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Laplace Transform
Definition, Laplace Transforms of elementary functions,
Theorems and properties of Laplace transform (without
proof): First shifting and second shifting theorem, Change of
scale, Multiplication by t , Division by t, Laplace transform of
Derivatives, Laplace transform of integral, Evaluation of
integrals using Laplace transform, Laplace transform of Unit
step function and Dirac’s delta function.

Prof. Zameer H. Shaikh

M.Sc. Maths (Gold Medalist)

‘‘If I feel unhappy, I do mathematics to become happy. If I

am happy, I do mathematics to keep happy’’

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 Laplace Transform
Introduction: Transform calculus is the most powerful tool to solve various important equations
occurring in engineering, applied mathematics, Physics, Mechanics etc. Among various
transforms, Laplace transform is the simplest and most useful tool for solving different types of
ordinary as well as Partial differential equations (PDE) and boundary value Problems (BVP) etc.

Definition: Laplace transform of f t ; t ≥ 0 is denoted by L[f t ] and is defined as

∞ −st
Lf t = F(s) = 0
e f t dt

Some basic formulae:

∞ −x
1. n = 0
e x n−1 dx
∞ −x
2. n + 1 = 0
e x n dx

3. n + 1 = n! when n is positive integer (n > 0)

4. n + 1 = n n when n is positive fraction

n+1
5. n = when n is negative (n < 0)
n

1
6. = π
2

1
7. − 2 = −2 π

x3 x5 x7
8. Sinx = x − 3! + 5! − 7! + ⋯

x2 x4 x6
9. cosx = 1 − 2! + 4! − 6! + ⋯

10. ax = e Loga x

π
11.cot −1 x + tan −1 x = 2

e iax −e −iax
12. sinax = 2i

e iax +e −iax
13. cosax = 2

e ax −e −ax
14. sinhax = 2

e ax +e −ax
15. coshax = 2

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Laplace Transform of elementary function:

Ex1. Find the Laplace transform of the following:

(i) 1 (ii) eat (iii) e−at (iv) sinat (v) cosat

(vi) sinhat (vii) coshat (viii) t n

Sol: (i) we have to find L(1)

We know that by definition of Laplace transform

∞ −st
Lf t = 0
e f t dt

Put f t = 1
∞ −st
L1 = 0
e 1 dt
∞ −st
L1 = 0
e dt
∞
e −st e ax
L1 = ∵ eax =
−s 0 a

1 ∞
L 1 = − s e−st 0

1
L 1 = − s e−s(∞) − e−s(0)

1
L 1 = − s e−∞ − e−0

1
L 1 = −s 0−1 ∵ e−∞ = 0 , e−0 = 1

1
L 1 = − s −1

1
L1 = s

(ii) We have to find L(eat )

We know that by definition of Laplace transform

∞ −st
Lf t = 0
e f t dt

Put f t = eat
∞ −st
L eat = 0
e eat dt
∞ −st +at
L eat = 0
e dt ∵ em en = em+n

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 ∞ −(s−a)t
L eat = 0
e dt
∞
e − s −a t e ax
L eat = ∵ eax =
−(s−a) 0 a

1 t ∞
L eat = − (s−a) e− s−a 0

1
L eat = − (s−a) e−(s−a)(∞) − e−(s−a)(0)

1
L eat = − (s−a) e−∞ − e−0

1
L eat = − (s−a) 0 − 1 ∵ e−∞ = 0 , e−0 = 1

1
L eat = − (s−a) −1

1
L eat = s−a

(iii) We have to find L(e−at )

We know that by definition of Laplace transform

∞ −st
Lf t = 0
e f t dt

Put f t = e−at
∞ −st
L e−at = 0
e e−at dt
∞ −st −at
L e−at = 0
e dt ∵ em en = em+n
∞ −(s+a)t
L e−at = 0
e dt
∞
e − s +a t e ax
L e−at = ∵ eax =
−(s+a) 0 a

1 t ∞
L e−at = − (s+a) e− s+a 0

1
L e−at = − (s+a) e−(s+a)(∞) − e−(s+a)(0)

1
L e−at = − (s+a) e−∞ − e−0

1
L e−at = − (s+a) 0 − 1 ∵ e−∞ = 0 , e−0 = 1

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 1
L e−at = − (s+a) −1

1
L e−at = s+a

(iv) We have to find L(sinat)

We know that

e iax −e −iax
sinax = 2i

e iat −e −iat
sinat = 2i

Taking Laplace transform of both sides

e iat −e −iat
L(sinat) = L 2i

1
L sinat = 2i L eiat − e−iat

1
L sinat = 2i L(eiat ) − L(e−iat )

1 1
Using L eat = s−a , L e−at = s+a

1 1 1
L sinat = 2i − s+ia
s−ia

1 s+ia −(s−ia ) a c ad −bc

L sinat = 2i ∵ −d =
s−ia (s+ia ) b bd

1 s+ia −s+ia
L sinat = 2i ∵ a2 − b 2 = a − b a + b
(s)2 −(ia )2

1 2ia
L sinat = 2i s 2 −i 2 a 2

1 2ia
L sinat = 2i ∵ i2 = −1
s 2 −(−1)a 2

1 2ia
L sinat =
2i s 2 +a 2

a
L sinat = s 2 +a 2

(v) We have to find L(cosat)

We know that

e iax +e −iax
cosax = 2

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 e iat +e −iat
cosat = 2

Taking Laplace transform of both sides

e iat +e −iat
L(cosat) = L 2

1
L cosat = 2 L eiat + e−iat

1
L cosat = 2 L(eiat ) + L(e−iat )

1 1
Using L eat = s−a , L e−at = s+a

1 1 1
L cosat = 2 + s+ia
s−ia

1 s+ia +(s−ia ) a c ad −bc

L cosat = 2 ∵ −d =
s−ia (s+ia ) b bd

1 s+ia +s−ia
L cosat = 2 ∵ a2 − b 2 = a − b a + b
(s)2 −(ia )2

1 2s
L cosat = 2 s 2 −i 2 a 2

1 2s
L cosat = 2 ∵ i2 = −1
s 2 −(−1)a 2

1 2s
L cosat = 2 s 2 +a 2

s
L cosat = s 2 +a 2

(vi) We have to find L(sinhat)

We know that
e ax −e −ax
sinhax = 2

e at −e −at
sinhat =
2

Taking Laplace transform of both sides

e at −e −at
L(sinhat) = L 2i

1
L sinhat = 2 L eat − e−at

1
L sinhat = 2 L(eat ) − L(e−at )

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 1 1
Using L eat = s−a , L e−at = s+a

1 1 1
L sinhat = 2 − s+a
s−a

1 s+a −(s−a) a c ad −bc

L sinhat = 2 ∵ −d =
s−a (s+a) b bd

1 s+a−s+a
L sinhat = 2 ∵ a2 − b 2 = a − b a + b
(s)2 −(a)2

1 2a
L sinhat = 2 s 2 −a 2

a
L sinhat = s 2 −a 2

(vii) We have to find L(coshat)

We know that
e ax +e −ax
coshax = 2

e at +e −at
coshat = 2

Taking Laplace transform of both sides

e at +e −at
L(coshat) = L 2

1
L coshat = 2 L eat + e−at

1
L coshat = 2 L(eat ) + L(e−at )

1 1
Using L eat = s−a , L e−at = s+a

1 1 1
L coshat = 2 + s+a
s−a

1 s+a +(s−a) a c ad −bc

L coshat = 2 ∵ −d =
s−a (s+a) b bd

1 s+a+s−a
L coshat = 2 ∵ a2 − b 2 = a − b a + b
(s)2 −(ia )2

1 2s
L coshat = 2 s 2 −a 2

s
L coshat = s 2 −a 2

(viii) we have to find L(1)

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We know that by definition of Laplace transform
∞ −st
Lf t = 0
e f t dt

Put f t = t n
∞ −st
L tn = 0
e t n dt ………. (1)

Put st = x
x
t=s

Diff.w.r.t.t
d 1 dx
t=
dt s dt

1 dx
1= s dt

1
dt = dx
s

Also, st = x

x = st

When t = 0 , x = s 0 = 0

When t = ∞ , x = s ∞ = ∞

Equation (1) becomes

∞ −x x n1
L tn = 0
e dx
s s

∞ −x x n 1
L tn = 0
e s n s dx

1 1 ∞ −x
L tn = sn 0
e x n dx
s

1 ∞ −x
L t n = s n +1 0
e x n dx

∞ −x
Using n + 1 = 0
e x n dx

1
L t n = s n +1 n + 1

n+1
L tn = s n +1

Using n + 1 = n! when n is positive integer (n > 0)

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 n!
L t n = s n +1 when n is positive integer(n > 0)

Formulae of Laplace Transform:

1
1. L 1 = s
n n!
2. L t = s n +1
n +1
3. L t n = when n is fraction values
s n +1
1
4. L eat = s−a
1
5. L e−at = s+a
a
6. L sinat = s 2 +a 2
s
7. L cosat = s 2 +a 2
a
8. L sinhat =
s 2 −a 2
s
9. L coshat = s 2 −a 2

Basic trigonometric formulae

1
1. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃 = 2 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃
1
2. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 2 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃
1
3. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝜃 = 4 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝜃
1
4. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 = 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜃 + 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
1
5. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 − 𝐵
1
6. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴 + 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 − 𝐵
1
7. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴 − 𝐵 − cos 𝐴 + 𝐵
8. 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
9. sin −𝜃 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 , cos −𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

Hyperbolic formulae
1
1. 𝑠𝑖𝑛h 2 𝜃 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕2𝜃 − 1
1
2. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕 2 𝜃 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕2𝜃 + 1
1
3. 𝑠𝑖𝑛h 3 𝜃 = 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕3𝜃 − 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝜃
1
4. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕 3 𝜃 = 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕3𝜃 + 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝜃
1
5. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝐵 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕 𝐴 + 𝐵 + sinh 𝐴 − 𝐵
1
6. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝐵 = 2 cosh 𝐴 + 𝐵 + cosh 𝐴 − 𝐵
1
7. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝐵 = 2 cosh A + B − cosh 𝐴 − 𝐵

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Theorem and properties of Laplace Transform:

Linearity Property: If A and B are constants and f t and g(t) be the functions of t then

L Af t +Bg t = A L f t + B L[g t ]

Ex1.Find the Laplace transform of the following

(i) eat − ebt (ii) 5e2t − 3 2

(iii) 3t 4 − 2t 3 + 4e−3t − 2sin5t + 3cos2t − cosh2t

1 3
(iv) t− (v) cos 2 kt (vi) sin2t sin3t (vii) sin 3 2t (viii) sint − cost 2
t

(ix) cos at + b (x) sinh 3 t (xi) sinh 2 4t (xii) cos3t cos2t cost (xiii) sin5 t

(xiv) cos t (xv) 4t

Sol: (i) We have to find out L eat − ebt

L eat − ebt = L eat − L ebt

1
Using L eat = s−a

1 1
L eat − ebt = s−a − s−b

s−b − s−a a c ad −bc

L eat − ebt = ∵ −d =
s−a s−b b bd

s−b−s+a
L eat − ebt = s−a s−b

a−b
L eat − ebt = s−a (s−b)

(ii) We have to find out L 5e2t − 3 2

Using (a − b)2 = a2 − 2ab + b2

5e2t − 3 2
= 5e2t 2
− 2 5e2t 3 + 3 2

5e2t − 3 2
= 5 2
e2t 2
− 30e2t + 9

5e2t − 3 2
= 25 e4t − 30 e2t + 9 ∵ 𝑒𝑚 𝑛
= 𝑒 𝑚𝑛

Taking Laplace transform of both sides

L 5e2t − 3 2
= L[25e4t − 30e2t + 9]

L 5e2t − 3 2
= 25 L e4t − 30 L e2t + 9 L[1]

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 1
Using L eat = s−a

1 1 1
L 5e2t − 3 2
= 25 − 30 +9
s−4 s−2 s

25 30 9
L 5e2t − 3 2
= s−4 − s−2 + s

(iii) We have to find out L 3t 4 − 2t 3 + 4e−3t − 2sin5t + 3cos2t − cosh6t

L 3t 4 − 2t 3 + 4e−3t − 2sin5t + 3cos2t − cosh6t

= 3L t 4 − 2L t 3 + 4L e−3t − 2L sin5t + 3L cos2t − L cosh6t

n! a s s
Using L t n = s n +1 , L sinat = , L cosat = , L coshat =
s 2 +a 2 s 2 +a 2 s 2 −a 2

L 3t 4 − 2t 3 + 4e−3t − 2sin5t + 3cos2t − cosh2t

4! 3! 1 5 s s
=3 4+1
−2 3+1
+4 −2 2 + 3 −
s s s+3 s + 52 s 2 + 22 s2 − 62
24 6 4 10 3s s
=3 −2 + s+3 − s 2 +25 + s 2 +4 − s 2 −36
s5 s4

72 12 4 10 3s s
= − s 4 + s+3 − s 2 +25 + s 2 +4 − s 2 −36
s5

1 3
(iv) We have to find out L t− t

3
Using a − b = a3 − 3a2 b + 3ab2 − b3

1 3 3 2 1 1 2 1 3
t− = t −3 t +3 t −
t t t t

2 2
1 3 3 1
1 1
1 1 3 1
t− = t1/2 − 3 t2 + 3 t2 1 − ∵ 𝑎 = 𝑎2
t t 1/2 t 1/2
t2

1 3 3 2
1 1
1 1
t− = t2 − 3 t2 1 + 3 t2 2 − 3 ∵ 𝑎𝑚 𝑛
= 𝑎𝑚𝑛
t
t2 t2 t2

1 3 3
1 1
1 1
t− = t 2 − 3 t1 1 + 3t 2 − 3
t t1
t2 t2

1 3 3 1 1 3
1
t− = t 2 − 3 t1 t − 2 + 3t 2 t −1 − t − 2 ∵ = 𝑎−𝑚
t 𝑎𝑚

1 3 3 1 1 3
t− = t 2 − 3 t1− 2 + 3t 2−1 − t − 2
t

1 3 3 1 1 3
t− = t 2 − 3 t 2 + 3t − 2 − t − 2
t

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Taking Laplace transform of both sides

1 3 3 1 1 3
L t− = L[t 2 − 3 t 2 + 3 t − 2 − t − 2 ]
t

1 3 3 1 1 3
L t− = L[t 2 ] − 3L t 2 + 3L t − 2 − L[t − 2 ]
t

n +1
Using L t n = when n is fraction values
s n +1

3 1 1 3
1 3 2
+1
2
+1 − +1
2
− +1
2
L t− = −3 +3 −
t s 3/2+1 s 1/2+1 s −1/2+1 s −3/2+1

5 3 1 1
1 3 2 2 2
−
2
L t− = −3 +3 −
t s 5/2 s 3/2 s 1/2 s −1/2

3 1
1 3 π π π −2 π 1 1
L t− = 4s 5/2 − 3 2
3 +3 − [∵ = π , − 2 = −2 π ]
t s 1/2 s −1/2 2
s2

1 3 3 π π π 2 π
L t− = 4s 5/2 − 3 3 +3 + s −1/2
t s 1/2
2s 2

1 3 3 π 3 π 3 π 2 π
L t− = 4s 5/2 − 3 + s 1/2 + s −1/2
t
2s 2

(v) We have to find out L[cos 2 kt]

1
Using cos 2 θ = 2 1 + cos2θ

1
cos 2 kt = 2 1 + cos2kt

Taking Laplace transform of both sides

1
L cos 2 kt = L 1 + cos2kt
2

1
L cos 2 kt = 2 L 1 + cos2kt

1
L cos 2 kt = 2 L(1) + L cos2kt

s
Using L cosat = s 2 +a 2

1 1 s
L cos 2 kt = 2 + s 2 +(2k)2
s

1 1 s
L cos 2 kt = 2 + s 2 +4k 2
s

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(vi) We have to find out L sin2t sin3t
1
Using sinA sinB = 2 cos A − B − cos⁡
(A + B )

1
sin2t sin3t = 2 cos 2t − 3t − cos⁡
(2t + 3t )

1
sin2t sin3t = 2 cos −t − cos⁡
(5t )

1
sin2t sin3t = 2 cost − cos5t [∵ cos −θ = cosθ]

Taking Laplace transform of both sides

1
L[sin2t sin3t] = 2 L cost − cos5t

1
L[sin2t sin3t] = L(cost) − L(cos5t)
2

s
Using L cosat = s 2 +a 2

1 s s
L[sin2t sin3t] = 2 −
s 2 +12 s 2 +52

1 s s
L[sin2t sin3t] = 2 −
s 2 +1 s 2 +25

s 1 1
L[sin2t sin3t] = 2 −
s 2 +1 s 2 +25

s s 2 +25 − s 2 +1 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎𝑑 −𝑏𝑐
L[sin2t sin3t] = 2 ∵𝑏−𝑑 =
(s 2 +1)(s 2 +25) 𝑏𝑑

s s 2 +25−s 2 −1
L[sin2t sin3t] = 2 (s 2 +1)(s 2 +25)

s 24
L[sin2t sin3t] = 2 (s 2 +1)(s 2 +25)

12s
L[sin2t sin3t] = (s 2 +1)(s 2 +25)

(vii) We have to find out L sin 3 2t

1
Using sin 3 θ = 4 3sinθ − sin3θ

1
∴ sin 3 2t = 4 3sin2t − sin3 2t

1
∴ sin 3 2t = 4 3sin2t − sin6t

Taking Laplace transform of both sides

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 1
L sin 3 2t = L 3sin2t − sin6t
4

1
L sin 3 2t = 4 L 3sin2t − sin6t

1
L sin 3 2t = 4 3L(sin2t) − L(sin6t)

a
Using L sinat = s 2 +a 2

1 2 6
L sin 3 2t = 4 3 − s 2 +62
s 2 +22

1 6 6
L sin 3 2t = 4 − s 2 +36
s 2 +4

6 1 1
L sin 3 2t = 4 − s 2 +36
s 2 +4

3 s 2 +36 −(s 2 +4) 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎𝑑 −𝑏𝑐

L sin 3 2t = 2 ∵ 𝑏−𝑑 =
(s 2 +4)(s 2 +36) 𝑏𝑑

3 s 2 +36−s 2 −4
L sin 3 2t = 2 (s 2 +4)(s 2 +36)

3 32
L sin 3 2t = 2 (s 2 +4)(s 2 +36)

48
L sin 3 2t = (s 2 +4)(s 2 +36)

2
(viii) We have to find out L sint − cost

Using (a − b)2 = a2 − 2ab + b2

2 2 2
sint − cost = sint − 2sint cost + cost ∵ (a − b)2 = a2 − 2ab + b2
2
sint − cost = sin 2 t − 2sint cost + cos 2 t
2
sint − cost = sin 2 t + cos 2 t − 2sint cost
2
sint − cost = 1 − 2sint cost [ ∵ sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1]
2
sint − cost = 1 − sin2t [∵ sin2θ = 2 sinθ cosθ]

Taking Laplace transform of both sides

2
L sint − cost = L 1 − sin2t
2
L sint − cost = L 1 − L[sin2t]
a
Using L sinat = s 2 +a 2

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 2 1 2
L sint − cost = s − s 2 +22

2 1 2
L sint − cost = s − s 2 +4

(ix) We have to find out L cos at + b

Using cos A + B = cosA cosB − sinA sinB

cos at + b = cosat cosb − sinat sinb

Taking Laplace transform of both sides

L[cos at + b ] = L cosat cosb − sinat sinb

L[cos at + b ] = cosb L cosat − sinb L[sinat]

s a
L[cos at + b ] = cosb − sinb
s 2 +a 2 s 2 +a 2

s cosb asinb
L[cos at + b ] = − s 2 +a 2
s 2 +a 2

scosb −asinb 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎−𝑏

L[cos at + b ] = ∵𝑐−𝑐 =
s 2 +a 2 𝑐

(x) We have to find out L sinh 3 t

1
Using 𝑠𝑖𝑛h 3 𝜃 = 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕3𝜃 − 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝜃

1
∴ sinh 3 t = 4 sinh3t − 3sinht

Taking Laplace transform of both sides

1
L sinh 3 t = L sinh3t − 3sinht
4

1
L sinh 3 t = 4 L sinh3t − 3sinht

1
L sinh 3 t = 4 L(sinh3t) − 3L sinht

a
Using L sinhat = s 2 −a 2

1 3 3
L sinh 3 t = 4 − s 2 −12
s 2 −32

3 1 1
L sinh 3 t = 4 − s 2 −1
s 2 −9

3 s 2 −1 − s 2 −9 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎𝑑 −𝑏𝑐
L sinh 3 t = 4 ∵ 𝑏 −𝑑 =
(s 2 −9)(s 2 −1) 𝑏𝑑

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 3 s 2 −1−s 2 +9
L sinh 3 t = 4 (s 2 −9)(s 2 −1)

3 8
L sinh 3 t = 4 (s 2 −9)(s 2 −1)

6
L sinh 3 t = (s 2 −9)(s 2 −1)

(xi) We have to find out L sinh 2 4t

1
Using 𝑠𝑖𝑛h 2 𝜃 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕2𝜃 − 1

1
∴ sinh 2 4t = 2 (cosh2(4t) − 1)

1
∴ sinh 2 4t = 2 cosh8t − 1

Taking Laplace transform of both sides

1
L sinh 2 4t = L cosh8t − 1
2

1
L sinh 2 4t = 2 L cosh8t − 1

1
L sinh 2 4t = 2 L(cosh8t) − L(1)

s
Using L coshat =
s 2 −a 2

1 s 1
L sinh 2 4t = 2 −s
s 2 −82

1 s 1
L sinh 2 4t = 2 −s
s 2 −64

1 s 2 − s 2 −64 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎𝑑 −𝑏𝑐
L sinh 2 4t = 2 ∵𝑏−𝑑 =
s(s 2 −64) 𝑏𝑑

1 s 2 −s 2 +64
L sinh 2 4t = 2 s(s 2 −64)

1 64
L sinh 2 4t = 2 s(s 2 −64)

32
L sinh 2 4t = s(s 2 −64)

(xii) We have to find out L cos3t cos2t cost

1
Using cosA cosB = cos A + B + cos⁡
(A − B )
2

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 1
cos2t cost = 2 cos 2t + t + cos⁡
(2t − t )

1
cos2t cost = 2 cos3t + cost

1
∴ cos3t cos2t cost = 2 cos3t cos3t + cost

1
cos3t cos2t cost = 2 cos 2 3t + cos3t cost ………(P)

1
Using cos 2 θ = 2 1 + cos2θ

1
∴ cos 2 3t = 2 1 + cos2 3t

1
∴ cos 2 3t = 2 1 + cos6t

1
Also, Using cosA cosB = cos A + B + cos⁡
(A − B )
2

1
cos3t cost = cos 3t + t + cos⁡
(3t − t )
2

1
cos3t cost = 2 cos4t + cos2t

Equation (P) becomes

1 1 1
cos3t cos2t cost = 1 + cos6t + cos4t + cos2t
2 2 2

11
cos3t cos2t cost = 2 2 1 + cos6t + cos4t + cos2t

1
cos3t cos2t cost = 4 1 + cos6t + cos4t + cos2t

Taking Laplace transform of both sides

1
L cos3t cos2t cost = 4 L 1 + cos6t + cos4t + cos2t

1
L cos3t cos2t cost = 4 L(1) + L(cos6t) + L(cos4t) + L(cos2t)

s
Using L cosat = s 2 +a 2

1 1 s s s
L cos3t cos2t cost = 4 + s 2 +62 + s 2 +4 2 + s 2 +22
s

1 1 s s s
L cos3t cos2t cost = 4 + s 2 +36 + s 2 +16 + s 2 +4
s

(xiii) We have to find out L sin5 t

Copyright Material Page 18 of 123

Now, sin5 t = sin 2 t sin 3 t
1 1
Using sin 2 θ = 2 1 − cos2θ , sin 3 θ = 4 3sinθ − sin3θ

1 1
∴ sin5 t = 1 − cos2t 3sint − sin3t
2 4

1 1
sin5 t = 2 1 − cos2t 3sint − sin3t
4

1
sin5 t = 8 3sint − sin3t − 3sint cos2t + sin3t cos2t ……………..(P)

1
Using sinA cosB = sin A + B + sin A − B
2

1
Sint cos2t = 2 sin t + 2t + sin t − 2t

1
Sint cos2t = 2 sin3t + sin −t

1
Sint cos2t = 2 sin3t − sint [∵ sin −θ −= −sinθ]

1
Also, Using sinA cosB = sin A + B + sin A − B
2

1
sin3t cos2t = 2 sin 3t + 2t + sin 3𝑡 − 2𝑡

1
sin3t cos2t = sin5t + sint
2

Equation (P) becomes

1 3 1
sin5 t = 8 3sint − sin3t − 2 sin3t − sint + 2 sin5t + sint

1 6 2 3 1
sin5 t = 8 sint − 2 sin3t − 2 sin3t − sint + 2 sin5t + sint {Adjustment}
2

1 1
sin5 t = 8 6sint − 2sin3t − 3 sin3t − sint + sin5t + sint
2

1
sin5 t = 16 6sint − 2sin3t − 3sin3t + 3sint + sin5t + sint

1
sin5 t = 16 10sint − 5sin3t + sin5t

Taking Laplace transform of both sides

1
L sin5 t = 16 L 10sint − 5sin3t + sin5t

1
L sin5 t = 16 10L(sint) − 5L(sin3t) + L(sin5t)

Copyright Material Page 19 of 123

 a
Using L sinat = s 2 +a 2

1 1 3 5
L sin5 t = 16 10 −5 + s 2 +52
s 2 +12 s 2 +32

1 10 15 5
L sin5 t = 16 − s 2 +9 + s 2 +25
s 2 +1

5 2 3 1
L sin5 t = 16 − s 2 +9 + s 2 +25
s 2 +1

(xiv) We have to find out L cos t

x2 x4 x6
Using cosx = 1 − 2! + 4! − 6! + ⋯

2 4 6
t t t
cos t = 1 − + − +⋯
2! 4! 6!

