Uni

t-
ICor
e-Jav
a

Jav
a:

Javaisapr ogrammi ng l
anguageand apl
atf
orm.Jav aisa hi
gh l
evel
,
robust
,obj
ect-
orient
edandsecureprogr
amminglanguage.

Javawasdev opedbySunMi
el crosyst
ems( whichi
snowt hesubsidiar
yof
Oracl
e)intheyear1995.JamesGosl i
ngi
sknownast hefatherofJav a.
Befor
e Java,is name wasOak.Si
t nce Oak was al
ready a regi
ster
ed
company,soJamesGoslingandhisteam changedthenamef rom Oakto
Java.

Pl
atf
orm:Anyhardwareorsoft
wareenv
ironmenti
nwhichapr ogr
am runs,
i
sknownasapl atfor
m.SinceJav
ahasar unt
imeenv
ironment(JRE)and
API
,i
tiscal
l
edapl atf
orm.

Cur
rentl
y,Javaisusedinint
ernetprogr
ammi ng,mobiledevices,games,e-busi
ness
sol
uti
ons,et
c.Fol
lowi
ngar
egivensigni
fi
cantpoint
sthatdescr
ibethehist
oryofJava.

1)JamesGosli
ng,Mi keSher
idan,andPatri
ckNaught
oni ni
ti
atedt
heJaval
anguage
pr
ojecti
nJune1991.Thesmal
lteam ofsunengi
neer
scal
ledGreenTeam.

Concept
sinJav
a

2)I
nit
ial
l
yitwasdesi
gnedf
orsmal
l
,embeddedsy
stems

i
nel
ect
roni
cappl
i
ancesl
i
keset
-t
opboxes.

3)Fi
rst
ly,
itwascal
l
ed"
Greent
alk"byJamesGosl
i
ng,
andt
hef
il
eext
ensi
onwas.
gt.

4)Af
tert
hat
,itwascal
l
edOakandwasdev
elopedasapar
toft
heGr
eenpr
oject
.

WhyJav
awasnamedas"
Oak"
?

5)WhyOak?Oakisasy mbolofstr
engthandchosenasanat
ionalt
reeofmany
count
ri
esl
i
ket
heU.
S.A.
,Fr
ance,Ger
many,Romani
a,et
c.

6)In1995,Oakwasr
enamedas"
Jav
a"becausei
twasal
readyat
rademar
kbyOak
Technol
ogi
es.

WhyJav
aPr
ogr
ammi
ngnamed"
Jav
a"?
 Uni
t-
ICor
e-Jav
a

7)WhyhadtheychosethenameJav aforJavalanguage?Theteam gat heredt ochoose

anew name.Thesuggest edwordswer e"dynamic","
rev
olut
ionary"
,"Silk","j
olt
","
DNA",
et
c.Theywantedsomethingthatref
lectedtheessenceofthetechnology :revol
uti
onary
,
dynami
c,l
iv
ely,cool
,uni
que,andeasyt ospell
,andfuntosay.

Accor
dingt
oJamesGosli
ng,"Javawasoneofthetopchoi
cesalongwi t
hSil
k".Si
nce
Javawassouni
que,
mostoftheteam member
spref
err
edJavathanothernames.

8)JavaisanislandinIndonesi
awher ethefi
rstcof
feewaspr
oduced(
cal
ledJav
a
cof
fee)
.Iti
sakindofespressobean.JavanamewaschosenbyJamesGosl
i
ngwhil
e
hav
ingacupofcoffeenear
byhisoff
ice.

9)Not
icet
hatJav
aisj
ustaname,
notanacr
ony
m.

10)I
nit
ial
l
ydev
elopedbyJamesGosl
i
ngatSunMi
crosy
stems

(
whi
chi
snowasubsi
diar
yofOr
acl
eCor
por
ati
on)andr
eleasedi
n1995.

11)I
n1995,
Timemagazi
necal
l
edJav
aoneoft
heTenBestPr
oduct
sof1995.

