iii) −𝟏 − 𝒊
(iv) 𝟏−𝒊

Sol. (i) Let 𝑧 = 1 + 𝑖

Comparing with 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 we get

Here 𝑥 = 1 , 𝑦 = 1

It lies in the first quadrant.

We know that polar form of complex number z is given by

𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑟 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 )

1 + 𝑖 = 𝑟 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ) ……. (1)

Now, 𝑟 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = (1)2 + (1)2 = 1 + 1 = 2

𝑦 1 𝜋
𝛼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 1 =
𝑥 1 4

𝜋
∴𝜃=𝛼= 4

Putting these values of 𝑟 and 𝜃 in (1) we get

𝜋 𝜋
1 + 𝑖 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4

𝑖𝜋
1+𝑖 = 2 𝑒4 [ ∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ]

(ii) Let 𝑧 = −1 + 𝑖

Comparing with 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 we get

Here 𝑥 = −1 , 𝑦 = 1

It lies in the second quadrant.

We know that polar form of complex number z is given by

𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑟 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 )

−1 + 𝑖 = 𝑟 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ) ……. (1)

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Now, 𝑟 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = (−1)2 + (1)2 = 1 + 1 = 2
𝑦 1 1 𝜋
𝛼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 1 =
|𝑥| |−1| 1 4

𝜋 3𝜋
𝜃 =𝜋−𝛼 =𝜋−4 = 4

Putting these values of 𝑟 and 𝜃 in (1) we get

3𝜋 3𝜋
−1 + 𝑖 = 2 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 )
4 4

3𝜋
−1 + 𝑖 = 2 𝑒 𝑖 4 [ ∵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ]

(iii) Let 𝑧 = −1 − 𝑖

Comparing with 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 we get

Here 𝑥 = −1 , 𝑦 = −1

It lies in the third quadrant.

We know that polar form of complex number z is given by

𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑟 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 )

−1 − 𝑖 = 𝑟 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ) ……. (1)

Now, 𝑟 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = (−1)2 + (−1)2 = 1 + 1 = 2

|𝑦 | |−1| 1 𝜋
𝛼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 1 =
|𝑥| |−1| 1 4

𝜋 5𝜋
𝜃 =𝜋+𝛼 =𝜋+ =
4 4

Putting these values of 𝑟 and 𝜃 in (1) we get

5𝜋 5𝜋
−1 − 𝑖 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛
4 4

−1 − 𝑖 = 2 𝑒 𝑖5𝜋/4 [ ∵𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ]

(iv) Let 𝑧 = 1 − 𝑖

Comparing with 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 we get

Here 𝑥 = 1 , 𝑦 = −1

It lies in the fourth quadrant.

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We know that polar form of complex number z is given by

𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑟 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 )

1 − 𝑖 = 𝑟 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ) ……. (1)

Now, 𝑟 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = (1)2 + (−1)2 = 1 + 1 = 2

|𝑦 | |−1| 1 𝜋
𝛼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 1 =
𝑥 1 1 4

𝜋
𝜃 = −𝛼 = − 4

Putting these values of 𝑟 and 𝜃 in (1) we get

𝜋 𝜋
1 − 𝑖 = 2 cos − 4 + 𝑖 sin − 4

𝑖𝜋
1 − 𝑖 = 2 𝑒− 4 [ ∵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ]

(𝟏+𝒊 𝟑) 𝟏𝟐
Ex2. Find the modulus and amplitude of ( 𝟑−𝒊) 𝟏𝟏

(1+𝑖 3) 12
Ans: Let, 𝑧 = …….. (1)
( 3−𝑖) 11

For higher power of 𝑧 we will first convert 𝑧 into polar form.

Consider 1 + 𝑖 3 = 𝑟 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ) ……. (2)

Comparing LHS with 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 we get

Here 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 3

It lies in the first quadrant.

2
𝑟= 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 12 + 3 = 1+3= 4=2

𝑦 3 𝜋
𝛼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 3 =
𝑥 1 3

𝜋
∴ 𝜃=𝛼= 3

Equation (2) becomes

𝜋 𝜋
1 + 𝑖 3 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3

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 𝜋
1 + 𝑖 3 = 2 𝑒 𝑖 3 ……. (3) [ ∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ]

Consider 3 − 𝑖 = 𝑟 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ) ….. (4)

Comparing LHS with 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 we get

Here 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = −1

It lies in the fourth quadrant

2 2
𝑟= 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 3 + −1 2 = 3+1= 4=2

|𝑦 | 1 𝜋
𝛼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 =
𝑥 3 6

𝜋
∴ 𝜃 = −𝛼 = − 6

Equation (4) becomes

𝜋 𝜋
3 − 𝑖 = 2 [cos − 6 + 𝑖 sin − 6 ]

𝑖𝜋
3 − 𝑖 = 2𝑒 − 6 ……… (5) [ ∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ]

Using (3) and (5) in (1), we get

1+𝑖 3 12
𝑧= 3−𝑖 11

𝜋
𝑖
2 𝑒 3 12
= 𝑖𝜋
− 11
2𝑒 6

𝜋 12
𝑖
212 𝑒 3
= 𝑖𝜋 11
−
211 𝑒 6

12 𝜋
𝑖
2𝑒 3
= 11 𝜋
−𝑖
𝑒 6

2 𝑒 𝑖4𝜋
= 11 𝜋
−𝑖
𝑒 6

11 𝜋
= 2𝑒 4𝑖𝜋 𝑒 𝑖 6

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 11 𝜋
= 2 𝑒 4𝑖𝜋 +𝑖 6

35 𝜋𝑖
𝑧 =2𝑒 6

35 𝜋
𝑧 = 2 𝑒𝑖 6

Comparing with 𝑧 = 𝑟 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 we get

35𝜋
Modulus= 𝑟 = 2 , Amplitude = 𝜃 = 6

Basic concepts:

1. Locus: when a point moves the path it traces out is called the locus of the point.
e.g. The set of points which make up the line segment is called the locus of the line
segment.
2. Standard equation of circle is given by 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 where 𝑎 is radius and centre is at
origin.
3. Centre-radius form of circle is given by (𝑥 − 𝑕)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2
Where centre= (𝑕, 𝑘) , Radius = 𝑟
4. General equation of circle is given by 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0
Where centre(−𝑔, −𝑓) , Radius = 𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐

Ex1. If 𝒛𝟏 and 𝒛𝟐 be two complex number then prove that

𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒛𝟏 + 𝒛𝟐 + 𝒛𝟏 + 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟐 𝒛𝟏 + 𝟐 |𝒛𝟐 | 𝟐

Sol. Let, 𝑧1 = 𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦1 , 𝑧2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦2 be two complex numbers.

𝑧 1 = |𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦1 | , 𝑧 2 = |𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦2 |

∴ 𝑧1 = 𝑥12 + 𝑦12 , 𝑧 2 = 𝑥22 + 𝑦22 [ ∵ 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 ]

Squaring both sides we get

𝑧1 2
= 𝑥12 + 𝑦12 , 𝑧2 2
= 𝑥22 + 𝑦22 ……….. (1)

Now, 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦1 + (𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦2 )

= 𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦2

= 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦1 + 𝑖𝑦2 (Collecting real and imaginary parts)

𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑖 ( 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 )

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 |𝑧1 + 𝑧2 | = | 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑖 ( 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 )|

∴ 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = ( 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 )2 + (𝑦1 + 𝑦2 )2 [ ∵ 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 ]

Squaring both sides

2
𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = ( 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 )2 + (𝑦1 + 𝑦2 )2 ………… (2)
2
Similarly, 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = ( 𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )2 + (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )2 …….. (3)

Adding (2) and (3)

2 2
𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = ( 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 )2 + (𝑦1 + 𝑦2 )2 + ( 𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )2 + (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )2

= 𝑥12 + 2𝑥1 𝑥2 + 𝑥22 + 𝑦12 + 2𝑦1 𝑦2 + 𝑦22 + 𝑥12 − 2𝑥1 𝑥2 + 𝑥22 + 𝑦12 − 2𝑦1 𝑦2 + 𝑦22

𝑧1 + 𝑧2 2
+ 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 2
= 2𝑥12 + 2𝑦12 + 2𝑥22 + 2𝑦22

𝑧1 + 𝑧2 2
+ 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 2
= 2(𝑥12 + 𝑦12 ) + 2(𝑥22 + 𝑦22 )
2 2 2 2
𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 =2 𝑧1 +2 𝑧2 [ ∵ By (1) ]

Hence Proved.

Ex2. If 𝒛𝟏 = 𝒛𝟐 and Amp ( 𝒛𝟏 ) +Amp ( 𝒛𝟐 ) = 𝟎 show that 𝒛𝟏 and 𝒛𝟐 are complex

conjugate.

Sol. Let, 𝑧1 = 𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦1 , 𝑧2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦2 be two complex numbers.

𝑧 1 = |𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦1 | , 𝑧 2 = |𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦2 |

∴ 𝑧1 = 𝑥12 + 𝑦12 , 𝑧 2 = 𝑥22 + 𝑦22 [ ∵ 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 ]

Given that 𝑧1 = 𝑧2

𝑥12 + 𝑦12 = 𝑥22 + 𝑦22

Squaring both sides

𝑥12 + 𝑦12 = 𝑥22 + 𝑦22 ……… (1)

Given, Amp ( 𝑧1 ) +Amp ( 𝑧2 ) = 0

Amp (𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦1 ) +Amp ( 𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦2 ) = 0

𝑦1 𝑦2 𝑦
𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 𝑥1
+ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 𝑥2
=0 ∵ 𝐴𝑚𝑝 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 𝑥

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 𝐴+𝐵
Using 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 𝐴 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 𝐵 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 1−𝐴𝐵

𝑦1 𝑦2
+
−1 𝑥1 𝑥2
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦1 𝑦2 =0
1−
𝑥1 𝑥2

𝑦1 𝑦2
+
𝑥1 𝑥2
𝑦1 𝑦2 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛0
1−
𝑥1 𝑥2

𝑦1 𝑦2
+
𝑥1 𝑥2
𝑦1 𝑦2 =0 [ ∵𝑡𝑎𝑛0 = 0 ]
1−
𝑥1 𝑥2

𝑦1 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦2
+ 𝑥2 = 0 1 − 𝑥1
𝑥1 2 1 𝑥2

𝑦1 𝑦
+ 𝑥2 = 0
𝑥1 2

𝑦1 𝑦
= − 𝑥2
𝑥1 2

𝑦
𝑦1 = − 𝑥 2 𝑥1 ……. (2)
2

Putting (2) in (1), we get

𝑥12 + 𝑦12 = 𝑥22 + 𝑦22

𝑦 2
𝑥12 + − 𝑥 2 𝑥1 = 𝑥22 + 𝑦22
2

𝑦2
𝑥12 + 𝑥 22 𝑥12 = 𝑥22 + 𝑦22
2

𝑦2
𝑥12 1 + 𝑥 22 = 𝑥22 + 𝑦22
2

𝑥 22 +𝑦 22
𝑥12 = 𝑥22 + 𝑦22
𝑥 22

𝑥 12 𝑥 22 +𝑦22
= 𝑥22 + 𝑦22
𝑥 22

𝑥 12 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
= 𝑥 22 +𝑦22
𝑥 22 2 2

𝑥 12
=1
𝑥 22

𝑥12 = 𝑥22

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∴ 𝑥1 = 𝑥2 …… (3)

Putting 𝑥1 = 𝑥2 in (2) we get

𝑦
𝑦1 = − 𝑥 2 𝑥1
2

𝑦
𝑦1 = − 𝑥 2 𝑥2
2

𝑦1 = −𝑦2 ……….. (4)

∴ 𝑧1 = 𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦1 = 𝑥2 − 𝑖𝑦2 [ ∵ By (3) and (4) ]

𝑧2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦2

This shows that 𝑧1 and 𝑧2 are complex conjugate.

𝝅
Ex3.If 𝒛𝟏 + 𝒛𝟐 = 𝒛𝟏 − 𝒛𝟐 prove that the difference of the amplitude of 𝒛𝟏 and 𝒛𝟐 is 𝟐 .

Sol. Let, 𝑧1 = 𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦1 , 𝑧2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦2 be two complex numbers.

Now, 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦1 + (𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦2 )

= 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑖 ( 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 )

∴ 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = ( 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 )2 + (𝑦1 + 𝑦2 )2 ∵ 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2

Similarly, 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = ( 𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )2 + (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )2

Given 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 − 𝑧2

( 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 )2 + (𝑦1 + 𝑦2 )2 = ( 𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )2 + (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )2

Squaring both sides

( 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 )2 + (𝑦1 + 𝑦2 )2 = ( 𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )2 + (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )2

𝑥12 + 2𝑥1 𝑥2 + 𝑥22 + 𝑦12 + 2𝑦1 𝑦2 + 𝑦22 = 𝑥12 − 2𝑥1 𝑥2 + 𝑥22 + 𝑦12 − 2𝑦1 𝑦2 + 𝑦22

𝑥12 + 2𝑥1 𝑥2 + 𝑥22 + 𝑦12 + 2𝑦1 𝑦2 + 𝑦22 − 𝑥12 + 2𝑥1 𝑥2 − 𝑥22 − 𝑦12 + 2𝑦1 𝑦2 − 𝑦22 = 0

4𝑥1 𝑥2 + 4𝑦1 𝑦2 = 0

𝑥1 𝑥2 + 𝑦1 𝑦2 = 0 …… (2)

Using polar forms 𝑥1 = 𝑟1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃1 , 𝑥2 = 𝑟2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 , 𝑦1 = 𝑟1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1 , 𝑦2 = 𝑟2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2

Equation (2) becomes

Copyright Material Page 17 of 130

(𝑟1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃1 )( 𝑟2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 ) + 𝑟1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1 𝑟2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2 = 0

𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2 = 0

𝑟1 𝑟2 cos 𝜃1 − 𝜃2 = 0 [ ∵ cos 𝐴 − 𝐵 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 ]

Since 𝑟1 𝑟2 ≠ 0

∴ cos 𝜃1 − 𝜃2 = 0
𝜋
But 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 = 0

𝜋
∴ cos 𝜃1 − 𝜃2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠
2

𝜋
This gives 𝜃1 − 𝜃2 = 2

𝜋
This shows that the difference of the amplitude is 2 .

𝝅 𝟐𝝅
Ex4. If Arg(𝒛 + 𝟏) = and Arg(𝒛 − 𝟏) = . Find 𝒛.
𝟒 𝟑

𝝅 𝟐𝝅
OR . If Amp(𝒛 + 𝟏) = and Amp(𝒛 − 𝟏) = . Find 𝒛.
𝟒 𝟑

Sol. Let, 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 ….. (1)

𝑦
Then Arg(𝑧) =Arg(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 ……. (2)
𝑥

To find 𝑧 we need to find the values of 𝑥 and 𝑦.

𝜋
Given: Arg(𝑧 + 1) = 4

𝜋
Arg(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 + 1) = 4

𝜋
Arg[(𝑥 + 1) + 𝑖𝑦] = 4

𝑦 𝜋 𝑦
𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 = [ ∴ Arg(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 ]
𝑥+1 4 𝑥

𝑦 𝜋
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 4
𝑥+1

𝑦 𝜋
=1 [ ∵ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 4 = 1 ]
𝑥+1

𝑦 =1 𝑥+1

𝑦 =𝑥+1

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−1 = 𝑥 − 𝑦

𝑥 − 𝑦 = −1 ………. 3
2𝜋
Also, Arg(𝑧 − 1) = (Given)
3

2𝜋
Arg(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 − 1) = 3

2𝜋
Arg[(𝑥 − 1) + 𝑖𝑦] = 3

𝑦 2𝜋 𝑦
𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 = [ ∴ Arg(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 ]
𝑥−1 3 𝑥

𝑦 2𝜋
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛
𝑥−1 3

𝑦 𝜋
= tan⁡
(𝜋 − 3 ) [Making adjustment]
𝑥−1

𝑦 𝜋
= tan 𝜋 − 3
𝑥−1

𝑦 𝜋
= −tan 3 [ ∵tan 𝜋 − 𝜃 = −𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 ]
𝑥−1

𝑦 𝜋
=− 3 [ ∵ tan 3 = 3 ]
𝑥−1

𝑦 = − 3 (𝑥 − 1)

𝑦 = − 3𝑥+ 3

3𝑥+𝑦 = 3 ……… (4)

To find 𝑥 , Adding (3) and (4)

𝑥 − 𝑦 = −1

+ 3𝑥+𝑦 = 3

____________________________

𝑥 + 3 𝑥 = −1 + 3

𝑥 1+ 3 = 3−1

3−1
𝑥 = 1+ 3

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 3−1
Putting 𝑥 = 1+ in (3)
3

𝑥 − 𝑦 = −1

3−1
− 𝑦 = −1
1+ 3

3−1
+1=𝑦
1+ 3

3−1
𝑦 = 1+ +1
3

3−1+1+ 3 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎𝑑 +𝑏𝑐
𝑦= ∵𝑏+𝑑 =
1+ 3 𝑏𝑑

2 3
𝑦 = 1+ 3

Putting these values of 𝑥 and 𝑦 in (1), we get corresponding complex number.

𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦

3−1 2 3
𝑧= +𝑖
1+ 3 1+ 3

𝛑 𝟐𝛑
Ex5. If 𝐚𝐫𝐠 𝐳 + 𝟏 = and 𝐚𝐫𝐠 𝐳 − 𝟏 = find 𝐳. (F.E.April/May2012)
𝟔 𝟑

Ans: Let, z = x + iy ….. (1)

y
Then arg(z) =arg(x + iy) = tan −1 ( x ) ……. (2)

To find z we need to find the values of x and y.

π
Given: arg(z + 1) = 6

π
arg(x + iy + 1) = 6

π
arg[(x + 1) + iy] = 6

y π
tan −1 = [ ∴ By (2) ]
x+1 6

y π
= tan 6
x+1

y 1 π 1
x+1
= 3
[ ∵ tan 6 = 3
]

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 3y= x+1

x − 3y = −1 ………. 3
2π
Also, arg(z − 1) = (Given)
3

2π
arg(x + iy − 1) = 3

2π
arg[(x − 1) + iy] = 3

y 2π
tan −1 =
x−1 3

y 2π
= tan
x−1 3

y π
= tan⁡
(π − 3 ) [Making adjustment]
x−1

y π
= −tan 3 [ ∵tan π − θ = −tanθ ]
x−1

y π
=− 3 [ ∵ tan 3 = 3 ]
x−1

y = − 3 (x − 1)

y= − 3x+ 3

3x+y= 3 ……… (4)

To find x we have to make coefficient of y same by multiplying (3) by 1 and (4) by 3

and then adding we get

x − 3y = −1

+ 3 x + 3y = 3

____________________________

4x = 2
2
x=4

1
x=2

1
Putting x = 2 in (3)

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x − 3y = −1
1
− 3y = −1
2

1
− 3y = −1 − 2

3
− 3y = − 2

3
y=2 3

3
y=
2

Putting these values of x and y in (1), we get corresponding complex number.

z = x + iy

1 3
z=2+i 2

𝛑
Ex6. If amp 𝐳 − 𝟏 = 𝟒 and amp 𝐳 − 𝐢 = 𝟎 find 𝐳 (F.E.May/June 2014)

Ans: Let, z = x + iy ….. (1)

y
Then amp(z) =amp(x + iy) = tan −1 ( x ) ……. (2)

To find z we have to find the values of x and y.

π
Given: amp(z − 1) = 4

π
amp(x + iy − 1) = 4

π
amp[(x − 1) + iy] = 4

y π
tan −1 = [ ∴ By (2) ]
x−1 4

y π
= tan 4
x−1

y π
=1 [ ∵ tan 4 = 1 ]
x−1

y= x−1

x − y = 1 ………. 3

Copyright Material Page 22 of 130

Also, amp(z − i) = 0 (Given)

amp(x + iy − i) = 0

amp[(x + i(y − 1)] = 0

y−1
tan −1 =0
x

y−1
= tan0
x

y−1
=0 , ∵ tan0 = 0
x

y−1= 0×x

y−1=0

y=1

To find x put y = 1 in (3)

x−y =1

x−1 =1

x= 1+1

x=2

Putting these values of x and y in (1) we get

z= 2+i
𝒛−𝟏
Ex7. If |𝒛| = 𝟏 then prove that is purely imaginary.
𝒛+𝟏

Sol. We have given |𝑧| = 1

i.e. 𝑟 = 1 ∵ 𝑟= 𝑧

we use polar form of 𝑧 as

𝑧 = 𝑟(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)

Put 𝑟 = 1

𝑧 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

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 𝑧−1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 +𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 −1
∴ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 +𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 +1
𝑧+1

𝑧−1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 −1+𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 +1+𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑧+1

𝑧−1 −(1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 )+𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

= ∵ 𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝑎 − 1 = − 1 − 𝑎
𝑧+1 (1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 )+𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

𝜃 𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
Using 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 2 , 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2 , 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2

𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
𝑧−1 −2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 +𝑖 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠
2 2 2
= 𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
𝑧+1 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 +𝑖 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠
2 2 2

𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
𝑧−1 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 +𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠
2 2 2
= 𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
𝑧+1 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 +𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 2 2

𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
𝑧−1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 2 2
= 𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
𝑧+1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 +𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 2 2

𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝜃
2 𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝜃 2 2
𝑧−1 𝑐𝑜𝑠
2
= 𝜃 𝜃 {Adjustment}
𝑧+1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 +𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 2

𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
𝑧−1 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 2 2
= 𝜃 𝜃
𝑧+1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 +𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 2

𝜃 𝜃 1 𝜃
𝑧−1 𝑖 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 2 𝑖 2
= 𝜃 𝜃
𝑧+1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 +𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 2

𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
𝑧−1 𝑖 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 +𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 1
2 2 2
= 𝜃 𝜃 [ ∵ 𝑖 = −𝑖 ]
𝑧+1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 +𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 2

𝑧−1 𝜃
= 𝑖 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2
𝑧+1

𝑧−1
This shows that is purely imaginary.
𝑧+1

Ex8. Find the locus of 𝐳 − 𝟐𝐢 = 𝟑 (B.tech.May/June 2014)

Ans: We have z − 2i = 3

Put z = x + iy

x + iy − 2i = 3

x + i(y − 2) = 3
Copyright Material Page 24 of 130
 x 2 + (y − 2)2 = 3 ∵ x + iy = x2 + y2

Squaring both sides

x 2 + (y − 2)2 = 32

(x − 0)2 + (y − 2)2 = 32

This is centre-radius form of a circle of the form (x − h)2 + (y − k)2 = a2

Where centre= h, k = 0, −2 , Radius= a = 3

Hence the locus of z is a circle.

Ex9. Find the locus represented by: 𝐳 + 𝟐 − 𝐢 = 𝟒 (F.E.May/June2008)

Ans: We have

z+2−i =4

Put z = x + iy

x + iy + 2 − i = 4

x + 2 + (iy − i) = 4

x + 2 + i(y − 1) = 4

(x − 2)2 + (y − 1)2 = 4 ∵ x + iy = x2 + y2

Squaring both sides

(x − 2)2 + (y − 1)2 = 42

This is centre-radius form of a circle of the form (x − h)2 + (y − k)2 = a2

Where centre= h, k = 2,1 , Radius= a = 4

Hence the locus of z is a circle.

Ex10.Find the locus of 𝒛 when 𝒛 − 𝟓 − 𝟔𝒊 = 𝟒

Sol. Let, 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 be a complex number.

We have 𝑧 − 5 − 6𝑖 = 4

Put 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦

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 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 − 5 − 6𝑖 = 4

𝑥 − 5 + +𝑖𝑦 − 6𝑖 = 4

(𝑥 − 5) + 𝑖(𝑦 − 6 ) = 4

Using 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2

(𝑥 − 5)2 + (𝑦 − 6)2 = 4

Squaring both sides

(𝑥 − 5)2 + (𝑦 − 6)2 = 42

Which is centre-radius form of circle of the form (𝑥 − 𝑕)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2 with centre at
𝑕, 𝑘 = 5,6 and radius 𝑟 = 4.

Hence the locus of 𝑧 is a circle.

𝒛+𝒊 𝝅
Ex11. Find the locus of 𝒛 such that 𝒛 + 𝒊 = |𝒛| and amp =
𝒛 𝟒

Sol. . Let, 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 be a complex number.

We have 𝑧 + 𝑖 = |𝑧| (Given)

Put 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦

𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 + 𝑖 = |𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦|

𝑥 + 𝑖(𝑦 + 1) = |𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦|

Using 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2

𝑥 2 + (𝑦 + 1)2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2

Squaring both sides

𝑥 2 + (𝑦 + 1)2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 + 1 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ∵ 𝑎+𝑏 2
= 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 + 1 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 0

2𝑦 + 1 = 0

2𝑦 = −1

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 1
𝑦 = − 2 ………. (1)

𝑧+𝑖 𝜋
Also, amp = 4 ……. (2)
𝑧

𝑧+𝑖 𝑥+𝑖𝑦 +𝑖 𝑥+𝑖𝑦 +𝑖 𝑥−𝑖𝑦

Now, = = × 𝑥−𝑖𝑦 {Rationalizing denominator}
𝑧 𝑥+𝑖𝑦 𝑥+𝑖𝑦

𝑥 +𝑖𝑦 +𝑖 𝑥−𝑖𝑦
= 𝑥+𝑖𝑦 𝑥−𝑖𝑦

𝑥 2 −𝑖𝑥𝑦 +𝑖𝑦𝑥 −𝑖 2 𝑦 2 +𝑖𝑥−𝑖 2 𝑦

= {∵ 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑎 − 𝑏 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 }
𝑥 2 − 𝑖𝑦 2

𝑥 2 −𝑖𝑥𝑦 +𝑖𝑦𝑥 −𝑖 2 𝑦 2 +𝑖𝑥−𝑖 2 𝑦

= 𝑥 2 −𝑖 2 𝑦 2

𝑥 2 −𝑖𝑥𝑦 +𝑖𝑦𝑥 +𝑦 2 +𝑖𝑥 +𝑦

= ∵ 𝑖 2 = −1
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2

𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑦 +𝑖𝑥
= 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2

𝑧+𝑖 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑦 𝑖𝑥 𝑎+𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
= + 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 ∵ =𝑐+𝑐
𝑧 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝑐

𝑧+𝑖 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑦 𝑥
= + 𝑖 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
𝑧 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2

Equation (2) Becomes

𝑧+𝑖 𝜋
Amp =
𝑧 4

𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑦 𝑥 𝜋
Amp + 𝑖 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 =
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 4

𝑥
−1 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝜋 𝑦
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑦
= [ ∴ Amp(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 ]
4 𝑥
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2

𝑥 𝜋
𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 =
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑦 4

𝑥 𝜋
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 4
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑦

𝑥 𝜋
=1 [ ∵ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 4 = 1 ]
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑦

𝑥 = 1 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑦

𝑥 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑦

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 1
But 𝑦 = − 2

1 2 1
𝑥 = 𝑥2 + − 2 + −2

1 1
𝑥 = 𝑥2 + 4 − 2

1
𝑥 = 𝑥2 − 4

Multiplying by 4
1
4𝑥 = 4 𝑥 2 −
4

4
4𝑥 = 4𝑥 2 − 4

4𝑥 = 4𝑥 2 − 1

4𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 1 = 0

Which is of the form 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0

𝑎 = 4, 𝑏 = −4 , 𝑐 = −1

−𝑏± 𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑐
𝑥= 2𝑎

− −4 ± −4 2 −4 4 −1
𝑥= 2 4

4± 16+16
𝑥= 8

4± 32
𝑥= 8

4± 16×2
𝑥= 8

4± 16 2
𝑥= ∵ 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑎 𝑏
8

4± 4 2
𝑥= 8

4 4 2
𝑥 =8± 8

1 2
𝑥 =2± 2

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This represents pair of lines.