1 2 1 4 1 6
t2 t2 t2
cos t = 1 − + − +⋯
2! 4! 6!

2 4 6
t2 t2 t2
cos t = 1 − 2! + 4! − 6! + ⋯

t1 t2 t3
cos t = 1 − 2! + 4! − 6! + ⋯

Taking Laplace transform of both sides

t1 t2 t3
L cos t = L 1 − 2! + 4! − 6! + ⋯

1 1 1
L cos t = L 1 − 2! L t1 + 4! L t 2 − 6! L t 3 + ⋯

n!
Using L t n = s n +1 when n is positive integer

1 1 1! 1 2! 1 3!
L cos t = s − 2! + 4! − 6! +⋯
s2 s3 s4

1 1 1 1 2 1 6
L cos t = s − 2 + 24 − 720 +⋯
s2 s3 s4

1 1 1 1
L cos t = s − 2s 2 + − +⋯
12s 3 120s 4

(xv) We have to find out 𝐋 𝟒𝐭

Using ax = e Loga x

4t = e Log 4 t

Copyright Material Page 20 of 123

Taking Laplace transform of both sides

L 4t = L[e Log 4 t ]
1
Using L eat = s−a

1
L 4t = s−log 4

Ex2. 𝐋 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝟐 𝟐𝐭 = ………..

Sol: We have to find out L cosh 2 2t

1
Using 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕 2 𝜃 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕2𝜃 + 1

1
∴ cosh 2 2t = 2 1 + cosh2 2t

1
cosh 2 2t = 2 1 + cosh4t

Taking Laplace transform of both sides

1
L(cosh 2 2t) = L 1 + cosh4t
2

1
L cosh 2 2t = 2 L 1 + cosh4t

1
L cosh 2 2t = 2 L(1) + L(cosh4t)

1 1 s s
L cosh 2 2t = 2 + s 2 −4 2 [∵L coshat = s 2 −a 2 ]
s

1 1 s
L cosh 2 2t = 2 + s 2 −16
s

1 s 2 −16 +s 2 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎𝑑 +𝑏𝑐
L cosh 2 2t = 2 ∵𝑏+𝑑 =
s s 2 −16 𝑏𝑑

1 s 2 −16+s 2
L cosh 2 2t = 2 s s 2 −16

1 2s 2 −16
L cosh 2 2t = 2 s s 2 −16

1 2(s 2 −8)
L cosh 2 2t = 2 s s 2 −16

(s 2 −8)
L cosh 2 2t = s s 2 −16

Copyright Material Page 21 of 123

Ex3. 𝐋 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑 𝟒𝐭 = …………

Sol: We know that

1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 = 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜃 + 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

1
∴ cos 3 4t = 4 cos3(4t) + 3cos4t

1
cos 3 4t = 4 cos12t + 3cos4t

Taking Laplace transform of both sides

1
L cos 3 4t = 4 L cos12t + 3cos4t

1
L cos 3 4t = 4 L(cos12t) + 3L(cos4t)

1 s s s
L cos 3 4t = 4 +3 [ ∵ L cosat = s 2 +a 2 ]
s 2 +12 2 s 2 +4 2

1 s 3s
L cos 3 4t = 4 + s 2 +16
s 2 +144

s 1 3
L cos 3 4t = 4 + s 2 +16
s 2 +144

𝟐
Ex4. Find 𝐋 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝐭 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐𝐭
2
Sol: We have to find L sin2t − cos2t

Using (a − b)2 = a2 − 2ab + b2

2 2 2
sin2t − cos2t = sin2t − 2sin2t cos2t + cos2t
2
sin2t − cos2t = sin 2 2t − 2sin2t cos2t + cos 2 2t
2
sin2t − cos2t = (sin 2 2t + cos 2 2t) − 2sin2t cos2t
2
sin2t − cos2t = 1 − 2 sin2t cos2t ∵ cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ = 1
2
sin2t − cos2t = 1 − sin2 2t ∴ sin2θ = 2sinθ cosθ
2
sin2t − cos2t = 1 − sin4t

Taking Laplace transform of both sides

2
L sin2t − cos2t = L 1 − sin4t
2
L sin2t − cos2t = L 1] − L[sin4t

Copyright Material Page 22 of 123

 2 1 4 a
L sin2t − cos2t = s − s 2 +4 2 [ ∵ L sinat = s 2 +a 2 ]

2 1 4
L sin2t − cos2t = s − s 2 +16

Ex5. Find Laplace transform of et − 1 3

Sol: We have to find L et − 1 3

Using (a − b)3 = a3 − 3a2 b + 3ab2 − b3

∴ et − 1 3
= et 3
− 3 et 2 (1) + 3et (1)2 − (1)3

et − 1 3
= e3t − 3e2t + 3et − 1 [ ∵ em n
= emn ]

∴ L[ et − 1 3 ] = L e3t − 3e2t + 3et − 1

L[ et − 1 3 ] = L e3t ] − 3 L[e2t ] + 3L[et ] – L[1

1 1 1 1 1
L[ et − 1 3 ] = s−3 − 3 s−2 + 3 s−1 − s ∵ L eat = s−a

1 3 3 1
L[ et − 1 3 ] = s−3 − s−2 + s−1 − s

Ex6. Find Laplace transform of 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟑𝐭 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐭

Sol: We have to find L[sin3t sint]

1
Using sinA sinB = 2 cos A − B − cos A + B

1
sin3t sint = 2 cos 3t − t − cos 3t + t

1
sin3t sint = 2 cos 2t − cos 4t

1
sin3t sint = cos2t − cos4t
2

Taking Laplace transform of both sides

1
∴ L sin3t sint = 2 L cos2t − cos4t

1
L sin3t sint = 2 L(cos2t) − L(cos4t)

1 s s s
L sin3t sint = 2 − s 2 +4 2 ∵ L cosat = s 2 +a 2
s 2 +22

1 s s
L sin3t sint = 2 s 2 +4
− s 2 +16

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 s 1 1
L sin3t sint = 2 − s 2 +16
s 2 +4

s s 2 +16 − s 2 +4 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎𝑑 −𝑏𝑐
L sin3t sint = 2 ∵𝑏−𝑑 =
(s 2 +4) s 2 +16 𝑏𝑑

s s 2 +16−s 2 −4
L sin3t sint = 2 (s 2 +4) s 2 +16

s 12
L sin3t sint = 2 (s 2 +4) s 2 +16

6s
L sin3t sint = (s 2 +4) s 2 +16

cos t
Ex7. Find Laplace transform of t

cos t
Sol: We have to find L t

x2 x4 x6
Using cosx = 1 − 2! + 4! − 6! + ⋯

x2 x4
cosx = 1 − + 24
2

4
( t)2 t
∴ cos t = 1 − +
2 24

4
(t 1/2 )2 t 1/2
cos t = 1 − +
2 24

t t2
cos t = 1 − 2 + 24 [∵ am )n = amn

cos t 1 t t2
∴ = 1 − 2 + 24
t t

cos t 1 t t2
= t 1/2 1 − 2 + 24
t

cos t 1 t t2
= t 1/2 − 2t 1/2 + 24t 1/2
t

cos t t t −1/2 t 2 t −1/2

= t −1/2 − +
t 2 24

cos t t 1/2 t 3/2

= t −1/2 − + ∵ am an = am+n
t 2 24

1 3
1
cos t − t2 t2
∴L =L t 2 − + 24
t 2

Copyright Material Page 24 of 123

 1 1 3
cos t 1 1
L = L t −2 − 2 L t 2 + 24 L t 2
t

n+1
Using L t n = when n is fraction
s n +1

1 1 3
cos t − +1 1 +1 1 +1
2 2 2
L = s −1/2+1 −2 1/2+1
+ 24 3/2+1
t s s

1 3 5
cos t 2 1 2 1 2
L = −2 + 24
t s 1/2 s 3/2 s 5/2

3 1
Now, = +1
2 2

3 1 1
= [∵ n + 1 = n n ]
2 2 2

3 1
= π
2 2

5 3
Also, = +1
2 2

3 3
=2 [∵ n + 1 = n n ]
2

3 1
=2 +1
2

31 1
= [∵ n + 1 = n n ]
22 2

5 3 1
∴ =4 π ∵ = π
2 2

1 3
cos t π 1 2 π 1 4 π
∴L = s 1/2 − +
t 2 s 3/2 24 s 5/2

cos t π 1 π 1 3 π
L = s 1/2 − 2 + 24
t 2s 3/2 4s 5/2

cos t π 1 π 1 π
L = s 1/2 − 4 + 32
t s 3/2 s 5/2

Ex8. 𝐋 𝐭 𝟐 − 𝐞−𝟐𝐭 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡𝟐𝐭 =……..

Sol: We have to find L t 2 − e−2t + cosh2t

L t 2 − e−2t + cosh2t = L t 2 − L e−2t + L cosh2t

2! 1 s
L t 2 − e−2t + cosh2t = s 2+1 − s+2 + s 2 −22

2 1 s
L t 2 − e−2t + cosh2t = s 3 − s+2 + s 2 −4

Copyright Material Page 25 of 123

 Home Assignment-1 (10 Marks, each for two marks)

Find Laplace transform of the following

(i) 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2𝑡 (ii) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑡 (iii) sin 2𝑡 + 3 (iv) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕2 5𝑡 (v) 7𝑡

First shifting theorem: If L f t = F s then

(a) L eat f t = F(s − a)

(b) L e−at f t = F(s + a)

Ex1.Find the Laplace transform of the following:

i eat t n

(ii) eat sinat

(iii) e−t (2cos5t − 3sin5t)

(iv) e2t cos 2 t

(v) e4t sin2t cost

(vi) t 7/2 e−3t

(vii) coshat cosbt

Sol: (i) We have to find out L eat t n

n! n!
Now, L t n = s n +1 [ ∵ L t n = s n +1 ]

n!
L t n = s n +1 = F(s) ………. (1)

∴ L eat t n = F s − a {∵ eat f t = F s−a }

n!
L eat t n = (s−a)n +1 [∵ By (1)]

(ii) We have to find out L eat sinat

a a
Now, L sinat = s 2 +a 2 [ ∵ L sinat = s 2 +a 2 ]

a
L sinat = s 2 +a 2 = F(s) ………… (1)

∴ L eat sinat = F s − a ∵ L eat f t = F s−a

1
L eat sinat = (s−a)2 +a 2 [∵ By (1)]

Copyright Material Page 26 of 123

(iii) We have to find out L e−t 2cos5t − 3sin3t

Now, L 2cos5t − 3sin3t = 2L cos5t − 3L sin3t

s 3 a s
L 2cos5t − 3sin3t = 2 −3 ∵ L(sinat) = s 2 +a 2 , L(cosat) = s 2 +a 2
s 2 +52 s 2 +32

2s 9
L 2cos5t − 3sin3t = − s 2 +9 = F(s) ……….. (1)
s 2 +25

∴ L e−1t 2cos5t − 3sin3t = F s+a ∵ L e−at f t =F s+a

L e−1t 2cos5t − 3sin3t = F s+1 ∵a=1

2(s+1) 9
L e−1t 2cos5t − 3sin3t = − (s+1)2 +9 [∵By (1)]
(s+1)2 +25

(iv) We have to find out L e2t cos 2 t

1
Using cos 2 θ = 2 1 + cos2θ

1
cos 2 t = 2 1 + cos2t

Taking Laplace transform of both sides

1
L cos 2 t = 2 L 1 + cos2t

1
L cos 2 t = L 1 + L cos2t
2

1 1 s s
L cos 2 t = 2 + s 2 +22 ∵ L(cosat) = s 2 +a 2
s

1 1 s
L cos 2 t = 2 + s 2 +4
s

1 1 s 2 +4 +s s 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎𝑑 +𝑏𝑐
L cos 2 t = 2 ∵𝑏+𝑑 =
s s 2 +4 𝑏𝑑

1 s 2 +4 +s 2
L cos 2 t = 2 s s 2 +4

1 s 2 +4+s 2
L cos 2 t = 2 s s 2 +4

1 2s 2 +4
L cos 2 t = 2 s s 2 +4

1 2(s 2 +2)
L cos 2 t =
2 s s 2 +4

s 2 +2
L cos 2 t = s = F(s) ……………… (1)
s 2 +4

Copyright Material Page 27 of 123

∴ L e2t cos 2 t = F s − a ∵ L eat f t =F s−a

L e2t cos 2 t = F s − 2 ∵a=2

(s−2)2 +2
L e2t cos 2 t = [∵By (1)]
s−2 s−2 2 +4

s 2 −4s+4+2
L e2t cos 2 t = [ ∵ (a − b)2 = a2 − 2ab + b2 ]
s−2 s 2 −4s+4+4

s 2 −4s+6
L e2t cos 2 t = s−2 s 2 −4s+8

(v) We have to find out L[t 7/2 e−3t ] i.e. L[e−3t t 7/2 ]
7
+1 n+1
7/2
Now, L t = 2
7 [ ∵ L tn = when n is fraction ]
+1 s n +1
s2

L t 7/2 = 2
9
s2

105
π
L t 7/2 = 16
9
s2

105 π
L t 7/2 == 9 = F(s) …………… (1)
16s 2

∴ L[e−3t t 7/2 ] = F s + a {∵ 𝐿 e−at f t = F s+a }

L[e−3t t 7/2 ] == F(s + 3) [∵ a = 3 ]

105 π
L[e−3t t 7/2 ] == 9 [∵ By (1)]
16(s+3)2

(vi) We have to find out L e4t sin2t cost

1
Using sinA cosB = sin A + B + sin A − B
2

1
sin2t cost = 2 sin 2t + t + sin 2t − t

1
sin2t cost = 2 sin3t + sint

Taking Laplace transform of both sides

1
L[sin2t cost] = 2 L sin3t + sint

1
L[sin2t cost] = 2 L(sin3t) + L(sint)

Copyright Material Page 28 of 123

 1 3 1 a
L[sin2t cost] = 2 + s 2 +12 ∵ L sinat =
s 2 +32 s 2 +a 2

1 3 1
L[sin2t cost] = 2 + s 2 +1
s 2 +9

1 3 s 2 +1 +1(s 2 +9)
L[sin2t cost] = 2 s 2 +9 (s 2 +1)

1 3s 2 +3+s 2 +9 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎𝑑 +𝑏𝑐
L[sin2t cost] = 2 ∵𝑏+𝑑 =
s 2 +9 (s 2 +1) 𝑏𝑑

1 4s 2 +12
L[sin2t cost] = 2 s 2 +9 (s 2 +1)

1 4(s 2 +3)
L[sin2t cost] = 2 s 2 +9 (s 2 +1)

2(s 2 +3)
L sin2t cost = = F s …………..(1)
s 2 +9 s 2 +1

∴ L e4t sin2t cost = F s − a ∵ L eat f t = F s−a

L e4t sin2t cost = F s − 4 ∵a=4

2 s−4 2 +3
L e4t sin2t cost = [ s−4 2 +9][ [∵By (1)]
s−4 2 +1]

𝐞𝐚𝐱− 𝐞−𝐚𝐱 𝐞𝐚𝐱 +𝐞−𝐚𝐱

Note: 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡𝐚𝐱 = , 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡𝐚𝐱 =
𝟐 𝟐

(vii) We have to find out L cosht cosbt

e ax +e −ax
Using coshax = 2

e 1t +e −1t
L cosht cosbt = L cosbt
2

1
L coshat cosbt = 2 L e1t + e−1t cosbt

1
L coshat cosbt = 2 L e1t cosbt + e−1t cosbt

1
L coshat cosbt = 2 L(e1t cosbt) + L(e−1t cosbt) ……………. (A)

Here first we find L(e1t cosbt)

s s
Now, L cosbt = s 2 +b 2 = F(s) ……….(1) ∵ L(cosat) = s 2 +a 2

∴ L e1t cosbt = F s − a {∵ eat f t = F s−a }

L e1t cosbt = F s − 1 ∵a=1

Copyright Material Page 29 of 123

 s−1
L e1t cosbt = [∵ By (1)]
(s−1)2 +b 2

Similarly,L e−1t cosbt = F s + a {∵ e−at f t = F s+a }

L e−1t cosbt = F s + 1 ∵a=1

s+1
L e−1t cosbt = [∵ By (1)]
(s+1)2 +b 2

Equation (A) becomes

1 s−1 s+1
L coshat cosbt = 2 + (s+1)2 +b 2
(s−1)2 +b 2

Ex2. L e2t sint = ……………..

Sol: We have to find out L e2t sint

1 a
Now, L sint = s 2 +12 [ ∵ L sinat = s 2 +a 2 ]

1
L sint = s 2 +1 = F(s) ………… (1)

∴ L e2t sint = F s − a L eat f t = F s−a

L e2t sint = F s − 2 [ ∵ a = 2]
1
L e2t sint = [∵ By (1)]
(s−2)2 +1

1
L e2t sint = s 2 −2 [ ∵ (a − b)2 = a2 − 2ab + b2 ]
s (2)+22 +1

1
L e2t sint = s 2 −4s+4+1

1
L e2t sint = s 2 −4s+5

Ex3. Find L e−t t k

Sol: We have to find out L e−t t k i.e. L e−1t t k

k! n!
Now, L t k = s k +1 = F(s) ……. (1) [ ∵ L t n = s n +1 ]

∴ L e−1t t k = F s + a {∵ e−at f t =F s+a }

L e−1t t k = F s + 1 [∵ a = 1 ]
k!
L e−1t t k = (s+1)k +1 [∵ By (1)]

Copyright Material Page 30 of 123

Ex4. Find L t 2 e−3t

Sol: We find L t 2 e−3t i.e. L e−3t t 2

2! n!
Now, L t 2 = s 2+1 [ ∵ L t n = s n +1 ]

2
L t 2 = s 3 = F(s) ………. (1)

∴ L e−3t t 2 = F s + a {∵ e−at f t = F s+a }

L e−3t t 2 = F(s + 3) [∵ a = 3 ]
2
L e−3t t 2 = (s+3)3 [∵ By (1)]

Ex5. Find L e−3t t −1/2

Sol: We have to find out L e−3t t −1/2

1
− +1 n+1
Now, L t −1/2 = 2
1 [ ∵ L tn = when n is fraction ]
− +1 s n +1
s 2

1
−1/2 2
Lt = 1
s2

π 1
L t −1/2 = 1 = F(s) ………. (1) [ ∵ = π ]
2
s2

∴ L e−3t t −1/2 = F s + a {∵ e−at f t = F s+a }

L e−3t t −1/2 = F(s + 3) [∵ a = 3 ]

π
L e−3t t −1/2 = 1 [∵ By (1)]
(s+3)2

Ex6. Find Laplace transform of : (t + 1)2 et

Sol: We have to find L (t + 1)2 et i.e. L et (t + 1)2

Using (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2

(t + 1)2 = t 2 + 2t(1) + 12

(t + 1)2 = t 2 + 2t + 1

∴ L (t + 1)2 = L t 2 + 2t + 1

L (t + 1)2 = L t 2 ] + 2 L[t] + L[1

Copyright Material Page 31 of 123

 2! 1! 1 n!
L (t + 1)2 = s 2+1 + 2 +s ∵ L t n = s n +1
s 1+1

2 1 1
L (t + 1)2 = s 3 + 2 +s
s2

2 2 1
L (t + 1)2 = s 3 + s 2 + s = F(s) ……… (1)

∴ L et (t + 1)2 = F s − a {∵ eat f t = F s−a }

L et (t + 1)2 = F s − 1 ∵a=1
2 2 1
L et (t + 1)2 = (s−1)3 + (s−1)2 + (s−1) [∵ By (1)]

Ex7. Find Laplace transform of t 3/2 + e−t cost + t 2

3
Sol: We have to find L t 2 + e−t cost + t 2

3
Now, L t 2 + e−t cost + t 2 = L t 3/2 + L e−t cost + t 2 …….. (A)

(I) We find L t 3/2

n+1
Using L t n = when n is fraction
s n +1

3
+1
3/2 2
∴L t = 3
+1
s2

5
3/2 2
Lt = 5
s2

3 3
π
∴ L t2 = 4 5
s2

3 a
3 π b a
L t 2 = 4s 5/2 ∵ = bc
c

(II) We find L e−t cost + t 2

Now, L cost + t 2 = L cost + L t 2

s 2! n!
L cost + t 2 = s 2 +12 + s 2+1 ∵ L t n = s n +1

s 2
L cost + t 2 = s 2 +1 + s 3 = F(s) ……….. (1)

∴ L e−t cost + t 2 = F s+a {∵ e−at f t =F s+a }

Copyright Material Page 32 of 123

L e−t cost + t 2 = F s+1 ∵a=1
(s+1) 2
L e−t cost + t 2 = (s+1)2 +1 + (s+1)3 [∵ By (1)]

Equation (A) becomes

3
3 π (s+1) 2
L t 2 + e−t cost + t 2 = 4s 5/2 + (s+1)2 +1 + (s+1)3

𝐞𝐚𝐱− 𝐞−𝐚𝐱 𝐞𝐚𝐱 +𝐞−𝐚𝐱

Note: 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡𝐚𝐱 = , 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡𝐚𝐱 =
𝟐 𝟐

Ex8. Find: L cosat sinhat

Sol: We have to find L cosat sinhat

e at −e −at eax −e−ax

L cosat sinhat = L cosat ∵ sinhax =
2
2

1
L cosat sinhat = L cosat eat − e−at
2

1
L cosat sinhat = L eat cosat − e−at cosat
2

1
L cosat sinhat = L eat cosat − L(e−at cosat) ……….. (A)
2

(I) First we find L eat cosat

s
Now, L cosat = s 2 +a 2 = F(s) ……… (1)

∴ L eat cosat = F s − a ∵ L eat f t =F s−a

(s−a)
L eat cosat = [∵ By (1)]
(s−a)2 +a2

(II) We find L(e−at cosat)

L(e−at cosat) = F s + a ∵ L e−at f t = F s+a

(s+a)
L e−at cosat = [∵ By (1)]
(s+a)2 +a2

Equation (A) becomes

1 (s−a) (s+a)
L cosat sinhat = 2 −
2 (s−a) +a2 (s+a)2 +a2

Copyright Material Page 33 of 123

Second Shifting Theorem: If L f t = F (s) and

F(t) = f t − a , t > 𝑎
= 0, t < 𝑎
then L F t = e−as F (s)

Ex1. Find L F t for

2
F t = t−1 , t>1

= 0, t < 1.