12)JDK1. 0wasreleasedonJanuary23,1996.Aft
erthefi
rstr
eleaseofJava,t
herehave
beenmanyaddi t
ionalfeatur
esaddedt ot helanguage.Now Jav aisbeingusedi n
Windowsappl i
cati
ons,Webappl i
cati
ons,enter
priseappli
cat
ions,mobil
eapplicat
ions,
cards,
etc.Eachnewv ersi
onaddsnewf eat
uresinJava.

ARCHI
TECTUREOFJAVA:

JavaAr chi
tect
ureisacoll
ectionofcomponent
s,i.
e.,JVM,JRE,andJDK.It
i
ntegratestheprocessofinterpr
etat
ionandcompilati
on.I
tdefi
nesallthe
processesinvol
vedincreat
ingaJav aprogr
am.JavaAr chi
tect
ureexpl
ains
eachandev erystepofhowapr ogram i
scompil
edandexecuted.

Jav
aAr
chi
tect
urecanbeexpl
ainedbyusi
ngt
hef
oll
owi
ngst
eps:

 Ther
eisapr
ocessofcompi
l
ati
onandi
nter
pret
ati
oni
nJav
a.

 Jav
acompi
l
erconv
ert
stheJav
acodei
ntoby
tecode.

 Af
tert
hat
,theJVM conv
ert
stheby
tecodei
ntomachi
necode.

 Themachi
necodei
sthenexecut
edbyt
hemachi
ne.

Thefoll
owingfigurerepr
esent
stheJav
aAr
chi
tect
urei
nwhi
cheachst
epi
s
el
aborategraphical
l
y.
 Uni
t-
ICor
e-Jav
a

Component
sofJav
aAr
chi
tect
ure

TheJav
aar
chi
tect
urei
ncl
udest
het
hreemai
ncomponent
s:

o Jav
aVi
rt
ual
Machi
ne(
JVM)
o Jav
aRunt
imeEnv
ironment(
JRE)
o Jav
aDev
elopmentKi
t(JDK)

Jav
aVi
rt
ual
Machi
ne

Themai nf eatur
eofJav ai sWORA.WORA st andsforWrit
eOnceRun
Anywhere.Thef eatur
estat
esthatwecanwr i
teourcodeonceandusei t
anywhereoronanyoper ati
ngsystem.Javaprogram canrunanyoft he
pl
atfor
msonl ybecauseoftheJavaVir
tualMachine.Iti
saJav aplat
for
m
componentt hatgi
vesusanenv i
ronmenttoexecutejavapr
ograms.JVM's
maintaskistoconv er
tbyt
ecodeintomachinecode.

JVM,f i
rstofal
l,l
oadsthecodei nt
omemor yandv eri
fi
esit
.Aft
ert
hat,i
t
execut
es the code and pr
ovides a runt
ime env
ir onment
.Jav
a Vi
rt
ual
Machine(JVM)hasitsownarchit
ectur
e,whichi
sgivenbelow:

JVM Ar
chi
tect
ure

JVM i
sanabst
ractmachi
net
hatpr
ovi
dest
heenv
ironmenti
nwhi
chJav
a
 Uni
t-
ICor
e-Jav
a

byt
ecodei
sexecut
ed.Thef
all
i
ngf
igur
erepr
esent
sthear
chi
tect
ureoft
he
JVM.

Cl
assLoader:ClassLoader i
s a subsy
stem used t
ol oad cl
ass f
il
es.
Cl
assLoaderfi
rstloadstheJavacodewhenev
erwerunit
.

Cl
assMet hodAr
ea:I
nthememor y,
ther
eisanar eawheretheclassdatais
st
ored duri
ng t
he code'
s executi
on.Class met hod area holds the
i
nformati
onofst
ati
cvari
abl
es,st
ati
cmet hods,stat
icbl
ocks,andinstance
methods.

Heap:Theheapareai sapartoft
heJVM memor yandiscreat
edwhenthe
JVM star
tsup.It
ssi zecannotbestat
icbecauseiti
ncreaseordecr
ease
dur
ingtheappl
i
cationruns.