Hence the locus of z is a pair of lines.

𝒛+𝒊
Ex12.If is purely imaginary number then show that the locus of (𝒙, 𝒚) is a circle
𝒛+𝟐

𝟓
with radius .
𝟐

Sol. Let, 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 be a complex number.

𝑧+𝑖 𝑥+𝑖𝑦 +𝑖 𝑥+𝑖𝑦 +𝑖
Now, 𝑧+2 = = (𝑥+2)+𝑖𝑦
𝑥+𝑖𝑦 +2

𝑥+𝑖𝑦 +𝑖 𝑥+2 −𝑖𝑦

= (𝑥+2)+𝑖𝑦 × 𝑥+2 −𝑖𝑦

𝑥+𝑖𝑦 +𝑖 [ 𝑥+2 −𝑖𝑦 ]

= [(𝑥+2)+𝑖𝑦 ] [ 𝑥+2 −𝑖𝑦 ]

𝑥 +𝑖𝑦 +𝑖 [𝑥+2−𝑖𝑦 ]
= [(𝑥+2)+𝑖𝑦 ] [ 𝑥+2 −𝑖𝑦 ]

𝑥 2 +2𝑥−2𝑖𝑥𝑦 +𝑖𝑥𝑦 +2𝑖𝑦 −𝑖 2 𝑦 2 +𝑖𝑥+2𝑖−𝑖 2 𝑦

= {∵ 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑎 − 𝑏 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 }
[ 𝑥+2 2 − 𝑖𝑦 2 ]

𝑥 2 +2𝑥−2𝑖𝑥𝑦 +𝑖𝑥𝑦 +2𝑖𝑦 −𝑖 2 𝑦 2 +𝑖𝑥+2𝑖−𝑖 2 𝑦

= [ 𝑥+2 2 −𝑖 2 𝑦 2 ]

𝑥 2 +2𝑥−𝑖𝑥𝑦 +𝑖𝑥𝑦 +2𝑖𝑦 +𝑦 2 +𝑖𝑥 +2𝑖+𝑦

= [ ∵ 𝑖 2 = −1 ]
[ 𝑥+2 2 +𝑦 2 ]

𝑥 2 ++𝑦 2 +2𝑥+𝑦+𝑖𝑥 +2𝑖𝑦 +2𝑖

= [ 𝑥+2 2 +𝑦 2 ]

(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +2𝑥+𝑦)+𝑖(𝑥+2𝑦+2)
= [ 𝑥+2 2 +𝑦 2 ]

(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +2𝑥+𝑦) 𝑖(𝑥+2𝑦 +2) 𝑎+𝑏 𝑎 𝑏

= 2 +𝑦 2 ]
+ 2 +𝑦 2 ]
∵ =𝑐+𝑐
[ 𝑥+2 [ 𝑥+2 𝑐

𝑧+𝑖 (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +2𝑥+𝑦) (𝑥+2𝑦+2)

= 2 +𝑦 2 ] +𝑖
𝑧+2 [ 𝑥+2 [ 𝑥+2 2 +𝑦 2 ]

𝑧+𝑖
Since it is given that 𝑧+2 is purely imaginary. It means its real part is zero.

(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +2𝑥+𝑦)
∴ =0
[ 𝑥+2 2 +𝑦 2 ]

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0[ 𝑥 + 2 2
+ 𝑦 2]

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𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0

This represents the general equation of circle of the form 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0

On comparing we get

2𝑔 = 2, 2𝑓 = 1 , 𝑐 = 0
1
𝑔 = 1 ,𝑓 = 2 ,𝑐 = 0

1
Centre ≡ −𝑔 , −𝑓 ≡ (−1 , − )
2

1 1 5 5
Radius = 𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐 = (1)2 + (2 )2 − 0 = 1+4 = =
4 2

5
Radius = 2

5
This shows that the locus of z is a circle with radius .
2

𝒛+𝒊
Ex13. Find the locus of z when 𝒛+𝟐 is real.

Sol. Let, 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 be a complex number.

𝑧+𝑖 𝑥+𝑖𝑦 +𝑖 𝑥+𝑖𝑦 +𝑖
Now, 𝑧+2 = = (𝑥+2)+𝑖𝑦
𝑥+𝑖𝑦 +2

𝑥+𝑖𝑦 +𝑖 𝑥+2 −𝑖𝑦

= (𝑥+2)+𝑖𝑦 × 𝑥+2 −𝑖𝑦

𝑥+𝑖𝑦 +𝑖 [ 𝑥+2 −𝑖𝑦 ]

= [(𝑥+2)+𝑖𝑦 ] [ 𝑥+2 −𝑖𝑦 ]

𝑥 +𝑖𝑦 +𝑖 [𝑥+2−𝑖𝑦 ]
= [(𝑥+2)+𝑖𝑦 ] [ 𝑥+2 −𝑖𝑦 ]

𝑥 2 +2𝑥−2𝑖𝑥𝑦 +𝑖𝑥𝑦 +2𝑖𝑦 −𝑖 2 𝑦 2 +𝑖𝑥+2𝑖−𝑖 2 𝑦

= {∵ 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑎 − 𝑏 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 }
[ 𝑥+2 2 − 𝑖𝑦 2 ]

𝑥 2 +2𝑥−2𝑖𝑥𝑦 +𝑖𝑥𝑦 +2𝑖𝑦 −𝑖 2 𝑦 2 +𝑖𝑥+2𝑖−𝑖 2 𝑦

= [ 𝑥+2 2 −𝑖 2 𝑦 2 ]

𝑥 2 +2𝑥−𝑖𝑥𝑦 +𝑖𝑥𝑦 +2𝑖𝑦 +𝑦 2 +𝑖𝑥 +2𝑖+𝑦

= [ ∵ 𝑖 2 = −1 ]
[ 𝑥+2 2 +𝑦 2 ]

𝑥 2 ++𝑦 2 +2𝑥+𝑦+𝑖𝑥 +2𝑖𝑦 +2𝑖

= [ 𝑥+2 2 +𝑦 2 ]

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 (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +2𝑥+𝑦)+𝑖(𝑥+2𝑦+2)
= [ 𝑥+2 2 +𝑦 2 ]

(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +2𝑥+𝑦) 𝑖(𝑥+2𝑦 +2) 𝑎+𝑏 𝑎 𝑏

= + ∵ =𝑐+𝑐
[ 𝑥+2 2 +𝑦 2 ] [ 𝑥+2 2 +𝑦 2 ] 𝑐

𝑧+𝑖 (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +2𝑥+𝑦) (𝑥+2𝑦+2)

= +𝑖
𝑧+2 [ 𝑥+2 2 +𝑦 2 ] [ 𝑥+2 2 +𝑦 2 ]

𝑧+𝑖
Since it is given that 𝑧+2 is real. It means that its imaginary part is zero.

(𝑥+2𝑦 +2)
=0
[ 𝑥+2 2 +𝑦 2 ]

2
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2 = 0 [ 𝑥 + 2 + 𝑦 2]

𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2 = 0

This represents equation of straight line of the form 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0

Hence the locus of z is a straight line.

Ex14. Determine the region in the z-plane represented by 𝟏 < 𝐳 + 𝟐𝐢

Ans: Let z = x + iy be a complex number.

We have given

1 < z + 2i ……. (1)

Consider , z + 2i

Put z = x + iy

z + 2i = x + iy + 2i

z + 2i = x + i(y + 2)

= x 2 + (y + 2) 2

Equation (1) becomes

1< x 2 + (y + 2) 2

i.e. x 2 + (y + 2) 2 > 1

Squaring both sides

x2 + y + 2 2
> 12

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 (x − 0)2 + y + 2 2
> 12 …….(2)

This is centre-radius form of a circle of the form (x − h)2 + (y − k)2 = a2

Where centre= h, k = 0, −2 , Radius= a = 1

Hence(2)represents the region outside the circle z + 2i = 1 with centre at 0, −2 and radius 1.

DE MOIVRE ′ S THEOREM:

If n is an integer positive or negative then

𝑛
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃
−𝑛
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃 − 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃
𝜽 𝜽 𝜽 𝜽
Note: 𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 = 𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐 𝟐 , 𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 = 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐 𝟐 , 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 = 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐

Ex1. Prove that:

𝒏 𝒏 𝜽 𝒏𝜽
𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 + 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 + 𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 − 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 = 𝟐𝒏+𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒏 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐

Sol. First we evaluate

𝑛 𝑛
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

𝜃 𝜃 𝜃 𝑛 𝜃 𝜃 𝜃 𝑛
= 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2 + 2𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 + 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2 − 2𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2

𝜃 𝜃 𝜃 𝑛 𝜃 𝜃 𝜃 𝑛
= 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 + 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 − 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2

𝜃 𝑛 𝜃 𝜃 𝑛 𝜃 𝑛 𝜃 𝜃 𝑛 𝑚
= 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 + 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 − 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 ∵ 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑎𝑚 𝑏 𝑚

𝜃 𝑛𝜃 𝑛𝜃 𝜃 𝑛𝜃 𝑛𝜃
= 2𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 + 2𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 2 2 2 2 2

𝑛
[ ∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ± 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃 ± 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃]
𝜃 𝑛𝜃 𝑛𝜃 𝑛𝜃 𝑛𝜃
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 2𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 2 2 2 2

𝜃 𝑛𝜃 𝑛𝜃 𝑛𝜃 𝑛𝜃
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 2𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 2 2 2 2

𝜃 𝑛𝜃
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 2𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠
2 2

𝜃 𝑛𝜃
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 2𝑛 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠
2 2

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 𝜃 𝑛𝜃
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 2𝑛 +1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠
2 2

𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆

Hence Proved.
𝝅 𝝅
Note: 𝐜𝐨𝐬 − 𝜽 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 , 𝐬𝐢𝐧 − 𝜽 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝟐 𝟐

Ex2. Prove that:

𝒏 𝒏 𝝅 𝜽 𝒏𝝅 𝒏𝜽
𝟏 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 + 𝒊 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 + 𝟏 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 − 𝒊 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 = 𝟐𝒏+𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒏 −𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 −
𝟒 𝟒 𝟐

Sol. We have
𝑛 𝑛
LHS= 1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

𝜋 𝜋 𝑛 𝜋 𝜋 𝑛
= 1 + cos − 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin −𝜃 + 1 + cos − 𝜃 − 𝑖 sin −𝜃
2 2 2 2

𝜋
Let, −𝜃=𝛼
2

𝑛 𝑛
LHS= 1 + cosα + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 + 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 − 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼

𝛼 𝛼 𝛼 𝑛 𝛼 𝛼 𝛼 𝑛
= 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2 + 2𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 + 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2 − 2𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2

𝛼 𝛼 𝛼 𝑛 𝛼 𝛼 𝛼 𝑛
LHS= 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 − 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2

𝛼 𝑛 𝛼 𝛼 𝑛 𝛼 𝑛 𝛼 𝛼 𝑛 𝑚
= 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 + 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 − 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 ∵ 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑎𝑚 𝑏 𝑚

𝛼 𝑛𝛼 𝑛𝛼 𝛼 𝑛𝛼 𝑛𝛼
= 2𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 + 2𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 2 2 2 2 2

𝑛
[ ∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ± 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃 ± 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃]
𝛼 𝑛𝛼 𝑛𝛼 𝑛𝛼 𝑛𝛼
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 2𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 2 2 2 2

𝛼 𝑛𝛼 𝑛𝛼 𝑛𝛼 𝑛𝛼
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 2𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 2 2 2 2

𝛼 𝑛𝛼
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 2𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠
2 2

𝛼 𝑛𝛼
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 2𝑛 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠
2 2

𝛼 𝑛𝛼
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 2𝑛 21 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠
2 2

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 𝛼 𝑛𝛼
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 2𝑛 +1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠
2 2

1 𝑛
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 2𝑛 +1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 2 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼

𝜋
But, 2 − 𝜃 = 𝛼

1 𝜋 𝑛 𝜋
LHS= 2𝑛 +1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 2 − 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 −𝜃
2 2

𝜋 𝜃 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜃
= 2𝑛 +1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 − 2 cos −
4 4 2

= RHS

Hence Proved.

𝟏+𝒔𝒊𝒏ɸ+𝒊 𝒄𝒐𝒔ɸ 𝒏 𝒏𝝅 𝒏𝝅
Ex3. Prove that: = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 − 𝒏ɸ + 𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧 − 𝒏ɸ
𝟏+𝒔𝒊𝒏ɸ−𝒊 𝒄𝒐𝒔ɸ 𝟐 𝟐

Sol. We have

1+𝑠𝑖𝑛 ɸ+𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ɸ 𝑛

LHS= 1+𝑠𝑖𝑛 ɸ−𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ɸ

𝜋 𝜋 𝑛
1+cos −ɸ +𝑖 sin −ɸ 𝜋 𝜋
2 2
= 𝜋 𝜋 [ ∵ sin − 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 , cos − 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ]
1+cos −ɸ −𝑖 sin −ɸ 2 2
2 2

𝜋
Let, 2 − ɸ = 𝛼

1+cos α+𝑖 sin α 𝑛

LHS= 1+cos α+𝑖 sin α

𝛼 𝛼 𝛼 𝑛
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 +2𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
= 𝛼 𝛼
2
𝛼
2 2
[ ∵ 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2 , 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ]
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 −2𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠
2 2 2

𝛼 𝛼 𝛼 𝑛
2𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 2 2
= 𝛼 𝛼 𝛼
2𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 2 2

𝛼 𝛼 𝑛
𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 2
LHS = 𝛼 𝛼
𝑐𝑜𝑠 −𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 2

𝛼 𝑛
𝑖
𝑒 2
= −𝑖
𝛼 [ ∵By Euler’s Formula 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 , 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ]
𝑒 2

𝛼 𝛼 𝑛
= 𝑒𝑖 2 𝑒𝑖 2

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 𝑖𝛼 𝑖𝛼 𝑛
= 𝑒 2 +2

𝑖𝛼 𝑛
= 𝑒2 2 ∵ 𝑎 + 𝑎 = 2𝑎

𝑛
= 𝑒 𝑖𝛼

= 𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝛼 ∵ 𝑒𝑚 𝑛
= 𝑒 𝑚𝑛

= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑛𝛼 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝛼 [ ∵By Euler’s Formula 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ]

𝜋
But, − ɸ = 𝛼
2

𝜋 𝜋
LHS= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛 − ɸ + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 −ɸ
2 2

𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
= cos − 𝑛ɸ + 𝑖 sin − 𝑛ɸ
2 2

= RHS

Hence Proved.

Ex4. If n is positive integer, prove that

𝒏 𝒏 𝒏𝝅
𝟑+𝒊 + 𝟑−𝒊 = 𝟐𝒏+𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟔

Sol. First we convert the given complex number into polar form.

Let, 𝑧 = 3 + 𝑖

Comparing with 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 we get

Here 𝑥 = 3 , 𝑦 = 1

It lies in first quadrant

Polar form of z is given by

𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑟 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)

3 + 𝑖 = 𝑟 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) ……. (1)

2
Now, 𝑟 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 3 + 1 2 = 3+1= 4=2

𝑦 1 𝜋
𝛼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 =
𝑥 3 6

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 𝜋
∴𝜃=𝛼= 6

Putting these values of 𝑟 and 𝜃 in (1) we get

𝜋 𝜋
3 + 𝑖 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 6 …….. (2)

Consider 𝑧 = 3 − 𝑖

Comparing with 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 we get

Here 𝑥 = 3 , 𝑦 = −1

It lies in fourth quadrant

Polar form of z is given by

𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑟 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)

3 − 𝑖 = 𝑟 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) ……. (3)

2
Now, 𝑟 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 3 + −1 2 = 3+1= 4=2

|𝑦 | |−1| 1 𝜋
𝛼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 =
𝑥 3 3 6

𝜋
∴ 𝜃 = −𝛼 = − 6

Putting these values of 𝑟 and 𝜃 in (3) we get

𝜋 𝜋
3 + 𝑖 = 2 cos − 6 + 𝑖 sin − 6

𝜋 𝜋
3 + 𝑖 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 − 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 6 ………(4) [ ∵ sin −𝜃 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃, cos −𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃]

𝑛 𝑛
∴ 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 3+𝑖 + 3−𝑖

𝜋 𝜋 𝑛 𝜋 𝜋 𝑛
= 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 6 + 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 − 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 6

𝜋 𝜋 𝑛 𝜋 𝜋 𝑛
= 2𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 6 + 2𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 − 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 6

𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
= 2𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 + 2𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛
6 6 6 6

𝑛
[ ∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ± 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃 ± 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃]

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 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
= 2𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛
6 6 6 6

𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
= 2𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛
6 6 6 6

𝑛𝜋
= 2𝑛 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 6

𝑛𝜋
= 2𝑛 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 6

𝑛𝜋
= 2𝑛 21 𝑐𝑜𝑠 6

𝑛𝜋
= 2𝑛 +1 𝑐𝑜𝑠
6

= 𝑅𝐻𝑆

Hence Proved.
𝒏+𝟐
𝒏 𝒏 𝒏𝝅
Ex5. If n is positive integer, prove that: 𝟏 + 𝒊 + 𝟏−𝒊 =𝟐 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒

Ans: Let 𝑧 = 1 + 𝑖

Comparing with 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 we get

Here 𝑥 = 1 , 𝑦 = 1

It lies in the first quadrant.

We know that polar form of complex number z is given by

𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑟 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 )

1 + 𝑖 = 𝑟 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ) ……. (1)

Now, 𝑟 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = (1)2 + (1)2 = 1 + 1 = 2

𝑦 1 𝜋
𝛼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 1 =
𝑥 1 4

𝜋
∴𝜃=𝛼= 4

Putting these values of 𝑟 and 𝜃 in (1) we get

𝜋 𝜋
1 + 𝑖 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4

Now, Let 𝑧 = 1 − 𝑖

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Comparing with 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 we get

Here 𝑥 = 1 , 𝑦 = −1

It lies in the fourth quadrant.

We know that polar form of complex number z is given by

𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑟 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 )

1 − 𝑖 = 𝑟 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ) ……. (1)

Now, 𝑟 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = (1)2 + (−1)2 = 1 + 1 = 2

|𝑦 | |−1| 1 𝜋
𝛼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 1 =
𝑥 1 1 4

𝜋
𝜃 = −𝛼 = − 4

Putting these values of 𝑟 and 𝜃 in (1) we get

𝜋 𝜋
1 − 𝑖 = 2 cos − 4 + 𝑖 sin − 4

𝜋 𝜋
1 − 𝑖 = 2 cos 4 − 𝑖 sin 4 ∵ sin −𝜃 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 , cos −𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

𝑛 𝑛
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 1 + 𝑖 + 1−𝑖

𝜋 𝜋 𝑛 𝜋 𝜋 𝑛
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 2 cos 4 + 𝑖 sin 4 + 2 cos 4 − 𝑖 sin 4

𝑛 𝜋 𝜋 𝑛 𝑛 𝜋 𝜋 𝑛
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 2 cos 4 + 𝑖 sin 4 + 2 cos 4 − 𝑖 sin 4

𝑛 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 2 cos + 𝑖 sin + 2 cos − 𝑖 sin
4 4 4 4

𝑛
[ ∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ± 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃 ± 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃]
𝑛 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 2 cos + 𝑖 sin + cos − 𝑖 sin
4 4 4 4

𝑛 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 2 cos + 𝑖 sin + cos − 𝑖 sin
4 4 4 4

𝑛 𝑛𝜋
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 2 2 cos 4

1 𝑛
𝑛𝜋
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 22 2 cos 4

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 𝑛
𝑛𝜋
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 22 21 cos 4

𝑛
𝑛𝜋
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 22 +1 cos 4

𝑛 +2
𝑛𝜋
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 2 2 cos 4

𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆

Hence Proved.
𝒏𝝅
Ex6. If 𝜶 and 𝜷 are the roots of 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑 𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝟎 prove that 𝜶𝒏 + 𝜷𝒏 = 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟔

Hence find the value of 𝜶𝟏𝟐 + 𝜷𝟏𝟐 .

Sol. Given 𝑥 2 − 3 𝑥 + 1 = 0

This is Quadratic equation of the form 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0

𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = − 3 , 𝑐 = 1

−𝑏± 𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑐
𝑥= 2𝑎

2
− − 3 ± − 3 −4 1 1
𝑥= 2 1

3± 3−4
𝑥= 2 1

3± −1
𝑥= 2

3± 𝑖
𝑥= ∵ 𝑖 = −1
2

3 𝑖 𝑎±𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
𝑥= ±2 ∵ =𝑐±𝑐
2 𝑐

3 1
𝑥= ±𝑖
2 2

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 3 𝜋 1
i.e. 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 ± 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 6 ∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 = , 𝑠𝑖𝑛 6 = 2
2

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 6 , 𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 − 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 6

Since 𝛼 and 𝛽 are the roots of the given equation.

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 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
Let, 𝛼 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 6 , 𝛽 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 − 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 6

𝜋 𝜋 𝑛 𝜋 𝜋 𝑛
∴ 𝛼 𝑛 + 𝛽 𝑛 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 6 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 − 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 6

𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
𝛼 𝑛 + 𝛽 𝑛 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 [ ∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ± 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑛
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃 ± 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃]
6 6 6 6

𝑛𝜋
𝛼 𝑛 + 𝛽 𝑛 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 …… (1)
6

Hence Proved

Now to find 𝛼12 + 𝛽12 put 𝑛 = 12 in (1), we get

12𝜋
𝛼12 + 𝛽12 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜋 = 2 1 = 2 [ ∴𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜋 = 1 ]
6

𝐦/𝐧 𝐦/𝐧 𝐦 𝐲
Ex7. Prove that: 𝐱 + 𝐢𝐲 + 𝐱 − 𝐢𝐲 = 𝟐 𝐱𝟐 + 𝐲𝟐 𝐦/𝟐𝐧
[ 𝐧 𝐭𝐚𝐧 −𝟏
𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ ]
𝐱

Ans: Using polar form of complex number, we have

x + iy = r cosθ + i sinθ , x − iy = r cosθ − i sinθ

b
θ = tan −1 a , r = x2 + y2

m/n m/n m/n

∴ x + iy + x − iy = r cosθ + i sinθ + [r cosθ − i sinθ ] m/n

= r m/n cosθ + i sinθ m/n

+ r m/n cosθ + i sinθ m/n

m m
= r m/n cosθ + i sinθ n + cosθ + i sinθ n

mθ mθ mθ mθ
= r m/n cos n
+ i sin n
+ cos n
− i sin n
[∵ By D-M-T ]

mθ
= ( x 2 + y 2 ) m/n [ 2 cos ]
n

mθ
= [ x2 + y2 1/2 m/n
] [ 2 cos ]
n

m
m b
= x2 + y2 2n [ 2 cos tan −1 a ]
n

m
m b
= 2 x2 + y2 2n cos tan −1 a
n

Hence Proved.