Sol: Given,
2
F t = t−1 , t>1

= 0, t < 1.
2
Here f t − a = t − 1 , a=1
2
f t−1 = t−1

Neglecting −1 of both sides to get f t

∴ f t = t2

Now, L f t = L[t 2 ]
2! n!
Lf t = s 2+1 ∵ L t n = s n +1

2
Lf t = s 3 = F s …… (1)

∴ LF t = e−as F(s)

LF t = e−1s F(s) ∵a=1

2
LF t = e−s s 3 [∵ By (1)]

2e −s
LF t = s3

Ex2. Find the Laplace transform of

F t = e−3(t−4) sin4 t − 4 for t > 4

= 0 for t < 4

Sol: Given,

Copyright Material Page 34 of 123

 F t = e−3(t−4) sin4 t − 4 for t > 4
= 0 for t < 4

Here f t − a = e−3(t−4) sin4 t − 4 , a = 4

f t − 4 = e−3(t−4) sin4 t − 4

Neglecting −4 of both sides to get f t

∴ f t = e−3t sin4t

Now, L f t = L e−3t sin4t

We find L e−3t sin4t

4 a
Now, L sin4t = s 2 +4 2 ∵ L sinat = s 2 +a 2

4
L sin4t = s 2 +16 = F(s) ………… (1)

∴ L e−3t sin4t = F(s + a) ∵ L e−at f t = F s+a

L e−3t sin4t = F(s + 3) ∵ a = 3

4
L e−3t sin4t = = G(s)………. (2)
(s+3)2 +16

∴ LF t = e−as G(s)
4
LF t = e−4s ∵a=4
(s+3)2 +16

4e −4s
LF t = (s+3)2 +16

dn
Multiplication by 𝐭 𝐧 Property: If L f t = F s then L t n f t = (−1)n ds n F(s)

Find the Laplace transform of the following:

(i) t cosat

(ii) t sinhat

(iii) sin2t − 2tcos2t

(iv) t cos 2 t

(v) t 2 sinat

(vi) t 3 e−3t

Copyright Material Page 35 of 123

(vii) t e−t sin3t

(viii) t e−2t sint

(ix) t et cosht

(x) t e2t sin3t

(xi) t 2 et sin4t

Sol: (i) We find to find L t cosat

s
Now, L cosat = s 2 +a 2 = F(s) ……. (1)

dn dn
∴ L t cosat = (−1)n ds n F(s) {∵ L t n f t = (−1)n ds n F(s)}

1
1 d s
L t cosat = −1 ∵ n = 1 & [∵ By (1)]
ds 1 s 2 +a 2

d s
L t cosat = −1 ds s 2 +a 2

d d
d u v u−u v
ds ds
Using =
ds v v2

d d
s 2 +a 2 s−s (s 2 +a 2 )
ds ds
∴ L t cosat = −1 s 2 +a 2 2

d d 2 d
s 2 +a 2 s−s s + +a 2
ds ds ds
L t cosat = −1 s 2 +a 2 2

s 2 +a 2 1 −s(2s+0)
∴ L t cosat = −1 s 2 +a 2 2

s 2 +a 2 1 −s(2s)
L t cosat = −1 s 2 +a 2 2

s 2 +a 2 −2s 2
L t cosat = −1 s 2 +a 2 2

−s 2 +a 2
L t cosat = −1 s 2 +a 2 2

−1 −s 2 +a 2
L t cosat = s 2 +a 2 2

s 2 −a 2
L t cosat = s 2 +a 2 2

Copyright Material Page 36 of 123

(ii) We have to find L t sinhat

We have to find out L t sinhat

a a
Now, L sinhat = s 2 −a 2 [ ∵ L sinhat = s 2 −a 2 ]

a
L sinhat = s 2 −a 2 = F(s) ………… (1)

dn dn
∴ L t sinhat = (−1)n ds n F(s) {∵ L t n f t = (−1)n ds n F(s)}

d1 a
L t sinhat = (−1)1 ds 1 [∵ n = 1] & [∵ By (1)]
s 2 −a 2

d a
L t sinhat = −1
ds s 2 −a 2

d d
d u v u−u v
ds ds
Using =
ds v v2

d d
s 2 −a 2 a−a (s 2 −a 2 )
ds ds
∴ L t sinhat = −1 s 2 +a 2 2

d 2 d
s 2 −a 2 0 −a s − a2
ds ds
∴ L t sinhat = −1 s 2 −a 2 2

0 −a (2s+0)
∴ L t sinhat = −1 s 2 −a 2 2

0 −a (2s)
∴ L t sinhat = −1 s 2 −a 2 2

0−2as
L t sinhat = −1 s 2 −a 2 2

−2as
L t sinhat = −1 s 2 −a 2 2

2as
L t sinhat = s 2 −a 2 2

(iii) We have to find L sin2t − 2t cos2t

L sin2t − 2tcos2t = L sin2t − 2L(t cos2t)

2 a
L sin2t − 2tcos2t = s 2 +22 − 2L(tcos2t) ∵ L sinat = s 2 +a 2

2
L sin2t − 2tcos2t = s 2 +4 − 2L(t cos2t) ……….(A)

We find L t cos2t

Copyright Material Page 37 of 123

 s s
Now, L cos2t = s 2 +22 ∵ L cosat = s 2 +a 2

s
L cos2t = s 2 +4 = F(s) ……. (1)

dn dn
∴ L t cos2t = (−1)n ds n F(s) {∵ L t n f t = (−1)n ds n F(s)}

d1 s
L t cos2t = (−1)1 ds 1 [∵ n = 1] & [∵ By (1)]
s 2 +4

d s
L t cos2t = −1 ds s 2 +4

d d
d u v u−u v
ds ds
Using =
ds v v2

d d
s 2 +4 s−s (s 2 +4)
ds ds
∴ L t cos2t = −1 s 2 +4 2

d d
s 2 +4 (1)−s s2+ 4
ds ds
L t cos2t = −1 s 2 +4 2

s 2 +4 1 −s(2s+0)
∴ L t cos2t = −1 s 2 +4 2

s 2 +4 1 −s(2s)
∴ L t cos2t = −1 s 2 +4 2

s 2 +4−2s 2
L t cos2t = −1 s 2 +4 2

−s 2 +4
L t cos2t = −1 s 2 +4 2

−1 −s 2 +4
L t cos2t = s 2 +4 2

s 2 −4
L t cos2t = s 2 +4 2

Equation (A) becomes

2 s 2 −4
L sin2t − 2tcos2t = s 2 +4 − 2 s 2 +4 2

1 s 2 −4
L sin2t − 2tcos2t = 2 − {Taking 2 common}
s 2 +4 s 2 +4 2

s 2 +4 s 2 −4
L sin2t − 2tcos2t = 2 2 −
[Adjustment, Making denominator same]
s 2 +4 s 2 +4 2

2
L sin2t − 2tcos2t = s2 + 4 − s2 − 4
s 2 +4 2

Copyright Material Page 38 of 123

 2
L sin2t − 2tcos2t = s2 + 4 − s2 + 4
s 2 +4 2

2
L sin2t − 2tcos2t = 8
s 2 +4 2

16
L sin2t − 2tcos2t = s 2 +4 2

(iv) We have to find L t cos 2 t

1
Using cos 2 θ = 2 1 + cos2θ

1
cos 2 t = 2 1 + cos2t

Taking Laplace transform of both sides

1
L cos 2 t = 2 L 1 + cos2t

1
L cos 2 t = 2 L 1 + L cos2t

1 1 s s
L cos 2 t = 2 + s 2 +22 ∵ L(cosat) = s 2 +a 2
s

1 1 s
L cos 2 t = 2 + s 2 +4
s

1 1 s 2 +4 +s s 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎𝑑 +𝑏𝑐
L cos 2 t = ∵ + =
2 s s 2 +4 𝑏 𝑑 𝑏𝑑

1 s 2 +4 +s 2
L cos 2 t = 2 s s 2 +4

1 s 2 +4+s 2
L cos 2 t = 2 s s 2 +4

1 2s 2 +4
L cos 2 t = 2 s s 2 +4

1 2(s 2 +2)
L cos 2 t = 2 s s 2 +4

s 2 +2
L cos 2 t = s s 2 +4

s 2 +2
L cos 2 t = s 3 +4s = F(s) ……………… (1)

dn dn
∴ L t cos 2 t = (−1)n ds n F(s) {∵ L t n f t = (−1)n ds n F(s)}

d1 s 2 +2
L t cos 2 t = (−1)1 ds 1 [∵ n = 1] & [∵ By (1)]
s 3 +4s

Copyright Material Page 39 of 123

 d s 2 +2
L t cos 2 t = −1 ds s 3 +4s

d d
d u v u−u v
ds ds
Using =
ds v v2

d d
(s 3 +4s) s 2 +2 − s 2 +2 s 3 +4s
∴ L t cos 2 t = −1 ds ds
s 3 +4s 2

d d d d
(s 3 +4s) s2+ 2 − s 2 +2 s3 + 4s
2 ds ds ds ds
L t cos t = −1 s 3 +4s 2

(s 3 +4s) 2s+0 − s 2 +2 3s 2 +4(1)

L t cos 2 t = −1 s 3 +4s 2

(s 3 +4s) 2s − s 2 +2 3s 2 +4
L t cos 2 t = −1 s 3 +4s 2

2s(s 3 +4s) – s 2 3s 2 +4 +2 3s 2 +4
L t cos 2 t = −1 s 3 +4s 2

(2s 4 +8s 2 ) – 3s 4 +4s 2 +6s 2 +8

L t cos 2 t = −1 s 3 +4s 2

(2s 4 +8s 2 ) – 3s 4 +10s 2 +8

L t cos 2 t = −1 s 3 +4s 2

2s 4 +8s 2 –3s 4 −10s 2 −8

L t cos 2 t = −1 s 3 +4s 2

−s 4 −2s 2 −8
L t cos 2 t = −1 s 3 +4s 2

−1 −s 4 −2s 2 −8
L t cos 2 t = s 3 +4s 2

s 4 +2s 2 +8
L t cos 2 t = s 3 +4s 2

(v) We have to find L t 2 sinat

a a
Now, L sinat = s 2 +a 2 [ ∵ L sinat = s 2 +a 2 ]

a
L sinat = s 2 +a 2 = F(s) ………… (1)

dn dn
∴ L t 2 sinat = (−1)n ds n F(s) {∵ L t n f t = (−1)n ds n F(s)}

d2 a
= (−1)2 ds 2 [∵ n = 2] & [∵ By (1)]
s 2 +a 2

d2 a
= 1 ds 2 s 2 +a 2

Copyright Material Page 40 of 123

 d2 a
= ds 2 s 2 +a 2

d d a
= ds ds s 2 +a 2

d d a
= ds ds s 2 +a 2

d d
d u v u−u v
ds ds
Using =
ds v v2

d d
d s 2 +a 2 a−a (s 2 +a 2 )
∴ L t 2 sinat = ds ds ds
s 2 +a 2 2

d 2 d
d s 2 +a 2 0 −a s + a2
L t 2 sinat = ds 2
ds
2 2
ds
s +a

d 0 −a (2s+0)
∴ L t 2 sinat = ds s 2 +a 2 2

d 0−2as
L t 2 sinat = ds s 2 +a 2 2

d −2as
L t 2 sinat = ds s 2 +a 2 2

d 2as
L t 2 sinat = − ds s 2 +a 2 2

d d
d u v u−u v
ds ds
Using =
ds v v2

2 d d 2
s 2 +a 2 2as −2as s 2 +a 2
2 ds ds
L t sinat = − s 2 +a 2 2 2

2 2−1 d
s 2 +a 2 2a(1) −2as 2 s 2 +a 2 s 2 +a 2 d
2 ds n n−1 d
L t sinat = − ∵ ds f s =n f s f s
s 2 +a 2 4 ds

2 1 d
s 2 +a 2 2a−4as s 2 +a 2 s 2 +a 2 }
2 ds
L t sinat = − s 2 +a 2 4

2 d d
s 2 +a 2 2a − 4as s 2 +a 2 s2 + a2
2 ds ds
L t sinat = − s 2 +a 2 4

2
s 2 +a 2 2a −4as s 2 +a 2 (2s+0)
L t 2 sinat = − s 2 +a 2 4

2
2 s 2 +a 2 2a −4as s 2 +a 2 (2s)
L t sinat = − s 2 +a 2 4

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 2
2 2a s 2 +a 2 −8as 2 s 2 +a 2
L t sinat = − s 2 +a 2 4

2a s 2 +a 2 { s 2 +a 2 −4s 2 }
L t 2 sinat = − s 2 +a 2 4

2a{s 2 +a 2 −4s 2 }
L t 2 sinat = − s 2 +a 2 3

2a{−3s 2 +a 2 }
L t 2 sinat = − s 2 +a 2 3

−2a −3s 2 +a 2
L t 2 sinat = s 2 +a 2 3

2a( 3s 2 −a 2 )
L t 2 sinat =
s 2 +a 2 3

(vi) We have to find L t 3 e−3t i.e. L e−3t t 3

3! n!
Now, L t 3 = s 3+1 [ ∵ L t n = s n +1 ]

6
L t 3 = s 4 = F(s) ………. (1)

∴ L e−3t t 3 = F s + a {∵ 𝐿 e−at f t =F s+a }

L e−3t t 3 = F s + 3 ∵a=3
6
L e−3t t 3 = (s+3)4 [∵ By (1)]

(vii) We have to find L t e−t sin3t i.e. L e−t t sin3t

3 a
Now, L sin3t = s 2 +32 [ ∵ L sinat = s 2 +a 2 ]

3
L sin3t = s 2 +9 = F(s) ………… (1)

dn dn
∴ L t sin3t = (−1)n ds n F(s) {∵ L t n f t = (−1)n ds n F(s)}

d1 3
L t sin3t = (−1)1 ds 1 [∵ n = 1] & [∵ By (1)]
s 2 +9

d 3
L t sin3t = −1 ds s 2 +9

d d
d u v u−u v
ds ds
Using =
ds v v2

d d
s 2 +9 3−3 (s 2 +9)
ds ds
∴ L t sin3t = −1 s 2 +9 2

Copyright Material Page 42 of 123

 d d
s 2 +9 0 −3 s2 + 9
ds ds
L t sin3t = −1 s 2 +9 2

0 −3 (2s+0)
∴ L t sin3t = −1 s 2 +9 2

0 −3 (2s)
L t sin3t = −1 s 2 +9 2

0−6s
L t sin3t = −1 s 2 +9 2

−6s
L t sin3t = −1 s 2 +9 2

6s
L t sin3t = = G(s) ………….. (2)
s 2 +9 2

∴ L e−t t sin3t = G(s + a) {∵ e−at f t =F s+a }

L e−t t sin3t = G(s + 1) ∵a=1

6(s+1)
L e−t t sin3t = [ By (2)]
s+1 2 +9 2

(viii) We have to find L t e−2t sint i.e. L e−2t t sint

1 a
Now, L sint = s 2 +12 [ ∵ L sinat = s 2 +a 2 ]

1
L sint = s 2 +1 = F(s) ………… (1)

dn dn
∴ L t sint = (−1)n ds n F(s) {∵ L t n f t = (−1)n ds n F(s)}

d1 1
L t sint = (−1)1 ds 1 [∵ n = 1] & [∵ By (1)]
s 2 +1

d 1
L t sint = −1 ds s 2 +1

d d
d u v u−u v
ds ds
Using =
ds v v2

d d
s 2 +1 1−1 (s 2 +1)
ds ds
∴ L t sint = −1 s 2 +1 2

d d
s 2 +1 0 −1 s2+ 1
ds ds
L t sint = −1 s 2 +1 2

0 −1 (2s+0)
∴ L t sint = −1 s 2 +1 2

Copyright Material Page 43 of 123

 0 −1 (2s)
∴ L t sint = −1 s 2 +1 2

0−2s
L t sint = −1 s 2 +1 2

−2s
L t sint = −1 s 2 +1 2

2s
L t sint = = G(s) ………….. (2)
s 2 +1 2

∴ L e−2t t sint = G(s + a) {∵ e−at f t = F s+a }

L e−2t t sint = G(s + 2) ∵a=2

2(s+2)
L e−2t t sint = [ By (2)]
s+2 2 +1 2

2 s+2
L e−2t t sint = ∵ a+b 2
= a2 + 2ab + b2
s 2 +2s(2)+22 +1 2

2 s+2
L e−2t t sint = s 2 +4s+5 +1 2

2 s+2
L e−2t t sint = s 2 +4s+6 2

(ix) We have to find L t et cosht i.e. L[et t cosht]

s s
Now, L cosht = s 2 −12 L(cohat) = s 2 −a 2

s
L cosht = s 2 −1 = F(s) ……. (1)

dn dn
∴ L t cosht = (−1)n ds n F(s) {∵ L t n f t = (−1)n ds n F(s)}

d1 s
= (−1)1 ds 1 [∵ n = 1] & [∵ By (1)]
s 2 −1

d s
= −1 ds s 2 −1

d d
d u v u−u v
ds ds
Using =
ds v v2

d d
s 2 −1 s−s (s 2 −1)
ds ds
∴ L t cosht = −1 s 2 −1 2

d 2 d
s 2 −1 1 −s s − 1
ds ds
L t cosht = −1 2 2
s −1

Copyright Material Page 44 of 123

 s 2 −1 1 −s(2s−0)
∴ L t cosht = −1 s 2 −1 2

s 2 −1 1 −s(2s)
L t cosht = −1 s 2 −1 2

s 2 −1−2s 2
L t cosht = −1 s 2 −1 2

−s 2 −1
L t cosht = −1 s 2 −1 2

−1 −s 2 −1
L t cosht = s 2 −1 2

s 2 +1
L t cosht = = G(s) ………..(2)
s 2 −1 2

∴ L et t cosht = G(s − a) {∵ eat f t =F s−a }

L et t cosht = G(s − 1) ∵a=1

(s−1)2 +1
L et t cosht = [ By (2)]
(s−1)2 −1 2

s 2 −2 s (1)+12 +1
L et t cosht = ∵ a−b 2
= a2 − 2ab + b2
s 2 −2 s (1)+12 −1 2

s 2 −2s+1+1
L et t cosht = s 2 −2s+1−1 2

s 2 −2s+2
L et t cosht = s 2 −2s 2

(x) We have to find L t e2t sin3t i.e. L e2t t sin3t

3 a
Now, L sin3t = s 2 +32 [ ∵ L sinat = s 2 +a 2 ]

3
L sin3t = s 2 +9 = F(s) ………… (1)

dn dn
∴ L t sin3t = (−1)n ds n F(s) {∵ L t n f t = (−1)n ds n F(s)}

d1 3
L t sin3t = (−1)1 ds 1 [∵ n = 1] & [∵ By (1)]
s 2 +9

d 3
L t sin3t = −1 ds s 2 +9

d d
d u v u−u v
ds ds
Using =
ds v v2

Copyright Material Page 45 of 123

 d d
s 2 +9 3−3 (s 2 +9)
ds ds
∴ L t sin3t = −1 s 2 +9 2

d d
s 2 +9 0 −3 s2 + 9
ds ds
L t sin3t = −1 s 2 +9 2

0 −3 (2s+0)
∴ L t sin3t = −1 s 2 +9 2

0 −3 (2s)
L t sin3t = −1 s 2 +9 2

0−6s
L t sin3t = −1 s 2 +9 2

−6s
L t sin3t = −1 s 2 +9 2

6s
L t sin3t = = G(s) ……….. (2)
s 2 +9 2

∴ L e2t t sin3t = G s − a {∵ L eat f t = F s−a }

L e2t t sin3t = G s − 2 ∵a=2

6(s−2)
L e2t t sin3t = [∵ By (2)]
(s−2)2 +9 2

6(s−4)
L e2t t sin3t = ∵ a−b 2
= a2 − 2ab + b2
s 2 −2 s (2)+22 +9 2

6(s−4)
L e2t t sin3t = s 2 −4s+4+9 2

6(s−2)
L e2t t sin3t = s 2 −4s+13 2

(xi) We have to find L t 2 et sin4t i.e. L et t 2 sin4t

4 a
Now, L sin4t = s 2 +4 2 [ ∵ L sinat = s 2 +a 2 ]

4
L sin4t = s 2 +16 = F(s) ………… (1)

dn dn
∴ L t 2 sin4t = (−1)n ds n F(s) {∵ L t n f t = (−1)n ds n F(s)}

d2 4
L t 2 sin4t = (−1)2 ds 2 [∵ n = 2] & [∵ By (1)]
s 2 +16

d2 4
L t 2 sin4t = 1 ds 2 s 2 +16

d2 4
L t 2 sin4t = ds 2 [∵ By (1)]
s 2 +16

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 d d 4
L t 2 sin4t = ds ds s 2 +16

d d 4
L t 2 sin4t = ds ds s 2 +16

d d
d u v u−u v
ds ds
Using =
ds v v2

d d
d s 2 +16 4−4 (s 2 +16)
2 ds ds
∴ L t sin4t = ds s 2 +16 2

d d d
d s 2 +16 4−4 s2+ 16
2 ds ds ds
L t sin4t = ds s 2 +16 2

d s 2 +16 0 −4 (2s+0)
∴ L t 2 sin4t = ds s 2 +16 2

d 0−4 (2s)
L t 2 sin4t = ds s 2 +16 2

d 0−8s
L t 2 sin4t = ds s 2 +16 2

d −8s
L t 2 sin4t = ds s 2 +16 2

d 8s
L t 2 sin4t = − ds s 2 +16 2

d d
d u v u−u v
ds ds
Using =
ds v v2

2 d d 2
s 2 +16 8s−8s s 2 +16
L t 2 sin4t = − ds ds
s 2 +16 2 2

2 2−1 d
s 2 +16 8 1 −8s 2 s 2 +16 s 2 +16 d n−1 d
L t 2 sin4t = − ds
∵ ds f s n
=n f s f s
s 2 +16 4 ds

2 1 d 2 d
s 2 +16 8−16s s 2 +16 s + 16
2 ds ds
L t sin4t = − s 2 +16 4

2
s 2 +16 8−16s s 2 +16 2s+0
L t 2 sin4t = − s 2 +16 4

2
s 2 +16 8−16s s 2 +16 2s
L t 2 sin4t = − s 2 +16 4

2
8 s 2 +16 −32s 2 s 2 +16
L t 2 sin4t = − s 2 +16 4

Copyright Material Page 47 of 123

 8 s 2 +16 { s 2 +16 −4s 2 }
L t 2 sin4t = − s 2 +16 4

8{s 2 +16 −4s 2 }

L t 2 sin4t = − s 2 +16 3

8{−3s 2 +16 }
L t 2 sin4t = − s 2 +16 3

8 −3s 2 +16
L t 2 sin4t = − s 2 +16 3

8( 3s 2 −16)
L t 2 sin4t = = G(s) …….(2)
s 2 +16 3

∴ L et t 2 sin4t = G s − a {∵ L eat f t = F s−a }

L et t 2 sin4t = G s − 1 ∵a=1

8 3 s−1 2 −16
L et t 2 sin4t = [∵ By (2)]
(s−1)2 +16 3

8 3 s 2 −2s(1)+12 −16
L et t 2 sin4t = ∵ a−b 2
= a2 − 2ab + b2
s 2 −2s(1)+12 +16 3

8 3 s 2 −2s+1 −16
L et t 2 sin4t = s 2 −2s+1+16 3

8 3s 2 −6s+3−16
L et t 2 sin4t = s 2 −2s+17 3

8 3s 2 −6s−13
L et t 2 sin4t = s 2 −2s+17 3

Ex2. L t sinat =…….