Stack:I
tisalso r
efer
red to ast hr
eadst ack.I
tiscr eat
edf orasi ngl
e
executi
onthr
ead.Thethreadusest hisar
eat ostor
et heelementsli
kethe
parti
alr
esul
t,l
ocal
vari
abl
e, datausedforcall
ingmethodandr et
urnsetc.

Nati
veStack:I
tcont
ainst
hei
nfor
mat
ionofal
lthenat
ivemet
hodsusedi
n
ourappl
i
cati
on.

Execut
ionEngi
ne:I
tist
hecent
ralpar
toft
heJVM.I
tsmai
ntaski
sto
 Uni
t-
ICor
e-Jav
a

execut
ethebyt
ecodeandexecut
etheJav aclasses.Theexecut
ionengi
ne
hasthr
eemaincomponent
susedforexecuti
ngJav aclasses.

o Int
erpreter
:Itconv
er t
stheby t
ecodeint
onati
vecodeandexecutes.It
sequential
l
y execut es t he code. The i nter
pret
er int
erpret
s
conti
nuouslyandev enthesamemet hodmult
ipleti
mes.Thi
sreduces
theperformanceoft hesystem,andtosol
vethis,t
heJITcompileri
s
i
ntroduced.
o JITCompiler
:JITcompil
eri
sintr
oducedt
oremovethedr
awbackof
theint
erpr
eter.I
tincr
easesthespeedofexecut
ionandimpr
oves
perf
ormance.
o GarbageCol lect
or:Thegar bagecol l
ect
orisused t
o managet he
memor y,andi ti
sapr ogr
am wr it
teninJava.I
twor
ksint wophases,
i
.e.
,Mar kandSweep.Mar kisanar eawherethegarbagecoll
ector
i
dentif
ies the used and unused chunks ofmemory .The Sweep
r
emov estheidentif
iedobj
ectf r
om theMark

Jav
aNat
iveI
nter
face

Jav
aNat i
veInt
er f
acewor
ksasamedi
atorbet
weenJav
amet
hodcal
l
sand
nat
ivel
i
brari
es.̀

Jav
aRunt
imeEnv
ironment
(JRE)
I
tprovi
desanenv ir
onmenti nwhi
chJav
apr ogramsar eexecuted.JRE
t
akesourJavacode,i
ntegr
atesi
twi
tht
herequi
redli
brar
ies,
andthenstart
s
t
heJVM toexecut
eit.

JREi
stheon-
diskpar
tofj
avat
hatcr
eat
etheJVM.

Jav
aDev
elopmentKi
t(
JDK)
Iti
sasof t
waredevelopmentenvi
ronmentusedint hedevel
opmentofJava
appli
cat
ionsandappl et
s.JavaDevelopmentKitholdsJRE,acompil
er,an
i
nterpr
eterorl
oader,
andsev er
aldevelopmentt
oolsinit
.

JDKal
l
owsdev
eloper
stocr
eat
ejav
apr
ogr
amst
hatcanbeexecut
edand
 Uni
t-
ICor
e-Jav
a

r
unbyt
heJVM andJRE.

Si
mpl
eExampl
e:

I
ntr
oduct
ionofsi
mpl
epr
ogr
am ofj
avabyusi
ngcmdcommand

InJav a,
everyappli
cati
onbeginswithacl
assname,andthatcl
assmustmatchthe
fi
lename.createourfi
rstJav
af i
le,
call
edDemo.j
ava,whi
chcanbedoneinanytext
editor(l
i
keNot epad)
.

cl
assDemo

Publ
i
cst
ati
cvoi
dMai
n(St
ri
ngar
gs[
])

Sy
stem.
out
.pr
int
ln(
“HELLO….
.!
!!
!!
!”
);

OUTPUT:
HELLO….
.!
!!
!!
!