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Ex8. Show that:
𝐦
𝐦/𝐧 𝐦/𝐧 𝐦 𝐛
𝐚 + 𝐢𝐛 + 𝐚 − 𝐢𝐛 = 𝟐 𝐚𝟐 + 𝐛𝟐 𝟐𝐧 ( 𝐧 𝐭𝐚𝐧 −𝟏 𝐚 )
𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡

Sol. Using polar form of complex number, we have

a + ib = r cosθ + i sinθ , a − ib = r cosθ − i sinθ

b
θ = tan −1 a , r = a2 + b 2

m/n m/n m/n

∴ a + ib + a − ib = r cosθ + i sinθ + [r cosθ − i sinθ ] m/n

= r m/n cosθ + i sinθ m/n

+ r m/n cosθ + i sinθ m/n

m m
= r m/n cosθ + i sinθ n + cosθ + i sinθ n

mθ mθ mθ mθ
= r m/n cos + i sin + cos − i sin [∵ By D-M-T ]
n n n n

mθ
= ( a2 + b 2 ) m/n [ 2 cos ]
n

mθ
= [ a2 + b 2 1/2 m/n
] [ 2 cos ]
n

m
m b
= a2 + b 2 2n [ 2 cos tan −1 a ]
n

m
m b
= 2 a2 + b 2 2n ( n tan −1 a )
cos⁡

Hence Proved.
𝐧
Ex9. Show that: 𝐱 + 𝐢𝐲 + 𝐧 𝐱 − 𝐢𝐲 has n real values and find those of
𝟑 𝟑
𝟏+𝐢 𝟑+ 𝟏−𝐢 𝟑 [F.E.Nov/Dec 2008]

Ans: We have
n
x + iy + n x − iy = (x + iy)1/n + (x − iy)1/n

Using polar form of complex number, we have

x + iy = r cosθ + i sinθ , x − iy = r cosθ − i sinθ

y
r= x 2 + y 2 , θ = tan −1 x

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 n 1/n 1/n
∴ x + iy + n x − iy = r cosθ + i sinθ + r cosθ − i sinθ
1 1
n
x + iy + n x − iy = r1/n cosθ + i sinθ n + cosθ + i sinθ n

n
Using D-M-T , cosθ + i sinθ = cosnθ + i sinnθ
θ θ θ θ
n
x + iy + n x − iy = r1/n cos n + i sin n + cos n − i sin n

θ θ θ θ
n
x + iy + n x − iy = r1/n cos n + i sin n + cos n − i sin n

θ
n
x + iy + n x − iy = r1/n 2cos n

θ
n
x + iy + n x − iy = 2 r1/n cos ………… (1)
n

n
This shows that x + iy + n x − iy has n real values
3 3
To find 1+i 3+ 1−i 3

Put n = 3 , x = 1 , y = 3 in (1)
3 3 θ
1+i 3+ 1 − i 3 = 2 r1/3 cos 3

2
Now, r = x2 + y2 = (1)2 + 3 = 1+3= 4= 2

3 π
θ = tan −1 = tan −1 3 =
1 3

π
3 3
∴ 1+i 3+ 1 − i 3 = 2 (2)1/3 cos 33

3 3 π
∴ 1+i 3+ 1 − i 3 = (2)4/3 cos 9

Ex10. If 𝐱 𝐧 + 𝐢𝐲𝐧 = (𝟏 + 𝐢 𝟑) 𝐧 , then prove that 𝐱 𝐧−𝟏 𝐲𝐧 − 𝐱 𝐧 𝐲𝐧−𝟏 = 𝟒𝐧−𝟏 𝟑

Ans: Given, xn + iyn = (1 + i 3) n ……….. (1)

First we have to find out polar form of 1 + i 3

Let, z = 1 + i 3

Comparing with z = x + iy

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Here x = 1 , y = 3

It lies in first quadrant

Polar form of z = x + iy is given by

z = r (cosθ + i sinθ)

1 + i 3 = r (cosθ + i sinθ) ……. (2)

2
Now, r = x2 + y2 = 12 + 3 = 1+3= 4=2

y 3 π π
α = tan −1 = tan −1 = tan −1 3 = ∵ tan 3 = 3
x 1 3

In first quadrant
π
θ=α= 3

Putting these values of r and θ in (2) we get

π π
1 + i 3 = 2( cos 3 + i sin 3 ) …….. (3)

Equation (1) becomes

π π n
xn + iyn = 2 cos 3 + i sin 3

π π n
xn + iyn = 2n cos 3 + i sin 3 [∵(ab)n = an bn ]

nπ nπ
xn + iyn = 2n cos + i sin [ By D-M-T]
3 3

nπ nπ
xn + iyn = 2n cos + i 2n sin
3 3

Equating real and imaginary parts of both sides, we get

nπ nπ
xn = 2n cos , yn = 2n sin
3 3

(n−1)π (n−1)π
∴ xn−1 = 2n−1 cos , yn−1 = 2n−1 sin
3 3

nπ−π nπ−π
∴ xn−1 = 2n−1 cos , yn−1 = 2n−1 sin
3 3

nπ π nπ π
∴ xn−1 = 2n−1 cos −3 , yn−1 = 2n−1 sin −3
3 3

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 nπ π nπ nπ nπ π
∴ xn−1 yn − xn yn−1 = 2n−1 cos − 3 2n sin − 2n cos 2n−1 sin −3
3 3 3 3

nπ π nπ nπ nπ π
xn−1 yn − xn yn−1 = 2n−1 2n cos − 3 sin − cos sin −3
3 3 3 3

nπ nπ π nπ nπ π
xn−1 yn − xn yn−1 = 2n−1+n sin cos − 3 − cos sin −3
3 3 3 3

Using sin A − B = sinA cosB − cosA sinB

nπ nπ π
xn−1 yn − xn yn−1 = 22n−1 sin − −3
3 3

nπ nπ π
xn−1 yn − xn yn−1 = 22n−1 sin − +
3 3 3

π
xn−1 yn − xn yn−1 = 22n−1 sin 3

π
xn−1 yn − xn yn−1 = 22n−1 sin 3

3
xn−1 yn − xn yn−1 = 22n−1 2

xn−1 yn − xn yn−1 = 22n−1 2−1 3

xn−1 yn − xn yn−1 = 22n−1−1 3

xn−1 yn − xn yn−1 = 22n−2 3

xn−1 yn − xn yn−1 = 22(n−1) 3

xn−1 yn − xn yn−1 = 22 n−1

3 [∵ amn = am n ]

xn−1 yn − xn yn−1 = 4n−1 3

Hence proved.
𝛑 𝛑 𝟏𝟖
𝟏+𝐜𝐨𝐬 +𝐢 𝐬𝐢𝐧
𝟗 𝟗
Ex11. Simplify: 𝛑 𝛑 [F.E.Nov/Dec 2007]
𝟏+𝐜𝐨𝐬 −𝐢 𝐬𝐢𝐧
𝟗 𝟗

Ans: We have
π π π 18
π π 18
1+cos +i sin 2 cos 2 9 +2i sin 9 cos 9 θ θ θ
9
π
9
π = 2
π
2
π
2
π [ ∵1 + cosθ = 2 cos 2 2 , sinθ = 2 sin 2 cos 2 ]
1+cos −i sin 9
9 9 2 cos 2 −2i sin 9 cos 9
2 2 2

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 π π π 18
2 cos 2 +2i sin cos
18 18 18
= π π π
2 cos 2 −2i sin cos
18 18 18

π π 18
cos +i sin
18 18
= π π
cos −i sin
18 18

π n
i
e 18
= −i
π [ ∵By Euler’s Formula , eiθ = cosθ + i sinθ ]
e 18

π π
= [ei 18 ei 18 ] 18
iπ iπ
= e18 +18 18

2iπ
= [ e 18 ] 18

= ei(2π) ∵ em n
= emn

= cos2π + i sin2π [ ∵By Euler’s Formula ]

π π 18
1+cos +i sin
9 9
π π = 1+i0= 1
1+cos −i sin
9 9

Ex12. If 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛂 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛃 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛄 = 𝟎 , 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛂 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛃 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛄 = 𝟎 then prove that

(i) 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟑𝛂 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟑𝛃 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟑𝛄 = 𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝛂 + 𝛃 + 𝛄)

(ii) 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟑𝛂 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟑𝛃 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟑𝛄 = 𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝛂 + 𝛃 + 𝛄) (B.tech.May/June 2015)

Ans: Let, a = cosα + i sinα

b = cosβ + i sinβ

c = cosγ + i sinγ

Here a + b + c = 0 ……………… (1)

We know that

a3 + b3 + c 3 − 3abc = a + b + c a2 + b2 + c 2 − ab − bc − ac

Put a + b + c = 0

a3 + b3 + c 3 − 3abc = 0

a3 + b3 + c 3 = 3abc

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Putting a = cosα + i sinα , b = cosβ + i sinβ, c = cosγ + i sinγ
3 3 3
cosα + i sinα + cosβ + i sinβ + cosγ + i sinγ = 3 cosα + i sinα

cosβ + i sinβ cosγ + i sinγ

n
Using D-M-T cosθ + i sinθ = cosnθ + i sinnθ

cos3α + i sin3α + cos3β + i sin3β + cos3γ + i sin3γ = 3 cosα + i sinα

cosβ + i sinβ cosγ + i sinγ

Using Euler’s formula eiθ = cosθ + i sinθ on RHS

cos3α + i sin3α + cos3β + i sin3β + cos3γ + i sin3γ = 3eiα eiβ eiγ

cos3α + cos3β + cos3γ + (i sin3α + i sin3β + i sin3γ) = 3eiα+iβ+iγ

cos3α + cos3β + cos3γ + i(sin3α + sin3β + sin3γ) = 3ei(α+β+γ)

Using Euler’s formula eiθ = cosθ + i sinθ on RHS

cos3α + cos3β + cos3γ + i sin3α + sin3β + sin3γ =

3 cos⁡
(α + β + γ) + i sin⁡
(α + β + γ)

cos3α + cos3β + cos3γ + i sin3α + sin3β + sin3γ =

3cos⁡
(α + β + γ) + 3i sin⁡
(α + β + γ)

Equating real and imaginary parts of both sides, we get

cos3α + cos3β + cos3γ = 3 cos α + β + γ

sin3α + sin3β + sin3γ = 3 sin α + β + γ

Hence proved.

ROOTS OF COMPLEX NUMBER

Method of finding roots of complex number

StepI: Find polar form of the given complex number by using

𝑧 = 𝑟(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)
𝑦
Where 𝑟 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 𝑥

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StepII: Adding 2𝑘𝜋 in the angle on RHS

StepIII: Apply De-Moivres theorem

StepIV: Put 𝑘 = 0,1,2,3, …. to find the roots 𝑅1 , 𝑅2 , 𝑅3 , 𝑅4 , ….

Keep Remember this:

(1) Polar form of complex number 1 is given by 1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛0

(2) Polar form of complex number −1 is given by −1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋
(3) De-Moivre’s theorem (D-M-T)
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ± 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑛 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃 ± 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃
(4) Euler’s formula 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 , 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

Ex1. Find the cube root of unity, show that their sum is zero and product is one.

Sol. We know that polar form of 1 is

1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛0

Adding 2𝑘𝜋 in the angle on RHS

1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑘𝜋 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑘𝜋

Taking cube root of both sides

1 1
1 3 = (𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑘𝜋 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑘𝜋) 3
1
2𝑘𝜋 2𝑘𝜋 𝑛
1 3 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 …… (1) [ ∵ By D-M-T 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ± 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃 ± 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃]
3 3

Put 𝑘 = 0 in (1) 𝑅1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛0

2𝜋 2𝜋
For 𝑘 = 1, 𝑅2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛
3 3

4𝜋 4𝜋
For 𝑘 = 2, 𝑅3 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛
3 3

∵ Sum of roots = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3
2𝜋 2𝜋 4𝜋 4𝜋
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛0 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛
3 3 3 3

= 1 + 𝑖 0 + −0.5 + 𝑖 0.8660 + −0.5 + 𝑖 −0.8660

= 1 + 0 − 0.5 + 0.8660𝑖 − 0.5 − 08660𝑖

=0

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Product of roots = 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3
2𝜋 2𝜋 4𝜋 4𝜋
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛0 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ) (𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 )
3 3 3 3

2𝜋 4𝜋
= 𝑒 𝑖0 𝑒 𝑖 3 𝑒 𝑖 3 ∵ 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
2𝜋 4𝜋
= 𝑒0 𝑒𝑖 3 𝑒𝑖 3
2𝜋 4𝜋
= 1 𝑒𝑖 3 𝑒𝑖 3
2𝜋 4𝜋
= 𝑒𝑖 3 𝑒𝑖 3
2𝜋 4𝜋
= 𝑒 𝑖 3 +𝑖 3
𝑖
2𝜋+4𝜋
= 𝑒3 ∵ 𝑒 𝑚 𝑒 𝑛 = 𝑒 𝑚 +𝑛
𝑖
6𝜋
= 𝑒3

= 𝑒 𝑖(2𝜋)

= 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜋 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜋 ∵ 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

= 1 + 𝑖(0) [ ∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜋 = 1, 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜋 = 0 ]

=1+0

=1

Ex2. Find different values of (𝟏 + 𝒊) 𝟐/𝟑

Sol. First we need to find out polar form of given complex number (1 + 𝑖)

Let, 𝑧 = 1 + 𝑖

Comparing with 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 we get

Here 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 1

It lies in the first quadrant

Polar form of z is given by

𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑟 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)

1 + 𝑖 = 𝑟 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)….. (1)

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Now, 𝑟 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = (1)2 + (1)2 = 1 + 1 = 2
𝑦 1 𝜋
𝛼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 1 =
𝑥 1 4

𝜋
𝜃=𝛼= 4

Equation (1) becomes

𝜋 𝜋
1 + 𝑖 = 2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4 )

Adding 2𝑘𝜋 in the angle on RHS

𝜋 𝜋
1 + 𝑖 = 2 cos 2𝑘𝜋 + 4 + 𝑖 sin 2𝑘𝜋 + 4

8𝑘𝜋 +𝜋 8𝑘𝜋 +𝜋
1 + 𝑖 = 2 cos + 𝑖 sin
4 4

2
Taking rd power of both sides
3

2
2 2
8𝑘𝜋 +𝜋 8𝑘𝜋 +𝜋 3
1+𝑖 3 = 2 3 cos + 𝑖 sin
4 4

2
2 1 3
2 8𝑘𝜋 +𝜋 2 8𝑘𝜋 +𝜋
1+𝑖 3 = 2 2 cos 3 + 𝑖 sin 3
4 4

𝑛
[ ∵ By D-M-T 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ± 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃 ± 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃]
2 1
8𝑘𝜋 +𝜋 8𝑘𝜋 +𝜋
1+𝑖 3 = 23 cos + 𝑖 sin ……… (2)
6 6

1
𝜋 𝜋
Put 𝑘 = 0 in(2), we get 𝑅1 == 23 cos 6
+ 𝑖 sin 6

1
8𝜋+𝜋 8𝜋+𝜋
For 𝑘 = 1 , 𝑅2 = 2 3 cos + 𝑖 sin
6 6

1 1
9𝜋 9𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋
𝑅2 = 2 3 cos + 𝑖 sin =23 cos + 𝑖 sin
6 6 2 2

1
16𝜋+𝜋 16𝜋+𝜋
For 𝑘 = 2 , 𝑅3 = 23 cos + 𝑖 sin
6 6

1
17𝜋 17𝜋
𝑅3 = 2 3 cos + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛
6 6

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 𝟑
𝟏 𝟑 𝟒
Ex3. Find all values of + 𝒊 .
𝟐 𝟐

Also show that the continued product of these values is 1.

1 3
Sol. First we need to find out polar form of given complex number + 𝑖
2 2

1 3
Let, 𝑧 = 2 + 𝑖
2

Comparing with 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 we get

1 3
Here 𝑥 = 2 , 𝑦 = 2

It lies in the first quadrant

Polar form of z is given by

𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑟 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)

1 3
+ 𝑖 = 𝑟 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)….. (1)
2 2

2 2
1 3 1 3
Now, 𝑟 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = + = +4 = 1=1
2 2 4

3
−1 𝑦 −1 𝜋
𝛼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2
1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 3 =
𝑥 3
2

𝜋
𝜃=𝛼= 3

Equation (1) becomes

1 3 𝜋 𝜋
+ 𝑖 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3
2 2

Adding 2𝑘𝜋 in the angle on RHS

1 3 𝜋 𝜋
+ 𝑖 = cos 2𝑘𝜋 + 3 + 𝑖 sin 2𝑘𝜋 + 3
2 2

1 3 6𝑘𝜋 +𝜋 6𝑘𝜋 +𝜋
+ 𝑖 = cos + 𝑖 sin
2 2 3 3

3
Taking 4 𝑡𝑕 power of both sides

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 3 3
1 3 4 6𝑘𝜋 +𝜋 6𝑘𝜋 +𝜋 4
+ 𝑖 = cos + 𝑖 sin
2 2 3 3

3
1 3 4 3 6𝑘𝜋 +𝜋 3 6𝑘𝜋 +𝜋
+ 𝑖 = cos 4 + 𝑖 sin 4
2 2 3 3

𝑛
[ ∵ By D-M-T 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ± 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃 ± 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃]
3
1 3 4 6𝑘𝜋 +𝜋 6𝑘𝜋 +𝜋
+ 𝑖 = cos + 𝑖 sin …….. (2)
2 2 4 4

𝜋 𝜋
Put 𝑘 = 0 in(2), we get 𝑅1 = cos + 𝑖 sin
4 4

6𝜋 +𝜋 6𝜋+𝜋
For 𝑘 = 1 , 𝑅2 = cos + 𝑖 sin
4 4

7𝜋 7𝜋
𝑅2 = cos + 𝑖 sin
4 4

12𝜋+𝜋 12𝜋+𝜋
For 𝑘 = 2 , 𝑅3 = cos + 𝑖 sin
4 4

13𝜋 13𝜋
𝑅3 = cos + 𝑖 sin
4 4

18𝜋+𝜋 18𝜋+𝜋
For 𝑘 = 3 , 𝑅4 = cos + 𝑖 sin
4 4

19𝜋 19𝜋
𝑅4 = cos + 𝑖 sin
4 4

Continued Product = 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3 𝑅4
𝜋 𝜋 7𝜋 7𝜋 13𝜋 13𝜋 19𝜋 19𝜋
= cos + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 cos + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 cos + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 [cos( )+ isin( )]
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

𝜋 7𝜋 13 𝜋 19 𝜋
= 𝑒𝑖 4 𝑒𝑖 4 𝑒𝑖 4 𝑒𝑖 4 ∵ 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝜋 7𝜋 13 𝜋 19 𝜋
= 𝑒 𝑖 4 +𝑖 4 +𝑖 4
+𝑖
4 ∵ 𝑒 𝑚 𝑒 𝑛 = 𝑒 𝑚 +𝑛

= 𝑒 𝑖10𝜋

= 𝑐𝑜𝑠10𝜋 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛10𝜋 ∵ 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

=1 [𝑐𝑜𝑠10𝜋 = 1 , 𝑠𝑖𝑛10𝜋 = 0]

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 𝟑
Ex4. Find all values of −𝟏 + 𝟑 𝒊 𝟐

Sol. First we need to find out polar form of given complex number −1 + 3 𝑖

Let, 𝑧 = −1 + 3 𝑖

Comparing with 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 we get

Here 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = 3

It lies in the second quadrant

Polar form of z is given by

𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑟 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)

−1 + 3 𝑖 = 𝑟 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)….. (1)

Now, 𝑟 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = −1 2 +( 3)2 = 1+3= 4=2

𝑦 3 3 𝜋
𝛼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 3 =
|𝑥| |−1| 1 3

𝜋 2𝜋
𝜃 =𝜋−𝛼 =𝜋− =
3 3

Equation (1) becomes

2𝜋 2𝜋
−1 + 3 𝑖 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛
3 3

Adding 2𝑘𝜋 in the angle the on RHS

2𝜋 2𝜋
−1 + 3 𝑖 = 2 cos 2𝑘𝜋 + + 𝑖 sin 2𝑘𝜋 +
3 3

6𝑘𝜋 +2𝜋 6𝑘𝜋 +2𝜋

−1 + 3 𝑖 = 2 cos + 𝑖 sin
3 3

3
Taking 2 power of both sides

3
3 3
6𝑘𝜋 +2𝜋 6𝑘𝜋 +2𝜋 2
−1 + 3 𝑖 2 =2 2 cos + 𝑖 sin
3 3

3 3
3 6𝑘𝜋 +2𝜋 3 6𝑘𝜋 +2𝜋
−1 + 3 𝑖 2 =22 cos 2 + 𝑖 sin 2 𝐵𝑦 𝐷 − 𝑀 − 𝑇
3 3

3 3
6𝑘𝜋 +2𝜋 6𝑘𝜋 +2𝜋
−1 + 3 𝑖 2 =22 cos + 𝑖 sin ……. (2)
2 2

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 3 3
2𝜋 2𝜋
Put 𝑘 = 0 in(2), we get 𝑅1 = 2 2 cos + 𝑖 sin = 2 2 cos 𝜋 + 𝑖 sin 𝜋
2 2

3
6𝜋+2𝜋 6𝜋+2𝜋
For 𝑘 = 1 , 𝑅2 = 2 2 cos + 𝑖 sin
2 2

3 3
8𝜋 8𝜋
𝑅2 = 2 2 cos + 𝑖 sin = 2 2 cos4𝜋 + 𝑖 sin4𝜋
2 2

Ex5. Use De-moivres theorem to solve the equation

𝒙𝟗 − 𝒙𝟓 + 𝒙𝟒 − 𝟏 = 𝟎

Sol. Given equation is

𝑥9 − 𝑥5 + 𝑥4 − 1 = 0

𝑥5 𝑥4 − 1 + 1 𝑥4 − 1 = 0

𝑥4 − 1 𝑥5 + 1 = 0

𝑥 4 − 1 = 0, 𝑥 5 + 1 = 0

Consider, 𝑥 4 − 1 = 0

𝑥4 = 1

𝑥 4 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛0

Adding 2𝑘𝜋 in the angle on RHS

𝑥 4 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑘𝜋 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑘𝜋
1
𝑥 = [𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑘𝜋 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑘𝜋 ] 4
2𝑘𝜋 2𝑘𝜋
𝑥 = cos + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 [ ∵ By D-M-T ]
4 4

𝑘𝜋 𝑘𝜋
𝑥 = cos + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ……… (1)
2 2

Put 𝑘 = 0 in(1), we get 𝑅1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛0

𝜋 𝜋
For 𝑘 = 1 , 𝑅2 = cos 2 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2

2𝜋 2𝜋
For 𝑘 = 2 , 𝑅3 = cos + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋
2 2

3𝜋 3𝜋
For 𝑘 = 3 , 𝑅4 = cos + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 2

Copyright Material Page 53 of 130

Now, consider 𝑥 5 + 1 = 0

𝑥 5 = −1

𝑥 5 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋

Adding 2𝑘𝜋 in the angle on RHS

𝑥 5 = cos⁡
(2𝑘𝜋 + 𝜋) + 𝑖 sin⁡
(2𝑘𝜋 + 𝜋)
1
𝑥 = [cos 2𝑘𝜋 + 𝜋 + 𝑖 sin 2𝑘𝜋 + 𝜋 ] 5
1 1
𝑥 = cos 2𝑘𝜋 + 𝜋 + 𝑖 sin 2𝑘𝜋 + 𝜋 [ By D-M-T]
5 5

2𝑘𝜋 +𝜋 2𝑘𝜋 +𝜋
𝑥 = cos + 𝑖 sin ……………… (2)
5 5

𝜋 𝜋
Put 𝑘 = 0 in(2), we get 𝑅1 = cos + 𝑖 sin
5 5

2𝜋 +𝜋 2𝜋+𝜋
For 𝑘 = 1 , 𝑅2 = cos + 𝑖 sin
5 5

3𝜋 3𝜋
𝑅2 = cos + 𝑖 sin
5 5

4𝜋 +𝜋 4𝜋+𝜋 5𝜋 5𝜋
For 𝑘 = 2 , 𝑅3 = cos + 𝑖 sin = cos + 𝑖 sin
5 5 5 5

𝑅3 = cos 𝜋 + 𝑖 sin( 𝜋)
6𝜋 +𝜋 6𝜋+𝜋
For 𝑘 = 3 , 𝑅4 = cos + 𝑖 sin
5 5

7𝜋 7𝜋
𝑅4 = cos + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛
5 5

8𝜋 +𝜋 8𝜋+𝜋
For 𝑘 = 4 , 𝑅5 = cos + 𝑖 sin
5 5

9𝜋 9𝜋
𝑅5 = cos + 𝑖 sin
5 5

Ex6. Find the roots of the equation 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟖 = 𝟎

Sol. Given equation is

𝑥3 + 8 = 0

𝑥 3 = −8

𝑥 3 = 8(−1)

Copyright Material Page 54 of 130

𝑥 3 = 8 [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋]

Adding 2𝑘𝜋 in the angle on RHS

𝑥 3 = 8 [cos⁡
(2𝑘𝜋 + 𝜋) + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑘𝜋 + 𝜋)]
1 1
𝑥 = (8) 3 [cos⁡
(2𝑘𝜋 + 𝜋) + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑘𝜋 + 𝜋)] 3
1 1
𝑥 = 2 [cos⁡3 (2𝑘𝜋 + 𝜋) + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 (2𝑘𝜋 + 𝜋)]

2𝑘𝜋 +𝜋 2𝑘𝜋 +𝜋
𝑥 = 2 cos + 𝑖 sin …….. (1) [ By D-M-T]
3 3

𝜋 𝜋
Put 𝑘 = 0 in(1), we get 𝑅1 = 2 [cos⁡
( 3 ) + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 3 )]

2𝜋+𝜋 2𝜋+𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋
For 𝑘 = 1 , 𝑅2 = 2 cos + 𝑖 sin = 2 cos + 𝑖 sin
3 3 3 3

𝑅2 = 2 cos 𝜋 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜋
4𝜋+𝜋 4𝜋+𝜋
For 𝑘 = 2 , 𝑅3 = 2 cos + 𝑖 sin
3 3

5𝜋 5𝜋
𝑅3 = 2 cos + 𝑖 sin
3 3

Ex7. Solve the equation: 𝐱 𝟖 + 𝐱 𝟓 + 𝐱 𝟑 + 𝟏 = 𝟎 (B.tech. Nov/Dec 2009)

Ans: Given, x 8 + x 5 + x 3 + 1 = 0

x 5 (x 3 + 1) + 1(x 3 + 1) = 0

x3 + 1 x5 + 1 = 0

x3 + 1 = 0 , x5 + 1 = 0

consider x 3 + 1 = 0

x 3 = −1

x 3 = cosπ + i sinπ

Adding 2kπ in the angle

x 3 = cos⁡
(2kπ + π) + i sin⁡
(2kπ + π)

x = [cos 2kπ + π + i sin 2kπ + π ] 1/3

1 1
x = cos 3 2kπ + π + i sin 5 2kπ + π [ By D-M-T]