Sol: We have to find out L t sinat

a a
Now, L sinat = s 2 +a 2 [ ∵ L sinat = s 2 +a 2 ]

a
L sinat = s 2 +a 2 = F(s) ………… (1)

dn dn
∴ L t sinat = (−1)n ds n F(s) {∵ L t n f t = (−1)n ds n F(s)}

d a
L t sinat = (−1)1 ds [∵ n = 1] & [∵ By (1)]
s 2 +a 2

d a
L t sinat = −1
ds s 2 +a 2

d d
d u v u−u v
ds ds
Using =
ds v v2

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 d d
s 2 +a 2 a−a (s 2 +a 2 )
ds ds
∴ L t sinat = −1 s 2 +a 2 2

d 2 d
s 2 +a 2 0 −a s + a2
ds ds
L t sinat = −1 2 2 2
s +a

0 −a (2s+0)
∴ L t sinat = −1 s 2 +a 2 2

0 −a (2s)
L t sinat = −1 s 2 +a 2 2

0−2as
L t sinat = −1 s 2 +a 2 2

−2as
L t sinat = −1 s 2 +a 2 2

2as
L t sinat = s 2 +a 2 2

Ex3. Find the Laplace transform of : sinat − at cosat

Sol: We have to find L sinat − at cosat

L sinat − at cosat = L sinat − a L t cosat ……………. (A)

(I) We find L sinat

a
L sinat = s 2 +a 2

(II) We find L t cosat

s
Now, L cosat = s 2 +a 2 = F(s) ……. (1)

dn dn
∴ L t cosat = (−1)n ds n F(s) {∵ L t n f t = (−1)n ds n F(s)}

d1 s
L t cosat = (−1)1 ds 1 [∵ n = 1] & [∵ By (1)]
s 2 +a 2

d s
L t cosat = −1 ds s 2 +a 2

d d
d u v u−u v
ds ds
Using =
ds v v2

d d
s 2 +a 2 s−s (s 2 +a 2 )
ds ds
∴ L t cosat = −1 s 2 +a 2 2

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 d 2d
s 2 +a 2 1 −s s +a 2
ds ds
L t cosat = −1 2 2 2
s +a

s 2 +a 2 1 −s(2s+0)
∴ L t cosat = −1 s 2 +a 2 2

s 2 +a 2 1 −s(2s)
∴ L t cosat = −1 s 2 +a 2 2

s 2 +a 2 −2s 2
L t cosat = −1 s 2 +a 2 2

−s 2 +a 2
L t cosat = −1 s 2 +a 2 2

−1 −s 2 +a 2
L t cosat = s 2 +a 2 2

s 2 −a 2
L t cosat = s 2 +a 2 2

Equation (A) becomes

a s 2 −a 2
L sinat − at cosat = s 2 +a 2 − a s 2 +a 2 2

1 (s 2 −a 2 )
L sinat − at cosat = a −
s 2 +a 2 s 2 +a 2 2

Ex4. Find: L t. sin 2 3t

Sol: We have to find L t. sin 2 3t

1
Using sin 2 θ = 2 1 − cos2θ

1
∴ sin 2 3t = 2 [1 − cos2(3t)]

1
sin 2 3t = 2 1 − cos6t

1
∴ L sin 2 3t = 2 L 1 − cos6t

1
L sin 2 3t = 2 L(1) − L cos6t

1 1 s s
L sin 2 3t = 2 − s 2 +62 ∵ L cosat = s 2 +a 2
s

1 1 s
L sin 2 3t = 2 − s 2 +36
s

1 1 s 2 +36 −s s 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎𝑑 −𝑏𝑐
L sin 2 3t = 2 ∵ −𝑑 =
s(s 2 +36) 𝑏 𝑏𝑑

Copyright Material Page 50 of 123

 1 s 2 +36−s 2
L sin 2 3t = 2 s(s 2 +36)

1 36
L sin 2 3t = 2 s(s 2 +36)

18
L sin 2 3t = (s 3 +36s) = F(s) …………. (1)

dn dn
∴ L t. sin 2 3t = (−1)n ds n F(s) {∵ L t n f t = (−1)n ds n F(s)}

d1 18
L t. sin 2 3t = (−1)1 ds 1 [∵ n = 1] & [∵ By (1)]
(s 3 +36s)

d 18
L t. sin 2 3t = −1 ds (s 3 +36s)

d d
d u v u−u v
ds ds
Using =
ds v v2

d d
s 3 +36s 18−18 (s 3 +36s)
∴ L t. sin 2 3t = −1 ds ds
s 3 +36s 2

d 3 d
s 3 +36s 0 −18 s + 36s
L t. sin 2 3t = −1 3
ds
2
ds
s +36s

0−18 3s 2 + 36 1
2
L t. sin 3t = −1 s 3 +36s 2

0−18 3s 2 + 36
L t. sin 2 3t = −1 s 3 +36s 2

−18 (3s 2 +36)

L t. sin 2 3t = −1 s 3 +36s 2

18 (3s 2 +36)
L t. sin 2 3t = s 3 +36s 2

18 (3)(s 2 +12)
L t. sin 2 3t = s 3 +36s 2

54(s 2 +12)
L t. sin 2 3t = s 3 +36s 2

Ex5. Find the Laplace transform of : t e−4t sin3t

Sol: We have to find L t e−4t sin3t i.e. L e−4t t sin3t

3 a
Now, L sin3t = s 2 +32 [ ∵ L sinat = s 2 +a 2 ]

3
L sin3t = s 2 +9 = F(s) ………… (1)

Copyright Material Page 51 of 123

 dn dn
∴ L t sin3t = (−1)n ds n F(s) {∵ L t n f t = (−1)n ds n F(s)}

d1 3
L t sin3t = (−1)1 ds 1 [∵ n = 1] & [∵ By (1)]
s 2 +9

d 3
L t sin3t = −1 ds s 2 +9

d d
d u v u−u v
ds ds
Using =
ds v v2

d d
s 2 +9 3−3 (s 2 +9)
ds ds
∴ L t sin3t = −1 s 2 +9 2

d 2 d
s 2 +9 0 −3 s + 9
ds ds
L t sin3t = −1 2 2
s +9

0−3 2s+0
L t sin3t = −1 s 2 +9 2

0−3 2s
L t sin3t = −1 s 2 +9 2

0−6s
L t sin3t = −1 s 2 +9 2

−6s
L t sin3t = −1 s 2 +9 2

6s
L t sin3t = = G(s) ……….. (2)
s 2 +9 2

∴ L e−4t t sin3t = G s + a {∵ e−at f t =F s+a }

L e−4t t sin3t = G s + 4 ∵a=4

6(s+4)
L e−4t t sin3t = [∵ By (2)]
(s+4)2 +9 2

6(s+4)
L e−4t t sin3t = ∵ a+b 2
= a2 + 2ab + b2
s 2 +2 s 4 +4 2 +9 2

6(s+4)
L e−4t t sin3t = s 2 +8s+16+9 2

6(s+4)
L e−4t t sin3t = s 2 +8s+25 2

Ex6.Find L te−t sint

Sol: We have to find L te−t sint i.e. L e−t t sint

1 a
Now, L sint = s 2 +12 [ ∵ L sinat = s 2 +a 2 ]

Copyright Material Page 52 of 123

 1
L sint = s 2 +1 = F(s) ………… (1)

dn dn
∴ L t sint = (−1)n ds n F(s) {∵ L t n f t = (−1)n ds n F(s)}

d1 1
L t sint = (−1)1 ds 1 [∵ n = 1] & [∵ By (1)]
s 2 +1

d 1
L t sint = −1 ds s 2 +1

d d
d u v u−u v
ds ds
Using =
ds v v2

d d
s 2 +1 1−1 (s 2 +1)
ds ds
∴ L t sint = −1 s 2 +1 2

d d
s 2 +1 0 −1 s2+ 1
ds ds
L t sint = −1 s 2 +1 2

0 −1 (2s+0)
∴ L t sint = −1 s 2 +1 2

0 −1(2s)
L t sint = −1 s 2 +1 2

0−2s
L t sint = −1 s 2 +1 2

−2s
L t sint = −1 s 2 +1 2

2s
L t sint = = G(s) ……….. (2)
s 2 +1 2

∴ L e−t t sint = G(s + a) ∵ L e−at f t =F s+a

L e−t t sint = G(s + 1) ∵a=1

2(s+1)
L e−t t sint = [∵ By (2)]
(s+1)2 +1 2

2 s+1
L e−t t sint = ∵ a+b 2
= a2 + 2ab + b2
s 2 +2s(1)+12 +1 2

2 s+1
L e−t t sint = s 2 +2s+1+1 2

2 s+1
L e−t t sint = s 2 +2s+2 2

Copyright Material Page 53 of 123

Home Assignment-2

Ex1. Find: L t e4t sinh2t (05 Marks)

Ex2. Find: L e−5t t cos6t (05 Marks)

f(t) ∞
Division by 𝒕 Property: If L f t = F s then L = s
F(s) ds
t

Note:
1 1 𝑥
1. 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
𝑥 2 +𝑎 2 𝑎
1 1 𝑥−𝑎
2. 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑎 𝐿𝑜𝑔
𝑥 2 −𝑎 2 𝑥+𝑎
𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
3. 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔 𝑓 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥)
−1 𝜋
4. 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 =
2
𝑚
5. 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑚 − 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑛 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔 𝑛
6. 𝑛 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑚 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑚𝑛
7. 𝐿𝑜𝑔1 = 0
𝜋
8. 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ∞ = 2
a
9. =0
∞
∞
10. =∞
a

Find the Laplace transform of the following:

1−e t
(i) t

e −at −e −bt
(ii) t

e at −cosbt
(iii) t

sinat
(iv) t

sin 2t
(v) t

sinht
(vi) t

sin 3t cost
(vii) t

cosat −cosbt
(viii) t

Copyright Material Page 54 of 123

 sin 3t
(ix) e−4t t

sin 2 t
(x) e−t t

cos 3t−cos 2t
(xi) 2t + + t sint
t

cosh 2t sin 2t
(xii) t

e −t sint
(xiii) L t

2sin 3t
(xiv) L t e2t − t

1−e t 1
Sol: (i) We have to find out L i.e. L 1 − et
t t

Now, L 1 − et = L 1 − L et
1 1 1
L 1 − et = s − s−1 = F(s) …….. (1) {∵L eat = s−a }

1 ∞ f(t) ∞
∴L 1 − et = s
F s ds ∵L = s
F(s) ds
t t

1−e t ∞ 1 1
L = s
− s−1 ds [ ∵ By (1)]
t s

1−e t 1 1 ∞
L = ds − ds
t s s−1 s

f ′ (x)
Using dx = Log f x
f(x)

1−e t ∞
L = Logs − Log s − 1 s
t

m
Using Logm − Logn = Log n

1−e t s ∞
L = Log
t s−1 s

∞
1−e t s
L = Log 1 [Adjustment for upper limit]
t s 1−
s s

∞
1−e t 1
L = Log 1
t 1−
s s

Copyright Material Page 55 of 123

 1−e t 1 s
L = Log 1 − Log
t 1− s−1
∞

1−e t 1 s
L = Log − Log
t 1+0 s−1

1−e t 1 s
L = Log − Log
t 1 s−1

1−e t s
L = Log1 − Log
t s−1

1−e t s
L = 0 − Log [∵ Log1 = 0 ]
t s−1

1−e t s
L = −Log
t s−1

1−e t s
L = −1 Log
t s−1

Using n Logm = Logmn

1−e t s −1
L = Log
t s−1

1−e t s−1 a −1 b
L = Log [∵ =a ]
t s b

e −at −e −bt 1
(ii) We have to find out L i.e. L e−at − e−bt
t t

Now, L e−at − e−bt = L e−at − L e−bt

1 1 1
L e−at − e−bt = s+a − s+b = F(s) …….. (1) {∵L e−at = s+a }

1 ∞ f(t) ∞
∴L e−at − e−bt = s
F s ds ∵L = s
F(s) ds
t t

e −at −e −bt ∞ 1 1
L = s
− s+b ds [ ∵ By (1)]
t s+a

e −at −e −bt 1 1 ∞
L = ds − ds
t s+a s+b s

f ′ (x)
Using dx = Log f x
f(x)

e −at −e −bt ∞
L = Log(s + a) − Log s + b s
t

m
Using Logm − Logn = Log n

Copyright Material Page 56 of 123

 e −at −e −bt s+a ∞
L = Log
t s+b s

a ∞
e −at −e −bt s 1+
s
L = Log b [Adjustment for upper limit]
t s 1+
s s

a ∞
e −at −e −bt 1+
s
L = Log b
t 1+
s s

a
e −at −e −bt 1+
∞ s+a
L = Log b − Log
t 1+ s+b
∞

e −at −e −bt 1+0 s+a

L = Log − Log
t 1+0 s+b

e −at −e −bt s+a

L = Log1 − Log
t s+b

e −at −e −bt s+a

L = 0 − Log [∵ Log1 = 0 ]
t s+b

e −at −e −bt s+a

L = −Log
t s+b

e −at −e −bt s+a

L = −1 Log
t s+b

Using n Logm = Logmn

e −at −e −bt s+a −1

L = Log
t s+b

e −at −e −bt s+b a −1 b

L = Log ∵ =a
t s+a b

e at −cosbt 1
(iii) We have to find L i.e. L eat − cosbt
t t

Now, L eat − cosbt = L eat − L cosbt

1 s 1 s
L eat − cosbt = s−a − s 2 +b 2 = F(s) …….. (1) ∵ L eat = s−a , L cosat = s 2 +a 2

1 ∞ f(t) ∞
∴L eat − cosbt = s
F s ds ∵L = s
F(s) ds
t t

e at −cosbt ∞ 1 s
L = − ds [ ∵ By (1)]
t s s−a s 2 +b 2

e at −cosbt 1 s ∞
L = ds − ds
t s−a s 2 +b 2 s

Copyright Material Page 57 of 123

 e at −cosbt 1 1 2s ∞
L = ds − 2 ds [Adjustment, Multiplying & dividing by 2]
t s−a s 2 +b 2 s

f ′ (x)
Using dx = Log f x
f(x)

e at −cosbt 1 ∞
L = Log s − a − 2 Log s 2 + b2
t s

Using n Logm = Logmn

e at −cosbt 1/2 ∞
L = Log s − a − Log s 2 + b2 s
t

m
Using Logm − Logn = Log n

e at −cosbt s−a ∞
L = Log
t s 2 +b 2 1/2 s

∞
a
e at −cosbt s 1−
𝑚 𝑏 𝑚
L = Log s
1/2 [Adjustment for upper limit 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝑎𝑚 1 + 𝑎 ]
t b2
s 2 1/2 1+ 2
s
s

∞
a
e at −cosbt s 1−
L = Log s
1/2 ∵ 𝑎𝑚 𝑛
= 𝑎𝑚𝑛
t b2
s 1+ 2
s
s

∞
a
e at −cosbt 1−
s
L = Log 1/2
t b2
1+ 2
s
s

a
e at −cosbt 1− s−a
∞
L = Log 1/2 − Log
t b2 s 2 +b 2 1/2
1+ 2
∞

e at −cosbt 1−0 s−a

L = Log − Log
t 1+0 1/2 s 2 +b 2 1/2

e at −cosbt 1 s−a
L = Log 1/2 − Log
t 1 s 2 +b 2 1/2

e at −cosbt 1 s−a
L = Log − Log
t 1 s 2 +b 2 1/2

e at −cosbt s−a
L = Log1 − Log
t s 2 +b 2 1/2

e at −cosbt s−a
L = 0 − Log [∵ Log1 = 0 ]
t s 2 +b 2 1/2

Copyright Material Page 58 of 123

 e at −cosbt s−a
L = −Log
t s 2 +b 2 1/2

e at −cosbt s−a
L = −1 Log
t s 2 +b 2 1/2

Using n Logm = Logmn

e at −cosbt s−a −1
L = Log
t s 2 +b 2 1/2

1/2
e at −cosbt s 2 +b 2 a −1 b
L = Log ∵ =
t s−a b a

e at −cosbt s 2 +b 2
L = Log
t s−a

sinat 1
(iv) We have to find out L i.e. L sinat
t t

a
Now, L sinat = s 2 +a 2 = F(s) ……….. (1)

1 ∞ f(t) ∞
∴L sinat = s
F s ds ∵L = s
F(s) ds
t t

sinat ∞ a
L = s s 2 +a 2
ds [ ∵ By (1)]
t

sinat ∞ 1
L =a s s 2 +a 2
ds
t

1 1 x
Using = a tan−1
x 2 +a 2 a

sinat 1 s ∞
L =a tan−1
t a a s

sinat 1 s ∞
L = a a tan−1
t a s

sinat s ∞
L = tan−1
t a s

sinat ∞ s
L = tan−1 − tan−1
t a a

sinat s
L = tan−1 ∞ − tan−1
t a

sinat π s π π
L = 2 − tan−1 ∵ tan 2 = ∞ , = tan−1 ∞
t a 2

π
Using cot −1 x + tan −1 x = 2

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 π
∴ cot −1 x = 2 − tan −1 x

sinat s
L = cot −1
t a

sin 2t 1
(v) We have to find L i.e. L sin2t
t t

2 a
Now, L sin2t = s 2 +22 ∵ L sinat = s 2 +a 2

2
L sin2t = s 2 +4 = F(s) ……….. (1)

1 ∞ f(t) ∞
∴L sin2t = s
F s ds ∵L = s
F(s) ds
t t

sin 2t ∞ 2
L = s s 2 +4
ds [ ∵ By (1)]
t

sin 2t ∞ 1
L =2 s s 2 +4
ds
t

sin 2t ∞ 1
L =2 s s 2 +22
ds [Adjustment]
t

1 1 x
Using = a tan−1
x 2 +a 2 a

sin 2t 1 s ∞
L =2 tan−1
t 2 2 s

sin 2t 1 s ∞
L = 2 2 tan−1
t 2 s

sin 2t s ∞
L = tan−1
t 2 s

sin 2t ∞ s
L = tan−1 − tan−1
t 2 2

sin 2t s
L = tan−1 ∞ − tan−1
t 2

sin 2t π s π π
L = 2 − tan−1 ∵ tan 2 = ∞ , = tan−1 ∞
t 2 2

π
Using cot −1 x + tan −1 x = 2

π
∴ cot −1 x = 2 − tan −1 x

sin 2t s
L = cot −1
t 2

Copyright Material Page 60 of 123

 sinht 1
(vi) We have to find L i.e. L sinht
t t

1 a
Now, L sinht = s 2 −12 ∵ L sinhat = s 2 −a 2

1
L sinht = s 2 −1 = F(s) ………….. (1)

1 ∞ f(t) ∞
L sinht = s
F s ds ∵L = s
F(s) ds
t t

sinht ∞ 1
L = s s 2 −1
ds [ ∵ By (1)]
t

sinht ∞ 1
L = s s 2 −12
ds {Adjustment}
t

1 1 x−a
Using dx = 2a Log
x 2 −a 2 x+a

sinht 1 s−1 ∞
L = Log
t 2 s+1 s

sinht 1 s−1 ∞
L = 2 Log
t s+1 s

1 ∞
sinht 1 s 1−
s
L = 2 Log 1 [Adjustment for upper limit]
t s 1+
s s

1 ∞
sinht 1 1−
s
L = 2 Log 1
t 1+
s s

1
sinht 1 1− s−1
∞
L = 2 Log 1 − Log
t 1+ s+1
∞

sinht 1 1−0 s−1

L = 2 Log − Log
t 1+0 s+1

sinht 1 1 s−1
L = 2 Log − Log
t 1 s+1

sinht 1 s−1
L = Log1 − Log
t 2 s+1

sinht 1 s−1
L = 2 0 − Log ∵ Log1 = 0
t s+1

sinht 1 s−1
L = 2 −Log
t s+1

sinht 1 s−1
L =2 −1 Log
t s+1

Copyright Material Page 61 of 123

Using n Logm = Logmn

sinht 1 s−1 −1
L = 2 Log
t s+1

sinht 1 s+1 a −1 b
L = 2 Log ∵ =a
t s−1 b

sin 3t cost 1
(vii) We have to find L i.e. L sin3t cost
t t

1
Using sinA cosB = sin A + B + sin A − B
2

1
sin3t cost = 2 sin 3t + t + sin 3t − t

1
sin3t cost = 2 sin4t + sin2t

Taking Laplace transform of both sides

1
L sin3t cost = 2 L sin4t + sin2t

1
L sin3t cost = 2 L(sin4t) + L(sin2t)

1 4 2 a
L sin3t cost = 2 + s 2 +22 ∵ L sinat = s 2 +a 2
s 2 +4 2

1 4 2
L sin3t cost = 2 + s 2 +4
s 2 +16

2 2 1
L sin3t cost = 2 + s 2 +4
s 2 +16

2 1
L sin3t cost = s 2 +16 + s 2 +4 = F(s) ………….. (1)

1 ∞ f(t) ∞
∴L sin3t cost = s
F s ds ∵L = s
F(s) ds
t t

sin 3t cost ∞ 2 1
L = s 2 + s 2 +4 ds [ ∵ By (1)]
t s +16

sin 3t cost 2 1 ∞
L = ds + ds
t s 2 +16 s 2 +4 s

sin 3t cost 1 1 ∞
L = 2 ds + ds
t s 2 +16 s 2 +4 s

sin 3t cost 1 1 ∞
L = 2 ds + ds [Adjustment]
t s 2 +4 2 s 2 +22 s

1 1 x
Using = a tan−1
x 2 +a 2 a

Copyright Material Page 62 of 123

 sin 3t cost 1 s 1 s ∞
L = 2 tan−1 + 2 tan−1
t 4 4 2 s

sin 3t cost 1 s 1 s ∞
L = tan−1 + 2 tan−1
t 2 4 2 s

sin 3t cost 1 s s ∞
L = 2 tan−1 + tan−1
t 4 2 s

sin 3t cost 1 ∞ ∞ s s
L =2 tan−1 + tan−1 − tan−1 + tan−1
t 4 2 4 2

sin 3t cost 1 s s
L =2 tan−1 ∞ + tan−1 ∞ − tan−1 + tan−1
t 4 2

sin 3t cost 1 s s
L =2 2 tan−1 ∞ − tan−1 + tan−1 ∵ 𝑎 + 𝑎 = 2𝑎
t 4 2

sin 3t cost 1 s s
L = 2 tan−1 ∞ − tan−1 − tan−1
t 2 4 2

sin 3t cost 1 π s s
L =2 2 − tan−1 − tan−1
t 2 4 2

sin 3t cost 1 s s
L = 2 π − tan−1 − tan−1
t 4 2

cosat −cosbt 1
(viii) We have to find L i.e. L cosat − cosbt
t t

Now, L cosat − cosbt = L cosat − L[cosbt]

s s
L cosat − cosbt = s 2 +a 2 − s 2 +b 2 = F(s) ………… (1)