Copyright Material Page 55 of 130

 2kπ+π 2kπ+π
x = cos + i sin
3 3

π π
Put k = 0 in(2), we get R1 = cos + i sin( 3 )
3

2π+π 2π+π
For k = 1 , R 2 = cos + i sin
3 3

3π 3π
R 2 = cos + i sin( ) = cos π + i sin( π) = −1 + 0 = −1
3 3

4π+π 4π+π 5π 5π
For k = 2 , R 3 = cos + i sin = cos + i sin
3 3 3 3

Now, consider x 5 + 1 = 0

x 5 = −1

x 5 = cosπ + i sinπ

Adding 2kπ in the angle

x 5 = cos⁡
(2kπ + π) + i sin⁡
(2kπ + π)

x = [cos 2kπ + π + i sin 2kπ + π ] 1/5

1 1
x = cos 2kπ + π + i sin 2kπ + π [ By D-M-T]
5 5

2kπ+π 2kπ+π
x = cos + i sin
5 5

π π
Put k = 0 in(2), we get R1 = cos + i sin( 5 )
5

2π+π 2π+π
For k = 1 , R 2 = cos + i sin
5 5

3π 3π
R 2 = cos + i sin( )
5 5

4π+π 4π+π 5π 5π
For k = 2 , R 3 = cos + i sin = cos + i sin
5 5 5 5

R 3 = cos π + i sin( π) = −1 + 0 = −1
6π+π 6π+π
For k = 3 , R 4 = cos + i sin
5 5

7π 7π
R 4 = cos + i sin( )
5 5

8π+π 8π+π
For k = 4 , R 5 = cos + i sin
5 5

Copyright Material Page 56 of 130

 9π 9π
R 5 = cos + i sin( )
5 5

Ex8. Solve the equation: 𝐱 𝟕 + 𝐱 𝟒 + 𝐱 𝟑 + 𝟏 = 𝟎 (B.tech. May/Jun 2010,2012)

Ans: Given, x 7 + x 4 + x 3 + 1 = 0

x 4 (x 3 + 1) + 1(x 3 + 1) = 0

x3 + 1 x4 + 1 = 0

x3 + 1 = 0 , x4 + 1 = 0

consider x 3 + 1 = 0

x 3 = −1

x 3 = cosπ + i sinπ

Adding 2kπ in the angle

x 3 = cos⁡
(2kπ + π) + i sin⁡
(2kπ + π)

x = [cos 2kπ + π + i sin 2kπ + π ] 1/3

1 1
x = cos 3 2kπ + π + i sin 5 2kπ + π [ By D-M-T]

2kπ+π 2kπ+π
x = cos + i sin
3 3

π π
Put k = 0 in(2), we get R1 = cos + i sin( 3 )
3

2π+π 2π+π
For k = 1 , R 2 = cos + i sin
3 3

3π 3π
R 2 = cos + i sin( ) = cos π + i sin( π) = −1 + 0 = −1
3 3

4π+π 4π+π 5π 5π
For k = 2 , R 3 = cos + i sin = cos + i sin
3 3 3 3

Now, consider x 4 + 1 = 0

x 4 = −1

x 4 = cosπ + i sinπ

Adding 2kπ in the angle

x 4 = cos⁡
(2kπ + π) + i sin⁡
(2kπ + π)

Copyright Material Page 57 of 130

x = [cos 2kπ + π + i sin 2kπ + π ] 1/4
1 1
x = cos 4 2kπ + π + i sin 4 2kπ + π [ By D-M-T]

2kπ+π 2kπ+π
x = cos + i sin
4 4

π π
Put k = 0 in(2), we get R1 = cos + i sin( 4 )
4

2π+π 2π+π
For k = 1 , R 2 = cos + i sin
4 4

3π 3π
R 2 = cos + i sin( )
4 4

4π+π 4π+π 5π 5π
For k = 2 , R 3 = cos + i sin = cos + i sin
4 4 4 4

6π+π 6π+π
For k = 3 , R 4 = cos + i sin
4 4

7π 7π
R 4 = cos + i sin( )
4 4

Ex9. Solve the equation: 𝐱 𝟕 − 𝐱 𝟒 + 𝐱 𝟑 − 𝟏 = 𝟎 (B.tech. Nov/Dec 2007)

Ans: Given equation is

x7 − x4 + x3 − 1 = 0

x4 x3 − 1 + 1 x3 − 1 = 0

x3 − 1 x4 + 1 = 0

x 3 − 1 = 0, x 4 + 1 = 0

Consider , x 3 − 1 = 0

x3 = 1

x 3 = cos0 + i sin0

Adding 2kπ in the angle on RHS

x 3 = cos2kπ + i sin2kπ

x = [cos2kπ + i sin2kπ ] 1/3

2kπ 2kπ
x = cos + i sin [ By D-M-T ]
3 3

Copyright Material Page 58 of 130

 2kπ 2kπ
x = cos + i sin ……… (1)
3 3

Put k = 0 in(1), we get R1 = cos0 + i sin0 = 1

2π 2π
For k = 1 , R 2 = cos + i sin
3 3

4π 4π
For k = 2 , R 3 = cos + i sin
3 3

Now, consider x 4 + 1 = 0

x 4 = −1

x 4 = cosπ + i sinπ

Adding 2kπ in the angle

x 4 = cos⁡
(2kπ + π) + i sin⁡
(2kπ + π)

x = [cos 2kπ + π + i sin 2kπ + π ] 1/4

1 1
x = cos 4 2kπ + π + i sin 4 2kπ + π [ By D-M-T]

2kπ+π 2kπ+π
x = cos + i sin
4 4

π π
Put k = 0 in(2), we get R1 = cos + i sin( 4 )
4

2π+π 2π+π
For k = 1 , R 2 = cos + i sin
4 4

3π 3π
R 2 = cos + i sin( )
4 4

4π+π 4π+π 5π 5π
For k = 2 , R 3 = cos + i sin = cos + i sin
4 4 4 4

6π+π 6π+π
For k = 3 , R 4 = cos + i sin
4 4

7π 7π
R 4 = cos + i sin( )
4 4

Ex10. Solve the equation: 𝐱 𝟖 + 𝐱 𝟓 + 𝐱 𝟑 + 𝟏 = 𝟎 (B.tech. Nov/Dec 2009)

Ans: Given, x 8 + x 5 + x 3 + 1 = 0

x 5 (x 3 + 1) + 1(x 3 + 1) = 0

x3 + 1 x5 + 1 = 0

Copyright Material Page 59 of 130

 x3 + 1 = 0 , x5 + 1 = 0

consider x 3 + 1 = 0

x 3 = −1

x 3 = cosπ + i sinπ

Adding 2kπ in the angle

x 3 = cos⁡
(2kπ + π) + i sin⁡
(2kπ + π)

x = [cos 2kπ + π + i sin 2kπ + π ] 1/3

1 1
x = cos 3 2kπ + π + i sin 5 2kπ + π [ By D-M-T]

2kπ+π 2kπ+π
x = cos + i sin
3 3

π π
Put k = 0 in(2), we get R1 = cos + i sin( 3 )
3

2π+π 2π+π
For k = 1 , R 2 = cos + i sin
3 3

3π 3π
R 2 = cos + i sin( ) = cos π + i sin( π) = −1 + 0 = −1
3 3

4π+π 4π+π 5π 5π
For k = 2 , R 3 = cos + i sin = cos + i sin
3 3 3 3

Now, consider x 5 + 1 = 0

x 5 = −1

x 5 = cosπ + i sinπ

Adding 2kπ in the angle

x 5 = cos⁡
(2kπ + π) + i sin⁡
(2kπ + π)

x = [cos 2kπ + π + i sin 2kπ + π ] 1/5

1 1
x = cos 5 2kπ + π + i sin 5 2kπ + π [ By D-M-T]

2kπ+π 2kπ+π
x = cos + i sin
5 5

π π
Put k = 0 in(2), we get R1 = cos + i sin( 5 )
5

Copyright Material Page 60 of 130

 2π+π 2π+π
For k = 1 , R 2 = cos + i sin
5 5

3π 3π
R 2 = cos + i sin( )
5 5

4π+π 4π+π 5π 5π
For k = 2 , R 3 = cos + i sin = cos + i sin
5 5 5 5

R 3 = cos π + i sin( π) = −1 + 0 = −1
6π+π 6π+π
For k = 3 , R 4 = cos + i sin
5 5

7π 7π
R 4 = cos + i sin( )
5 5

8π+π 8π+π
For k = 4 , R 5 = cos + i sin
5 5

9π 9π
R 5 = cos + i sin( )
5 5

Ex11. Solve the equation: 𝐱 𝟕 + 𝐱 𝟒 + 𝐱 𝟑 + 𝟏 = 𝟎 (B.tech. May/Jun 2010,2012)

Ans: Given, x 7 + x 4 + x 3 + 1 = 0

x 4 (x 3 + 1) + 1(x 3 + 1) = 0

x3 + 1 x4 + 1 = 0

x3 + 1 = 0 , x4 + 1 = 0

consider x 3 + 1 = 0

x 3 = −1

x 3 = cosπ + i sinπ

Adding 2kπ in the angle

x 3 = cos⁡
(2kπ + π) + i sin⁡
(2kπ + π)

x = [cos 2kπ + π + i sin 2kπ + π ] 1/3

1 1
x = cos 3 2kπ + π + i sin 5 2kπ + π [ By D-M-T]

2kπ+π 2kπ+π
x = cos + i sin
3 3

π π
Put k = 0 in(2), we get R1 = cos + i sin( 3 )
3

Copyright Material Page 61 of 130

 2π+π 2π+π
For k = 1 , R 2 = cos + i sin
3 3

3π 3π
R 2 = cos + i sin( ) = cos π + i sin( π) = −1 + 0 = −1
3 3

4π+π 4π+π 5π 5π
For k = 2 , R 3 = cos + i sin = cos + i sin
3 3 3 3

Now, consider x 4 + 1 = 0

x 4 = −1

x 4 = cosπ + i sinπ

Adding 2kπ in the angle

x 4 = cos⁡
(2kπ + π) + i sin⁡
(2kπ + π)

x = [cos 2kπ + π + i sin 2kπ + π ] 1/4

1 1
x = cos 4 2kπ + π + i sin 4 2kπ + π [ By D-M-T]

2kπ+π 2kπ+π
x = cos + i sin
4 4

π π
Put k = 0 in(2), we get R1 = cos + i sin( )
4 4

2π+π 2π+π
For k = 1 , R 2 = cos + i sin
4 4

3π 3π
R 2 = cos + i sin( )
4 4

4π+π 4π+π 5π 5π
For k = 2 , R 3 = cos + i sin = cos + i sin
4 4 4 4

6π+π 6π+π
For k = 3 , R 4 = cos + i sin
4 4

7π 7π
R 4 = cos + i sin( )
4 4

Ex12. Solve the equation: 𝐱 𝟕 − 𝐱 𝟒 + 𝐱 𝟑 − 𝟏 = 𝟎 (B.tech. Nov/Dec 2007)

Ans: Given equation is

x7 − x4 + x3 − 1 = 0

x4 x3 − 1 + 1 x3 − 1 = 0

x3 − 1 x4 + 1 = 0
Copyright Material Page 62 of 130
 x 3 − 1 = 0, x 4 + 1 = 0

Consider , x 3 − 1 = 0

x3 = 1

x 3 = cos0 + i sin0

Adding 2kπ in the angle on RHS

x 3 = cos2kπ + i sin2kπ

x = [cos2kπ + i sin2kπ ] 1/3

2kπ 2kπ
x = cos + i sin [ By D-M-T ]
3 3

2kπ 2kπ
x = cos + i sin ……… (1)
3 3

Put k = 0 in(1), we get R1 = cos0 + i sin0 = 1

2π 2π
For k = 1 , R 2 = cos + i sin
3 3

4π 4π
For k = 2 , R 3 = cos + i sin
3 3

Now, consider x 4 + 1 = 0

x 4 = −1

x 4 = cosπ + i sinπ

Adding 2kπ in the angle

x 4 = cos⁡
(2kπ + π) + i sin⁡
(2kπ + π)

x = [cos 2kπ + π + i sin 2kπ + π ] 1/4

1 1
x = cos 4 2kπ + π + i sin 4 2kπ + π [ By D-M-T]

2kπ+π 2kπ+π
x = cos + i sin
4 4

π π
Put k = 0 in(2), we get R1 = cos + i sin( 4 )
4

2π+π 2π+π
For k = 1 , R 2 = cos 4
+ i sin 4

Copyright Material Page 63 of 130

 3π 3π
R 2 = cos + i sin( )
4 4

4π+π 4π+π 5π 5π
For k = 2 , R 3 = cos + i sin = cos + i sin
4 4 4 4

6π+π 6π+π
For k = 3 , R 4 = cos + i sin
4 4

7π 7π
R 4 = cos + i sin( )
4 4

Ex13. Solve by using complex number:

𝐱 𝟏𝟎 + 𝟏𝟏𝐱 𝟓 + 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟎 (F.E.Nov/Dec2007)

Ans: Given, x10 + 11x 5 + 10 = 0

x10 + 10x 5 + x 5 + 10 = 0

x 5 (x10 + 10) + 1(x 5 + 10) = 0

x 5 + 10 x5 + 1 = 0

x 5 + 10 = 0 , x 5 + 1 = 0

Consider, x 5 + 10 = 0

x 5 = −10

x 5 = 10 (−1)

x 5 = 10 (−1)

x 5 = 10[cosπ + i sinπ]

Adding 2kπ in the angle

x 5 = 10[cos 2kπ + π + i sin 2kπ + π ]

x = (10)1/5 [cos 2kπ + π + i sin 2kπ + π ] 1/5

1 1
x = (10)1/5 cos 5 2kπ + π + i sin 5 2kπ + π [ By D-M-T]

2kπ+π 2kπ+π
x = (10)1/5 cos + i sin ….. (2)
5 5

Put k = 0 in(2), we get

π π
R1 = (10)1/5 cos + i sin
5 5

Copyright Material Page 64 of 130

 2π+π 2π+π
For k = 1 , R 2 = (10)1/5 cos + i sin
5 5

3π 3π
R 2 = (10)1/5 cos + i sin
5 5

4π+π 4π+π 5π 5π
For k = 2 , R 3 = (10)1/5 cos + i sin = (10)1/5 cos + i sin
5 5 5 5

1
R 3 = (10)1/5 [cos π + i sin( π)] = 10 5 −1 + 0 = −(10)1/5
6π+π 6π+π
For k = 3 , R 4 = (10)1/5 cos + i sin
5 5

7π 7π
R 4 = (10)1/5 cos + i sin
5 5

8π+π 8π+π
For k = 4 , R 5 = (10)1/5 cos + i sin
5 5

9π 9π
R 5 = (10)1/5 cos + i sin
5 5

Now, consider x 5 + 1 = 0

x 5 = −1

x 5 = cosπ + i sinπ

Adding 2kπ in the angle

x 5 = cos⁡
(2kπ + π) + i sin⁡
(2kπ + π)

x = [cos 2kπ + π + i sin 2kπ + π ] 1/5

1 1
x = cos 5 2kπ + π + i sin 5 2kπ + π [ By D-M-T]

2kπ+π 2kπ+π
x = cos + i sin( ) ….. (2)
5 5

Put k = 0 in(2), we get

π π
R1 = cos + i sin( 5 )
5

2π+π 2π+π
For k = 1 , R 2 = cos + i sin
5 5

3π 3π
R 2 = cos + i sin( )
5 5

4π+π 4π+π 5π 5π
For k = 2 , R 3 = cos + i sin = cos + i sin
5 5 5 5

Copyright Material Page 65 of 130

R 3 = cos π + i sin( π) = −1 + 0 = −1
6π+π 6π+π
For k = 3 , R 4 = cos + i sin
5 5

7π 7π
R 4 = cos + i sin( )
5 5

8π+π 8π+π
For k = 4 , R 5 = cos + i sin
5 5

9π 9π
R 5 = cos + i sin( )
5 5

Ex14. Find the roots of the polynomial: 𝐱 𝟒 − 𝐱 𝟑 + 𝐱 𝟐 − 𝐱 + 𝟏 = 𝟎

Ans: Given equation is

x4 − x3 + x2 − x + 1 = 0

The above equation is in G.P. with common ratio r = −x

1−r n
=0
1−r

1−(−x)5
=0
1−(−x)

1+x 5
=0
1+x

1 + x5 = 0

x5 + 1 = 0

x 5 = −1

x 5 = cosπ + i sinπ

Adding 2kπ in the angle

x 5 = cos⁡
(2kπ + π) + i sin⁡
(2kπ + π)

x = [cos 2kπ + π + i sin 2kπ + π ] 1/5

1 1
x = cos 5 2kπ + π + i sin 5 2kπ + π [ By D-M-T]

2kπ+π 2kπ+π
x = cos + i sin( ) ….. (2)
5 5

Put k = 0 in(2), we get

Copyright Material Page 66 of 130

 π π
R1 = cos + i sin( 5 )
5

2π+π 2π+π
For k = 1 , R 2 = cos + i sin
5 5

3π 3π
R 2 = cos + i sin( )
5 5

4π+π 4π+π 5π 5π
For k = 2 , R 3 = cos + i sin = cos + i sin
5 5 5 5

R 3 = cos π + i sin( π) = −1 + 0 = −1
6π+π 6π+π
For k = 3 , R 4 = cos + i sin
5 5

7π 7π
R 4 = cos + i sin( )
5 5

8π+π 8π+π
For k = 4 , R 5 = cos + i sin
5 5

9π 9π
R 5 = cos + i sin( )
5 5

𝟔 𝟔 𝟐𝐦+𝟏 𝛑
Ex15. Show that the roots of 𝐱 + 𝟏 + 𝐱−𝟏 = 𝟎 are given by: 𝐢 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟏𝟐

where 𝟎 ≤ 𝐦 ≤ 𝟓 (B.tech. Nov/Dec 2008)

6 6
Ans: Given equation is x + 1 + x−1 =0
6 6
x+1 =− x−1
x−1 6
= −1
(x+1) 6

x−1 6
= cosπ + i sinπ
x+1

Adding 2mπ in the angle

x−1 6
= cos⁡
(2mπ + π) + i sin(2mπ + π)
x+1

x−1
= [cos 2mπ + π + i sin 2mπ + π ] 1/6
x+1

x−1 1 1
= cos 6 2mπ + π + i sin 6 2mπ + π [ By D-M-T]
x+1

x−1 2mπ+π 2mπ+π

x+1
= cos 6
+ i sin 6

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x−1 (2m+1)π (2m+1)π
= cos + i sin
x+1 6 6

(2m+1)π
Let, =θ
6

x−1
= cos θ + i sinθ
x+1

By using componendo-dividendo
a c a+b c+d
If = d then = c−d
b a−b

x−1 +(x−1) cos θ+i sin θ+1

=
x−1 −(x+1) cos θ+i sin θ−1

By using componendo-dividendo Rule

x−1 +(x+1) cos θ+i sin θ+1
=
x−1 −(x+1) cos θ+i sin θ−1

2x cos θ+i sin θ+1

=
−2 cos θ+i sin θ−1

cos θ+i sin θ+1

−x = cos θ+i sin θ−1

cos θ+i sin θ+1

x=− cos θ+i sin θ−1

cos θ+i sin θ+1

x= − cos θ−i sin θ+1

(1+cos θ)+i sin θ

x= (1−cos θ)−i sin θ

(1+cos θ )+i sin θ 1−cos θ +i sin θ

x= ×
( 1−cos θ )−i sin θ 1−cos θ +i sin θ

[(1+cos θ )+i sin θ ] [ 1−cos θ +i sin θ]

x= 1−cos θ 2 −(i sin θ) 2

1+cos θ ( 1−cos θ +i 1+cos θ sin θ+i sin θ 1−2cos θ +i 2 sin 2 θ

x= 1−2cos θ+ cos 2 θ−i 2 sin 2 θ

1−cos 2 θ+isin θ+i cos θ sin θ+i sin θ−i sin θ cos θ−sin 2 θ
x= 1−2cos θ+ cos 2 θ+ sin 2 θ

1−cos 2 θ−sin 2 θ+2isin θ

x= 1−2cos θ+ cos 2 θ+ sin 2 θ

1−(cos 2 θ+sin 2 θ)+2isin θ

x= 1−2cos θ+(cos 2 θ+ sin 2 θ)

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 1−1+2isin θ
x= 1−2cos θ+1

2isin θ
x= 2−2cos θ

2isin θ
x= 2(1−cos θ)

i sin θ
x= (1−cos θ)

θ θ
2i sin cos
2 2
x= θ
2 sin 2
2

θ
x = i cot 2

(2m+1)π
But θ = 6

(2m +1)π
6
x = i cot 2

2m+1 π
x = i cot , 0≤m≤5
12

Hence Proved

Ex16. Using De-moivre’s theorem solve the equation:

𝟓
𝐱−𝟏 + 𝐱𝟓 = 𝟎 (B.tech. Nov/Dec 2008)
5
Ans: Given, x − 1 + x5 = 0
5
x−1 = −x 5
x−1 5
= −1
x5

x−1 5
= cosπ + i sinπ ∵ −1 = cosπ + i sinπ
x

Adding 2kπ in the angle

x−1 5
= cos⁡
(2kπ + π) + i sin⁡
(2kπ + π)
x

x−1 1/5
= cos 2kπ + π + i sin 2kπ + π
x

x−1 1 1
= cos 5 2kπ + π + i sin 5 2kπ + π [ By D-M-T]
x

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x−1 2kπ+π 2kπ+π
= cos + i sin
x 5 5

2kπ+π
Let, =θ
5

x−1
= cos θ + i sinθ
x

By using componendo-dividendo rule

a c a+b c+d
If = d then = c−d
b a−b

x−1 +x cos θ+i sin θ+1

=
x−1 −x cos θ+i sin θ−1

2x−1 cos θ+i sin θ+1

=
−1 cos θ+i sin θ−1

cos θ+i sin θ+1

−(2x − 1) = cos θ+i sin θ−1

cos θ+i sin θ+1

2x − 1 = − cos θ+i sin θ−1

cos θ+i sin θ+1

2x − 1 = −cos θ−i sin θ+1

(1+cos θ)+i sin θ

2x − 1 = (1−cos θ)−i sin θ

(1+cos θ )+i sin θ 1−cos θ +i sin θ

2x − 1 = ×
( 1−cos θ )−i sin θ 1−cos θ +i sin θ

[(1+cos θ )+i sin θ ] [ 1−cos θ +i sin θ]

2x − 1 = 1−cos θ 2 −(i sin θ) 2

1+cos θ ( 1−cos θ +i 1+cos θ sin θ+i sin θ 1−2cos θ +i 2 sin 2 θ

2x − 1 = 1−2cos θ+ cos 2 θ−i 2 sin 2 θ

1−cos 2 θ+isin θ+i cos θ sin θ+i sin θ−i sin θ cos θ−sin 2 θ
2x − 1 = 1−2cos θ+ cos 2 θ+ sin 2 θ

1−cos 2 θ−sin 2 θ+2isin θ

2x − 1 = 1−2cos θ+ cos 2 θ+ sin 2 θ

1−(cos 2 θ+sin 2 θ)+2isin θ

2x − 1 = 1−2cos θ+(cos 2 θ+ sin 2 θ)

1−1+2isin θ
2x − 1 = 1−2cos θ+1

2isin θ
2x − 1 = 2−2cos θ

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 2isin θ
2x − 1 = 2(1−cos θ)

i sin θ
2x − 1 = (1−cos θ)

θ θ
2i sin cos
2 2
2x − 1 = θ
2 sin 2
2

θ
2x − 1 = i cot 2

θ
2x = 1 + i cot 2

1 θ
x = 2 1 + i cot 2

2kπ+π
But θ = 5

2k π +π
1 5
x = 2 1 + i cot 2

1 2kπ+π
x = 2 1 + i cot 10

REAL AND IMAGINARY PARTS OF CIRCULAR AND HYPERBOLIC FUNCTION

Trigonometric Formulae

sin 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵

sin 𝐴 − 𝐵 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵

cos 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵

cos 𝐴 − 𝐵 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵

1
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 = 2 sin 𝐴 + 𝐵 + sin 𝐴 − 𝐵

1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 = 2 sin 𝐴 + 𝐵 − sin 𝐴 − 𝐵

1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 = 2 cos 𝐴 + 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 − 𝐵

1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 = 2 cos 𝐴 − 𝐵 − cos 𝐴 + 𝐵

Ex1.Separate the following into real and imaginary parts

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 (i) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚 (ii) 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚 (iii) 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚

Sol. (i) Using sin 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵

sin 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑦 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑦

= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝑦 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝑦 [∵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑥 = 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝑥, 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝑥 ]

= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝑦 + 𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝑦

cos 𝑥+𝑖𝑦
(ii) cot 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = sin 𝑥+𝑖𝑦
cos 𝑥+𝑖𝑦 sin 𝑥−𝑖𝑦
= × 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥−𝑖𝑦 )
sin 𝑥+𝑖𝑦
cos 𝑥+𝑖𝑦 sin 𝑥−𝑖𝑦
= sin 𝑥+𝑖𝑦 sin 𝑥−𝑖𝑦
1
Using 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 = 2 sin 𝐴 + 𝐵 − sin 𝐴 − 𝐵
1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 = 2 [cos 𝐴 − 𝐵 − cos 𝐴 + 𝐵 ]
1
{sin 𝑥+𝑖𝑦 + 𝑥−𝑖𝑦 −sin 𝑥+𝑖𝑦 − 𝑥−𝑖𝑦 }
cot 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 12
{cos 𝑥+𝑖𝑦 − 𝑥−𝑖𝑦 −cos 𝑥+𝑖𝑦 + 𝑥−𝑖𝑦 }
2
sin 𝑥+𝑖𝑦 +𝑥−𝑖𝑦 −sin 𝑥+𝑖𝑦 −𝑥+𝑖𝑦
cot 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = cos 𝑥+𝑖𝑦 −𝑥+𝑖𝑦 −cos 𝑥+𝑖𝑦 +𝑥−𝑖𝑦
𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑖𝑦
cot 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑖𝑦 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥

sin 2𝑥−i sinh 2y

cot 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = ∵ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑥 = 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝑥 , 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝑥
cosh 2y−cos 2x

𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑕2𝑦 𝑎+𝑏 𝑎 𝑏

cot 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = cosh 2y−cos 2x − cosh 2y−cos 2x ∵ =𝑐+𝑐
𝑐

𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑕2𝑦

cot 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = cosh 2y−cos 2x − 𝑖 cosh 2y−cos 2x

1
(iii) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = cos (𝑥+𝑖𝑦 )