1 ∞ f(t) ∞
∴L cosat − cosbt = s
F s ds ∵L = s
F(s) ds
t t

cosat −cosbt ∞ s s
L = − s 2 +b 2 ds [ ∵ By (1)]
t s s +a 2
2

cosat −cosbt s s ∞
L = ds − ds
t s 2 +a 2 s 2 +b 2 s

cosat −cosbt 1 2s 1 2s ∞
L = ds − 2 ds [Adjustment]
t 2 s 2 +a 2 s 2 +b 2 s

cosat −cosbt 1 2s 2s ∞
L =2 ds − ds
t s 2 +a 2 s 2 +b 2 s

f′ (x)
Using dx = log f x
f(x)

cosat −cosbt 1
L = 2 Log s 2 + a2 − Log s 2 + b2 ∞
s
t

Copyright Material Page 63 of 123

 m
Using Logm − Logn = Log n

∞
cosat −cosbt 1 s 2 +a 2
L = 2 Log
t s 2 +b 2 s

a2
∞
cos at −cosbt 1 s 2 1+ 2
s
L = 2 Log b2
[Adjustment for upper limit]
t s 2 1+ 2
s s

a2
∞
cosat −cosbt 1 1+ 2
s
L = 2 Log b2
t 1+ 2
s s

a2
cosat −cosbt 1 1+
∞ s 2 +a 2
L = 2 Log b2
− Log
t 1+ s 2 +b 2
∞

cosat −cosbt 1 1+0 s 2 +a 2

L = 2 Log − Log
t 1+0 s 2 +b 2

cosat −cosbt 1 1 s 2 +a 2
L = 2 Log − Log
t 1 s 2 +b 2

cosat −cosbt 1 s 2 +a 2
L = 2 Log1 − Log
t s 2 +b 2

cosa t−cosbt 1 s 2 +a 2
L = 2 0 − Log ∵ Log1 = 0
t s 2 +b 2

cosat −cosbt 1 s 2 +a 2
L = 2 −Log
t s 2 +b 2

cosat −cosbt 1 s 2 +a 2
L =2 −1 Log
t s 2 +b 2

Using n Logm = Logmn

−1
cosat −cosbt 1 s 2 +a 2
L = 2 Log
t s 2 +b 2

cosat −cosbt 1 s 2 +b 2 a −1 b
L = Log [∵ = ]
t 2 s 2 +a 2 b a

sin 3t 1
(ix) We have to find L e−4t i.e. L e−4t sin3t
t t

3 a
Now, L sin3t = s 2 +32 ∵ L sinat = s 2 +a 2

3
L sin3t = s 2 +9 = F(s) ……….. (1)

Copyright Material Page 64 of 123

 1 ∞ f(t) ∞
∴L sin3t = s
F s ds ∵L = s
F(s) ds
t t

1 ∞ 3
L sin3t = s s 2 +9
ds [ ∵ By (1)]
t

1 ∞ 1
L sin3t = 3 s s 2 +32
ds {Adjustment}
t

1 1 x
Using = a tan−1
x 2 +a 2 a

sin 3t 1 s ∞
L =3 tan−1
t 3 3 s

sin 3t 1 s ∞
L = 3 3 tan−1
t 3 s

sin 3t s ∞
L = tan−1
t 3 s

sin 3t ∞ s
L = tan−1 − tan−1
t 3 3

sin 3t s
L = tan−1 ∞ − tan−1
t 3

sin 3t π s π π
L = 2 − tan−1 ∵ tan 2 = ∞ , = tan−1 ∞
t 3 2

π
Using cot −1 x + tan −1 x =
2

π
∴ cot −1 x = 2 − tan −1 x

sin 3t s
L = cot −1 = G(s) ………. (2)
t 3

1
L e−4t sin3t = G(s + a) ∵ L e−at f t =F s+a
t

sin 3t
L e−4t = G(s + 4) ∵a=4
t

sin 3t s+4
L e−4t = cot −1 [∵By (2)]
t 3

sin 2 t 1
(x) We have to find L e−t i.e. L[e−1t sin 2 t]
t t

1
Using sin 2 θ = 2 1 − cos2θ

1
sin2 t = 2 1 − cos2t

Taking Laplace of both sides

Copyright Material Page 65 of 123

 1
∴ L[sin2 t] = L 1 − cos2t
2

1
L[sin2 t] = 2 L 1 − cos2t

1
L[sin2 t] = 2 L(1) − L(cos2t)

1 1 s s
L[sin2 t] = 2 − s 2 +22 ∵ L cosat = s 2 +a 2
s

1 1 s
L[sin2 t] = 2 − s 2 +4 = F(s) ……….. (3)
s

1 ∞ f(t) ∞
∴L sin 2 t = s
F s ds ∵L = s
F(s) ds
t t

sin 2 t ∞1 1 s
𝐿 = s 2
− s 2 +4 ds [ ∵ By (3)]
t s

sin 2 t 1 ∞ 1 s
𝐿 =2 s
− s 2 +4 ds
t s

sin 2 t 1 1 s ∞
𝐿 =2 ds − ds
t s s 2 +4 s

sin 2 t 1 1 1 2s ∞
𝐿 =2 ds − 2 ds [Adjustment, dividing & multiplying by 2]
t s s 2 +4 s

f ′ (x)
Using dx = log f x
f(x)

sin 2 t 1 1 ∞
L = 2 Logs − 2 Log s 2 + 4
t s

Using n Logm = Logmn

sin 2 t 1 1/2 ∞
L t
= 2 Logs − Log s 2 + 4 s

m
Using Logm − Logn = Log n

sin 2 t 1 s ∞
𝐿 = 2 Log
t s 2 +4 1/2 s

∞
sin 2 t 1 s 𝑚 𝑏 𝑚
𝐿 = 2 Log 1/2 [Adjustment for upper limit 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝑎𝑚 1 + 𝑎 ]
t 4
s 2 1/2 1+ 2
s s

∞
sin 2 t 1 s
𝐿 = 2 Log 4 1/2
∵ 𝑎𝑚 𝑛
= 𝑎𝑚𝑛
t s 1+ 2
s s

Copyright Material Page 66 of 123

 ∞
sin 2 t 1 1
𝐿 = 2 Log 4 1/2
t 1+ 2
s s

sin 2 t 1 1 s
𝐿 = 2 Log 1 − Log 1
t
1+ 2
4 2 s 2 +4 2
∞

sin 2 t 1 1 s
𝐿 = 2 Log 1 − Log 1
t
1+0 2 s 2 +4 2

sin 2 t 1 1 s
𝐿 = 2 Log 1 − Log 1
t
1 2 s 2 +4 2

sin 2 t 1 1 s
𝐿 = Log − Log 1
t 2 1
s 2 +4 2

sin 2 t 1 s
𝐿 = 2 Log1 − Log 1
t
s 2 +4 2

sin 2 t 1 s
𝐿 = 2 0 − Log 1 ∵ Log1 = 0
t
s 2 +4 2

sin 2 t 1 s
𝐿 = −Log 1
t 2
s 2 +4 2

sin 2 t 1 s
𝐿 =2 −1 Log 1
t
s 2 +4 2

Using n Logm = Logmn

sin 2 t 1 s −1
L = 2 Log
t s 2 +4 1/2

1/2
sin 2 t 1 s 2 +4 a −1 b
L = 2 Log = G s … . . (2) ∵ =
t s b a

1
∴ L[e−1t sin 2 t] = G(s + a) ∵ L e−at f t = F s+a
t

sin 2 t
L e−1t = G(s + 1) ∵a=1
t

1
sin 2 t 1 { s+1 2 +4} 2
L e−1t t = 2 Log s+1
[∵By (2)]

Copyright Material Page 67 of 123

 cos 3t−cos 2t
(xi) We have to find L 2t + + t sint
t

cos 3t−cos 2t cos 3t−cos 2t

L 2t + + t sint = L 2t + L + L[t sint] ………(A)
t t

(I) First we find L 2t

Using ax = e(loga )x

2t = e(log 2)t

Taking Laplace transform of both sides

L[2t ] = L e log 2 t

1 1
L[2t ] = s−log 2 ∵ L eat = s−a

cos 3t−cos 2t 1
(II) Now we find L i.e. L cos3t − cos2t
t t

Now, L cos3t − cos2t = L cos3t − L[cos2t]

s s s
= s 2 +32 − s 2 +22 ∵ L cosat = s 2 +a 2

s s
= s 2 +9 − s 2 +4 = F(s) ………… (1)

1 ∞ f(t) ∞
∴L cos3t − cos2t = s
F s ds ∵L = s
F(s) ds
t t

cos 3t−cos 2t ∞ s s
L = s 2 − 2 ds [ ∵ By (1)]
t s +9 s +4

s s ∞
= ds − ds
s 2 +9 s 2 +4 s

1 2s 1 2s ∞
= ds − 2 ds [Adjustment to get integration]
2 s 2 +9 s 2 +4 s

1 2s 2s ∞
=2 ds − ds
s 2 +9 s 2 +4 s

f′ (x)
Using dx = log f x
f(x)

cos 3t−cos 2t 1
L = 2 Log s 2 + 9 − Log s2 + 4 ∞
s
t

m
Using Logm − Logn = Log n

∞
cos 3t−cos 2t 1 s 2 +9
L = 2 Log
t s 2 +4 s

Copyright Material Page 68 of 123

 9 ∞
cos 3t−cos 2t 1 s 2 1+ 2
s
L = 2 Log 4 [Adjustment for upper limit]
t s 2 1+ 2
s s

9 ∞
cos 3t−cos 2t 1 1+ 2
s
L = 2 Log 4
t 1+ 2
s s

9
cos 3t−cos 2t 1 1+ 2 s 2 +9
∞
L = 2 Log 4 − Log
t 1+ 2 s 2 +4
∞

9
cos 3t−cos 2t 1 1+
∞ s 2 +9
L = 2 Log 4 − Log
t 1+ s 2 +4
∞

cos 3t−cos 2t 1 1+0 s 2 +9

L = 2 Log − Log
t 1+0 s 2 +4

cos 3t−cos 2t 1 s 2 +9
L = 2 Log 1 − Log
t s 2 +4

cos 3t−cos 2t 1 s 2 +9
L = 2 Log1 − Log
t s 2 +4

cos 3t−cos 2t 1 s 2 +9
L = 2 0 − Log ∵ Log1 = 0
t s 2 +4

cos 3t−cos 2t 1 s 2 +9
L = 2 −Log
t s 2 +4

cos 3t−cos 2t 1 s 2 +9
L =2 −1 Log
t s 2 +4

Using n Logm = Logmn

−1
cos 3t−cos 2t 1 s 2 +9
L = 2 Log
t s 2 +4

cos 3t−cos 2t 1 s 2 +4 a −1 b
L = 2 Log ∵ =a
t s 2 +9 b

(III) We find L[t sint]

1 a
Now, L sint = s 2 +12 [ ∵ L sinat = s 2 +a 2 ]

1
= s 2 +1 = F(s) ………… (2)

dn dn
∴ L t sint = (−1)n ds n F(s) {∵ L t n f t = (−1)n ds n F(s)}

d1
= (−1)1 ds 1 F(s) [∵ n = 1]

Copyright Material Page 69 of 123

 d 1
= −1 [∵ By (2)]
ds s 2 +1

d d
d u v u−u v
ds ds
Using =
ds v v2

d d
s 2 +1 1−1 (s 2 +1)
ds ds
∴ L t sint = −1 s 2 +1 2

d 2 d
s 2 +1 (0)−1 s + 1
ds ds
L t sint = −1 2 2
s +1

0 −1 (2s+0)
∴ L t sint = −1 s 2 +1 2

0 −1 (2s)
∴ L t sint = −1 s 2 +1 2

0−2s
L t sint = −1 s 2 +1 2

−2s
L t sint = −1 s 2 +1 2

2s
L t sint = s 2 +1 2

Equation (A) becomes

cos 3t−cos 2t cos 3t−cos 2t
L 2t + + t sint = L 2t + L + L[t sint]
t t

cos 3t−cos 2t 1 1 s 2 +4 2s
L 2t + + t sint = s−log 2 + 2 Log +
t s 2 +9 s 2 +1 2

𝐞𝐚𝐱− 𝐞−𝐚𝐱 𝐞𝐚𝐱 +𝐞−𝐚𝐱

Note: 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡𝐚𝐱 = , 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡𝐚𝐱 =
𝟐 𝟐

cosh 2t sin 2t sin 2t

(xii) We have to find L i.e. L cosh2t
t t

sin 2t e 2t +e −2t sin 2t e ax +e −ax

L cosh2t =L coshax =
t 2 t 2

sin 2t 1 sin 2t
L cosh2t = 2 L e2t + e−2t
t t

sin 2t 1 sin 2t sin 2t

L cosh2t = 2 L e2t + e−2t
t t t

sin 2t 1 sin 2t sin 2t

L cosh2t = 2 L e2t + L e−2t ……………. (A)
t t t

sin 2t 1
(I) First we find L e2t i.e. L e2t sin2t
t t

Copyright Material Page 70 of 123

 2 a
Now, L sin2t = s 2 +22 L sinat = s 2 +a 2

2
L sin2t = s 2 +4 = F(s) ……….. (1)

sin 2t ∞ f(t) ∞
∴L = s
F s ds ∵L = s
F(s) ds
t t

∞ 2
= s s 2 +4
ds [ ∵ By (1)]

∞ 1
=2 s s 2 +22
ds

1 1 x
Using = a tan−1
x 2 +a 2 a

sin 2t 1 s ∞
L =2 tan−1
t 2 2 s

sin 2t 1 s ∞
L = 2 2 tan−1
t 2 s

sin 2t ∞ s
L = tan−1 − tan−1
t a 2

sin 2t s
L = tan−1 ∞ − tan−1
t 2

sin 2t π s π π
L = 2 − tan−1 ∵ tan 2 = ∞ , = tan−1 ∞
t 2 2

π
Using cot −1 x + tan −1 x = 2

π
∴ cot −1 x = 2 − tan −1 x

sin 2t s
L = cot −1 = G(s) ………. (2)
t 2

1
L e2t sin2t = G(s − a) ∵ L eat f t = F s−a
t

sin 2t
L e2t = G(s − 2) ∵a=2
t

sin 2t s−2
L e2t = cot −1 [∵By (2)]
t 2

sin 2t 1
(II) We find L e−2t i.e. L e−2t sin2t
t t

1
L e−2t sin2t = G(s + a) ∵ L eat f t = F s−a
t

sin 2t
L e−2t = G(s + 2) ∵a=2
t

Copyright Material Page 71 of 123

 sin 2t s+2
L e−2t = cot −1 [∵By (2)]
t 2

Equation (A) becomes

sin 2t 1 sin 2t sin 2t
L cosh2t = 2 L e2t + L e−2t
t t t

sin 2t 1 s−2 s+2

L cosh2t = 2 cot −1 + cot −1
t 2 2

e −t sint 1
(xiii) We have to find L i.e. L e−1t sint
t t

1
Now, L sint = s 2 +12

1
L sint = s 2 +1 = F(s) ……….. (1)

1 ∞ f(t) ∞
∴L sint = s
F s ds ∵L = s
F(s) ds
t t

∞ 1
= s s 2 +1
ds [ ∵ By (1)]

∞ 1
= s s 2 +12
ds {Adjustment}

1 1 x
Using = a tan−1
x 2 +a 2 a

sint 1 s ∞
L = tan−1
t 1 1 s

sint
L = tan−1 s ∞
s
t

sint
L = tan−1 ∞ − tan−1 s
t

sint π π π
L = 2 − tan−1 s ∵ tan 2 = ∞ , = tan−1 ∞
t 2

π
Using cot −1 x + tan −1 x = 2

π
∴ cot −1 x = 2 − tan −1 x

sint
L = cot −1 s = G s …….. (2)
t

1
∴L e−1t sint = G s + a {∵ e−at f t = F s+a }
t

sint
L e−t t
=G s+1 ∵a=1

Copyright Material Page 72 of 123

 sint
L e−t = cot −1 s + 1 [∵ By (2)]
t

2 sin 3t
(xiv) We have to find L t e2t − t

2sin 3t sin 3t
∴ L t e2t − = L t e2t − 2 L …………. (A)
t t

(I) First we find L t e2t i.e. L e2t t

1! n!
Now, L t = s 1+1 ∵ L t n = s n +1

1
L t = s 2 = F s ……….. (1)

∴ L e2t t = F s − a ∵ L eat f t =F s−a

L e2t t = F s − 2 ∵a=2
1
L e2t t = [∵ By (1)]
s−2 2

sin 3t 1
(II) We find L i.e. L sin3t
t t

3 a
Now, L sin3t = s 2 +32 L sinat = s 2 +a 2

3
= s 2 +9 = F(s) ……….. (2)

1 ∞ f(t) ∞
∴L sin3t = s
F s ds ∵L = s
F(s) ds
t t

sin 3t ∞ 3
L = s s 2 +9
ds [ ∵ By (2)]
t

∞ 1
=3 s s 2 +9
ds

∞ 1
=3 s s 2 +32
ds

1 1 x
Using = a tan−1
x 2 +a 2 a

sin 3t 1 s ∞
L =3 tan−1
t 3 3 s

sin 3t 1 s ∞
L = 3 3 tan−1
t 3 s

sin 3t s ∞
L = tan−1
t 3 s

Copyright Material Page 73 of 123

 sin 3t ∞ s
L = tan−1 − tan−1
t 3 3

sin 3t s
L = tan−1 ∞ − tan−1
t 3

sin 3t π s π π
L = 2 − tan−1 ∵ tan 2 = ∞ , = tan−1 ∞
t 3 2

π
Using cot −1 x + tan −1 x = 2

π
∴ cot −1 x = 2 − tan −1 x

sin 3t s
L = cot −1
t 3

Equation (A) becomes

2sin 3t sin 3t
L t e2t − = L t e2t − 2 L
t t

2sin 3t 1 s
L t e2t − = 2
− 2 cot −1
t s−2 3

Home Assignment-3 (10 Marks)

𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑕2𝑡
Ex1. Find 𝐿 𝑒 −5𝑡 (05 Marks)
𝑡

𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
Ex2. Find 𝐿 𝑒 3𝑡 (05 Marks)
𝑡

t 1
Laplace Transform of integral Property: If L f t = F(s) then L 0
f t dt = F(s)
s

t
(i) Find L 0
sin3t dt

t −t
(ii) Find L 0
e cost dt

t
(iii) Find L 0
t e−t sin4t dt

t cos 6t−cos 4t
(iv) Find L 0
dt
t

t sint
(v) Find L e−t 0 t
dt

t t t
(vi) Find L 0 0 0
t sint dt

t
(vii) Find L{ e−t 0
sin 2t + 3 dt}

Copyright Material Page 74 of 123

 t
(viii) Find L 0
t e2t sin4t dt

t 3t
(ix) Find L{ 0
e t cos2t dt}

t 1−e −u
(x) Find L 0
du
u

t at
(xi) Find L sinhct 0
e sinhbt dt

t t
(xii) Find L cosht 0
e cosht dt

t
Sol: (i) We have to find L 0
sin3t dt

3 a
Now, L sin3t = s 2 +32 ∵ L sinat = s 2 +a 2

3
L sin3t = s 2 +9 = F(s) ………… (1)

t 1 t 1
∴L 0
sin3t dt = F(s) {∵ L[ 0
f t dt] = F(s)}
s s

t 1 3
L sin3t dt = [∵ By (1)]
0 s s 2 +9

t 3
L sin3t dt =
0 s(s 2 +9)

t −t
(ii) We have to find L 0
e cost dt

s s
Now, L cost = s 2 +12 ∵ L cosat = s 2 +a 2

s
L cos3t = s 2 +1 = F(s) ………… (1)

L e−t cost = F(s + a) ∵ L e−at f t = F s+a

L e−t cost = F(s + 1) ∵a=1

s+1
L e−t cost = = G s ……… (2) [∵By (1)]
(s+1)2 +1

t −t 1 t 1
∴L 0
e cost dt = G(s) {∵ L[ 0
f t dt] = F(s)}
s s

t −t 1 s+1
L e cost dt = [∵ By (2)]
0 s (s+1)2 +1

t −t s+1
L 0
e cost dt = s[ s+1 2 +1]

Copyright Material Page 75 of 123

 t t
(iii) We have to find L 0
t e−t sin4t dt i.e. L 0
e−t t sin4t dt

4 a
Now, L sin4t = s 2 +4 2 [ ∵ L sinat = s 2 +a 2 ]

4
L sin4t = s 2 +16 = F(s) ………… (1)

dn dn
∴ L t sin4t = (−1)n ds n F(s) {∵ L t n f t = (−1)n ds n F(s)}

d1 4
= (−1)1 ds 1 s 2 +16 [∵ n = 1 & 𝐵𝑦 (1)]

d 4
= −1 [∵ By (1)]
ds s 2 +16

d d
d u v u−u v
ds ds
Using =
ds v v2

d d
s 2 +16 4−4 (s 2 +16)
ds ds
∴ L t sin4t = −1 s 2 +16 2

d d
s 2 +16 (0)−4 s2 + 16
ds ds
∴ L t sin4t = −1 s 2 +16 2

0 −4 (2s+0)
∴ L t sin4t = −1 s 2 +16 2

0 −4 (2s)
∴ L t sin4t = −1 s 2 +16 2

0−8s
L t sin4t = −1 s 2 +16 2

−8s
L t sin4t = −1 s 2 +16 2

8s
L t sin4t = = G(s) ……….. (2)
s 2 +16 2

∴ L e−t t sin4t = G s + a {∵ e−at f t =F s+a }

L e−t t sin4t = G s + 1 ∵a=1

8(s+1)
L e−t t sin4t = [∵ By (2)]
(s+1)2 +16 2

8(s+1)
L e−t t sin4t = ∵ a+b 2
= a2 + 2ab + b2
s 2 +2s(1)+12 +16 2

8(s+1)
L e−t tsin4t = s 2 +2s+1 +16 2

Copyright Material Page 76 of 123

 8(s+1)
L e−t t sin4t = = H(s) ………… (3)
s 2 +2s+17 2

t 1 t 1
∴L 0
e−t tsin4t dt = H s ∵L 0
f t dt = F s
s s

t 1 8(s+1)
L e−t tsin4t dt = [∵ By (3)]
0 s s 2 +2s+17 2

t 8(s+1)
L e−t tsin4t dt =
0 s s 2 +2s+17 2

t cos 6t−cos 4t t1
(iv) We have to find L 0
dt i.e. L 0 t
cos6t − cos4t dt
t

Now, L[cos6t − cos4t] = L cos6t − L[cos4t]

s s
L[cos6t − cos4t] = s 2 +62 − s 2 +4 2

s s
L [cos6t − cos4t] = s 2 +36 − s 2 +16 = F(s) ………… (1)