1 cos 𝑥−𝑖𝑦
= cos (𝑥+𝑖𝑦 ) × cos 𝑥−𝑖𝑦

cos 𝑥−𝑖𝑦
= cos 𝑥+𝑖𝑦 cos 𝑥−𝑖𝑦

Using cos 𝐴 − 𝐵 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵

1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 = 2 cos 𝐴 + 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 − 𝐵

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑦 +𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑦

𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 1
{𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥+𝑖𝑦 + 𝑥−𝑖𝑦 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 ⁡
[ 𝑥+𝑖𝑦 − 𝑥−𝑖𝑦 ]}
2

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 2 [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑦 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑦 ]
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥+𝑖𝑦 +𝑥−𝑖𝑦 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥+𝑖𝑦 −𝑥+𝑖𝑦

2 [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑦 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑦 ]

𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑖𝑦

2 [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑕𝑦+ 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑕𝑦]

𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = [∵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑥 = 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝑥, 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝑥 ]
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑕𝑦

2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑕𝑦+2𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑕𝑦

𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑕𝑦

2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑕𝑦 2𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑕𝑦

𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑕𝑦 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑕𝑦

2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑕𝑦 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑕𝑦

𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑕𝑦 + 𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑕𝑦

Hyperbolic Formulae

sinh 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝐵 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝐵

sinh 𝐴 − 𝐵 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝐵 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝐵

cosh 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝐵 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝐵

cosh 𝐴 − 𝐵 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝐵 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝐵

Ex2.Separate the following into real and imaginary parts

(a) 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚 (b) 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚 (c) 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚

Sol. (a) Using sinh 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝐵 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝐵

sinh 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝑖𝑦 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝑖𝑦

= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝑥 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 [ ∵ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝑖𝑥 = 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥, 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝑖𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥]

= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦

(b) Using cosh 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝐵 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝐵

cosh 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝑖𝑦 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝑖𝑦
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝑥 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 [ ∵ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝑖𝑥 = 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥, 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝑖𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥]
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑕 𝑥+𝑖𝑦
(c) 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑕 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑕 𝑥+𝑖𝑦
𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑕 𝑥+𝑖𝑦
= 𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑕 [Adjustment]
𝑥+𝑖𝑦

1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑖 (𝑥+𝑖𝑦 )
= ∵ 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑥 , 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑥
𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖 (𝑥+𝑖𝑦 )

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 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑥 +𝑖 2 𝑦 )
= 𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑖𝑥 +𝑖 2 𝑦 ))
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑥 −𝑦)
= ∵ 𝑖 2 = −1
𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑖𝑥 −𝑦))

1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑥 −𝑦) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑖𝑥 +𝑦)

=𝑖 ×
𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑖𝑥 −𝑦) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑖𝑥 +𝑦)
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑥 −𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑖𝑥 +𝑦) 1
= −𝑖 ∵ 𝑖 = −𝑖
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑖𝑥 +𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑖𝑥 +𝑦)
1
Using 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 = 2 [sin 𝐴 + 𝐵 + sin 𝐴 − 𝐵 ]
1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 = 2 cos 𝐴 + 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 − 𝐵
1
sin ix −y + ix +y +sin ix −y − ix +y
2
tanh 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = −𝑖 1
cos ix −y + ix +y +cos ix −y − ix +y
2
sin ix −y + ix +y +sin ix −y − ix +y
tanh 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = −𝑖 cos ix −y + ix +y +cos ix −y − ix +y
sin ix −y+ix +y +sin ix −y−ix−y
tanh 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = −𝑖 cos ix −y+ix +y +cos ix −y−ix −y

sin 2ix +sin −2y

tanh 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = −𝑖 cos 2ix +cos −2y

sin 2ix −sin 2y

tanh 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = −𝑖 cos 2ix +cos 2y ∵ sin −𝜃 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 , cos −𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

i sinh 2x−sin 2y
tanh 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = −𝑖 ∵ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑥 = 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝑥 , 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝑥
cosh 2x+cos 2y

−𝑖 i sinh 2x−sin 2y
tanh 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = cosh 2x+cos 2y

−i 2 sinh 2x+i sin 2y

tanh 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = cosh 2x+cos 2y

sinh 2x+i sin 2y

tanh 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = ∵ 𝑖 2 = −1
cosh 2x+cos 2y

𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑕2𝑥 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑦 𝑎+𝑏 𝑎 𝑏

= cosh 2x+cos 2y + cosh 2x+cos 2y ∵ =𝑐+𝑐
𝑐

𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑕2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑦

tanh 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = cosh 2x+cos 2y + 𝑖 cosh 2x+cos 2y

𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝐱 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐮
Ex3. If 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐱 + 𝐢𝐲 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡
(𝐮 + 𝐢𝐯) Prove that =
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡𝟐𝐲 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐯

(u + iv) ….. (1)

Sol. Given that tan x + iy = sin⁡

Separating into real and imaginary parts

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 sin ⁡
(x+iy )
tan x + iy = cos ⁡(x+iy )

sin ⁡
(x+iy ) cos ⁡
(x−iy )
= cos ⁡(x+iy ) × cos ⁡(x−iy )

sin x+iy cos ⁡(x−iy )

= cos x+iy cos ⁡
(x−iy )

2sin x+iy cos ⁡

(x−iy )
= 2cos [ Dividing and Multiplying by 2 ]
x+iy cos ⁡
(x−iy )

Using 2 sinA cosB = sin A + B + sin⁡

(A − B)

2cosA cosB = cos A + B + cos⁡

(A − B)

sin x + iy + x − iy + sin x + iy − x − iy
tan x + iy =
cos x + iy + x − iy + cos x + iy − x − iy
sin 2x+sin 2iy
tan x + iy = cos 2x+cos 2iy

sin 2x+isinh 2y
tan x + iy = cos 2x+cosh 2y [ sinix = i sinhx, cosix = coshx ]

sin 2x sinh 2y
tan x + iy = cos 2x+cosh 2y + i cos 2x+cosh 2y

Now we need to convert sin⁡

(u + iv) into real and imaginary parts

Using sin A + B = sinA cosB + cosA sinB

sin u + iv = sinu cosiv + cosu siniv .

= sinu coshv + icosu sinhv . [ sinix = i sinhx, cosix = coshx ]

Equation (1) becomes

tan x + iy = sin⁡
(u + iv)
sin 2x sinh 2y
+i = sinu coshv + icosu sinhv
cos 2x+cosh 2y cos 2x+cosh 2y

Equating Real and imaginary parts of both sides, we get

sin 2x
= sinu coshv …………. (2)
cos 2x+cosh 2y

sinh 2y
= cosu sinhv ……….. (3)
cos 2x+cosh 2y

Dividing (2) by (3)

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 sin 2x
cos 2x +cosh 2y sinu coshv
sinh 2y = cosu sinhv
cos 2x +cosh 2y

sinu
sin 2x cosu
= sinhv [Readjustment]
sinh 2y
coshv

sin 2x tanu
= tanv
sinh 2y

Hence Proved.
𝐢𝛑
Ex4. If 𝛂 + 𝐢𝛃 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡⁡
( 𝐱+ ) Prove that 𝛂𝟐 + 𝛃𝟐 = 𝟏
𝟒

iπ
Sol. Given that α + iβ = tanh⁡
( x+ )
4

iπ
sinh (x+ )
4
α + iβ = iπ
cosh ⁡
(x+ )
4

iπ iπ
sinh (x+ ) cosh ⁡
(x− )
4 4
α + iβ = iπ × iπ
cosh ⁡
(x+ ) cosh ⁡
(x− )
4 4

iπ iπ
sinh x+ cosh ⁡
(x− )
4 4
α + iβ = iπ iπ
cosh x+ cosh ⁡
(x− )
4 4

iπ iπ
2sinh x+ cosh ⁡
(x− )
4 4
α + iβ = iπ iπ [Multiplying and dividing by 2]
2cosh x+ cosh ⁡
(x− )
4 4

Using 2sinhA coshB = sinh A + B + sinh A − B

2coshA coshB = cosh A + B + cosh⁡

(A − B)
iπ iπ iπ iπ
sinh x+ + x− +sin ⁡
[ x+ − x− ]
4 4 4 4
α + iβ = iπ iπ iπ iπ
cosh x+ + x− +cosh ⁡
[ x+ − x− ]
4 4 4 4

iπ
sinh 2x+sinh
2
α + iβ = iπ
cosh 2x+cosh
2

π
sinh 2x+i sin
2
α + iβ = π [ sinhix = isinx, coshix = i cosx ]
cosh 2x+cos
2

sinh 2x+i π π
α + iβ = [sin 2 = 1, cos 2 = 0 ]
cosh 2x

sinh 2x 1
α + iβ = cosh 2x + i cosh 2x

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Equating real and imaginary parts
sinh 2x 1
α = cosh 2x , β = cosh 2x

sinh 2 2x 1
α2 + β2 = cosh 2 2x
+ cosh 2 2x

sinh 2 2x+1
= cosh 2 2x

cosh 2 2x
= cosh 2 2x
[cosh 2 x − sinh 2 x = 1 ]

=1

Hence Proved.

Note: 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 1 , 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕2 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕2 𝜃 = 1

Ex5.If 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜶 + 𝒊𝜷 = 𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚 prove that

𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
(i) + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉 𝟐 𝜷 = 𝟏
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝟐 𝜷
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
(ii) − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝜶 = 𝟏
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐 𝜶

Sol. We have

sin 𝛼 + 𝑖𝛽 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦

𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = sin 𝛼 + 𝑖𝛽

Using sin 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵

𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝛽 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑖𝛽

𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝛽 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝛽 [ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑥 = 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝑥, 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝑥]

𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝛽 + 𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝛽

Equating real and imaginary parts of both sides

𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝛽, 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝛽

(i) We have 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝛽, 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝛽

𝑥 𝑦
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 , 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑕𝛽 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑕𝛽

Squaring, we get

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 𝑥2 𝑦2
2𝛽
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝛼 , = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑕 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑕 2 𝛽
𝑥2 𝑦2
+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑕 2 𝛽 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝛼 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 = 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑕 2 𝛽
Hence Proved
(ii) We have 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝛽, 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝛽
𝑥 𝑦
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝛽 , = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝛽
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
Squaring we get
𝑥2 𝑦2
2𝛼 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕 2 𝛽 , = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕 2 𝛽
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼

𝑥2 𝑦2
− = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕 2 𝛽 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕 2 𝛽 = 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼

Hence Proved.

𝐱𝟐 𝐲𝟐
Ex6. If 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛂 + 𝐢𝛃 = 𝐱 + 𝐢𝐲 prove that 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝟐 𝛃 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝟐 𝛃 = 𝟏 (F.E.May/June 2014)

Ans: We have

cos α + iβ = x + iy

x + iy = cos α + iβ

= cosα cosiβ − sinα siniβ ∵ cos A + B = cosA cosB − sinA sinB

x + iy = cosα coshβ − i sinα sinhβ [ sinix = i sinhx, cosix = coshx]

Equating real and imaginary parts of both sides

x = cosα coshβ, y = −sinα sinhβ

We have
x y
= cosα , − sinh β = sinα
cosh β

Squaring, we get
x2 y2
= cos 2 α , = sin 2 α
cosh 2 β sinh 2 β

x2 y2
∴ cosh 2 β + sinh 2β = cos 2 α + sin 2 α = 1

Hence Proved

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 𝐱𝟐 𝐲𝟐 𝐱𝟐 𝐲𝟐
Ex7. If 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝐮 + 𝐢𝐯 = 𝐱 + 𝐢𝐲 prove that: 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝟐 𝐮 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝟐 𝐮 = 𝟏 , − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐 𝐮 = 𝟏
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝐮

Ans; We have

cosh u + iv = x + iy

x + iy = cosh u + iv

Using cosh A + B = coshA coshB + sinhA sinhB

x + iy = coshu coshiv + sinhu sinhiv

x + iy = coshu cosv + i sinhu sinv [ sinhix = i sinx, coshix = cosx]

Equating real and imaginary parts of both sides

x = coshu cosv, y = sinhu sinv

(i) We have x = coshu cosv, y = sinhu sinv

x y
= cosv , = sinv
coshu sinhu

Using cos 2 v + sin 2 v = 1

x 2 y 2
+ =1
coshu sinhu

x2 y2
2u
+ sinh 2u
=1
cosh

Hence Proved

(ii) We have x = coshu cosv, y = sinhu sinv

x y
cosv
= coshu , sinv
= sinhu

Using cosh 2 u − sinh 2 u = 1

x 2 y 2
− =1
cosv sinv

x2 y2
2u
− sin 2 u = 1
cos

Hence Proved

Copyright Material Page 79 of 130

Ex8. If 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐡 𝛂 + 𝐢𝛃 = 𝐱 + 𝐢𝐲 then prove that

𝐱𝟐 𝐲𝟐 𝐱𝟐 𝐲𝟐
(i) + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝟐 𝛂 = 𝟏 (ii) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝛃 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐 𝛃 = 𝟏 (B.tech.May/June 2015)
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝟐 𝛂

Ans: We have

cosh⁡
(α + iβ) = x + iy

x + iy = cosh⁡
(α + iβ)

= coshα coshiβ + sinhα sinhi [∵ cosh A + B = coshA coshB + sinhA sinhB]

x + iy = coshα cosβ + i sinhα sinβ [ sinhix = i sinx, coshix = cosx]

Equating real and imaginary parts of both sides

x = coshα cosβ , y = sinhα sinβ

(iii) We have x = coshα cosβ, y = sinhα sinβ

x y
= cosβ , = sinβ
cosh α sinh α

Squaring, we get
x2 y2
2α
= cos 2 β , = sin 2 β
cosh sinh 2 α
x2 y2
2α + sinh 2α = cos 2 β + cos 2 α = 1
cosh
Hence Proved
(iv) We have x = coshα cosβ , y = sinhα sinβ
x y
= coshα , sin β = sinhα
cos β
x2 y2
= cosh 2 α , = sinh 2 α
cos 2 β sin 2 β
x2 y2
2β
− = cosh 2 α − sinh 2 α = 1
cos sin 2 β

𝛑
( 𝛂 + 𝐢 𝟒 ) Prove that 𝐱 𝟐 − 𝐲 𝟐 = 𝟐
Ex9. If 𝐱 + 𝐢𝐲 = 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡⁡

π
Sol. Given that x + iy = 2 cosh⁡
(α+i4 )

Using cosh A + B = coshA coshB + sinhA sinhB

π π
x + iy = 2 [coshα cosh i 4 + sinhα sinh i 4 ]

π π
= 2 [coshα cos 4 + i sinhα sin 4 ] [ ∵ sinhix = i sinx, coshix = cosx ]

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 1 1 π π 1
= 2 [coshα + i sinhα ] [ ∵ sin 4 = cos 4 = ]
2 2 2

2
= [coshα + i sinhα]
2

= 2 [coshα + i sinhα]

x + iy = 2 coshα + i 2 sinhα

Equating real and imaginary parts

x = 2 coshα , y = 2 sinhα

∴ x 2 − y 2 = 2 cosh 2 α − 2 sinh 2 α = 2 cosh 2 α − sinh 2 α = 2 1 = 2

Hence Proved.

Ex10. Separate 𝐭𝐚𝐧 −𝟏 𝐱 + 𝐢𝐲 into real and imaginary parts. [B.tech.Nov/Dec 2008]

Ans: Let, tan −1 x + iy = a + ib …….. (1)

x + iy = tan⁡
(a + ib)

tan a + ib = x + iy

tan a − ib = x + iy

Now Real part is given by

tan2a = tan⁡
[ a + ib + a − ib ]
tanA +tanB
Using tan A + B = 1−tanA tanB

tan a+ib +tan ⁡

(a−ib )
tan2a = 1−tan a+ib tan ⁡
(a−ib )

x+iy +(x−iy )
tan2a = 1− x+iy (x−iy )

2x
tan2a = 1− x 2 −i 2 y 2

2a
tan2a = 1− x 2 +y 2

2x
tan2a = 1−x 2 −y 2

2x
2a = tan −1 1−x 2 −y 2

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 1 2x
a = 2 tan −1 1−x 2 −y 2

To find imaginary part we have

tan2ib = tan⁡
[ a + ib − a − ib ]
tanA −tanB
Using tan A − B = 1+tanA tanB

tan a+ib −tan ⁡

(a−ib )
tan2ib = 1+tan a+ib tan ⁡
(a−ib )

x+iy −(x−iy )
tan2ib= 1+ x+iy (x−iy )

2iy
=
1+ x 2 +y 2

2iy
tan2ib = 1+x 2 +y 2

2iy
i tanh2b = 1+x 2 +y 2

2y
tanh2b = 1+x 2 +y 2

2y
2b = tanh −1
1+x 2 +y 2

1 2y
b = 2 tanh −1 1+x 2 +y 2

Equation (1) becomes

1 2x 1 2y
tan −1 (x + iy) = 2 tan −1 1−x 2 −y 2
+i 2
tanh −1 1+x 2 +y 2

Ex11. If 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜶 + 𝒊𝜷 = 𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚 Prove that

(a) 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝟐𝜶 = 𝟏
(b) 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝒚 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒉𝟐𝜷 = −𝟏

Sol. Given that tan 𝛼 + 𝑖𝛽 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦

tan 𝛼 − 𝑖𝛽 = 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦

(a) 𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝛼 = tan[(𝛼 + 𝑖𝛽) + 𝛼 − 𝑖𝛽 ]

𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 +𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
Using tan 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 1−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
tan 𝛼+𝑖𝛽 +tan 𝛼−𝑖𝛽
𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝛼 = 1−tan 𝛼 +𝑖𝛽 tan 𝛼−𝑖𝛽

Copyright Material Page 82 of 130

 𝑥 +𝑖𝑦 +(𝑥−𝑖𝑦 )
𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝛼 = 1− 𝑥+𝑖𝑦 (𝑥−𝑖𝑦 )
𝑥+𝑖𝑦 +𝑥−𝑖𝑦
𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝛼 = 1− 𝑥 2 − 𝑖𝑦 2
∵ 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑎 − 𝑏 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2
2𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝛼 = 1− 𝑥 2 −𝑖 2 𝑦 2

2𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝛼 = 1− 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 ∵ 𝑖 2 = −1
2𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝛼 = 1−𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
2𝑥
1 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2𝛼
1
1 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 2𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2𝛼
1
1 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡2𝛼 ∵ = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
1 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡2𝛼

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡2𝛼 = 1

(b) 𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝑖𝛽 = tan[(𝛼 + 𝑖𝛽) − (𝛼 − 𝑖𝛽)]

𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 −𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
Using tan 𝐴 − 𝐵 = 1+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
tan 𝛼 +𝑖𝛽 −tan 𝛼−𝑖𝛽
𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝑖𝛽 =
1+tan 𝛼 +𝑖𝛽 tan 𝛼−𝑖𝛽
𝑥+𝑖𝑦 −(𝑥−𝑖𝑦 )
𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝑖𝛽 = 1+ 𝑥+𝑖𝑦 (𝑥−𝑖𝑦 )
𝑥 +𝑖𝑦 −𝑥+𝑖𝑦
𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝑖𝛽 = 1+ 𝑥 2 − 𝑖𝑦 2
∵ 𝑎 − 𝑏 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2

2𝑖𝑦
𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝑖𝛽 = 1+ 𝑥 2 −𝑖 2 𝑦 2
2𝑖𝑦
𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝑖𝛽 = 1+ 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 ∵ 𝑖 2 = −1
2𝑖𝑦
𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝑖𝛽 = 1+𝑥 2 +𝑦 2

2𝑖𝑦
𝑖 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑕2𝛽 = 1+𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 ∵ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑥 = 𝑖 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑕𝑥

2𝑦
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑕2𝛽 = 1+𝑥 2 +𝑦 2

2𝑦
1 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑕2𝛽

1
1 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 2𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑕2𝛽

1 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 2𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑕2𝛽

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 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑕2𝛽 = −1

Hence Proved.
𝛂 𝛑
Ex12. If 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝛉 + 𝐢𝚽 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝛂 + 𝐢 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛂 prove that: 𝐞𝟐ɸ = 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 , 𝟐𝛉 = 𝐧𝛑 + 𝟐 + 𝛂

Ans: We have given

tan θ + iϕ = tanα + i secα

tan θ − iϕ = tanα − i secα

(a) tan2iϕ = tan⁡

[ θ + iϕ − θ − iϕ ]
tanA −tanB
Using tan A − B = 1+tanA tanB

tan θ+iϕ −tan ⁡

(θ−iϕ)⁡
tan2iϕ = 1+ tan θ+iϕ tan θ−iϕ
tan α+i sec α −(tan α−i sec α)
= 1+ tan α+i sec α (tan α−i sec α)
2i sec α
= 1+(tan 2 α−i 2 sec 2 α)
2i sec α
= 1+(tan 2 α+ sec 2 α)
2i sec α
= 1+(sec 2 α−1+ sec 2 α) [ 1 + tan 2 θ = sec 2 θ]
2i se cα
= 1+sec 2 α−1+ sec 2 α
2i sec α
= 2 sec 2 α
i
= sec α

tan2iϕ = i cosα

i tan2hϕ = i cosα

tan2hϕ = cosα

e 2ϕ −e −2ϕ e θ −e −θ
= cosα [ tanθ = e θ +e −θ ]
e 2ϕ +e −2ϕ

e 4ϕ −1
= cosα
e 4ϕ +1

By componendo-dividendo rule

e 4ϕ −1 +(e 4ϕ +1) cos α+1

= cos α−1
e 4ϕ −1 −(e 4ϕ +1)

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2e 4ϕ cos α+1
= cos α−1
−2

cos α+1
−e4ϕ = cos α−1

cos α+1
e4ϕ = 1−cos α

1+cos α
e4ϕ = 1−cos α
α
2 cos 2
e4ϕ = 2
α
2 sin 2
2

α
e4ϕ = cot 2 2

α
(e2ϕ ) 2 = cot 2 2

α
e2ϕ = ±cot 2

Hence Proved

(a) tan2θ = tan⁡

[ θ + iϕ + θ − iϕ ]
tanA +tanB
Using tan A + B = 1−tanA tanB

tan θ+iϕ +tan ⁡

(θ−iϕ)⁡
tan2θ = 1− tan θ+iϕ tan θ−iϕ
tan α+i sec α +(tan α−i sec α)
= 1− tan α+i sec α (tan α−i sec α)
2 tan α
= 1−(tan 2 α−i 2 sec 2 α)
2 tan α
= 1−(tan 2 α+ sec 2 α)
2i sec α
= 1−(tan 2 α+1+tan 2 α) [ 1 + tan 2 θ = sec 2 θ]
2 tan α
= 1−(2 tan 2 α+1)
2 tan α
=
1−2 tan 2 α−1

2 tan α
tan2θ = −2 tan 2 α

1
= − tan α
= − cotα
π
tan2θ = tan⁡
(2+α)

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 π
2θ = ⁡
(2+α)

π
2θ = nπ +⁡
(2+α) [Adding nπ]

1
2θ = n + 2 π + α

Hence Proved.

Ex13. If 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝛉 + 𝐢𝛟 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝛂 + 𝐢 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛂 Prove that

𝛂 𝟏
(a) 𝐞𝟐𝛟 = ±𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 (b) 𝟐𝛉 = 𝐧 + 𝟐 𝛑 + 𝛂

Sol. We have given

tan θ + iϕ = tanα + i secα

tan θ − iϕ = tanα − i secα

(a) tan2iϕ = tan⁡

[ θ + iϕ − θ − iϕ ]
tanA −tanB
Using tan A − B = 1+tanA tanB

tan θ+iϕ −tan ⁡

(θ−iϕ)⁡
tan2iϕ = 1+ tan θ+iϕ tan θ−iϕ
tan α+i sec α −(tan α−i sec α)
= 1+ tan α+i sec α (tan α−i sec α)
2i sec α
= 1+(tan 2 α−i 2 sec 2 α)
2i sec α
= 1+(tan 2 α+ sec 2 α)
2i sec α
= 1+(sec 2 α−1+ sec 2 α) [ 1 + tan 2 θ = sec 2 θ]
2i sec α
= 1+sec 2 α−1+ sec 2 α
2i sec α
= 2 sec 2 α
i
= sec α

tan2iϕ = i cosα

i tan2hϕ = i cosα

tan2hϕ = cosα

e 2ϕ −e −2ϕ e θ −e −θ
= cosα [ tanθ = e θ +e −θ ]
e 2ϕ +e −2ϕ

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e 4ϕ −1
= cosα
e 4ϕ +1

By componendo-dividendo rule

e 4ϕ −1 +(e 4ϕ +1) cos α+1

= cos α−1
e 4ϕ −1 −(e 4ϕ +1)

2e 4ϕ cos α+1
= cos α−1
−2

cos α+1
−e4ϕ = cos α−1

cos α+1
e4ϕ = 1−cos α

1+cos α
e4ϕ = 1−cos α
α
2 cos 2
4ϕ 2
e = α
2 sin 2
2

α
e4ϕ = cot 2 2

α
(e2ϕ ) 2 = cot 2 2

α
e2ϕ = ±cot 2

Hence Proved

(b) tan2θ = tan⁡

[ θ + iϕ + θ − iϕ ]
tanA +tanB
Using tan A + B = 1−tanA tanB

tan θ+iϕ +tan ⁡

(θ−iϕ)⁡
tan2θ = 1− tan θ+iϕ tan θ−iϕ
tan α+i sec α +(tan α−i sec α)
= 1− tan α+i sec α (tan α−i sec α)
2 tan α
=
1−(tan 2 α−i 2 sec 2 α)
2 tan α
= 1−(tan 2 α+ sec 2 α)
2i sec α
= 1−(tan 2 α+1+tan 2 α) [ 1 + tan 2 θ = sec 2 θ]
2 tan α
= 1−(2 tan 2 α+1)
2 tan α
= 1−2 tan 2 α−1

2 tan α
tan2θ = −2 tan 2 α

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 1
= − tan α
= − cotα
π
tan2θ = tan⁡
(2+α)

π
2θ = ⁡
(2+α)

π
2θ = nπ +⁡
(2+α)

1
2θ = n + 2 π + α

Hence Proved.