1 ∞ f(t) ∞
∴L cos6t − cos4t = s
F s ds ∵L = s
F(s) ds
t t

cos 6t−cos 4t ∞ s s
L = − s 2 +16 ds [ ∵ By (1)]
t s s 2 +36

cos 6t−cos 4t s s ∞
L = ds − ds
t s 2 +36 s 2 +16 s

cos 6t−cos 4t 1 2s 1 2s ∞
L = ds − 2 ds [Adjustment]
t 2 s 2 +a 2 s 2 +b 2 s

cos 6t−cos 4t 1 2s 2s ∞
L =2 ds − ds
t s 2 +36 s 2 +16 s

f′ (x)
Using dx = log f x
f(x)

cos 6t−cos 4t 1
L = 2 Log s 2 + 36 − Log s2 + 16 ∞
s
t

m
Using Logm − Logn = Log n

∞
cos 6t−cos 4t 1 s 2 +36
L = 2 Log
t s 2 +16 s

36 ∞
cos 6t−cos 4t 1 s 2 1+ 2
s
L = 2 Log 16 [Adjustment for upper limit]
t s 2 1+ 2
s s

36 ∞
cos 6t−cos 4t 1 1+ 2
s
L = 2 Log 16
t 1+ 2
s s

Copyright Material Page 77 of 123

 36
cos 6t−cos 4t 1 1+
∞ s 2 +36
L = 2 Log 16 − Log
t 1+ s 2 +16
∞

cos 6t−cos 4t 1 1+0 s 2 +36

L = 2 Log − Log
t 1+0 s 2 +16

cos 6t−cos 4t 1 1 s 2 +36

L = 2 Log − Log
t 1 s 2 +16

cos 6t−cos 4t 1 s 2 +36

L = 2 Log1 − Log
t s 2 +16

cos 6t−cos 4t 1 s 2 +36

L = 2 0 − Log ∵ Log1 = 0
t s 2 +16

cos 6t−cos 4t 1 s 2 +36

L = 2 −Log
t s 2 +16

cos 6t−cos 4t 1 s 2 +36

L =2 −1 Log
t s 2 +16

Using n Logm = Logmn

−1
cos 6t−cos 4t 1 s 2 +36
L = 2 Log
t s 2 +16

cos 6t−cos 4t 1 s 2 +16 a −1 b

L = 2 Log = G s … (2) [∵ = ]
t s 2 +36 b a

t cos 6t−cos 4t 1 t 1
∴L 0
dt = G s ∵L 0
f t dt = F s
t s s

t cos 6t−cos 4t 1 1 s 2 +16

L dt = Log [∵ By (2)]
0 t s 2 s 2 +36

t cos 6t−cos 4t 1 s 2 +16

L dt = 2s Log
0 t s 2 +36

t sint t1
(v) We have to find L e−t 0 t
dt i.e. L e−t 0 t
sint dt

1
Now, L sint = s 2 +12

1
L sint = s 2 +1 = F(s) ……….. (1)

1 ∞ f(t) ∞
∴L sint = s
F s ds ∵L = s
F(s) ds
t t

∞ 1
= s s 2 +1
ds [ ∵ By (1)]

∞ 1
= s s 2 +12
ds {Adjustment}

Copyright Material Page 78 of 123

 1 1 x
Using = a tan−1
x 2 +a 2 a

sint 1 s ∞
L = tan−1
t 1 1 s

sint
L = tan−1 s ∞
s
t

sint
L = tan−1 ∞ − tan−1 s
t

sint π π π
L = 2 − tan−1 s ∵ tan 2 = ∞ , = tan−1 ∞
t 2

π
Using cot −1 x + tan −1 x = 2

π
∴ cot −1 x = 2 − tan −1 x

sint
L = cot −1 s = G s …….. (2)
t

t sint 1 t 1
∴L 0 t
dt = G s ∵L 0
f t dt = F s
s s

t sint 1
L 0 t
dt = cot −1 s = H(s) …….. (3) [∵ By (2)]
s

t sint
∴ L e−t 0 t
dt = H s + a {∵ e−at f t =F s+a }

t sint
∴ L e−t 0 t
dt = H s + 1 ∵a=1

t sint 1
L e−t 0 t
dt = s+1 cot −1 s + 1

t t t
(vi) We have to find L 0 0 0
t sint dt

1 a
Now, L sint = s 2 +12 [ ∵ L sinat = s 2 +a 2 ]

1
L sint = s 2 +1 = F(s) ………… (1)

dn dn
∴ L t sint = (−1)n ds n F(s) {∵ L t n f t = (−1)n ds n F(s)}

d1 1
L t sint = (−1)1 ds 1 [∵ n = 1] & [∵ By (1)]
s 2 +1

d 1
L t sint = −1 ds s 2 +1

d d
d u v u−u v
ds ds
Using =
ds v v2

Copyright Material Page 79 of 123

 d d
s 2 +1 1−1 (s 2 +1)
ds ds
∴ L t sint = −1 s 2 +1 2

d d
s 2 +1 0 −1 s2+ 1
ds ds
L t sint = −1 s 2 +1 2

0 −1 (2s+0)
∴ L t sint = −1 s 2 +1 2

0 −1 (2s)
∴ L t sint = −1 s 2 +1 2

0−2s
L t sint = −1 s 2 +1 2

−2s
L t sint = −1 s 2 +1 2

2s
L t sint = = G(s) ………….. (2)
s 2 +1 2

t t t 1 t 1
L 0 0 0
t sint dt = s 3 G s ∵L 0
f t dt = F s
s

t t t 1 2s
∴L t sint dt = s 3 ∵ By 2
0 0 0 s 2 +1 2

t t t 1 2
L t sint dt = s 2
0 0 0 s 2 +1 2

t t t 2
L t sint dt =
0 0 0 s 2 s 2 +1 2

t
(vii) We have to find L{ e−t 0
sin 2t + 3 dt}

Using sin A + B = sinA cosB + cosA sinB

∴ sin 2t + 3 = sin2t cos3 + cos2t sin3

Taking Laplace transform of both sides

L[sin 2t + 3 ] = L sin2t cos3 + cos2t sin3

L sin 2t + 3 = cos3 L sin2t + sin3 L[cos2t]

2 s
L sin 2t + 3 = cos3 + sin3
s 2 +22 s 2 +22

2 s a s
L sin 2t + 3 = cos3 + sin3 [ ∵L sinat = s 2 +a 2 , L cosat = s 2 +a 2 ]
s 2 +4 s 2 +4

2cos 3 s sin 3
L sin 2t + 3 = s 2 +4
+ s 2 +4

Copyright Material Page 80 of 123

 2cos 3+s sin 3 a b a+b
L sin 2t + 3 = = F(s) ……….. (1) [∵ c + c = ]
s 2 +4 c

t 1 t 1
∴L 0
sin 2t + 3 dt = F(s) [∵ 0
f t dt = F s ]
s s

t 1 2cos 3+s sin 3

L sin 2t + 3 dt = = G(s) …………. (2)
0 s s 2 +4

t
L{ e−t 0
sin 2t + 3 dt} = G(s + a) ∵ L e−at f t =F s+a

= G(s + 1) ∵a=1
1 2cos 3+(s+1) sin 3
= (s+1) [∵By (2)]
(s+1)2 +4

t t
(viii) We have to find L 0
t e2t sin4t dt i.e. L 0
e2t t sin4t dt

4 a
Now, L sin4t = s 2 +4 2 [ ∵ L sinat = s 2 +a 2 ]

4
= s 2 +16 = F(s) ………… (1)

dn dn
∴ L t sin4t = (−1)n ds n F(s) {∵ L t n f t = (−1)n ds n F(s)}

d1 4
= (−1)1 ds 1 [∵ n = 1] [By(1)]
s 2 +16

d 4
= −1 [∵ By (1)]
ds s 2 +16

d d
d u v u−u v
ds ds
Using =
ds v v2

d d
s 2 +16 4−4 (s 2 +16)
ds ds
∴ L t sin4t = −1 s 2 +16 2

d d
s 2 +16 0 −4 s2+ 16
ds ds
L t sin4t = −1 s 2 +16 2

0−4 2s+0
L t sin4t = −1
s 2 +16 2

0−4 2s
∴ L t sin4t = −1 s 2 +16 2

0−8s
L t sin4t = −1 s 2 +16 2

−8s
L t sin4t = −1 s 2 +16 2

Copyright Material Page 81 of 123

 −1 −8s
L t sin4t = s 2 +16 2

8s
L t sin4t = = G(s) ……….. (2)
s 2 +16 2

∴ L e2t t sin4t = G s − a {∵ L eat f t = F s−a }

L e2t t sin4t = G s − 2 ∵a=2

8(s−2)
L e2t t sin4t = [∵ By (2)]
(s−2)2 +16 2

8(s−2)
L e2t t sin4t = ∵ a−b 2
= a2 − 2ab + b2
s 2 −2 s 2 +22 +16 2

8(s−2)
L e2t t sin4t = s 2 −4s+4+16 2

8(s−2)
L e2t t sin4t = = H(s) ………… (3)
s 2 −4s+20 2

t 1 t 1
∴L 0
e2t t sin4t dt = H s ∵L 0
f t dt = F s
s s

t 1 8(s−2)
L e2t t sin4t dt = [∵ By(3)]
0 s s 2 −4s+20 2

t 8(s−2)
L e2t t sin4t dt =
0 s s 2 −4s+20 2

t 3t
(ix) We have to find L{ 0
e t cos2t dt}

s s
Now, L cos2t = s 2 +22 ∵ L cosat = s 2 +a 2

s
L cos2t = s 2 +4 = F(s) ……. (1)

dn dn
∴ L t cos2t = (−1)n ds n F(s) {∵ L t n f t = (−1)n ds n F(s)}

d1 s
L t cos2t = (−1)1 ds 1 [∵ n = 1] & [∵ By (1)]
s 2 +4

d s
L t cos2t = −1 ds s 2 +4

d d
d u v u−u v
ds ds
Using =
ds v v2

d d
s 2 +4 s−s (s 2 +4)
ds ds
∴ L t cos2t = −1 s 2 +4 2

Copyright Material Page 82 of 123

 d d
s 2 +4 (1)−s s2+ 4
ds ds
L t cos2t = −1 s 2 +4 2

s 2 +4 1 −s(2s+0)
∴ L t cos2t = −1 s 2 +4 2

s 2 +4 1 −s(2s)
∴ L t cos2t = −1 s 2 +4 2

s 2 +4−2s 2
L t cos2t = −1 s 2 +4 2

−s 2 +4
L t cos2t = −1 s 2 +4 2

−1 −s 2 +4
L t cos2t = s 2 +4 2

s 2 −4
L t cos2t = = 𝐺 𝑠 ………(2)
s 2 +4 2

∵ L e3t t cos2t = G(s − a) {∵ L eat f t =F s−a }

L e3t t cos2t = G(s − 3) ∵a=3

(s−3)2 −4
L e3t t cos2t = [∵ By (2) ]
(s−3)2 +4 2

s 2 −2 s 3 +32 −4
L e3t t cos2t = ∵ (a − b)2 = a2 − 2ab + b2
s 2 −2 s 3 +32 +4 2

s 2 −6s+9−4
L e3t t cos2t = s 2 −6s+9+4 2

s 2 −6s+5
L e3t t cos2t = = H(s) …………. (3)
s 2 −6s+13 2

t 3t 1 t 1
∴ L{ 0
e t cos2t dt} = H s {∵ L[ 0
f t dt] = F(s)}
s s

t 3t 1 s 2 −6s+5
L{ e t cos2t dt} = [∵ By (3) ]
0 s s 2 −6s+13 2

𝐭 𝟏−𝐞−𝐮
(x) Find 𝐋 𝟎
𝐝𝐮
𝐮

t 1−e −u t1
We have to find L 0
du i.e. L 0u
1 − e−u du
u

Now, Now, L 1 − e−u = L 1 − L e−1u

1 1 1
= s − s+1 = F(s) …….. (1) {∵L e−at = s+a }

Copyright Material Page 83 of 123

 1−e −u ∞ f(t) ∞
∴L = s
F s ds ∵L = s
F(s) ds
u t

∞ 1 1
= s
− s+1 ds [ ∵ By (1)]
s

1 1 ∞
= ds − ds
s s+1 s

f ′ (x)
Using dx = Log f x
f(x)

1−e −u ∞
L = Logs − Log s + 1 s
u

m
Using Logm − Logn = Log n

1−e −u s ∞
L = Log
u s+1 s

∞
1−e −u s
L = Log 1 [Adjustment for upper limit]
u s 1+
s s

∞
1−e −u 1
L = Log 1
u 1+
s s

1−e −u 1 s
L = Log 1 − Log
u 1+ s+1
∞

1−e −u 1 s
L = Log − Log
u 1+0 s+1

1−e −u s
L = Log1 − Log
u s+1

1−e −u s
L = 0 − Log [∵ Log1 = 0 ]
u s+1

1−e −u s
L = −Log
u s+1

1−e −u s
L = −1 Log
u s+1

Using n Logm = Logmn

1−e −u s −1
L = Log
u s+1

1−e −u s+1 a −1 b
L = Log = G(s) ……. (2) ∵ =a
u s b

Copyright Material Page 84 of 123

 t 1−e −u 1 t 1
∴L 0
du = G s ∵L 0
f t dt = F s
u s s

t 1−e −u 1 s+1
L 0
du = log [∵ By (2)]
u s s

𝐭 𝐚𝐭
(xi) Find 𝐋 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡𝐜𝐭 𝟎
𝐞 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡𝐛𝐭 𝐝𝐭

t at
We have to find L sinhct 0
e sinhbt dt

e ax −e −ax
Using sinhax = 2

t at e ct −e −ct t at
L sinhct 0
e sinhbt dt = L 0
e sinhbt dt
2

t at 1 t at
L sinhct 0
e sinhbt dt = 2 L ect − e−ct 0
e sinhbt dt

t at 1 t at t at
L sinhct 0
e sinhbt dt = 2 L ect 0
e sinhbt dt − e−ct 0
e sinhbt dt

t at 1 t at t at
L sinhct 0
e sinhbt dt = 2 L{ect 0
e sinhbt dt} − L{e−ct 0
e sinhbt dt} ………. (A)

t at
(I) First we find L ect 0
e sinhbt dt

b a
Now, L sinhbt = s 2 −b 2 = F(s) ……….. (1) ∵ L sinhat = s 2 −a 2

∴ L eat sinhbt = F(s − a) {∵ eat f t =F s−a }

b
L eat sinhbt = (s−a)2 −b 2 = G(s) …….. (2) [∵ By (1)]

t at 1 t 1
∴L 0
e sinhbt dt = G s ∵L 0
f t dt = F s
s s

t at 1 b
L e sinhbt dt = = H(s) ……. (3) [∵By (2)]
0 s (s−a)2 −b 2

t at
∴ L ect 0
e sinhbt dt = H s − a {∵ eat f t =F s−a }

t at
L ect 0
e sinhbt dt = H s − c ∵a=c

t at 1 b
L ect e sinhbt dt = (s−c) [∵By (3)]
0 (s−c−a)2 −b 2

t at
(II) Also, L e−ct 0
e sinhbt dt = H s + a {∵ e−at f t =F s+a }

t at
L e−ct 0
e sinhbt dt = H s + c ∵a=c

Copyright Material Page 85 of 123

 t at 1 b
L e−ct e sinhbt dt = (s+c) [∵By (3)]
0 (s+c−a)2 −b 2

Equation (A) becomes

t at 1 t at t at
L sinhct 0
e sinhbt dt = 2 L{ect 0
e sinhbt dt} − L{e−ct 0
e sinhbt dt}

t at 1 1 b 1 b
L sinhct e sinhbt dt = 2 − (s+c)
0 (s−c) (s−c−a)2 −b 2 (s+c−a)2 −b 2

𝐭 𝐭
(xii) Find 𝐋 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡𝐭 𝟎
𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡𝐭 𝐝𝐭

t t
We have to find L cosht 0
e cosht dt

e ax +e −ax
Using coshax = 2

t t e 1t +e −1t t t
L cosht 0
e cosht dt = L 0
e cosht dt
2

t t 1 t t
L cosht 0
e cosht dt = 2 L e1t + e−1t 0
e cosht dt

t t 1 t t t t
L cosht 0
e cosht dt = 2 L e1t 0
e cosht dt + e−1t 0
e cosht dt

t t 1 t t t t
L cosht 0
e cosht dt = 2 L{et 0
e cosht dt} + L{e−t 0
e cosht dt} ……….. (A)

t t
(I) First we find L e1t 0
e cosht dt

s s
Now, L cosht = s 2 −12 ∵ L coshat = s 2 −a 2

s
= s 2 −1 = F(s) ……….. (1)

∴ L et cosht = F(s − a) {∵ eat f t =F s−a }

L et cosht = F(s − 1) [∵ Here 𝑎 = 1 ]

s−1
L et cosht = [∵ By (1)]
s−1 2 −1

s−1
= s 2 +2s+1−1 ∵ (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2

s−1
= s 2 +2s = G(s) …….. (2)

t t 1 t 1
∴L 0
e cosht dt = G s ∵L 0
f t dt = F s
s s

t t 1 s−1
L e cosht dt = = H(s) ……. (3) [∵By (2)]
0 s s 2 +2s

Copyright Material Page 86 of 123

 t t
∴ L e1t 0
e cosht dt = H s − a {∵ eat f t =F s−a }

t t
L e1t 0
e cosht dt = H s − 1 ∵a=1

t t 1 s−1 −1
L e1t e cosht dt = (s−1) [∵By (3)]
0 [(s−1)2 +2(s−1)]

t t
(II) Also,L e−1t 0
e cosht dt = H s + a {∵ e−at f t =F s+a }

t t
L e−1t 0
e cosht dt = H s + 1 ∵a=1

t t 1 s+1 −1
L e−1t e cosht dt = (s+1) [∵By (3)]
0 [(s+1)2 +2(s+1)]

Equation (A) becomes

t t 1 t t t t
L cosht 0
e cosht dt = 2 L{e1t 0
e cosht dt} + L{e−1t 0
e cosht dt}

t t 1 1 s−1 −1 1 s+1 −1
L cosht e cosht dt = 2 + (s+1)
0 (s−1) [(s−1)2 +2(s−1)] [(s+1)2 +2(s+1)]

Evaluation of Integral by using definition Laplace transforms:

∞
Formula: 𝟎
𝐞−𝐬𝐭 𝐟 𝐭 𝐝𝐭 = 𝐋[𝐟 𝐭 ]
∞ −2t
(i) Evaluate: 0
e cos3t dt
∞ −t
(ii) Evaluate: 0
e t sin3tdt

∞ −2t sinht
(iii) Evaluate: 0
e dt
t

∞ −t sint
(iv) Evaluate: 0
e dt
t

∞ e −at −e −bt
(v) Evaluate: 0
dt
t

∞ e −t −e −3t
(vi) Evaluate: 0
dt
t

∞ cos 6t−cos 4t
(vii) Evaluate: 0
dt
t

∞
(viii) Evaluate: 0
t e−3t sint dt

∞ −t sin 2 t
(ix) Evaluate: 0
e dt
t

∞ −2t
Sol: (i) We have to evaluate 0
e cos3t dt

Copyright Material Page 87 of 123

We know that
∞ −st
0
e f(t) dt = L f t

It follows that
∞ −2t
0
e cos3t dt = L[cos3t] where s = 2
s s
= s 2 +32 [ ∵ L cosat = s 2 +a 2 ]

s
= s 2 +9

∞ −2t 2
0
e cos3t dt = 22 +9 {Puttings = 2 }

∞ −2t 2
0
e cos3t dt = 4+9

∞ −2t 2
0
e cos3t dt = 13

∞ −t
(ii) We have to evaluate 0
e t sin3tdt

We know that
∞ −st
0
e f(t) dt = L f t

It follows that
∞ −t
0
e t sin3t dt = L[t sin3t] ………… (A) where s = 1

We find L[t sin3t]

3 a
Now, L sin3t = s 2 +32 [ ∵ L sinat = s 2 +a 2 ]

3
L sin3t = s 2 +9 = F(s) ………… (1)

dn dn
∴ L t sin3t = (−1)n ds n F(s) {∵ L t n f t = (−1)n ds n F(s)}

d1 3
L t sin3t = (−1)1 ds 1 [∵ n = 1] & [∵ By (1)]
s 2 +9

d 3
L t sin3t = −1 ds s 2 +9

d d
d u v u−u v
ds ds
Using =
ds v v2

Copyright Material Page 88 of 123

 d d
s 2 +9 3−3 (s 2 +9)
ds ds
∴ L t sin3t = −1 s 2 +9 2

d d
s 2 +9 0 −3 s2 + 9
ds ds
L t sin3t = −1 s 2 +9 2

0 −3 (2s+0)
∴ L t sin3t = −1 s 2 +9 2

0 −3 (2s)
L t sin3t = −1 s 2 +9 2

0−6s
L t sin3t = −1 s 2 +9 2

−6s
L t sin3t = −1 s 2 +9 2

6s
L t sin3t = …………. (B)
s 2 +9 2

Putting this in equation (A) we get

∞ −t
0
e t sin3t dt = L[t sin3t] where 𝑠 = 1
∞ −t 6s
e t sin3tdt = {∵ By (B)}
0 s 2 +9 2

∞ −t 6(1)
e t sin3tdt = {Putting 𝑠 = 1}
0 12 +9 2

∞ −t 6
e t sin3tdt =
0 10 2

∞ −t 6
0
e t sin3tdt = 100

∞ −t 3
0
e t sin3tdt = 50

∞ −2t sinht
(iii) We have to evaluate 0
e dt
t

We know that
∞ −st
0
e f(t) dt = L f t

It follows that
∞ −2t sinht sinh t
0
e dt = L …….. (A) where s = 2
t t

sinht 1
We find L i.e. L sinht
t t

Copyright Material Page 89 of 123

 1 a
Now, L sinht = s 2 −12 ∵ L sinhat = s 2 −a 2

1
L sinht = s 2 −1 = F(s) ………….. (1)

1 ∞ f(t) ∞
L sinht = s
F s ds ∵L = s
F(s) ds
t t

sinht ∞ 1
L = s s 2 −1
ds [ ∵ By (1)]
t

sinht ∞ 1
L = s s 2 −12
ds {Adjustment}
t

1 1 x−a
Using 2 −a 2
dx = 2a Log
x x+a

sinht 1 s−1 ∞
L = Log
t 2 s+1 s

sinht 1 s−1 ∞
L = 2 Log
t s+1 s

1 ∞
sinht 1 s 1−
s
L = 2 Log 1 [Adjustment for upper limit]
t s 1+
s s

1 ∞
sinht 1 1−
s
L = 2 Log 1
t 1+
s s

1
sinht 1 1− s−1
∞
L = 2 Log 1 − Log
t 1+ s+1
∞

sinht 1 1−0 s−1

L = 2 Log − Log
t 1+0 s+1

sinht 1 1 s−1
L = 2 Log − Log
t 1 s+1

sinht 1 s−1
L = 2 Log1 − Log
t s+1

sinht 1 s−1
L = 2 0 − Log ∵ Log1 = 0
t s+1

sinht 1 s−1
L = 2 −Log
t s+1

sinht 1 s−1
L =2 −1 Log
t s+1

Using n Logm = Logmn

Copyright Material Page 90 of 123

 sinht 1 s−1 −1
L = 2 Log
t s+1

sinht 1 s+1 a −1 b
L = 2 Log … (B) ∵ =a
t s−1 b

Equation (A) becomes

∞ −2t sinht sinht
0
e dt = L where s = 2
t t

∞ −2t sinht 1 s+1

0
e dt = 2 Log {∵ By (B)}
t s−1

∞ −2t sinht 1 2+1

0
e dt = 2 Log { Putting s = 2 }
t 2−1

∞ −2t sinht 1 3
0
e dt = 2 Log
t 1

∞ −2t sinht 1
0
e dt = 2 Log3
t

∞ −t sint
(iv) We have to evaluate 0
e dt
t

We know that
∞ −st
0
e f(t) dt = L f t

It follows that
∞ −t sint sint
0
e dt = L …….. (A) where s = 1
t t

sint 1
We find L i.e. L sint
t t

1
Now, L sint = s 2 +12

1
L sint = s 2 +1 = F(s) ……….. (1)

1 ∞ f(t) ∞
∴L sint = s
F s ds ∵L = s
F(s) ds
t t

∞ 1
= s s 2 +1
ds [ ∵ By (1)]