Ex14. If 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐋𝐨𝐠 𝐱 + 𝐢𝐲 = 𝐚 + 𝐢𝐛 where 𝐚 + 𝐢𝐛 ≠ 𝟏 prove that

𝟐𝐚
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐋𝐨𝐠 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 = 𝟏− [F.E. May/June 2014]
𝐚𝟐 +𝐛𝟐

Ans: Given, tan Log x + iy = a + ib …… (1)

∴ tan Log x − iy = a − ib ………….. 2

Now, tan Log x 2 + y 2 = tan Log x + iy x − iy ∵ a2 + b2 = a + ib (a − ib)

tan Log x 2 + y 2 = tan Log x + iy + Log(x − iy) ∵ Logmn = Logm + Logn

tanA +tanB
Using tan A + B = 1−tanA tanB

tan Log x+iy +tan Log x+iy

tan Log x 2 + y 2 = 1−tan Log x+iy tan Log x−iy

a+ib +(a−ib )
tan Log x 2 + y 2 = 1− a+ib ∵ By 1 and 2
(a−ib )

a + ib + a − ib
tan Log x 2 + y 2 = ∵ a2 − b 2 = a − b a + b
1 − a2 − (ib)2
2a
tan Log x 2 + y 2 = 1− a 2 −i 2 b 2

2a
tan Log x 2 + y 2 = 1− a 2 +b 2 ∵ i2 = −1

Hence Proved.

Copyright Material Page 88 of 130

Ex15. If 𝒙 = 𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝜷, 𝒚 = 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝜷 show that
𝟒𝒙
(a) 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝜶 + 𝒊𝜷 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝜶 − 𝒊𝜷 = 𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐
𝟒𝒊𝒚
(b) 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝜶 − 𝒊𝜷 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝜶 + 𝒊𝜷 = 𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐

Sol. Given that 𝑥 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝛽, 𝑦 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝛽 ….. (1)

1
We have 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝛼 + 𝑖𝛽 = sin 𝛼 +𝑖𝛽

Using 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵

1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝛼 + 𝑖𝛽 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝛽 +𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑖𝛽

1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝛼 + 𝑖𝛽 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 ∵ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑥 = 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝑥 , 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑕𝛽+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑕𝛽

1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝛼 + 𝑖𝛽 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑕𝛽+ 𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑕𝛽

1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝛼 + 𝑖𝛽 = 𝑥 𝑦 [ By (1) ]
+𝑖
2 2

1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝛼 + 𝑖𝛽 = 𝑥 +𝑖𝑦
2

2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝛼 + 𝑖𝛽 = 𝑥+𝑖𝑦

2
Similarly, 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝛼 − 𝑖𝛽 = 𝑥−𝑖𝑦

2 2
(a)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝛼 + 𝑖𝛽 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝛼 − 𝑖𝛽 = 𝑥+𝑖𝑦 + 𝑥−𝑖𝑦

2 𝑥 −𝑖𝑦 +2(𝑥+𝑖𝑦 )
= 𝑥+𝑖𝑦 (𝑥−𝑖𝑦 )

2 𝑥 −𝑖𝑦 +2(𝑥+𝑖𝑦 )
= ∵ 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑎 − 𝑏 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2
𝑥 2 − 𝑖𝑦 2

2𝑥−2𝑖𝑦 +2𝑥+2𝑖𝑦
= 𝑥 2 −𝑖 2 𝑦 2

4𝑥
= 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 ∵ 𝑖 2 = −1

2 2
(b) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝛼 − 𝑖𝛽 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝛼 + 𝑖𝛽 = 𝑥−𝑖𝑦 − 𝑥+𝑖𝑦

2 𝑥 +𝑖𝑦 −2(𝑥−𝑖𝑦 )
= 𝑥−𝑖𝑦 (𝑥+𝑖𝑦 )

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 2 𝑥 +𝑖𝑦 −2(𝑥−𝑖𝑦 )
= ∵ 𝑎 − 𝑏 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2
𝑥 2 − 𝑖𝑦 2

2𝑥+2𝑖𝑦 −2𝑥+2𝑖𝑦
= 𝑥 2 −𝑖 2 𝑦 2

4𝑖𝑦
= 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 ∵ 𝑖 2 = −1

Hence Proved

Ex16. If 𝐱 = 𝟐𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡ɸ , 𝐲 = 𝟐𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡𝚽 prove that

𝟒𝐢𝐲
𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝛉 + 𝐢ɸ − 𝐢𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝛉 − 𝐢ɸ = 𝐱𝟐 +𝐲𝟐 (B.tech.May/June 2014)

Ans: Given, x = 2cosθ coshɸ , y = 2sinθ sinhΦ

1
Now, sec θ + iɸ = cos θ+iɸ

1
sec θ + iɸ = cos θ cosi ɸ−sin θ sini ɸ ∵ cos A + B = cosA cosB − sinA sinB

1
Sec θ + iɸ = cos θ cosh ɸ−i sin θ sinh ɸ ∵ sinix = i sinhx , cosix = coshx

1
Sec θ + iɸ = x y ∵ x = 2cosθ coshɸ , y = 2sinθ sinhΦ
−i
2 2

1
Sec θ + iɸ = x −iy
2

2
Sec θ + iɸ = x−iy

2
Similarly, Sec θ − iɸ = x+iy

2 2
sec θ + iɸ − isec θ − iɸ = x−iy − x+iy

1 1
sec θ + iɸ − isec θ − iɸ = 2 −
x−iy x+iy

x+iy −(x−iy )
sec θ + iɸ − isec θ − iɸ = 2 x−iy (x+iy )

x+iy −x+iy
sec θ + iɸ − isec θ − iɸ = 2 ∵ a + b a − b = a2 − b 2
x 2 −(iy )2

2iy
sec θ + iɸ − isec θ − iɸ = 2 x 2 −i 2 y 2

Copyright Material Page 90 of 130

 2iy
sec θ + iɸ − isec θ − iɸ = 2 ∵ i2 = −1
x 2 +y 2

4iy
sec θ + iɸ − isec θ − iɸ = x 2 +y 2

Hence Proved.
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐳
Ex17. Separate into real and imaginary parts of: (B.tech.May/June 2014)
𝐳+𝟏

Ans: Let, z = x + iy be a complex number.

cosz cos (x+iy )
=
z+1 x+iy +1

Using cos A + B = cosA cosB − sinA sinB

cosz cosx cosiy −sinx siniy
=
z+1 x+1 +iy

cosz cosx coshy −i sinx sinhy

= ∵ sinix = i sinhx , cosix = coshx
z+1 x+1 +iy

cosz cosx co shy −i sinx sinhy x+1 −iy

= × [Rationalizing by taking complex conjugate]
z+1 x+1 +iy x+1 −iy

cosz [cosx coshy −i sinx sinhy ] x+1 −iy

=
z+1 x+1 +iy [ x+1 −iy ]

cosz [cosx coshy −i sinx sinhy ] x+1−iy

= ∵ a + b a − b = a2 − b 2
z+1 (x+1)2 −(iy )2

cosz cosx coshy x+1−iy −i sinx sinhy (x+1−iy )

=
z+1 (x+1)2 −i 2 y 2

cosz x cosx coshy +cosx coshy −iy cosx coshy −ix sinx sinhy −i sinx sinhy +i 2 y sinx sinhy
=
z+1 (x+1)2 −i 2 y 2

cosz x cosx coshy +cosx coshy −iy cosx coshy −ix sinx sinhy −i sinx sinhy −y sinx sinhy
= i2 = −1
z+1 (x+1)2 +y 2

cosz (x cosx coshy +cosx coshy −ysinx sinhy )−iy cosx coshy −ix sinx sinhy −i sinx sinhy
=
z+1 (x+1)2 +y 2

cosz (x cosx coshy +cosx coshy −ysinx sinhy )−i(y cosx coshy +x sinx sinhy +sinx sinhy )
=
z+1 (x+1)2 +y 2

cosz (x cosx coshy +cosx coshy −ysinx sinhy ) (y cosx coshy +x sinx sinhy +sinx sinhy ) a+b a b
= −i =c+c
z+1 (x+1)2 +y 2 (x+1)2 +y 2 c

Copyright Material Page 91 of 130

Ex18. If 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉 + 𝐢𝚽 = 𝐞𝐢𝛂 prove that: 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝛉 = ± 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛂 [B.tech. May/June 2007]

Ans: Given that sin θ + iΦ = eiα

sin θ + iɸ = cosα + i sinα

Using sin A + B = sinA cosB + cosA sinB

sinθ cosiɸ + cosθ siniɸ = cosα + i sinα

sinθ coshɸ + i cosθ sinhɸ = cosα + i sinα [ ∵sinix = i sinhx, cosix = coshx]

Equating real and imaginary parts

sinθ coshɸ = cosα, cosθ sinhɸ = sinα …… (1)

cos α sin α
coshɸ = , sinhɸ = cos θ
sin θ

We know that

cosh 2 ɸ − sinh 2 ɸ = 1

cos α 2 sin α 2
− =1
sin θ cos θ

cos 2 α sin 2 α
2θ − cos 2 θ = 1
sin

(1−sin 2 α) sin 2 α
2θ − cos 2 θ = 1
sin

1 sin 2 α sin 2 α
2θ
− sin 2 θ − cos 2 θ = 1
sin

1 1 1
2θ
− sin 2 α[ sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ ] = 1
sin

1 cos 2 θ+sin 2 θ
2θ
− sin 2 α =1
sin sin 2 θcos 2 θ

1 sin 2 α
2θ
− sin 2 θcos 2 θ = 1 [ ∵ sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1 ]
sin

sin 2 α 1
− sin 2 θcos 2 θ = 1 − sin 2 θ

sin 2 α 1
= −1 + sin 2 θ
sin 2 θcos 2 θ

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 sin 2 α −sin 2 θ+1
2 θcos 2 θ
=
sin cos 2 θ

sin 2 α 1−sin 2 θ
2 θcos 2 θ =
sin sin 2 θ

sin 2 α cos 2 θ
=
sin 2 θcos 2 θ sin 2 θ

sin 2 θcos 2 θ cos 2 θ

sin 2 α = sin 2 θ

sin 2 α = cos 4 θ

cos 4 θ = sin 2 α

(cos 2 θ) 2 = sin 2 α

cos 2 θ = sin 2 α

cos 2 θ = ±sinα

Hence Proved.

Ex19. If 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐱 + 𝐢𝐲 = 𝐞𝐢𝛂 show that: 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡𝟐𝐲 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐𝐱 = 𝟐 [F.E. May/June 2008]

Ans: Given that cos x + iy = eiα

cos θ + iɸ = cosα + i sinα [ ∵By Euler’s Formula , eiθ = cosθ + i sinθ ]

Using cos A + B = cosA cosB − sinA sinB

cosθ cosiɸ − sinθ siniɸ = cosα + i sinα

cosθ coshɸ − i sinθ sinhɸ = cosα + i sinα [ ∵sinix = i sinhx, cosix = coshx]

Equating real and imaginary parts

cosθ coshɸ = cosα, −sinθ sinhɸ = sinα …… (1)

We have by (1)

cos α sin α
coshɸ = cos θ , sinhɸ = − sin θ

We know that

cosh 2 ɸ − sinh 2 ɸ = 1

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 cos α sin α
( cos θ ) 2 − − sin θ 2
=1

cos 2 α sin 2 α
2θ − sin 2 θ = 1
cos

(1−sin 2 α) sin 2 α
2θ
− sin 2 θ = 1
cos

1 sin 2 α sin 2 α
2θ − cos 2θ − sin 2 θ = 1
cos

1 1 1
2θ
− sin 2 α[ cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ ] = 1
cos

1 sin 2 θ+cos 2 θ
2θ
− sin 2 α =1
cos cos 2 θ sin 2 θ

1 sin 2 α
2θ − cos 2θ =1 [ ∵ sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1 ]
cos sin 2 θ

sin 2 α 1
− cos 2 θ sin 2 θ = 1 − cos 2 θ

sin 2 α 1
= −1 + cos 2 θ
cos 2 θ sin 2 θ

sin 2 α −cos 2 θ+1

=
cos 2 θ sin 2 θ cos 2 θ

sin 2 α 1−cos 2 θ
=
cos 2 θ sin 2 θ cos 2 θ

sin 2 α sin 2 θ
= cos 2 θ
cos 2 θ sin 2 θ

sin 2 α = sin 4 θ

sin 4 θ = sin 2 α

we have

cos2θ + cosh2ɸ = 1 − 2sin2 θ + (1 + 2 sinh 2 ɸ)

= 1 − 2sin2 θ + 1 + 2 sinh 2 ɸ

= 2 − 2sin2 θ + 2 sinh 2 ɸ

= 2 − 2( sin2 θ − sinh 2 ɸ)

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 sin 2 α sin α
= 2 − 2( sin2 θ − sin 2 θ ) [ ∵ sinhɸ = − sin θ ]

sin 4 θ−sin 2 α
= 2 − 2( )
sin 2 θ

sin 2 α−sin 2 α
= 2 − 2( ) [ ∵ sin 4 θ = sin 2 α ]
sin 2 θ

=2−0=2

Hence Proved.
𝛑 𝛉
Ex20. Prove that 𝐬𝐢𝐧 −𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛉 = + 𝐢 𝐋𝐨𝐠 𝐜𝐨𝐭
𝟐 𝟐

Sol. Let, sin −1 cosecθ = x + iy …… (1)

cosecθ = sin x + iy

cosecθ = sinx cosiy + cosx siniy

cosecθ = sinx coshy + i cosx sinhy [ ∵ sinix = i sinhx, cosix = coshx ]

Equating real and imaginary parts

cosecθ = sinx coshy, 0 = cosx sinhy

cosecθ = sinx coshy ……. (2)

cosx sinhy = 0 ……… (3)

By (3)

cosx sinhy = 0

cosx = 0 [ ∵ sinhy ≠ 0 ]
π π
cosx = cos 2 [ ∵ cos 2 = 0 ]

π
x= 2

Now by (2)

cosecθ = sinx coshy

π
Put x = 2

π
cosecθ = sin 2 coshy

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 π
cosecθ = coshy [ ∵ sin 2 = 1 ]

coshy = cosecθ

y = cosh −1 (cosecθ)

Using cosh −1 x = Log[ x + x 2 − 1 ]

y = Log[ cosecθ + cose2 θ − 1 ]

y = Log[ cosecθ + cot 2 θ ] [ ∵ 1 + cot 2 θ = cosec 2 θ ]

y = Log[ cosecθ + cotθ ]

1 cos θ
y = Log + sin θ
sin θ

1+cos θ
y = Log sin θ

θ
2 cos 2
2
y = Log θ θ
2 sin cos
2 2

θ
cos
2
y = Log θ
sin
2

θ
y = Log[ cot 2 ]

θ
y = Log cot 2

Equation (1) becomes

π θ
sin −1 cosecθ = 2 + i Log cot 2

Hence Proved.

𝑒 𝜃 −𝑒 −𝜃 𝑒 𝜃 +𝑒 −𝜃 𝑒 𝜃 −𝑒 −𝜃 𝑒 𝜃 −𝑒 −𝜃
Note: 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝜃 = , 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝜃 = , 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑕𝜃 = 𝑒 𝜃 +𝑒 −𝜃 , 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑕𝜃 = 𝑒 𝜃 +𝑒 −𝜃
2 2

Ex21. Prove that 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉 −𝟏 𝒙 = 𝑳𝒐𝒈[ 𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 ]

Sol. Let, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕 −1 𝑥 = 𝑦 ……. (1)

𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝑦

𝑒 𝑦 −𝑒 −𝑦 𝑒 𝜃 −𝑒 −𝜃
𝑥= ∵ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝜃 =
2 2

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2𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑒 −𝑦
1
2𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑒 𝑦

𝑒𝑦 1
2𝑥 = − 𝑒𝑦
1

𝑒𝑦 2 −1 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎𝑑 −𝑏𝑐
2𝑥 = ∵𝑏−𝑑 =
𝑒𝑦 𝑏𝑑

2𝑥𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑦 2
−1

0 = 𝑒𝑦 2
− 2𝑥𝑒 𝑦 − 1

𝑒𝑦 2
− 2𝑥𝑒 𝑦 − 1 = 0

This quadratic equation in 𝑒 𝑦 , of the form 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0

𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −2𝑥, 𝑐 = −1

−𝑏± 𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑐
𝑒𝑦 = 2𝑎

− −2𝑥 ± −2𝑥 2 −4 1 −1
𝑒𝑦 = 2 1

2𝑥± 4𝑥 2 +4
𝑒𝑦 = .
2

2𝑥± 4(𝑥 2 +1)

𝑒𝑦 = 2

2𝑥± 4 (𝑥 2 +1
𝑒𝑦 = ∵ 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑎 𝑏
2

2𝑥±2 𝑥 2 +1
𝑒𝑦 = 2

2𝑥 2 𝑥 2 +1 𝑎±𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
𝑒𝑦 = ± ∵ =𝑐±𝑐
2 2 𝑐

𝑒𝑦 = 𝑥 ± 𝑥2 + 1

Taking positive sign only

𝑒𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑥2 + 1

Taking log of both sides

𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔[𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 1 ]

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𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔[𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 1 ] ∵ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑚𝑛 = 𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑚

𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 1 ∵ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 = 1

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕 −1 𝑥 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔[𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 1 ] [By (1) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕 −1 𝑥 = 𝑦 ]

Hence Proved.

Ex22. Prove that 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 −𝟏 𝒙 = 𝑳𝒐𝒈[ 𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 ]

Sol. Let, 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕 −1 𝑥 = 𝑦 ……. (1)

𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝑦

𝑒 𝑦 +𝑒 −𝑦 𝑒 𝜃 +𝑒 −𝜃
𝑥= {∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝜃 = }
2 2

2𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑦 + 𝑒 −𝑦
1
2𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑦

𝑒𝑦 1
2𝑥 = + 𝑒𝑦
1

𝑒𝑦 2 +1 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎𝑑 −𝑏𝑐
2𝑥 = ∵𝑏−𝑑 =
𝑒𝑦 𝑏𝑑

2𝑥𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑦 2
+1

0 = 𝑒𝑦 2
− 2𝑥𝑒 𝑦 + 1

𝑒𝑦 2
− 2𝑥𝑒 𝑦 + 1 = 0

This quadratic equation in 𝑒 𝑦 , of the form 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0

𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −2𝑥, 𝑐 = 1

−𝑏± 𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑐
𝑥= 2𝑎

− −2𝑥 ± −2𝑥 2 −4 1 1
𝑥= 2 1

2𝑥± 4𝑥 2 −4
𝑒𝑦 = .
2

2𝑥± 4(𝑥 2 −1)

𝑒𝑦 = 2

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 2𝑥± 4 (𝑥 2 −1)
𝑒𝑦 = ∵ 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑎 𝑏
2

2𝑥±2 𝑥 2 −1
𝑒𝑦 = 2

2𝑥 2 𝑥 2 −1 𝑎±𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
𝑒𝑦 = ± ∵ =𝑐±𝑐
2 2 𝑐

𝑒𝑦 = 𝑥 ± 𝑥2 − 1

Taking positive sign only

𝑒𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑥2 − 1

Taking log of both sides

𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔[𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 1 ]

𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔[𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 1 ] ∵ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑚𝑛 = 𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑚

𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 1 ∵ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 = 1

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕 −1 𝑥 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔[𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 1 ] [By (1) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕 −1 𝑥 = 𝑦 ]

Hence Proved.
𝟏 𝟏+𝒙
Ex23. Prove that 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒉 −𝟏 𝒙 = 𝟐 𝑳𝒐𝒈 𝟏−𝒙

Sol. Let, 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑕 −1 𝑥 = 𝑦 …….. (1)

𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑕𝑦

𝑒 𝑦 −𝑒 −𝑦 𝑒 𝜃 −𝑒 −𝜃
𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑦 +𝑒 −𝑦 ∵ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑕𝜃 = 𝑒 𝜃 +𝑒 −𝜃

𝑥 𝑒 𝑦 −𝑒 −𝑦
= 𝑒 𝑦 +𝑒 −𝑦
1

Applying componendo and dividendo rule

𝑎 𝑐 𝑎+𝑏 𝑐+𝑑
If = 𝑑 𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑛 = 𝑐−𝑑 , we get
𝑏 𝑎−𝑏

𝑥+1 𝑒 𝑦 −𝑒 −𝑦 +(𝑒 𝑦 +𝑒 −𝑦 )
=
𝑥−1 𝑒 𝑦 −𝑒 −𝑦 −(𝑒 𝑦 +𝑒 −𝑦 )

𝑥+1 𝑒 𝑦 −𝑒 −𝑦 +𝑒 𝑦 +𝑒 −𝑦
𝑥−1
= 𝑒 𝑦 −𝑒 −𝑦 −𝑒 𝑦 +𝑒 −𝑦

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𝑥+1 2𝑒 𝑦
= −2𝑒 −𝑦
𝑥−1

𝑥+1 𝑒𝑦
= − 𝑒 −𝑦
𝑥−1

𝑥+1
= −𝑒 𝑦 𝑒 𝑦
𝑥−1

𝑥+1
= −𝑒 𝑦+𝑦 ∵ 𝑒 𝑚 𝑒 𝑛 = 𝑒 𝑚 +𝑛
𝑥−1

𝑥+1
= −𝑒 2𝑦
𝑥−1

𝑥+1
−𝑒 2𝑦 =
𝑥−1

𝑥+1
𝑒 2𝑦 = − 𝑥−1

𝑥+1
𝑒 2𝑦 = − 𝑥−1

𝑥+1
𝑒 2𝑦 = −𝑥+1

1+𝑥
𝑒 2𝑦 = 1−𝑥

Taking log of both sides

1+𝑥
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 2𝑦 = log 1−𝑥

1+𝑥
∴ 2𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 = log ∵ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑚𝑛 = 𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑚
1−𝑥

1+𝑥
2𝑦 = log 1−𝑥
∵ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 = 1

1 1+𝑥
𝑦 = 2 log 1−𝑥

1 1+𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑕 −1 𝑥 = 2 log [∵By (1) 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑕 −1 𝑥 = 𝑦 ]
1−𝑥

Hence Proved.
𝟏 𝐱+𝟏
Ex24. Prove that: 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝐡 −𝟏 𝐱 = 𝟐 𝐋𝐨𝐠 𝐱−𝟏 , |𝐱| > 1 [B.tech.Old Nov/Dec 2012]

Ans: Let, coth −1 x = y …….. (1)

x = cothy

Copyright Material Page 100 of 130

 e y +e −y
x = e y −e −y

x e y +e −y
= e y −e −y
1

Applying componendo and dividendo rule, we get

a c a+b c+d
If = d then = c−d
b a−b

x+1 e y +e −y +(e y −e −y )
=
x−1 e y +e −y −(e y −e −y )

x+1 e y +e −y +e y −e −y
=
x−1 e y +e −y −e y +e −y

x+1 2e y
= 2e −y
x−1

x+1 ey
= e −y
x−1

x+1
= ey ey
x−1

x+1
= e2y ∵ em en = em+n
x−1

x+1
e2y =
x−1

x+1
e2y = x−1

x+1
e2y = x−1

Taking Log of both sides

x+1
Loge2y = Log x−1

x+1
2y Loge = Log x−1 ∵ logmn = n Logm

x+1
∴ 2y = Log x−1 ∵ Loge = 1

1 x+1
y = 2 Log x−1

1 x+1
coth −1 x = 2 Log x−1 [∵By (1) coth −1 x = y ]

Hence Proved.

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 𝟑𝒊
Ex25. Separate into real and imaginary parts 𝒄𝒐𝒔 −𝟏 𝟒

3𝑖
Sol. Let, 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 …… (1)
4

3𝑖
= cos 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
4

Using cos 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵

3𝑖
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑦 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑦
4

3𝑖
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝑦 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝑦 [ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑥 = 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝑥, 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝑥 ]
4

3𝑖
4
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝑦 − 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝑦

3𝑖
0+ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝑦 − 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝑦
4

3
0 + 𝑖 4 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝑦 − 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝑦

Equating real and imaginary parts

3
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝑦 = 0 , − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝑦 = 4

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝑦 = 0 …….. (2)

3
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝑦 = − 4 ……. (3)

Now by (2)

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝑦 = 0

But 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝑦 ≠ 0

∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 0
𝜋 𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 = 0 ]

𝜋
𝑥= 2

Now , by (3)
3
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝑦 = − 4

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 𝜋
Put 𝑥 = 2

𝜋 3
𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝑦 = − 4

3 𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝑦 = − 4 [𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 = 1 ]

3
𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕 −1 (− 4 )

Using 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕 −1 𝑥 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 1

3 3 2
𝑦 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔 − + − +1
4 4

3 9
𝑦 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔 − 4 + +1
16

3 25
𝑦 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔 − 4 + 16

3 5
𝑦 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔 − 4 + 4

1
𝑦 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔 2

Equation (1) becomes

3𝑖
𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
4

3𝑖 𝜋 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 = 2 + 𝑖 𝐿𝑜𝑔( 2 )
4

Ex26. If 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚 = 𝒊 where x and y are real, prove that x is indeterminate and y is
infinite.

Sol. Given that tan 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑖

tan 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦 = −𝑖

Now, 𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝑥 = tan 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 + 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦

𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 +𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
Using tan 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 1−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵

tan 𝑥+𝑖𝑦 +tan 𝑥−𝑖𝑦

𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝑥 = 1−tan 𝑥+𝑖𝑦 tan 𝑥−𝑖𝑦

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 𝑖+ −𝑖
𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝑥 = 1−𝑖 (−𝑖)

𝑖−𝑖
𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝑥 = 1+𝑖 2

𝑖−𝑖
𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝑥 = 1−1 ∵ 𝑖 2 = −1

0
𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝑥 = 0

Which is indeterminate

∴ x is indeterminate

Now , 𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝑖𝑦 = tan 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 − 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦

𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 −𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
Using tan 𝐴 − 𝐵 = 1+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵

tan 𝑥+𝑖𝑦 −tan 𝑥−𝑖𝑦

𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝑖𝑦 = 1+tan 𝑥 +𝑖𝑦 tan 𝑥−𝑖𝑦

i−(−i)
= 1+ i (−i)

i+i
= 1−i 2

i+i
= 1+1 [ ∵ 𝑖 2 = −1]

2i
= 2

𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝑖𝑦 = 𝑖

𝑖 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑕2𝑦 = 𝑖 ∵ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑥 = 𝑖 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑕𝑥

𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑕2𝑦 = 1

2𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑕 −1 (1)
1 1+𝑥
Using 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑕 −1 𝑥 = 2 𝐿𝑜𝑔 1−𝑥

1 1+1
2𝑦 = 2 𝐿𝑜𝑔( 1−1 )

1 2
2𝑦 = 2 𝐿𝑜𝑔( 0 )

1
2𝑦 = 2 𝐿𝑜𝑔∞

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 1
2𝑦 = 2 ∞ [ ∵ 𝐿𝑜𝑔∞ = ∞]

2𝑦 = ∞
∞
𝑦= 2

𝑦=∞

∴ y is infinite.

Tricky Examples:

𝐱
Ex1. Prove that: 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 −𝟏 𝐱 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 −𝟏 [B.tech. Nov/Dec 2012]
𝟏−𝐱 𝟐

−1
Ans: Let, tanh x = y ……. (1)

x = tanhy

We know that

sech 2 y = 1 − tanh 2 y

sech 2 y = 1 − x 2 [ ∵ x = tanhy ]

sechy = 1−x2
1
= 1−x2
coshy

1
coshy = …….. (2)
1−x 2

sinhy
Now, sinhy = coshy × coshy [Adjustment ]

= coshy × tanhy
1
= ×x
1−x 2

x
sinhy =
1−x 2

x
y = sinh −1
1−x 2

−1 x
tanh x = sinh −1 [ ∵ By (1) tanh −1
x = y]
1−x 2

Hence Proved.

Copyright Material Page 105 of 130

 𝟏 𝟏
Ex2. Prove that: 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 −𝟏 𝐱 = 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡 −𝟏 [B.tech.Nov/Dec 2008]
𝟐𝐱 𝟏−𝐱 𝟐

Ans: Let, sinh −1 x = y ……… (1)

x = sinhy …………. (2)

We know that

cosh 2 x − sinh 2 x = 1

cosh 2 y − sinh 2 y = 1

cosh 2 y = 1 + sinh 2 y

cosh 2 y = 1 + x 2 [∵ x = sinhy]

coshy = 1 + x 2 ……….. (3)

1
Now, cosech2y = sinh 2y

1
cosech2y = 2 sinhy ∵ sinh2y = 2 sinhy coshy
coshy

1
cosech2y = [ ∵ By (2) and (3)]
2x 1+x 2

1
2y = cosech−1
2x 1+x 2

1 1
y = 2 cosech−1
2x 1+x 2

1 1
sinh −1 x = 2 cosech−1 [∵ By (1)]
2x 1+x 2

Hence Proved.
𝛑 𝐱
Ex3. Prove that 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 −𝟏 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐱 = 𝐋𝐨𝐠 𝐭𝐚𝐧⁡
(𝟒+𝟐)

Sol. Let, LHS = sinh −1 tanx

Using sinh −1 x = Log[ x + x 2 + 1 ]

LHS = Log[ tanx + tan 2 x + 1 ]

LHS = Log[ tanx + sec 2 x ] [ ∵ 1 + tan 2 θ = sec 2 θ]

LHS = Log[ tanx + secx ]

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 sinx 1
LHS = Log + cosx
cosx

sinx +1
LHS = Log cosx

1+sinx
LHS = Log cosx

x x
(cos +sin ) 2 θ θ θ θ
2
LHS = Log 2 2
2 x −sin 2 x
[ ∵ 1 + sinθ = cos 2 + sin 2 , cosθ = cos 2 2 − sin 2 2 ]
cos
2 2

x x
(cos +sin ) 2
2 2
LHS = Log x x x x
(cos −sin )(cos +sin )
2 2 2 2

x x
cos +sin
2 2
LHS = Log x x
cos −sin
2 2

x
1+tan
2
LHS = Log x
1−tan
2

π x 1−tan θ π
LHS = Log[tan⁡
( 4 + 2 )] [∵ = tan +θ ]
1+tan θ 4

π x
LHS = Log tan⁡
(4+2)

LHS = RHS

Hence Proved.
𝛂
Ex4. Prove that: 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡 −𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛂 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐜𝐨𝐭 [B.tech. May/June 2008]
𝟐

Ans: We know that

1+ 1−x 2
sech −1 x = Log
x

It follows that

1+ 1−sin 2 α
sech −1 (sinα) = Log sin α

1+ cos 2 α
sech −1 (sinα) = Log sin α

1+cos α
sech −1 (sinα) = Log sin α

α
2cos 2 θ θ θ
−1
sech (sinα) = Log α
2
α ∵ sinθ = 2sin 2 cos 2 , 1 + cosθ = 2cos 2 2
2sin cos
2 2

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 α
cos
sech −1 (sinα) = Log α
2
sin
2

α
sech −1 (sinα) = Log cot 2

Hence Proved.

Ex5. Show that 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 −𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 −𝟏 (𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛉)

Ans: LHS = tanh −1 cosθ

1 1+x
Using tanh −1 x = 2 Log 1−x

1 1+cos θ
LHS = 2 Log 1−cos θ

θ
1 2cos 2
2
LHS = 2 Log θ
2sin 2
2

θ
1 cos 2
2
LHS = 2 Log θ
sin 2
2

1 θ
LHS = 2 Log cot 2 2

1 θ 2
LHS = 2 Log cot 2

1 θ
LHS = 2 2 Log cot 2 ∵ Logmn = n Logm

θ
LHS = Log cot 2 …………… (1)

RHS = cosh −1 (cosecθ)

Using cosh −1 x = Log[ x + x 2 − 1 ]

RHS = Log cosecθ + cosec 2 θ − 1

RHS = Log cosecθ + cot 2 θ ∵ 1 + cot 2 θ = cosec 2 θ

RHS = Log cosecθ + cotθ

1 cos θ
RHS = Log + sin θ
sin θ

1+cos θ a b a+b
RHS = Log ∵ +c =
sin θ c c

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 θ
2 cos 2
2
RHS = Log θ θ
2sin cos
2 2

θ
cos
2
RHS = Log θ
sin
2

θ
RHS = Log cot 2 ………….. (2)

By (1) and (2)

LHS = RHS

Hence Proved

Ex6. Prove that 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 −𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 −𝟏 (𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛉)

Ans: Ans: LHS = tanh −1 sinθ

1 1+x
Using tanh −1 x = 2 Log 1−x

1 1+sin θ
LHS = 2 Log 1−sin θ

θ θ
1 (cos +sin ) 2
2 2
LHS = Log θ θ
2 (cos +sin ) 2
2 2

θ θ 2
1 cos +sin
2 2 a2 a 2
LHS = 2 Log θ θ ∵ =
cos −sin b2 b
2 2

θ θ
1 cos +sin
LHS = 2 2 Log 2
θ
2
θ ∵ Logmn = n Logm
cos −sin
2 2

θ
1+tan
2
LHS = Log θ
1−tan
2

π θ 1−tan θ π
LHS = Log[tan⁡
( 4 + 2 )] [∵ = tan +θ ]
1+tan θ 4

π θ
( 4 + 2 ) …………. (1)
LHS = Log tan⁡

RHS = cosh −1 (secθ)

Using cosh −1 x = Log[ x + x 2 − 1 ]

RHS = Log secθ + sec 2 θ − 1

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RHS = Log secθ + tan 2 θ ∵ 1 + tan 2 θ = sec 2 θ

RHS = Log secθ + tanθ

1 sin θ
RHS = Log + cos θ
cos θ

1+sin θ a b a+b
RHS = Log ∵ +c =
cos θ c c

θ θ 2
cos +sin θ θ θ θ
2
RHS = Log 2 2
2 θ −sin 2 θ
[ ∵ 1 + sinθ = cos 2 + sin 2 , cosθ = cos 2 2 − sin 2 2 ]
cos
2 2

θ θ 2
cos +sin
RHS = Log θ
2
θ
2
θ θ ∵ a2 − b 2 = a − b a + b
cos −sin cos +sin
2 2 2 2

θ θ
cos +sin
2 2
RHS = Log θ θ
cos −sin
2 2

θ θ
cos +sin
2 2
RHS = Log θ θ
cos −sin
2 2

θ
1+tan
2
RHS = Log θ
1−tan
2

π θ 1−tan θ π
RHS = Log[tan⁡
( 4 + 2 )] [∵ = tan +θ ]
1+tan θ 4

π θ
( 4 + 2 ) ……….. (2)
RHS = Log tan⁡

By (1) and (2)

LHS = RHS

Hence Proved
𝛉
Ex7. Prove that 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡 −𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉 = 𝐋𝐨𝐠𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐

Ans: LHS = sech −1 sinθ

1+ 1−x 2
Using sech −1 x = Log x

1+ 1−sin 2 θ
LHS = Log sin θ

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 1+ cos 2 θ
LHS = Log sin θ

1+cos θ
LHS = Log sin θ

θ
2 cos 2
2
LHS = Log θ θ
2 sin cos
2 2

θ
cos
2
LHS = Log θ
sin
2

θ
LHS = Log cot
2

LHS = RHS

Hence Proved.

Expansion of series by De-moivres theorem:

1
Let, 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 , = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑥

1 1
∴ 𝑥 + 𝑥 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 , 𝑥 − 𝑥 = 2𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

1 1
In General, 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑚𝜃 = 𝑥 𝑚 + 𝑥 𝑚 , 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚𝜃 = 𝑥 𝑚 − 𝑥 𝑚

Formulae
𝟏
(A) 𝟐𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 = 𝒙 − 𝒙
𝟏
(B) 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 = 𝒙 + 𝒙
𝟏
(C) 𝒙𝒎 − 𝒙𝒎 = 𝟐𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒎𝜽
𝟏
(D) 𝒙𝒎 + 𝒙𝒎 = 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒎𝜽

Ex1. Express 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟕 𝜽 as a sum of sines of multiples of 𝜽.

Sol. We know that

1
2𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑥 − 𝑥

Taking 7th power of both sides

1 7
(2𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) 7 = 𝑥 − 𝑥

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 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5
27 𝑖 7 𝑠𝑖𝑛7 𝜃 = 𝑥 7 − 7𝐶1 𝑥 6 + 7𝐶2 𝑥 5 − 7𝐶3 𝑥 4 + 7𝐶4 𝑥 3 − 7𝐶5 𝑥 2
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

1 6 1 7
+7𝐶6 𝑥1 − 7𝐶7 𝑥 0
𝑥 𝑥

35 21 7 1
27 𝑖 7 𝑠𝑖𝑛7 𝜃 = 𝑥 7 − 7𝑥 5 + 21𝑥 3 − 35𝑥 + − 𝑥3 + 𝑥5 − 𝑥7
𝑥

1 7 21 35
27 𝑖 7 𝑠𝑖𝑛7 𝜃 = 𝑥 7 − 𝑥 7 − 7𝑥 5 + 𝑥 5 + 21𝑥 3 − 𝑥 3 − 35𝑥 + 𝑥

1 1 1 1
27 𝑖 7 𝑠𝑖𝑛7 𝜃 = 𝑥 7 − 𝑥 7 − 7 𝑥 5 − 𝑥 5 + 21 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 3 − 35 𝑥 − 𝑥

1
Using 𝑥 𝑚 − 𝑥 𝑚 = 2𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚𝜃

27 𝑖 7 𝑠𝑖𝑛7 𝜃 = (2𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛7𝜃) − 7(2𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝜃) + 21(2𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝜃) − 35(2𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) [ ∵By (1)]

27 𝑖 7 𝑠𝑖𝑛7 𝜃 = 2𝑖 [ 𝑠𝑖𝑛7𝜃 − 7 𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝜃 + 21 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝜃 − 35 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ]

2𝑖
𝑠𝑖𝑛7 𝜃 = 27 𝑖 7 [ 𝑠𝑖𝑛7𝜃 − 7 𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝜃 + 21 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝜃 − 35 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ]

1
𝑠𝑖𝑛7 𝜃 = 26 𝑖 6 [ 𝑠𝑖𝑛7𝜃 − 7 𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝜃 + 21 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝜃 − 35 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ]

1
𝑠𝑖𝑛7 𝜃 = − 64 [ 𝑠𝑖𝑛7𝜃 − 7 𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝜃 + 21 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝜃 − 35 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ] ∵ 𝑖 6 = −1

Ex2. Express 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟖 𝜽 as a sum of cosines multiples of 𝜽

Sol: Sol. We know that

1
2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑥 + 𝑥

Taking 8th power of both sides

1 8
(2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) 8 = 𝑥 + 𝑥

1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5
28 𝑐𝑜𝑠 8 𝜃 = 𝑥 8 + 8𝐶1 𝑥 7 + 8𝐶2 𝑥 6 + 8𝐶3 𝑥 5 + 8𝐶4 𝑥 4 + 8𝐶5 𝑥 3
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

1 6 1 7 1 8
+8𝐶6 𝑥 2 + 8𝐶7 𝑥1 + 8𝐶8 𝑥 0
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

56 28 8 1
28 𝑐𝑜𝑠 8 𝜃 = 𝑥 8 + 8𝑥 6 + 28𝑥 4 + 56𝑥 2 + 70 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 6 + 𝑥 8

1 8 28 56
28 𝑐𝑜𝑠 8 𝜃 = 𝑥 8 + 𝑥 8 + 8𝑥 6 + 𝑥 6 + 28𝑥 4 + 𝑥 4 + 56𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 + 70

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 1 1 1 1
28 𝑐𝑜𝑠 8 𝜃 = 𝑥 8 + 𝑥 8 + 8 𝑥 6 + 𝑥 6 + 28 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 4 + 56 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 + 70

1
Using 𝑥 𝑚 + 𝑥 𝑚 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑚𝜃

28 𝑐𝑜𝑠 8 𝜃 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠8𝜃 + 8 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠6𝜃 + 28 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝜃 + 56 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 + 70

28 𝑐𝑜𝑠 8 𝜃 = 2[𝑐𝑜𝑠8𝜃 + 8𝑐𝑜𝑠6𝜃 + 28𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝜃 + 56𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 + 35]

2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 8 𝜃 = 28 [𝑐𝑜𝑠8𝜃 + 8𝑐𝑜𝑠6𝜃 + 28𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝜃 + 56𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 + 35]

1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 8 𝜃 = 27 [𝑐𝑜𝑠8𝜃 + 8𝑐𝑜𝑠6𝜃 + 28𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝜃 + 56𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 + 35]

1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 8 𝜃 = 128 [𝑐𝑜𝑠8𝜃 + 8𝑐𝑜𝑠6𝜃 + 28𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝜃 + 56𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 + 35]

Ex3. Prove that:

𝟏𝟐𝟖 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝛉 𝟒
= 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟖𝛉 − 𝟖 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟔𝛉 + 𝟐𝟖 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟒𝛉 − 𝟓𝟔 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐𝛉 + 𝟑𝟓

Ans: We have 1 − cos 2 θ 4

i. e. sin 2 θ 4
i. e. sin 8 θ

We know that
1
2i sinθ = x − x

Taking 8th power of both sides

1 8
(2i sinθ)8 = x − x

1 8
28 i8 sin8 θ = x − x

1 8.7 1 2 8.7.6 1 3 8.7.6.5 1 4 8.7.6.5.4 1 5

28 i8 sin8 θ = x 8 − 8 x 7 + x6 − x5 + x4 − x3
x 2! x 3! x 4! x 5! x

8.7.6.5.4.3 1 6 8.7.6.5.4.3.2 1 7 8.7.6.5.4.3.2.1 1 8

+ x2 − x + x0
6! x 7! x 8! x

56 28 8 1
28 i8 sin8 θ = x 8 − 8 x 6 + 28 x 4 − 56 x 2 + 70 − x 2 + x 4 − x 6 + x 8

1 8 28 56
28 i8 sin8 θ = x 8 + x 8 + −8 x 6 − x 6 + 28 x 4 + x 4 + −56 x 2 − x 2 + 70

1 1 1 1
28 i8 sin8 θ = x 8 + x 8 + 8 x 6 + x 6 + 28 x 4 + x 4 − 56 x 2 + x 2 + 70

1
Using x m + x m = 2cosmθ

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28 i8 sin8 θ = 2cos8θ + 8 2cos6θ + 28 2cos4θ − 56 2cos2θ + 70

28 i8 sin8 θ = 2 cos8θ + 8cos6θ + 28cos4θ − 56cos2θ + 35

28 i 8 sin 8 θ
= cos8θ + 8cos6θ + 28cos4θ − 56cos2θ + 35
2

27 i8 sin8 θ = cos8θ + 8cos6θ + 28cos4θ − 56cos2θ + 35

128 sin8 θ = cos8θ + 8cos6θ + 28cos4θ − 56cos2θ + 35 ∵ i8 = i4 i4 = 1 1 = 1

128 sin 2 θ 4
= cos8θ + 8cos6θ + 28cos4θ − 56cos2θ + 35

128 1 − cos 2 θ 4
= cos8θ − 8 cos6θ + 28 cos4θ − 56 cos2θ + 35

Hence Proved.

Ex4. Expand 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟓 𝛉 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑 𝛉 in a series of sines multiples of 𝛉. [F.E.Nov/Dec 2007]

Ans: We know that

1
2isinθ = x − x

1
2cosθ = x + x

5 3 1 5 1 3
2isinθ 2cosθ = x −x x +x

3
5 5 5 3 3 1 2 1 3 1
2 i sin θ 2 cos θ = x − x x −x x +x [Adjustment]

1 2 1 1 3
28 i5 sin5 θ cos3 θ = x − x x −x x +x

1 2 1 3
28 i5 sin5 θ cos3 θ = x − x x2 − x2 ∵ a2 − b 2 = a − b a + b

1 2.1 1 2
28 i5 sin5 θ cos3 θ = x 2 − 2 x + x0
x 2! x

1 3.2 1 2 3.2.1 1 3
x2 3
− 3 x2 2
+ x2 1
− x2 0
x2 2! x2 3! x2

1 3 1
28 i5 sin5 θ cos3 θ = x 2 − 2 + x 2 x6 − 3 x2 + x2 − x6

1 6 2 3 1
28 i5 sin5 θ cos3 θ = x 8 − 3 x 4 + 3 − x 4 − 2x 6 + 6x 2 − x 2 + x 6 + x 4 − 3 + x 4 − x 8

1 3 1 2 6
28 i5 sin5 θ cos3 θ = (x 8 − x 8 ) + ( − 3 x 4 + x 4 ) + x 4 − x 4 + −2x 6 + x 6 + 6x 2 − x 2

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 1 1 1 1 1
28 i5 sin5 θ cos3 θ = (x 8 − x 8 ) − 3( x 4 − x 4 ) − x 4 − x 4 − 2 x 6 − x 6 + 6 x 2 − x 2

1
Using x m − x m = 2i sinmθ

28 i5 sin5 θ cos3 θ = 2i sin8θ − 3( 2i sin4θ) − 2i sin4θ − 2 2i sin6θ + 6 2i sin2θ

28 i5 sin5 θ cos3 θ = 2i [sin8θ − 3sin4θ − sin4θ − 2sin6θ + 6sin2θ]

2i
sin5 θ cos3 θ = [sin8θ − 3sin4θ − sin4θ − 2sin6θ + 6sin2θ]
28 i 5

1
sin5 θ cos3 θ = [sin8θ − 3sin4θ − sin4θ − 2sin6θ + 6sin2θ]
27 i 4

1
sin5 θ cos3 θ = 128 [sin8θ − 3sin4θ − sin4θ − 2sin6θ + 6sin2θ] [∵ i4 = 1]

Ex5.Prove that:

𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟕𝜽 = 𝟕𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 − 𝟓𝟔 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑 𝜽 + 𝟏𝟏𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟓 𝜽 − 𝟔𝟒 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟕 𝜽

Sol. By De-Moivres theorem

𝑛
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃
𝑛
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

Put 𝑛 = 7
7
𝑐𝑜𝑠7𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛7𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

Applying Binomial theorem on RHS

𝑐𝑜𝑠7𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛7𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 7 𝜃 + 7𝐶1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 𝜃 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 7𝐶2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 2

+ 7𝐶3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 3

+ 7𝐶4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 4

+7𝐶5 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 5
+7𝐶6 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 6
+ 7𝐶7 𝑐𝑜𝑠 0 𝜃 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 7

𝑐𝑜𝑠7𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛7𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 7 𝜃 + 7𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 𝜃 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 21𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃 𝑖 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃 + 35𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃 𝑖 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝜃

+ 35 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 𝑖 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4 𝜃+21𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑖 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5 𝜃+7𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃 𝑖 6 𝑠𝑖𝑛 6 𝜃 + (1) 𝑖 7 𝑠𝑖𝑛 7 𝜃

Using 𝑖 2 = −1 , 𝑖 3 = 𝑖 𝑖 2 = 𝑖 −1 = −𝑖 , 𝑖 4 = 𝑖 2 𝑖 2 = −1 −1 = 1 ,

𝑖 5 = 𝑖 2 𝑖 3 = −1 −𝑖 = 𝑖 ,

𝑖 6 = 𝑖 2 𝑖 2 𝑖 2 = −1 −1 −1 = −1 , 𝑖 7 =𝑖 6 𝑖 = −1 𝑖 = −𝑖

𝑐𝑜𝑠7𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛7𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 7 𝜃 + 7𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 21𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃 − 35𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝜃 +
35 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4 𝜃 + 21𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5 𝜃 − 7 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 6 𝜃 − 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 7 𝜃

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𝑐𝑜𝑠7𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛7𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 7 𝜃 − 21𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃 + 35 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4 𝜃 − 7 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 6 𝜃 +
(7𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 35𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝜃 + 21𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5 𝜃 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 7 𝜃)

𝑐𝑜𝑠7𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛7𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 7 𝜃 − 21𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃 + 35 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4 𝜃 − 7 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 6 𝜃 +

𝑖(7 𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 35𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝜃 + 21𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 7 𝜃)

Equating imaginary part, we get

𝑠𝑖𝑛7𝜃 = 7 𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 35𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝜃 + 21𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 7 𝜃

𝑠𝑖𝑛7𝜃 = 7 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 3
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 35 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝜃 + 21𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 7 𝜃

Using 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃

𝑠𝑖𝑛7𝜃 = 7 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃 3
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 35 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝜃 + 21(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 7 𝜃
3
Using 𝑎 − 𝑏 = 𝑎3 − 3𝑎2 𝑏 + 3𝑎𝑏 2 − 𝑏 3 , 𝑎 − 𝑏 2
= 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2

𝑠𝑖𝑛7𝜃 = 7 1 − 3𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃 + 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 6 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 35 1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝜃

+ 21(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 7 𝜃

𝑠𝑖𝑛7𝜃 = 7 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 3𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝜃 + 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 7 𝜃 − 35 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝜃 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 5 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 7 𝜃

+21( 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 7 𝜃) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 7 𝜃

𝑠𝑖𝑛7𝜃 = 7𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 21𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝜃 + 21𝑠𝑖𝑛 5 𝜃 − 7𝑠𝑖𝑛 7 𝜃 − 35𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝜃 + 70𝑠𝑖𝑛 5 𝜃 − 35𝑠𝑖𝑛 7 𝜃 +

21𝑠𝑖𝑛 5 𝜃 − 21𝑠𝑖𝑛 7 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 7 𝜃

𝑠𝑖𝑛7𝜃 = 7𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 56 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝜃 + 112 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5 𝜃 − 64 𝑠𝑖𝑛 7 𝜃

Hence Proved

Ex6.Expand 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟔𝜽 and 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟔𝜽 in terms of 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 and 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽

𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟔𝜽
Also prove that = 𝟑𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟓 𝜽 − 𝟑𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑 𝜽 + 𝟔 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽

Sol. . By De-Moivres theorem

𝑛
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃
𝑛
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

Put 𝑛 = 6
6
𝑐𝑜𝑠6𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛6𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

Applying Binomial theorem on RHS

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𝑐𝑜𝑠6𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛6𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 𝜃 + 6𝐶1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 6𝐶2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 2
+ 6𝐶3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 3
+
6𝐶4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 4
+6𝐶5 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 5
+6𝐶6 𝑐𝑜𝑠 0 𝜃 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 6

𝑐𝑜𝑠6𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛6𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 𝜃 + 6 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 15𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃𝑖 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃 + 20 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 𝑖 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝜃 +

15 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑖 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4 𝜃+6 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑖 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5 𝜃+ 1 (1) 𝑖 6 𝑠𝑖𝑛 6 𝜃

Using 𝑖 2 = −1 , 𝑖 3 = 𝑖 𝑖 2 = 𝑖 −1 = −𝑖 , 𝑖 4 = 𝑖 2 𝑖 2 = −1 −1 = 1 ,

𝑖 5 = 𝑖 2 𝑖 3 = −1 −𝑖 = 𝑖 ,

𝑖 6 = 𝑖 2 𝑖 2 𝑖 2 = −1 −1 −1 = −1 , 𝑖 7 =𝑖 6 𝑖 = −1 𝑖 = −𝑖

𝑐𝑜𝑠6𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛6𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 𝜃 + 6𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 15𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃 − 20𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝜃 +
15𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4 𝜃 + 6𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 6 𝜃

= (𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 𝜃 − 15𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃 + 15𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 6 𝜃)+

( 6𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 20𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝜃 + 6𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5 𝜃)

= (𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 𝜃 − 15𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃 + 15𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 6 𝜃)+

𝑖( 6𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 20𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝜃 + 6𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5 𝜃)

Equating Real and imaginary parts, we get

𝑐𝑜𝑠6𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 𝜃 − 15𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃 + 15𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 6 𝜃

𝑠𝑖𝑛6𝜃 = 6𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 20𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝜃 + 6𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5 𝜃

We have

𝑠𝑖𝑛6𝜃 = 6𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 20𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝜃 + 6𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5 𝜃

Dividing by 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

𝑠𝑖𝑛 6𝜃 6𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 20𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝜃 6𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5 𝜃

= − +
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

𝑠𝑖𝑛 6𝜃
= 6𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 20𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝜃 + 6 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5 𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

𝑠𝑖𝑛 6𝜃
= 6 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 20 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝜃 + 6 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5 𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

𝑠𝑖𝑛 6𝜃
= 6(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃) 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 20(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝜃 + 6 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5 𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

2
Using 𝑎 − 𝑏 = 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2

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𝑠𝑖𝑛 6𝜃
= 6(1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4 𝜃)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 20(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝜃 + 6 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5 𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

𝑠𝑖𝑛 6𝜃
= 6(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5 𝜃) − 20(𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5 𝜃) + 6 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5 𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

𝑠𝑖𝑛 6𝜃
= 6𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 12𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝜃 + 6𝑠𝑖𝑛 5 𝜃 − 20 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝜃 + 20 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5 𝜃 + 6 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5 𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

𝑠𝑖𝑛 6𝜃
= 32 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5 𝜃 − 32𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝜃 + 6 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

Hence Proved.

Logarithmic form of a complex variable:

Define Logarithmic form of a complex number

If z and w are two complex numbers and 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑤 then 𝑤 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑧 and if 𝑤 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑧 then 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑤 .

Note: (a) Principal value of complex number 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 is given by

𝐿𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑟 + 𝑖 𝜃

𝐿𝑜𝑔 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑟 − 𝑖 𝜃

Where 𝑟 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 and 𝜃 is depending on the quadrant.

(b) 𝑥 𝑚 = 𝑒 𝑚 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥

Ex1. Express (𝟏 + 𝒊) 𝒊 in the form of 𝒂 + 𝒊𝒃.

Sol. We know that 𝑥 𝑚 = 𝑒 𝑚 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥

𝑖
∴ 1+𝑖 = 𝑒 𝑖 𝐿𝑜𝑔 (1+𝑖) …….(1)

Now, we need to convert 𝐿𝑜𝑔(1 + 𝑖) into real and imaginary parts

We know that 𝐿𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑟 + 𝑖 𝜃 ….….(2)

Comparing 𝐿𝑜𝑔(1 + 𝑖) with 𝐿𝑜𝑔(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) we get

𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 1

It lies in the first quadrant

Now, 𝑟 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = (1)2 + (1)2 = 1 + 1 = 2

𝑦 1 𝜋
𝛼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 1 =
𝑥 1 4

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 𝜋
𝜃=𝛼= 4

Equation (2) becomes

𝜋
∴ 𝐿𝑜𝑔 1 + 𝑖 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔 2 + 𝑖 4

1
𝜋
𝐿𝑜𝑔 1 + 𝑖 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔22 + 𝑖 [∵ 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑚𝑛 = 𝑛 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑚]
4

1 𝜋
𝐿𝑜𝑔 1 + 𝑖 = 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 + 𝑖 4

Putting (3) in equation (1)

1 𝜋
= 𝑒𝑖
𝑖 𝐿𝑜𝑔2+𝑖
1+𝑖 2 4

1 2𝜋
= 𝑒 𝑖 2 𝐿𝑜𝑔2+𝑖 4

1 𝜋
= 𝑒 𝑖 2 𝐿𝑜𝑔2− 4
𝐿𝑜𝑔 2 𝜋
= 𝑒𝑖 2 𝑒 −4 ∵ 𝑒 𝑚 −𝑛 = 𝑒 𝑚 𝑒 −𝑛
𝜋
𝐿𝑜𝑔 2 𝐿𝑜𝑔 2
1+𝑖 𝑖
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑒− 4 [ ∵𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃]
2 2

𝝅
Ex2.Prove that real part of (𝟏 + 𝒊 𝟑) 𝟏+𝒊 𝟑
is 𝟐𝒆−𝝅/ 𝟑
𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡
( 𝟑 + 𝟑 𝑳𝒐𝒈𝟐)

Sol. We know that

𝑥 𝑚 = 𝑒 𝑚 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥

1+𝑖 3 1+𝑖 3 𝐿𝑜𝑔(1+𝑖 3)

∴ 1+𝑖 3 =𝑒 …….(1)

Now, we need to convert 𝐿𝑜𝑔(1 + 𝑖 3) into real and imaginary parts

We know that 𝐿𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟 + 𝑖 𝜃 …… (2)

Comparing 𝐿𝑜𝑔(1 + 𝑖 3) with 𝐿𝑜𝑔(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) we get

Here 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 3

It lies in the first quadrant

Now, 𝑟 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = (1)2 + ( 3)2 = 1 + 3 = 4=2

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 𝑦 3 𝜋
𝛼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 3 =
𝑥 1 3

𝜋
𝜃=𝛼= 3

Equation (2) becomes

𝜋
𝐿𝑜𝑔 1 + 𝑖 3 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔2 + 𝑖 …… (3)
3

Putting equation (3) in (1)

𝜋
1+𝑖 3 1+𝑖 3 [ 𝐿𝑜𝑔 2 +𝑖 ]
1+𝑖 3 =𝑒 3

𝜋 𝜋
3 𝐿𝑜𝑔2+𝑖 2 3
1+𝑖 3 1+𝑖 3
= 𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑔 2+𝑖 3 +𝑖 3

𝜋 𝜋
1+𝑖 3 1+𝑖 3
= 𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑔 2+𝑖 3 +𝑖 3 𝐿𝑜𝑔2− 3
3

𝜋 𝜋
1+𝑖 3 1+𝑖 3
= 𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑔 2+− 3 +𝑖 +𝑖 3 𝐿𝑜𝑔 2
3 3

𝜋 𝜋
1+𝑖 3 1+𝑖 3
= 𝑒 (𝐿𝑜𝑔 2− 3 )+𝑖( + 3 𝐿𝑜𝑔 2)
3 3

𝜋 𝜋
(𝐿𝑜𝑔 2− )
1+𝑖 3 1+𝑖 3
=𝑒 3 𝑒 𝑖( 3 + 3 𝐿𝑜𝑔2)
∵ 𝑒 𝑚 +𝑛 = 𝑒 𝑚 𝑒 𝑛
𝜋 𝜋
−
1+𝑖 3 1+𝑖 3
= 𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑔 2 𝑒 3 𝑒 𝑖( 3 + 3 𝐿𝑜𝑔2)
∵ 𝑒 𝑚 −𝑛 = 𝑒 𝑚 𝑒 −𝑛
𝜋 𝜋
−
1+𝑖 3 1+𝑖 3
=2𝑒 3 𝑒 𝑖( 3 + 3 𝐿𝑜𝑔 2)
[∵ 𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑎 = 𝑎]
𝜋
1+𝑖 3 − 𝜋 𝜋
1+𝑖 3 =2𝑒 3 [𝑐𝑜 𝑠 + 3 𝐿𝑜𝑔2 + 𝑖 sin + 3 𝐿𝑜𝑔2 ]
3 3

𝜋 𝜋
1+𝑖 3 − 𝜋 − 𝜋
1+𝑖 3 =2𝑒 3 𝑐𝑜 𝑠 + 3 𝐿𝑜𝑔2 + 𝑖 2 𝑒 3 sin + 3 𝐿𝑜𝑔2
3 3

This gives

1+𝑖 3 𝜋
Real part of 1 + 𝑖 3 is 2𝑒 −𝜋/ 3
cos⁡
( 3 + 3 𝐿𝑜𝑔2)

𝟐 /𝟖 𝝅
Ex3. Show that real part of 𝒊𝑳𝒐𝒈(𝟏+𝒊) is 𝒆−𝝅 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡
( 𝟒 𝑳𝒐𝒈𝟐)

Sol. We know that

𝑥 𝑚 = 𝑒 𝑚 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥

𝑖 𝐿𝑜𝑔 (1+𝑖) = 𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑔 1+𝑖 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑖

……… (1)

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We know that

𝐿𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟 + 𝑖 𝜃 …………….(2)

We need to find out 𝐿𝑜𝑔 1 + 𝑖

Comparing with log 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 we get

Here 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 1

It lies in first quadrant

Now, 𝑟 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = (1)2 + (1)2 = 1+1= 2

𝑦 1 𝜋
Now, 𝛼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 1 =
𝑥 1 4

𝜋
𝜃=𝛼= 4

Equation (2) becomes

𝜋
𝐿𝑜𝑔 1 + 𝑖 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 + 𝑖 4

1
𝜋
𝐿𝑜𝑔 1 + 𝑖 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔22 + 𝑖 4

1 𝜋
𝐿𝑜𝑔 1 + 𝑖 = 2 𝐿𝑜𝑔2 + 𝑖 …… (3) ∵ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑚𝑛 = 𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑚
4

Now, we have to find 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑖 i.e. 𝑙𝑜𝑔 0 + 𝑖

Comparing with log 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 we get

Here 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1

It lies in first quadrant

Now, 𝑟 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = (0)2 + (1)2 = 0+1= 1=1

𝑦 1 𝜋
𝛼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 ∞ =
𝑥 0 2

𝜋
𝜃=𝛼= 2

Equation (2) becomes

𝜋
∴ 𝐿𝑜𝑔 0 + 𝑖 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔1 + 𝑖 2

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 𝜋
𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑖 = 0 + 𝑖 [ ∵ 𝐿𝑜𝑔1 = 0]
2

𝜋
𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑖 = 𝑖 2 …….(4)

Putting (3) and (4) in (1)

𝑖 𝐿𝑜𝑔 (1+𝑖) = 𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑔 1+𝑖 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑖

1 𝜋 𝜋
𝐿𝑜𝑔2+𝑖 (𝑖 )
𝑖 𝐿𝑜𝑔 (1+𝑖) = 𝑒 2 4 2

𝜋 2
2𝜋
𝑖 𝐿𝑜𝑔 (1+𝑖) = 𝑒 𝑖 4 𝐿𝑜𝑔 2+𝑖 8

𝜋 𝜋2
𝐿𝑜𝑔 1+𝑖 𝑖 𝐿𝑜𝑔 2−
𝑖 = 𝑒 4 8 [ 𝑖 2 = −1 ]
𝜋 𝜋2
𝑖 𝐿𝑜𝑔 1+𝑖
= 𝑒 𝑖 4 𝐿𝑜𝑔 2 𝑒 − 8 ∵ 𝑒 𝑚 −𝑛 = 𝑒 𝑚 𝑒 −𝑛
𝜋2
𝐿𝑜𝑔 1+𝑖 𝜋 𝜋 −
𝑖 = cos 𝐿𝑜𝑔2 + 𝑖 sin 𝐿𝑜𝑔2 𝑒 8 [∵ 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃]
4 4

𝜋2 𝜋2
𝜋 𝜋
𝑖 𝐿𝑜𝑔 1+𝑖
= 𝑒 − 8 cos 𝐿𝑜𝑔2 + 𝑖 𝑒 − 8 sin 𝐿𝑜𝑔2
4 4

2 /8 𝜋
∴ This shows that Real part of 𝑖 𝐿𝑜𝑔 1+𝑖
is 𝑒 −𝜋 cos⁡
( 4 𝐿𝑜𝑔2)

Hence Proved.
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙+𝒊𝒚
Ex4. Prove that: 𝑳𝒐𝒈 = 𝟐𝒊 𝒕𝒂𝒏 −𝟏 [𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒉𝒚]
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙−𝒊𝒚

Sol. We have
sin 𝑥+𝑖𝑦
𝐿𝑜𝑔 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔[sin 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 ] − 𝐿𝑜𝑔[sin 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦 ]
sin 𝑥−𝑖𝑦

Using 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 ± 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵

𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥+𝑖𝑦
𝐿𝑜𝑔 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔[𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑦 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑦] − 𝐿𝑜𝑔[𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑦 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑦]
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥−𝑖𝑦

𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥+𝑖𝑦
𝐿𝑜𝑔 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔[𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝑦 + 𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝑦] − 𝐿𝑜𝑔[𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝑦 − 𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝑦] ….(1)
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥−𝑖𝑦

We know that

𝐿𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟 + 𝑖 𝜃

𝐿𝑜𝑔 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟 − 𝑖 𝜃

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∴ (1) becomes
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥+𝑖𝑦
𝐿𝑜𝑔 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟 + 𝑖 𝜃 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟 − 𝑖 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥−𝑖𝑦

𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥+𝑖𝑦
𝐿𝑜𝑔 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟 + 𝑖 𝜃 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟 + 𝑖 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥−𝑖𝑦

sin 𝑥+𝑖𝑦
𝐿𝑜𝑔 = 2𝑖 𝜃
sin 𝑥−𝑖𝑦

sin 𝑥+𝑖𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
𝐿𝑜𝑔 = 2𝑖 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 [ ∵ 𝜃 = 𝛼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 ]
sin 𝑥−𝑖𝑦 𝑥 𝑥

sin 𝑥+𝑖𝑦 cosx sinhy

𝐿𝑜𝑔 = 2𝑖 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1
sin 𝑥−𝑖𝑦 sinx coshy

sin 𝑥+𝑖𝑦 cosx sinhy

𝐿𝑜𝑔 = 2𝑖 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1
sin 𝑥−𝑖𝑦 sinx coshy

sin 𝑥+𝑖𝑦
𝐿𝑜𝑔 = 2𝑖 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 [𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑕𝑦] Hence Proved.
sin 𝑥−𝑖𝑦

𝟏 𝟏 𝜽 𝝅 𝜽
Ex5. Prove that: 𝑳𝒐𝒈 = 𝑳𝒐𝒈 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝟐 + 𝒊 −𝟐
𝟏−𝒆𝒊𝜽 𝟐 𝟐

Sol. We have
1 𝑚
𝐿𝑜𝑔 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔1 − 𝐿𝑜𝑔 1 − 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ∵ log = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑚 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑛
1−𝑒 𝑖𝜃 𝑛

1
𝐿𝑜𝑔 = 0 − 𝐿𝑜𝑔 1 − 𝑒 𝑖𝜃
1−𝑒 𝑖𝜃

1
𝐿𝑜𝑔 = − 𝐿𝑜𝑔 1 − 𝑒 𝑖𝜃
1−𝑒 𝑖𝜃

1
𝐿𝑜𝑔 = − 𝐿𝑜𝑔 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
1−𝑒 𝑖𝜃

1
𝐿𝑜𝑔 = − 𝐿𝑜𝑔 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 [ ∵ 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ]
1−𝑒 𝑖𝜃

1 𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
𝐿𝑜𝑔 = − 𝐿𝑜𝑔 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 − 𝑖 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠
1−𝑒 𝑖𝜃 2 2 2

1 𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
𝐿𝑜𝑔 = − 𝐿𝑜𝑔2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 − 𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2
1−𝑒 𝑖𝜃

1 𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
𝐿𝑜𝑔 = − 𝐿𝑜𝑔 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 + 𝐿𝑜𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 − 𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 [ ∵𝐿𝑜𝑔 𝑚𝑛 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑚 + 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑛]
1−𝑒 𝑖𝜃

1 𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
𝐿𝑜𝑔 1−𝑒 𝑖𝜃
= −𝐿𝑜𝑔 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 − 𝐿𝑜𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 − 𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2

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 1 𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
𝐿𝑜𝑔 = −1 𝐿𝑜𝑔 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 − 𝐿𝑜𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 − 𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2
1−𝑒 𝑖𝜃

1 𝜃 −1 𝜋 𝜃 𝜋 𝜃
𝐿𝑜𝑔 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 − 𝐿𝑜𝑔[cos − 2 − 𝑖 sin −2 ] {∵ 𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑚 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑚𝑛 }
1−𝑒 𝑖𝜃 2 2

1 1 𝜋 𝜃 𝜋 𝜃
𝐿𝑜𝑔 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔 𝜃 – 𝐿𝑜𝑔 cos − 2 − 𝑖 sin −2
1−𝑒 𝑖𝜃 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 2
2

𝜋 𝜃
1 1
− 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑒 −𝑖 −
𝐿𝑜𝑔 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔 𝜃
2 2 [ ∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 ]
1−𝑒 𝑖𝜃 2𝑠𝑖𝑛
2

1 1 𝜃 𝜋 𝜃
𝐿𝑜𝑔 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 − −𝑖 − 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑒
1−𝑒 𝑖𝜃 2 2 2 2

1 1 𝜃 𝜋 𝜃
𝐿𝑜𝑔 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 + 𝑖 −
1−𝑒 𝑖𝜃 2 2 2

Hence Proved.

General value of Logarithmic form of a complex Number:

General value of Logarithmic form of a complex Number is given by

𝐿𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟 + 𝑖 [2𝑛𝜋 + 𝜃]

Where 𝑟 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 and 𝜃 is depending on the quadrant.

Ex1.Find general value of 𝑳𝒐𝒈(−𝒊)

Sol. We know that general value of Logarithmic form of a complex Number is given by

𝐿𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟 + 𝑖 [2𝑛𝜋 + 𝜃] …….(1)

Comparing 𝐿𝑜𝑔(−𝑖) i.e. log 0 − 𝑖 with 𝐿𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 we get

Here 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = −1

It lies in the fourth quadrant

Now, 𝑟 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = (0)2 + −1 2 = 0+1= 1=1

|𝑦 | 1 𝜋
𝛼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 ∞ =
𝑥 0 2

𝜋
𝜃 = −𝛼 = − 2

∴Equation (1) becomes

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𝐿𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟 + 𝑖 [2𝑛𝜋 + 𝜃]
𝜋
𝐿𝑜𝑔 0 − 𝑖 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔1 + 𝑖 2𝑛𝜋 − 2

𝜋
𝐿𝑜𝑔 −𝑖 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔1 + 𝑖 2𝑛𝜋 − 2

𝜋
𝐿𝑜𝑔 −𝑖 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔1 + 𝑖 2𝑛𝜋 − 2 [ ∵ 𝐿𝑜𝑔1 = 0 ]

𝜋
𝐿𝑜𝑔 −𝑖 = 𝑖 2𝑛𝜋 − 2

1
𝐿𝑜𝑔 −𝑖 = 𝑖 2𝑛 − 𝜋
2

𝟏
Ex2. Prove that: 𝒊𝒊 = 𝒆− 𝟐𝒏+ 𝝅
𝟐

Sol. We know that

𝑥 𝑚 = 𝑒 𝑚 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥

It follows that

𝑖 𝑖 = 𝑒 𝑖 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑖 ……. (1)

Now we need to find out general value of 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑖

We know that

𝐿𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑟 + 𝑖 [2𝑛𝜋 + 𝜃] ……. (2)

Comparing 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑖 i.e. log 0 + 𝑖 with 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 we get

Here 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1

It lies in the first quadrant

Now, 𝑟 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = (0)2 + 1 2 = 0+1= 1= 1

𝑦 1 𝜋
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 = = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 ∞ =
𝑥 0 2

Putting these values in (2) we get

𝜋
∴ 𝐿𝑜𝑔 0 + 𝑖 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔1 + 𝑖 [2𝑛𝜋 + 2 ] [ ∵ By (2) ]

𝜋
𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑖 = 0 + 𝑖 2𝑛𝜋 + 2 [ ∵ 𝐿𝑜𝑔1 = 0]

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 𝜋
𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑖 = 𝑖 2𝑛𝜋 + 2

∴ Equation (1) becomes

𝑖 𝑖 = 𝑒 𝑖 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑖
2 𝜋
𝑖𝑖 = 𝑒𝑖 2𝑛𝜋 +
2

𝜋
𝑖𝑖 = 𝑒− 2𝑛𝜋 +
2 [ ∵ 𝑖 2 = −1]
1
i.e 𝑖 𝑖 = 𝑒 − 2𝑛+ 𝜋
2 Hence Proved.
𝟏 𝟏
Ex3. Prove that: 𝒊𝜶 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒎 + 𝟐 𝝅𝜶 + 𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡
[ 𝟐𝒎 + 𝟐 𝝅𝜶]

Sol. We know that

𝑥 𝑚 = 𝑒 𝑚 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥

It follows that

𝑖 𝛼 = 𝑒 𝛼 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑖 ……. (1)

Now we need to find out general value of 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑖

We know that

𝐿𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑟 + 𝑖 [2𝑚𝜋 + 𝜃] ……. (2)

Comparing 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑖 i.e. log 0 + 𝑖 with 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦

Here 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1

It lies in the first quadrant

Now, 𝑟 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = (0)2 + 1 2 = 0+1= 1= 1

𝑦 1 𝜋
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 = = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 ∞ =
𝑥 0 2

Putting these values in (2) we get

𝜋
∴ 𝐿𝑜𝑔 0 + 𝑖 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔1 + 𝑖 [2𝑚𝜋 + 2 ] [ ∵ By (2) ]

𝜋
𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑖 = 0 + 𝑖 2𝑚𝜋 + 2 [ ∵ 𝐿𝑜𝑔1 = 0]

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 𝜋
𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑖 = 𝑖 2𝑚𝜋 + 2

∴ Equation (1) becomes

𝑖 𝛼 = 𝑒 𝛼 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑖
𝜋
𝑖 𝛼 = 𝑒 𝑖𝛼 2𝑚𝜋 +
2

1
i.e 𝑖 𝛼 = 𝑒 𝑖 2𝑚 + 𝜋𝛼
2

1 1
𝑖 𝛼 = cos 2𝑚 + 2 𝜋𝛼 + 𝑖 sin⁡
[ 2𝑚 + 2 𝜋𝛼] [ ∵ 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃]

Hence Proved.

Ex4. If 𝒊(𝜶+𝒊𝜷) = 𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚 prove that 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒆−(𝟒𝒎+𝟏)𝝅𝜷

Sol. We have

𝑖 (𝛼 +𝑖𝛽 ) = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦

𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑖 (𝛼 +𝑖𝛽 ) ….. (1)

We know that

𝑥 𝑚 = 𝑒 𝑚 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥

It follows that

𝑖 (𝛼 +𝑖𝛽) = 𝑒 𝛼 +𝑖𝛽 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑖

……. (2)

Now we need to find out general value of 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑖

We know that

𝐿𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑟 + 𝑖 [2𝑚𝜋 + 𝜃] ……. (2)

Comparing 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑖 with 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦

Here 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1

It lies in the first quadrant

Now, 𝑟 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = (0)2 + 1 2 = 0+1= 1= 1

𝑦 1 𝜋
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 = = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 ∞ =
𝑥 0 2

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Putting these values in (2) we get
𝜋
∴ 𝐿𝑜𝑔 0 + 𝑖 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔1 + 𝑖 2𝑚𝜋 + 2 [ ∵ By (2) ]

𝜋
𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑖 = 0 + 𝑖 2𝑚𝜋 + 2 [ ∵ 𝐿𝑜𝑔1 = 0]

𝜋
𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑖 = 𝑖 2𝑚𝜋 + 2

∴ Putting these values in (2) we get

4𝑚𝜋 +𝜋
𝛼 +𝑖𝛽 𝑖
𝑖 (𝛼 +𝑖𝛽 ) = 𝑒 2

4𝑚𝜋 +𝜋
𝑖𝛼 +𝑖 2 𝛽
𝑖 (𝛼 +𝑖𝛽 ) = 𝑒 2

4𝑚𝜋 +𝜋
𝑖𝛼 −𝛽
𝑖 (𝛼 +𝑖𝛽 ) = 𝑒 2

4𝑚𝜋 +𝜋 4𝑚𝜋 +𝜋
𝑖 (𝛼 +𝑖𝛽 ) = 𝑒 𝑖𝛼 –β
2 2

4𝑚𝜋 +𝜋 4𝑚𝜋 +𝜋
𝑖 (𝛼 +𝑖𝛽 ) = 𝑒 𝑖𝛼 2 𝑒 −β 2

4𝑚𝜋 +𝜋
4𝑚𝜋 +𝜋 4𝑚𝜋 +𝜋
𝑖 (𝛼 +𝑖𝛽 ) = 𝑒 −β 2 cos α + sin α [∵ 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃]
2 2

∴ Equation (1) becomes

4𝑚𝜋 +𝜋
4𝑚𝜋 +𝜋 4𝑚𝜋 +𝜋
𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑒 −β ( 2
)
[cos α + sin α]
2 2

Equating real and imaginary parts ,we get

4𝑚𝜋 +𝜋 4𝑚𝜋 +𝜋
4𝑚𝜋 +𝜋 4𝑚𝜋 +𝜋
𝑥 = 𝑒 −β 2 cos α , y = 𝑒 −β 2 sin α
2 2

Squaring and adding

4𝑚𝜋 +𝜋 4𝑚𝜋 +𝜋
4𝑚𝜋 +𝜋 4𝑚𝜋 +𝜋
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑒 −2β 2 cos 2 + 𝑒 −2β 2 sin 2
2 2

4𝑚𝜋 +𝜋
4𝑚𝜋 +𝜋 4𝑚𝜋 +𝜋
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑒 −2β 2 cos 2 + sin 2
2 2

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑒 −β 4𝑚𝜋 +𝜋

i.e. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑒 − 4𝑚 +1 𝜋𝛽

Hence proved.

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 𝟏
𝒊 𝟏 − 𝟐𝒎+ 𝝅
Ex5. If 𝒊𝒊 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 + 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 prove that 𝜽 = 𝟐𝒏 + 𝟐 𝝅 𝒆 𝟐

Sol. Given that

𝑖
𝑖 𝑖 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑖
i.e. 𝑖 𝑖 = 𝑒 𝑖𝜃
𝑖
𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = 𝑖 𝑖

Taking Log of both sides

𝑖
Log𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑖 𝑖

𝑖𝜃 = 𝑖 𝑖 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑖 ……… (1)

Now we need to find out 𝑖 𝑖 and 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑖

We know that

𝑥 𝑚 = 𝑒 𝑚 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥

It follows that

𝑖 𝑖 = 𝑒 𝑖 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑖 ……. (2)

Now we need to find out general value of 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑖

We know that

𝐿𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑟 + 𝑖 [2𝑚𝜋 + 𝜃] ……. (3)

Comparing 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑖 with 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦

Here 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1

It lies in the first quadrant

Now, 𝑟 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = (0)2 + 1 2 = 0+1= 1= 1

𝑦 1 𝜋
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 = = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 ∞ =
𝑥 0 2

Putting these values in (3) we get

𝜋
∴ 𝐿𝑜𝑔 0 + 𝑖 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔1 + 𝑖 2𝑚𝜋 + 2

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 𝜋
𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑖 = 0 + 𝑖 2𝑚𝜋 + 2 [ ∵ 𝐿𝑜𝑔1 = 0]

𝜋
𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑖 = 𝑖 2𝑚𝜋 + 2 …………….(4)

∴ Equation (2) becomes

𝑖 𝑖 = 𝑒 𝑖 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑖
2 𝜋
𝑖𝑖 = 𝑒𝑖 2𝑚𝜋 +
2

𝜋
𝑖𝑖 = 𝑒− 2𝑚𝜋 +
2 [ ∵ 𝑖 2 = −1]
1
i.e 𝑖 𝑖 = 𝑒 − 2𝑚+ 𝜋
2 …….. (5)
𝜋
Also, 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑖 = 𝑖 2𝑛𝜋 + 2 ∵ 𝐵𝑦 4

1
1
𝑖𝜃 = 𝑒 − 2𝑚 + 𝜋
2 𝑖 2𝑛 + 2 𝜋

1
2𝑚 + 𝜋 𝑖 1
𝜃 = 𝑒− 2 2𝑛 + 2 𝜋
𝑖

1
1
𝜃 = 𝑒− 2𝑚 + 𝜋
2 2𝑛 + 2 𝜋

1
1
i.e. 𝜃 = 2𝑛 + 2 𝜋 𝑒 − 2𝑚 + 𝜋
2

Hence proved

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