∞ 1
= s s 2 +12
ds {Adjustment}

1 1 x
Using = a tan−1
x 2 +a 2 a

Copyright Material Page 91 of 123

 sint 1 s ∞
L = tan−1
t 1 1 s

sint
L = tan−1 s ∞
s
t

sint
L = tan−1 ∞ − tan−1 s
t

sint π π π
L = 2 − tan−1 s ∵ tan 2 = ∞ , = tan−1 ∞
t 2

π
Using cot −1 x + tan −1 x = 2

π
∴ cot −1 x = 2 − tan −1 x

sint
L = cot −1 s ………..(B)
t

Equation (A) becomes

∞ −t sint sint
0
e dt = L …….. (A) where s = 1
t t

∞ −t sint
0
e dt = cot −1 s {∵ By (B)}
t

∞ −t sint
0
e dt = cot −1 1 {Putting s = 1 }
t

∞ e −at −e −bt
(v) We have to evaluate 0
dt
t

We know that
∞ −st
0
e f(t) dt = L f t

It follows that

∞ e −at −e −bt ∞ −0t e −at −e −bt

0
dt = 0
e dt {Adjustment}
t t

∞ e −at −e −bt e −at −e −bt

0
dt == L where s = 0 ……. (A)
t t

e −at −e −bt 1
We find L i.e. L e−at − e−bt
t t

Now, L e−at − e−bt = L e−at − L e−bt

1 1 1
= s+a − s+b = F(s) …….. (1) {∵L e−at = s+a }

Copyright Material Page 92 of 123

 1 ∞ f(t) ∞
∴L e−at − e−bt = s
F s ds ∵L = s
F(s) ds
t t

1 ∞ 1 1
L e−at − e−bt = s
− s+b ds [ ∵ By (1)]
t s+a

e −at −e −bt 1 1 ∞
L = ds − ds
t s+a s+b s

f ′ (x)
Using dx = Log f x
f(x)

e −at −e −bt ∞
L = Log(s + a) − Log s + b s
t

m
Using Logm − Logn = Log n

e −at −e −bt s+a ∞

L t
= Log s+b s

a ∞
e −at −e −bt s 1+
s
L = Log b [Adjustment for upper limit]
t s 1+
s s

a ∞
e −at −e −bt 1+
s
L = Log b
t 1+
s s

a
e −at −e −bt 1+
∞ s+a
L = Log b − Log
t 1+ s+b
∞

e −at −e −bt 1+0 s+a

L = Log − Log
t 1+0 s+b

e −at −e −bt 1 s+a

L = Log − Log
t 1 s+b

e −at −e −bt s+a

L = Log1 − Log
t s+b

e −at −e −bt s+a

L = 0 − Log [∵ Log1 = 0 ]
t s+b

e −at −e −bt s+a

L = −Log
t s+b

e −at −e −bt s+a

L = −1 Log
t s+b

Using n Logm = Logmn

e −at −e −bt s+a −1

L = Log
t s+b

Copyright Material Page 93 of 123

 e −at −e −bt s+b a −1 b
L = Log … (B) ∵ =
t s+a b a

Equation (A) becomes

∞ e −at −e −bt e −at −e −bt

0
dt == L where s = 0 ……. (A)
t t

∞ e −at −e −bt s+b

0
dt = Log {∵ By (B)}
t s+a

∞ e −at −e −bt 0+b

0
dt = Log {Putting s = 0 }
t 0+a

∞ e −at −e −bt b
0
dt = Log
t a

∞ e −t −e −3t
(vi) We have to evaluate 0
dt
t

We know that
∞ −st
0
e f(t) dt = L f t

It follows that
∞ e −t −e −3t ∞ −0t e −t −e −3t
0
dt = 0
e dt
t t

∞ e −t −e −3t e −t −e −3t
0
dt = L where s = 0 ……….(A)
t t

e −t −e −3t 1
We find L i.e. L e−t − e−3t
t t

Now, L e−t − e−3t = L e−t − L e−3t

1 1 1
= s+1 − s+3 = F(s) …….. (1) {∵L e−at = s+a }

1 ∞ f(t) ∞
∴L e−t − e−3t = s
F s ds ∵L = s
F(s) ds
t t

e −t −e −3t ∞ 1 1
L = s
− s+3 ds [ ∵ By (1)]
t s+1

e −t −e −3t 1 1 ∞
L = ds − ds
t s+1 s+3 s

f ′ (x)
Using dx = Log f x
f(x)

e −t −e −3t ∞
L = Log(s + 1) − Log s + 3 s
t

Copyright Material Page 94 of 123

 m
Using Logm − Logn = Log n

e −t −e −3t s+1 ∞
L = Log
t s+3 s

1 ∞
e −t −e −3t s 1+
s
L = Log 3 [Adjustment for upper limit]
t s 1+
s s

1 ∞
e −t −e −3t 1+
s
L = Log 3
t 1+
s s

1
e −t −e −3t 1+
∞ s+1
L = Log 3 − Log
t 1+ s+3
∞

e −t −e −3t 1+0 s+1

L = Log − Log
t 1+0 s+3

e −t −e −3t s+1
L = Log1 − Log
t s+3

e −t −e −3t s+1
L = 0 − Log [∵ Log1 = 0 ]
t s+3

e −t −e −3t s+1
L = −Log
t s+3

e −t −e −3t s+1
L = −1 Log
t s+3

Using n Logm = Logmn

e −t −e −3t s+1 −1
L = Log
t s+3

e −t −e −3t s+3 a −1 b
L = Log ……..(B) ∵ =a
t s+1 b

Equation (A) becomes

∞ e −t −e −3t e −t −e −3t
0
dt = L where s = 0
t t

∞ e −t −e −3t s+3
0
dt = Log {∵ By (B)}
t s+1

∞ e −t −e −3t 0+3
0
dt = Log {Putting s = 0 }
t 0+1

∞ e −t −e −3t 3
0
dt = Log
t 1

Copyright Material Page 95 of 123

 ∞ e −t −e −3t
0
dt = Log 3
t

∞ cos 6t−cos 4t
(vii) We have to evaluate 0
dt
t

We know that
∞ −st
0
e f(t) dt = L f t ………… (1)

It follows that
∞ cos 6t−cos 4t ∞ −0t cos 6t−cos 4t
0
dt = 0
e dt {Adjustment}
t t

∞ cos 6t−cos 4t cos 6t−cos 4t

0
dt = L where s = 0 …………(A)
t t

t cos 6t−cos 4t t1
We find L 0
dt i.e. L 0 t
cos6t − cos4t dt
t

Now, L[cos6t − cos4t] = L cos6t − L[cos4t]

s s
L[cos6t − cos4t] = s 2 +62 − s 2 +4 2

s s
L [cos6t − cos4t] = s 2 +36 − s 2 +16 = F(s) ………… (1)

1 ∞ f(t) ∞
∴L cos6t − cos4t = s
F s ds ∵L = s
F(s) ds
t t

cos 6t−cos 4t ∞ s s
L = s 2 − s 2 +16 ds [ ∵ By (1)]
t s +36

cos 6t−cos 4t s s ∞
L = ds − ds
t s 2 +36 s 2 +16 s

cos 6t−cos 4t 1 2s 1 2s ∞
L = ds − 2 ds [Adjustment]
t 2 s 2 +a 2 s 2 +b 2 s

cos 6t−cos 4t 1 2s 2s ∞
L =2 ds − ds
t s 2 +36 s 2 +16 s

f′ (x)
Using dx = log f x
f(x)

cos 6t−cos 4t 1
L = 2 Log s 2 + 36 − Log s2 + 16 ∞
s
t

m
Using Logm − Logn = Log n

∞
cos 6t−cos 4t 1 s 2 +36
L = 2 Log
t s 2 +16 s

Copyright Material Page 96 of 123

 36 ∞
cos 6t−cos 4t 1 s 2 1+ 2
s
L = 2 Log 16 [Adjustment for upper limit]
t s 2 1+ 2
s s

36 ∞
cos 6t−cos 4t 1 1+ 2
s
L = 2 Log 16
t 1+ 2
s s

36
cos 6t−cos 4t 1 1+
∞ s 2 +36
L = 2 Log 16 − Log
t 1+ s 2 +16
∞

cos 6t−cos 4t 1 1+0 s 2 +36

L = 2 Log − Log
t 1+0 s 2 +16

cos 6t−cos 4t 1 1 s 2 +36

L = 2 Log − Log
t 1 s 2 +16

co s6t−cos 4t 1 s 2 +36
L = 2 Log1 − Log
t s 2 +16

cos 6t−cos 4t 1 s 2 +36

L = 2 0 − Log ∵ Log1 = 0
t s 2 +16

cos 6t−cos 4t 1 s 2 +36

L = 2 −Log
t s 2 +16

cos 6t−cos 4t 1 s 2 +36

L =2 −1 Log
t s 2 +16

Using n Logm = Logmn

−1
cos 6t−cos 4t 1 s 2 +36
L = 2 Log
t s 2 +16

cos 6t−cos 4t 1 s 2 +16 a −1 b

L = 2 Log …….. (B) [∵ = ]
t s 2 +36 b a

Equation (A) becomes

∞ cos 6t−cos 4t cos 6t−cos 4t
0
dt = L where s = 0
t t

∞ cos 6t−cos 4t 1 s 2 +16

dt = 2 Log {∵ By (B)}
0 t s 2 +36

∞ cos 6t−cos 4t 1 0+16

0
dt = 2 Log {Putting s = 0 }
t 0+36

∞ cos 6t−cos 4t 1 16
0
dt = 2 Log
t 36

∞ cos 6t−cos 4t 1 4
0
dt = 2 Log
t 9

Copyright Material Page 97 of 123

 ∞ cos 6t−cos 4t 1 2 2
0
dt = 2 log
t 3

∞ cos 6t−cos 4t 1 2
0
dt = 2 2log ∵ logmn = n logm
t 3

∞ cos 6t−cos 4t 2
0
dt = Log
t 3

∞
(viii) We have to evaluate 0
t e−3t sint dt

We know that
∞ −st
0
e f(t) dt = L f t

It follows that
∞ ∞ −3t
0
t e−3t sint dt = 0
e tsint dt {Adjustment}
∞
0
t e−3t sint dt = L[t sint] ………… (A) where s = 3

We find L[t sint]

1 a
Now, L sint = s 2 +12 [ ∵ L sinat = s 2 +a 2 ]

1
L sint = s 2 +1 = F(s) ………… (1)

dn dn
∴ L t sint = (−1)n ds n F(s) {∵ L t n f t = (−1)n ds n F(s)}

d1 1
L t sint = (−1)1 ds 1 [∵ n = 1] & [∵ By (1)]
s 2 +1

d 1
L t sint = −1 ds s 2 +1

d d
d u v u−u v
ds ds
Using =
ds v v2

d d
s 2 +1 1−1 (s 2 +1)
ds ds
∴ L t sint = −1
s 2 +1 2

d d
s 2 +1 0 −1 s2+ 1
ds ds
L t sint = −1 s 2 +1 2

0 −1 (2s+0)
∴ L t sint = −1 s 2 +1 2

0 −1 (2s)
∴ L t sint = −1 s 2 +1 2

Copyright Material Page 98 of 123

 0−2s
L t sint = −1 s 2 +1 2

−2s
L t sint = −1 s 2 +1 2

2s
L t sint = …………….(B)
s 2 +1 2

Equation (A) becomes

∞
0
t e−3t sint dt = L[t sint] where s = 3

∞ 2s
t e−3t sint dt = {∵ By (B)}
0 s 2 +1 2

∞ 2(3)
t e−3t sint dt = {Putting s = 3}
0 32 +1 2

∞ 6
t e−3t sint dt =
0 9+1 2

∞ 6
t e−3t sint dt =
0 10 2

∞ 6
0
t e−3t sint dt = 100

∞ 3
0
t e−3t sint dt = 50

∞ −t sin 2 t
(ix) We have to evaluate 0
e dt
t

We know that
∞ −st
0
e f(t) dt = L f t

It follows that
∞ −t sin 2 t sin 2 t
0
e dt = L where s = 1 …….. (A)
t t

sin 2 t 1
We find L i.e. L sin2 t
t t

1
Using sin 2 θ = 2 1 − cos2θ

1
sin2 t = 2 1 − cos2t

1
∴ L[sin2 t] = L 1 − cos2t
2

1
L[sin2 t] = 2 L 1 − cos2t

Copyright Material Page 99 of 123

 1
L[sin2 t] = 2 L(1) − L(cos2t)

1 1 s s
L[sin2 t] = 2 − s 2 +22 ∵ L cosat = s 2 +a 2
s

1 1 s
L[sin2 t] = 2 − s 2 +4 = F(s) ……….. (3)
s

1 ∞ f(t) ∞
∴L sin2 t = s
F s ds ∵L = s
F(s) ds
t t

∞1 1 s
= s 2
− s 2 +4 ds [ ∵ By (3)]
s

1 ∞ 1 s
=2 s
− s 2 +4 ds
s

1 1 s ∞
=2 ds − ds
s s 2 +4 s

sin 2 t 1 1 1 2s ∞
L =2 ds − 2 ds [Adjustment]
t s s 2 +4 s

f ′ (x)
Using dx = log f x
f(x)

sin 2 t 1 1 ∞
L = 2 Logs − 2 Log s 2 + 4
t s

Using n Logm = Logmn

sin 2 t 1 1/2 ∞
L = 2 Logs − Log s 2 + 4 s
t

𝑚
Using 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑚 − 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑛 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔 𝑛

sin 2 t 1 s ∞
L = 2 Log
t s 2 +4 1/2 s

∞
sin 2 t 1 s
L = 2 Log 1/2 {Adjustment for upper limit}
t 4
s 2 1/2 1+ 2
s s

∞
sin 2 t 1 s
L = 2 Log 4 1/2
𝑎𝑚 𝑛
= 𝑎𝑚𝑛
t s 1+ 2
s s

∞
sin 2 t 1 1
L = 2 Log 1
t 4
1+ 2 2
s s

Copyright Material Page 100 of 123

 sin 2 t 1 1 s
L = 2 Log 1 − Log
t 4 2
s 2 +4 1/2
1+ 2
∞

sin 2 t 1 1 s
L = 2 Log 1 − Log
t 4 2 s 2 +4 1/2
1+
∞

sin 2 t 1 1 s
L = 2 Log 1 − Log
t s 2 +4 1/2
1+0 2

sin 2 t 1 1 s
L = 2 Log 1 − Log
t s 2 +4 1/2
1 2

sin 2 t 1 1 s
L t
= 2 Log 1
− Log s 2 +4 1/2

sin 2 t 1 s
L = 2 Log1 − Log
t s 2 +4 1/2

sin 2 t 1 s
L = 2 0 − Log ∵ Log1 = 0
t s 2 +4 1/2

sin 2 t 1 s
L = 2 – Log 1
t
s 2 +4 2

sin 2 t 1 s
L =2 −1 Log 1
t
s 2 +4 2

Using n Logm = Logmn

−1
sin 2 t 1 s
L = 2 Log 1
t
s 2 +4 2

1
sin 2 t 1 s 2 +4 2 a −1 b
L = 2 Log B [∵ = ]
t s b a

Equation (A) becomes

∞ −t sin 2 t sin 2 t
0
e dt = L where s = 1
t t

1
∞ −t sin 2 t 1 s 2 +4 2
0
e dt = 2 Log {∵ By (B)}
t s

Copyright Material Page 101 of 123

 1
∞ −t sin 2 t 1 12 +4 2
0
e dt = 2 Log {Putting s = 1}
t 1

1
∞ −t sin 2 t 1 1+4 2
0
e dt = 2 Log
t 1

1
∞ −t sin 2 t 1 5 2
0
e dt = 2 Log
t 1

1
∞ −t sin 2 t 1
0
e dt = 2 Log 5 2
t

1
∞ −t sin 2 t 1
0
e dt = Log 5 2
t 2

Using 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑚𝑛 = 𝑛 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑚

∞ −t sin 2 t 1 1
0
e dt = 2 Log5
t 2

∞ −t sin 2 t 1
0
e dt = 4 Log5
t

Home Assignment-4 (10 Marks)

𝑡
Ex1. Find 𝐿[ 0
𝑡 𝑒 −3𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕2𝑡] (05 Marks)

𝑡 𝑒 −5𝑡 −𝑒 −4𝑡
Ex2. Find 𝐿 0
(05 Marks)
𝑡

Home Assignment-5 (10 Marks)

∞
Ex1. Evaluate: 0
t e−2t sin5t dt (05 Marks)

∞ e −4t sin 2 t
Ex2. Evaluate: 0
dt (05 Marks)
t

1 s
Change of scale property: If L f t = F s then L f at =a F a

s+3
Ex1. If L f t = Log then L f 2t = …………
s+1

Sol: We have to find L f 2t

Given
s+3
Lf t = Log = F(s) ………… (1)
s+1

Copyright Material Page 102 of 123

 1 s 1 s
∴ L f 2t =a F ∵ L f at =a F
a a

1 s
L f 2t =2 F [∵a = 2]
2

s
1 +3
2
L f 2t = 2 Log s [∵ By (1) ]
+1
2

s 3
1 +
2 1
L f 2t = 2 Log s 1
+
2 1

s +6
1 2 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎𝑑 +𝑏𝑐
L f 2t = 2 Log s +2 ∵ +𝑑 =
𝑏 𝑏𝑑
2

𝑎
1 s+6 𝑐 𝑎
L f 2t = 2 Log ∵ 𝑏 =𝑏
s+2
𝑐

s 2 −1
Ex2. If L f t = s 2 +4 find L f 3t

Sol: We have to find L f 3t

Given

s 2 −1
Lf t = s 2 +4 = F(s) ………… (1)

1 s 1 s
∴ L f 3t =a F ∵ L f at =a F
a a

1 s
L f 3t =3 F [∵a = 3]
3

s 2
1 −1
3
L f 3t =3 s 2
[∵ By (1) ]
+4
3

s2
1 −1
9
L f 3t =3 s2
+4
9

s2 1
1 −
9 1
L f 3t =3 s2 4
+
9 1

s 2 −9
1 9 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎𝑑 ±𝑏𝑐
L f 3t =3 s 2 +36
∵ ±𝑑 =
𝑏 𝑏𝑑
9

𝑎
1 s 2 −9 𝑐 𝑎
L f 3t =3 ∵ 𝑏 =𝑏
s 2 +36
𝑐

Copyright Material Page 103 of 123

 2
1
Ex3. If L f t = e−s then L e−2t f 4t =…………
s

Sol: We have to find L e−2t f 4t

2
1
Given, L f t = e−s = F(s) ………….. (1)
s

1 s 1 s
∴ L f 4t =a F ∵ L f at =a F
a a

1 s
L f 4t =4 F [∵a = 4]
4

2
1 1 −
L f 4t =4 s e s /4 [∵ By (1) ]
4

2 4
1 4 1 𝑏
L f 4t =4 e− s ∵ 𝑎 =𝑎
s
𝑏

8
1
L f 4t = e−s = G(s) ……… (2)
s

∴ L e−2t f 4t =G s+a ∵ L e−at f t =F s+a

L e−2t f 4t = G s+2 ∵a=2

8
1
L e−2t f 4t = s+2 e− s +2

Laplace Transform of Derivative: If L f t = F(s)

L f ′ (t) = s F s − f(0)

L f ′ ′(t) = s2 F s − s f 0 − f′(0)

Ex1. If f t = e−2t sin4t Find L f ′ t

Sol: Given, f t = e−2t sin4t

∴ L[f t ] = L e−2t sin4t

4 a
Now, L sin4t = s 2 +4 2 ∵ L sin4t = s 2 +a 2

4
L sin4t = s 2 +16 = F(s)…….. (1)

∴ L e−2t sin4t = F s + a ∵ L e−at f t = F s+a

L e−2t sin4t = F s + 2 ∵a=2

4
L e−2t sin4t = (s+2)2 +16 = G(s) ……….. (2)

Copyright Material Page 104 of 123

Also, To find 𝑓 0

We have f t = e−2t sin4t

f 0 = e−2 0
sin4 0

∴ f 0 = e−0 sin0

∴f 0 = 1 0

f(0) = 0

∴ L f′ t = s G s − f(0) ∵ L f′ t =sF s −f 0
4
L f′ t =s −0 [∵ By (2)]
(s+2)2 +16

4s
L f′ t = (s+2)2 +16

d sint
Ex2. Find L dt t

d sint d
Sol: We have to find L i.e. L f t i.e. L f′ t
dt t dt

sint
Here f t = t

sint
L[f t ] = L
t

sint 1
Now, we find L i.e. L sint
t t

1
Now, L sint = s 2 +12

1
L sint = s 2 +1 = F(s) ……….. (1)

1 ∞ f(t) ∞
∴L sint = s
F s ds ∵L = s
F(s) ds
t t

∞ 1
= s s 2 +1
ds [ ∵ By (1)]

∞ 1
= s s 2 +12
ds {Adjustment}

1 1 x
Using = a tan−1
x 2 +a 2 a

sint 1 s ∞
L = tan−1
t 1 1 s

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 sint
L = tan−1 s ∞
s
t

sint
L = tan−1 ∞ − tan−1 s
t

sint π π π
L = 2 − tan−1 s ∵ tan 2 = ∞ , = tan−1 ∞
t 2

π
Using cot −1 x + tan −1 x = 2

π
∴ cot −1 x = 2 − tan −1 x

sint
L = cot −1 s = G s …….. (2)
t

Also, To find 𝑓 0

We have
sint
f t = …………(A)
t

At t = 0
sin 0
f 0 = 0

0
f 0 = 0 (Indeterminate form)

By L-Hospital’s Rule in Equation (A) to get finite answer

d
sint
dt
f t = d
t
dt

cost
f t = 1

f t = cost

At t = 0

f 0 = cos0

f 0 =1

∴ L f′ t = s G s − f(0) ∵ L f′ t =sF s −f 0

L f′ t = s cot −1 s − 1 [∵ By (2)]

Copyright Material Page 106 of 123

Home Assignment-6 (10 Marks)
s+5
Ex1. If L f t = Log then L e4t f 6t =………… (05 Marks)
s−3

𝑑
Ex2. Find 𝐿 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑡 (05 Marks)
𝑑𝑡

Heaviside Unit Step Function, Displaced Heaviside Unit Step Function:

Definition: unit step function or Heaviside unit function.

It is denoted by u t OR H(t) and is defined as

u t = 1 ,t ≥ 0
= 0 ,t < 0

u(t)

u(t)
1

Definition: Displaced unit step function.

It is denoted by u t − a OR H(t − a) and is defined as

u t − a = 1 ,t ≥ a
= 0 ,t < 𝑎

u(t-a)

u(t-a)
1 ----------------

0 a

Copyright Material Page 107 of 123

Formulae:
1 1
1. L u t = OR L H t =
s s
e −as e −as
2. L u t − a = OR L H t − a =
s s

Property

1. L f t − a u t − a = e−as L f t OR L f t − a H t − a = e−as L[f t ]

2. L f t u t − a = e−as L f t + a OR L f t H t − a = e−as L f t + a
𝟐
Ex1. Find the Laplace transform of: 𝐭 − 𝟏 𝐮(𝐭 − 𝟏)
2
Sol: We have to find L t − 1 u t−1

It is in the form of L f t − a u t − a
2
Here f t − a = t − 1 , a=1
2
f t−1 = t−1

Neglecting (−1) from both sides to get 𝑓 𝑡

f t = t2

We know that

L f t−a u t−a = e−as L f t

∴ L f t−1 u t−1 = e−1s L f t {∵ 𝑎 = 1 }

2
L t−1 u t−1 = e−s L t 2

2 2! n!
L t−1 u t−1 = e−s ∵ L t n = s n +1
s 2+1

2 2
L t−1 u t−1 = e−s s3

2 2e −s
L t−1 u t−1 = s3

Ex2. Find: 𝐋 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐭 − 𝟐 𝐇 𝐭 − 𝟐

Sol: We have to find L sin t − 2 H t − 2

It is in the form of L f t − a u t − a

Here f t − a = sin t − 2 , a = 2

f t − 2 = sin t − 2

Copyright Material Page 108 of 123

Neglecting (−2) from both sides to get 𝑓 𝑡

f t = sint

We know that

L f t−a H t−a = e−as L f t

∴ L f t−2 H t−2 = e−2s L f t {∵ 𝑎 = 2 }

L sin t − 2 H t − 2 = e−2s L sint

1 a
L sin t − 2 H t − 2 = e−2s ∵ L sinat = s 2 +a 2
s 2 +12

1
L sin t − 2 H t − 2 = e−2s s 2 +1

e −2s
L sin t − 2 H t − 2 = s 2 +1

Ex3. Find the Laplace transform of : 𝐞−𝟐𝐭 𝐮 𝐭 − 𝟑

Sol: We have to find out L[e−2t u(t − 3)]

It is in the form of L f t u t − a

Here 𝑓 𝑡 = e−2t , a = 3

We know that

L f t u t−a = e−as L f t + a

L e−2t u t − 3 = e−3s L f t + 3 {∵ 𝑎 = 3 }

L e−2t u t − 3 = e−3s L e−2 t+3

{∵ 𝑓(𝑡) = e−2t 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠 f t + 3 = e−2 t+3
}

L e−2t u t − 3 = e−3s L e−2t−6

L e−2t u t − 3 = e−3s L e−2t e−6 {∵ 𝑒 −𝑚 −𝑛 = 𝑒 −𝑚 𝑒 −𝑛 }

L e−2t u t − 3 = e−3s e−6 L e−2t

1 1
L e−2t u t − 3 = e−3s e−6 ∵ L e−at = s+a
s+2

1
L e−2t u t − 3 = e−3s−6 {∵ 𝑒 −𝑚 𝑒 −𝑛 = 𝑒 −𝑚 −𝑛 }
s+2

1
L e−2t u t − 3 = e−3 s+2
s+2

e −3 s +2
L e−2t u t − 3 = s+2

Copyright Material Page 109 of 123

Ex4. Find: 𝐋[𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐭. 𝐮 𝐭 − 𝛑 ]

Sol: We have to find out∶ L[sint. u t − π ]

It is in the form of L f t u t − a

Here 𝑓 𝑡 = sint , a = π

We know that

L f t u t−a = e−as L f t + a

L[sint. u t − π ] = e−πs L f t + π {∵ 𝑎 = π }

L sint. u t − π = e−πs L sin 𝑡 + 𝜋 {∵ 𝑓(𝑡) = sint 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠 f t + π = sin 𝑡 + 𝜋 }

Using sin A + B = sinA cosB + cosA sinB on RHS

L sint. u t − π = e−πs L sint cosπ + cost sinπ

L sint. u t − π = e−πs L sint −1 + cost (0) {∵ cosπ = −1 , sinπ = 0 }

L sint. u t − π = e−πs L −sint + 0

L sint. u t − π = e−πs L −sint

L sint. u t − π = −e−πs L sint

1 a
L sint. u t − π = −e−πs ∵ L sinat = s 2 +a 2
s 2 +12

1
L sint. u t − π = −e−πs s 2 +1

e −π s
L sint. u t − π =− s 2 +1

Formulae to convert given function into Heaviside unit function:

(i) If the given function is of the form

f t = f1 t , 0 < 𝑡 < 𝑎

= f2 t , t > 𝑎

Then its Heaviside form is given by

f t = f1 t + f2 t − f1 t u(t − a)

(ii) If the given function is of the form

f t = f1 t , a1 < 𝑡 < a2

Copyright Material Page 110 of 123

 = f2 t , t > a2

Then its Heaviside form is given by

f t = f1 t u t − a1 + f2 t − f1 t u t − a2

(iii) If the given function is of the form

f t = f1 t , a1 < 𝑡 < a2

= f2 t , a2 < 𝑡 < a3

= f3 t , t > a3

Then its Heaviside form is given by

f t = f1 t u t − a1 + f2 t − f1 t u t − a2 + f3 t − f2 t u t − a3

(iv) If the given function is of the form

f t = f1 t , 0 < 𝑡 < a1

= f2 t , a1 < 𝑡 < a2

= f3 t , t > a2

Then its Heaviside form is given by

f t = f1 t + f2 t − f1 t u t − a1 + f3 t − f2 t u t − a2

Note: (a) sin nπ + θ = −sinθ when n is odd

= sinθ when n is even

(b) sin nπ − θ = sinθ when n is odd

= −sinθ when n is even

(c) cos nπ ± θ = −cosθ when n is odd

= cosθ when n is even

Ex1. Express into Heaviside function and hence find Laplace transform of

f t = t + 1, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2

= 3 ,t ≥ 2

Sol: Given, f t = t + 1, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2

= 3,t ≥ 2

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Let, f1 t = t + 1 , f2 t = 3

Its Heaviside form is

f t = f1 t + f2 t − f1 t u t − a

f t = (t + 1) + 3 − (t + 1) u t − 2

f t =t+1+ 3−t−1 u t−2

f t = t + 1 + (2 − t) u t − 2

f t = t + 1 − (t − 2) u t − 2 [Adjustment]

∴ L[f t ] = L t + 1 − t − 2 u t − 2

Lf t =L t +L 1 −L t−2 u t−2
n!
Using L t n = s n +1 , L f t − a u t − a = e−as L f t

1! 1
Lf t = s 1+1 + s − e−2s L t

1 1 1!
Lf t = s 2 + s − e−2s s 1+1

1 1 1
Lf t = s 2 + s − e−2s s 2

1 1 e −2s
Lf t = s2 + s − s2

Ex2. Express into Heaviside function and hence find Laplace transform of

f t = t2 , 0 < 𝑡 < 1
= 4t , t ≥ 1

Sol: Given, f t = t 2 , 0 < 𝑡 < 1

= 4t , t ≥ 1

Let, f1 t = t 2 , , f2 t = 4t

Its Heaviside form is

f t = f1 t + f2 t − f1 t u t − a

f t = t 2 + 4t − t 2 u t − 1

f t = t2 + 4 t − 1 + 1 − t−1 +1 2
u t−1 [Adjustment]

Using (a − b)2 = a2 − 2ab + b2

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f t = t 2 + 4 t − 1 + 4 − (t − 1)2 + 2 t − 1 + 1 u t − 1

f t = t 2 + 4 t − 1 + 4 − (t − 1)2 − 2 t − 1 − 1 u t − 1

f t = t 2 + 2 t − 1 − (t − 1)2 + 3 u t − 1

f t = t 2 + 2 t − 1 u t − 1 − (t − 1)2 u t − 1 + 3 u t − 1

∴L f t = L t 2 + 2 t − 1 u t − 1 − (t − 1)2 u t − 1 + 3 u t − 1

Lf t = L t 2 ] + 2L t − 1 u t − 1 − L[(t − 1)2 u t − 1 ] + 3L[ u t − 1

n! e −as
Using L t n = s n +1 , L f t − a u t − a = e−as L f t , L u t − a = s

2! e −s
Lf t = s 2+1 + 2e−as L t − e−as L t 2 + 3 s

2 1! 2! 3e −s
Lf t = s 3 + 2e−s s 1+1 − e−s s 2+1 + s

2 1 2 3e −s
Lf t = s 3 + 2e−s s 2 − e−s s 3 + s

2 2e −s 2e −s 3e −s
Lf t = s3 + − +
s2 s3 s

2 2 2 3
Lf t = s 3 + e−s − s3 + s
s2

Ex3. Express into Heaviside function and hence find Laplace transform of

f t = t − 1, 1 < 𝑡 < 2
= 3 − t, 2 < 𝑡 < 3

Sol: Given, f t = t − 1, 1 < 𝑡 < 2

= 3 − t, 2 < 𝑡 < 3

i.e. f t = t − 1, 1 < 𝑡 < 2

= 3 − t, 2 < 𝑡 < 3
=0, t>3

Let, f1 t = t − 1, , f2 t = 3 − t , f3 t = 0

Its Heaviside form is

f t = f1 t u t − a1 + f2 t − f1 t u t − a2 + f3 t − f2 t u t − a3

f t = t − 1 u t − 1 + 3 − t − t − 1 u t − 2 + 0 − 3 − t u(t − 3)

f t = t − 1 u t − 1 + 3 − t − t + 1 u t − 2 + −3 + t u(t − 3)

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f t = t − 1 u t − 1 + 4 − 2t u t − 2 + t − 3 u(t − 3)

f t = t − 1 u t − 1 + 2 2 − t u t − 2 + t − 3 u(t − 3)

f t = t − 1 u t − 1 − 2 t − 2 u t − 2 + t − 3 u(t − 3)

∴L f t = L t − 1 u t − 1 − 2 t − 2 u t − 2 + t − 3 u(t − 3)

Lf t = L t − 1 u t − 1 ] − 2 L[(t − 2) u t − 2 + L t − 3 u t − 3

Using L f t − a u t − a = e−as L f t

Lf t = e−s L t − 2e−2s L t +e−3s L t

1! 1! 1! n!
Lf t = e−s − 2e−2s + e−3s ∵ L tn =
s 1+1 s 1+1 s 1+1 s n +1

1 1 1
Lf t = e−s s 2 − 2e−2s s 2 + e−3s s 2

1
Lf t = s 2 e−s − 2e−2s + e−3s

Ex4. Express into Heaviside function and hence find Laplace transform of

f t = sint , 0 < 𝑡 < 𝜋

= cost , t ≥ π

Sol: Given, f t = sint , 0 < 𝑡 < 𝜋

= cost , t ≥ π

Let, f1 t = sint , f2 t = cost

Its Heaviside form is

f t = f1 t + f2 t − f1 t u t − a

f t = sint + cost − sint u t − π

f t = sint + cost u t − π − sint u t − π

Taking Laplace transform of both sides

L[f t ] = L sint + cost u t − π − sint u t − π

L[f t ] = L sint] + L[cost u t − π ] − L[sint u t − π ……….. (1)

Now, L sint. u t − π = L[sin t − π + π u t − π ] [Adjustment]

L sint. u t − π = L[sin π + t − π u t−π ]

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Using sin π + θ = −sinθ

L sint. u t − π = L[−sin(t − π) u t − π ]

L sint. u t − π = −L[sin(t − π) u t − π ]

Using L f t − a u t − a = e−as L f t

∴ L sint. u t − π = −e−as L f t

L sint. u t − π = −e−πs L sint ∵a=π

1 a
L sint. u t − π = −e−πs ∵ L sinat = s 2 +a 2
s 2 +12

e −π s
L sint. u t − π = − s 2 +1

Also, L cost. u t − π = L[cos t − π + π u t − π ] [Adjustment]

L cost. u t − π = L[cos π + t − π u t−π ]

Using cos π + θ = −cosθ

L cost. u t − π = L[−cos(t − π) u t − π ]

L cost. u t − π = −L[cos(t − π) u t − π ]

Using L f t − a u t − a = e−as L f t

∴ L cost. u t − π = −e−as L f t

L cost. u t − π = −e−πs L cost ∵a=π

s s
L cost. u t − π = −e−πs ∵ L cosat = s 2 +a 2
s 2 +12

s e −π s
L cost. u t − π =− s 2 +1

Equation (1) becomes

1 s e −π s e −π s
Lf t = s 2 +1 − + s 2 +1
s 2 +1

Ex5. Express into Heaviside function and hence find Laplace transform of

f t = sint, 0 < 𝑡 < 𝜋

= sin2t, π < 𝑡 < 2π
= sin3t, t > 2π

Sol: Given, f t = sint, 0 < 𝑡 < 𝜋

Copyright Material Page 115 of 123

 = sin2t, π < 𝑡 < 2𝜋
= sin3t, t > 2𝜋

Let, f1 t = sint, , f2 t = sin2t , f3 t = sin3t

Its Heaviside form is

f t = f1 t + f2 t − f1 t u t − a1 + f3 t − f2 t u t − a2

f t = sint + sin2t − sint u t − π + sin3t − sin2t u t − 2π

f t = sint + sin2t u t − π − sint u t − π + sin3t u t − 2π − sin2t u t − 2π

∴ L[f t ] = L sint + sin2t u t − π − sint u t − π + sin3t u t − 2π − sin2t u t − 2π

L[f t ] = L sint] + L[sin2t u t − π ] − L[sint u t − π ] + L sin3t u t − 2π − L[sin2t u t − 2π

Now first we find L[sin2t u t − π ]

sin2t u t − π = sin2 π + t − π u t−π [Adjustment]

sin2t u t − π = sin 2π + 2 t − π u t−π

sin2t u t − π = sin2 t − π u t − π [∵ sin nπ + θ = sinθ when n is even]

∴ L[sin2t u t − π ] = L[sin2 t − π u t − π ]

L[sin2t u t − π ] = e−πs L sin2t [∵ L f t − a u t − a = e−as L f t

2
L[sin2t u t − π ] = e−πs s 2 +4

Now we find L[sint u t − π ]

sint u t − π = sin π + t − π u t−π [Adjustment]

sint u t − π = −sin t − π u t − π [∵ sin nπ + θ = −sinθ when n is odd]

∴ L sint u t − π = −L[sint u t − π ]

L sint u t − π = −e−πs L sint [∵ L f t − a u t − a = e−as L f t

1
L[sint u t − π ] = −e−πs s 2 +1

Now we find L sin3t u t − 2π

sin3t u t − 2π = sin3 2π + t − 2π u t − 2π [Adjustment]

sin3t u t − 2π = sin 6π + 3 t − 2π u t − 2π

sin3t u t − 2π = sin3 t − 2π u t − 2π [∵ sin nπ + θ = sinθ when n is even]

Copyright Material Page 116 of 123

∴ L[sin3t u t − 2π ] = L[sin3 t − 2π u t − 2π ]

L[sin3t u t − 2π ] = e−2πs L sin3t [∵ L f t − a u t − a = e−as L f t

3
L[sin3t u t − 2π ] = e−2πs s 2 +9

Also, we find L sin2t u t − 2π

sin2t u t − 2π = sin2 2π + t − 2π u t − 2π [Adjustment]

sin2t u t − 2π = sin 4π + 2 t − 2π u t − 2π

sin2t u t − 2π = sin2 t − 2π u t − 2π [∵ sin nπ + θ = sinθ when n is even]

∴ L[sin2t u t − 2π ] = L[sin2 t − 2π u t − 2π ]

L[sin2t u t − 2π ] = e−2πs L sin2t [∵ L f t − a u t − a = e−as L f t

2
L[sin2t u t − 2π ] = e−2πs s 2 +4

1 2 1 3 2
∴ L f t = s2+1 + e−πs s2+4 +e−πs s2+1 + e−2πs s2+9 −e−2πs s2+4

1 2 1 3 2
∴ L f t = s2+1 + e−πs s2 +4
+ s2+1 + e−2πs s2 +9
− s2 +4

Ex6. Express into Heaviside function and hence find Laplace transform of

f(t)

0 1 2 t

-1

Sol: From figure the given function f(t) is

f t =1, 0<𝑡 <1

= −1 , 1 < 𝑡 < 2

= 0 ,t ≥ 2

Let, f1 t = 1 , f2 t = −1 , f3 t = 0

Copyright Material Page 117 of 123

Its Heaviside form is

f t = 1 + −1 − 1 u t − 1 + 0 − 1 u t − 2

f t = 1 + −2 u t − 1 + −1 u t − 2

f t = 1 − 2u t − 1 − u t − 2

∴ L[f t ] = L 1 − 2u t − 1 − u t − 2

L[f t ] = L 1] − 2 L u t − 1 − L[u t − 2
1 e −s e −2s e −as
Lf t = s −2 − ∵L u t−a =
s s s

1 2e −s e −2s
Lf t =s− −
s s

1
Lf t = 1 − 2e−s − e−2s
s

Ex7. Express into Heaviside function and hence find Laplace transform of

f(t)

a ------------------------------------------

0 a 2a t

Sol: To find the given function f(t) we have to find the equation of straight line passing through
the points 0,0 to (a, a) then from (a, a) to 2a, 0

First have to find out equation of straight line passing through the points 0,0 to 1,1

We know that the equation of straight line passing through two points x1 , y1 to x2 , y2 is given
by
y −y
y − y1 = x 2 −x 1 x − x1 ………. (1)
2 1

Let, x1 , y1 = 0,0 , x2 , y2 = a, a

∴ Equation (1) becomes

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 a−0
y − 0 = a−0 x − 0

y= x

i.e. f t = t , 0 < 𝑡 < 𝑎

Now, we have to find out equation of straight line passing through the points 1,1 to 2,0

Let, x1 , y1 = a, a , x2 , y2 = 2a, 0

∴ Equation (1) becomes

0−a
y − a = 2a−a x − a

a
y − a = − 2a (x − a)

y − a = −(x − a)

y − a = −x + a

y = −x + a + a

y = 2a − x

i.e. f t = 2a − t , a < 𝑡 < 2𝑎

The function is

f t =t, 0<𝑡 <𝑎

= 2a − t , a < 𝑡 < 2𝑎

= 0, t ≥ 2a

Let, f1 t = t, , f2 t = 2a − t , f3 t = 0

Its Heaviside form is

f t = f1 t + f2 t − f1 t u t − a1 + f3 t − f2 t u t − a2

f t = t + (2a − t) − t u t − a + 0 − (2a − t) u t − 2a

f t = t + 2a − t − t u t − a + −2a + t u t − 2a

f t = t + 2a − 2t u t − a + (t − 2a) u t − 2a

f t = t + 2 a − t u t − a + (t − 2a) u t − 2a

f t = t − 2 t − a u t − a + (t − 2a) u t − 2a

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∴ L[f t ] = L t − 2 t − a u t − a + t − 2a u t − 2a

L[f t ] = L t] − 2L[ t − a u t − a ] + L[ t − 2a u t − 2a
n!
Using L t n = s n +1 , L f t − a u t − a = e−as L f t

1!
Lf t = s 1+1 − 2e−as L t + e−2as L t

1 1 1
Lf t = s 2 − 2e−as s 2 + e−2as s2

1
Lf t = s 2 1 − 2e−as + e−2as

Dirac delta function: It is denoted by δ t or δ(t − a) and its Laplace transform is given by

Lδ t = 1 and L δ t − a = e−as

Formulae:
∞
1. 0
f t δ t − a dt = f t t=a
∞
2. −∞
f t δ t − a dt = f t t=a
∞
3. L f t = 0 e−st f t dt
∞
Ex1. Evaluate: 𝟎
𝐞−𝟑𝐭 𝛅 𝐭 − 𝟒 𝐝𝐭

Sol: We know that

∞
0
f t δ t − a dt = f t t=a

∞ −3t
∴ 0
e δ t − 4 dt = e−3t t=4

∞ −3t
0
e δ t − 4 dt = e−3(4)
∞ −3t
0
e δ t − 4 dt = e−12

∞ 𝛑
Ex2. Evaluate: −∞
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝐭 𝛅 𝐭 − 𝟒 𝐝𝐭

Sol: We know that

∞
−∞
f t δ t − a dt = f t t=a

∞ π
∴ −∞
sin2t δ t − 4 dt = sin2t t=
π
4

∞ π π
−∞
sin2t δ t − 4 dt = sin2 4

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 ∞ π π
−∞
sin2t δ t − 4 dt = sin 2

∞ π
−∞
sin2t δ t − 4 dt = 1

Ex3.𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐋𝐚𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞 𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐭 𝟑 𝛅 𝐭 − 𝟒

Sol: We know that

∞ −st
Lf t = 0
e f t dt
∞ −st 3
∴ L t3 δ t − 4 = 0
e t δ t − 4 dt
∞
L t3 δ t − 4 = e−st t 3 t=4 [∵ 0
f t δ t − a dt = f t t=a ]

L t3 δ t − 4 = e−s 4
(4)3

L t3 δ t − 4 = e−4s (64)

L t3 δ t − 4 = 64 e−4s

Ex4. 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐋𝐚𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞 𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐋𝐨𝐠𝐭 𝛅 𝐭 − 𝛑

Sol: We know that

∞ −st
Lf t = 0
e f t dt
∞ −st
∴ L cost Logt δ t − π = 0
e cost Logt δ t − π dt
∞
L cost Logt δ t − π = e−st cost Logt t=π [∵ 0
f t δ t − a dt = f t t=a ]

L cost Logt δ t − π = e−πs cosπ Logπ

L cost Logt δ t − π = e−πs (−1) Logπ

L cost Logt δ t − π = −e−πs Logπ

𝛅 𝐭−𝟒
Ex5. 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐋𝐚𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞 𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐭

Sol: We know that

∞ −st
Lf t = 0
e f t dt

δ t−4 ∞ −st δ t−4

∴L = 0
e dt
t t

δ t−4 ∞ e −st
L = 0
δ t − 4 dt {Adjustment}
t t

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 δ t−4 e −st ∞
L = [∵ 0
f t δ t − a dt = f t t=a ]
t t t=4

δ t−4 e −4s
L =
t 4

Ex6. Find 𝐋 𝐭 𝐮 𝐭 − 𝟒 + 𝐭 𝟐 𝛅 𝐭 − 𝟒

Sol: We have

L t u t − 4 + t2 δ t − 4 = L t u t − 4 ] + L[t 2 δ t − 4 …………. (A)

(I) First, we find L[t u t − 4 ]

It is in the form of L f t u t − a

Here 𝑓 𝑡 = t , a = 4

We know that

L f t u t−a = e−as L f t + a

L t u t−4 = e−4s L f t + 4 {∵ 𝑎 = 4 }

L t u t−4 = e−4s L t + 4 {∵ 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑡 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠 f t + 4 = t + 4 }

L t u t−4 = e−4s L t + 4 L(1)

1! 1 n! 1
L t u t−4 = e−4s +4 ∵ L t n = s n +1 & 𝐿 1 =
s 1+1 s s

1 4
L t u t−4 = e−4s +s
s2

(II) Now, we find L t 2 δ t − 4

We know that
∞ −st
Lf t = 0
e f t dt

It follows that
∞ −st
L t2 δ t − 4 = 0
e t 2 δ t − 4 dt
∞
= e−st t 2 t=4 0
f t δ t − a dt = f t t=a

= e−s 4
42

= e−4s 16

L t2 δ t − 4 = 16 e−4s

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∴ Equation (A) becomes
1 4
L t u t − 4 + t2 δ t − 4 = e−4s 2
+ + 16e−4s
s s

Home Assignment-7 (10 Marks)

∞
Ex1. Evaluate: 0
cost δ t − 2π dt (02)

Ex2. Find 𝐿 𝑒 −4 𝑡−6

𝐻 𝑡−6 (02)

Ex3. Find the L.T. of t 2 u t − 2 − cosht δ(t − 2) (04)

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