Savet he code in Not

epad as "Demo.
jav
a".Open Command Prompt
(cmd.exe)
,navigat
et ot
hedirect
orywhereyousavedyourf
il
e,andtype
"j
avacMain.j
ava":

C:
\User
s\pat
( hwhi
chhav
etosav
eyourpr
ogr
am)
>jav
acMai
n.j
ava

Thiswi
llcompil
ey ourcode.Ift
herearenoerr
orsi
nthecode,t
hecommand
promptwill
takeyoutot henextl
ine.Now,t
ype"j
avaMain"t
orunt
hefi
l
e:

C:
\User
s\pat
h>j
avaMai
n
 Uni
t-
ICor
e-Jav
a

Expl
anat
ion:
Everyl
ineofcodethatr
unsinJavamustbei
nsi
deaclass.I
nourexample,
wenamedt hecl
assMain.Aclassshoul
dal
waysst
artwithanupper
case
fi
rstl
etter
.

publ
icst
ati
cvoi
dmai
n(St
ri
ng[
]ar
gs)
Anycodeinsi
det hemain(
)methodwillbeexecut
ed.ev
eryJavapr
ogr
am
hasaclassnamewhi chmustmatchthefil
ename,andt
hatever
ypr
ogr
am
must0000000contai
nthemain()met
hod.
 cl
asskey
wor
disusedt
odecl
areacl
assi
nJav
a.
 publ
ickey
wordisan accessmodi
fi
ert
hatr
epr
esent
svi
sibi
l
ity
.It
meansiti
svi
sibl
etoal
l
.
 stat
icisakeyword.I
fwedecl ar
eanymet hodasst at
ic,i
tisknownas
thestati
cmethod.Thecor eadvantageoft hestati
cmet hodisthat
ther
eisnoneedt ocreat
eanobj ecttoinvokethestati
cmet hod.The
main()methodisexecut
edbyt heJVM,soi tdoesn'
trequi
recreati
ng
anobjecttoi
nvokethemain()method.So,itsavesmemor y.
 v
oidisther
etur
nty
peoft
hemet
hod.I
tmeansi
tdoesn'
tret
urnany
v
alue.
 mai
nrepr
esent
sthest
art
ingpoi
ntoft
hepr
ogr
am.
 St
ri
ng[
]ar
gsorSt
ri
ngar
gs[
]isusedf
orcommandl
i
near
gument
.
 System.
out.pr
int
ln(
)isusedt oprintst
atement.Here,Syst
em i
sa
cl
ass,outisanobjectofthePri
ntStr
eam cl
ass,pr
int
ln(
)isamethod
ofthePri
ntStr
eam cl
ass.

Var
iabl
es:

Var
iabl
esar
econt
ainer
sforst
ori
ngdat
aval
ues.
 Uni
t-
ICor
e-Jav
a

I
nJav
a,t
her
ear
edi
ff
erentt
ypesofv
ari
abl
es,
forexampl
e:

 St r
ing-st orestext,suchas" Hell
o".Stri
ngv al
uesaresur roundedby
doubl equot es
 i
nt-st oresint
eger s(wholenumber s),wi
thoutdecimals,suchas123
or- 123
 float-st or
esf l
oatingpointnumbers, wit
hdecimals,suchas19. 99or
-19.99
 char-st oressinglechar act
ers,suchas' a'or'
B'.Charv al
uesare
surr oundedbysi nglequotes
 bool ean-st or
esv alueswithtwostates:tr
ueorfalse

Decl
arat
ion&I
nit
ial
izat
ionofv
ari
abl
e:

Sy
ntax:

t
ypev
ari
abl
eName=v
alue;

Exampl
e:

Rul
eofdecl
ari
ngv
ari
abl
e:

 AvariablenamecanconsistofCapit
allet
ter
sA-Z,l
owercasel
etter
sa- z,
di
git
s0- 9,andt
wospeci
alcharact
erssuchasunder
scor
eanddollarSign.

 Thef
ir
stchar
act
ermustbeal
ett
er.

 Bl
ankspacescannotbeusedi
nvar
iabl
enames.

 Jav
akey
wor
dscannotbeusedasv
ari
abl
enames.

 Var
iabl
enamesar
ecase-
sensi
ti
ve.

Scopeofv
ari
abl
e:

Var
iabl
eScopemeans-Thatl
i
mit
,asf
arast
hev
ari
abl
ecanbeused.

I
nJav
ather
ear
evar
ioust
ypesofv
ari
abl
escope:

 Local
var
iabl
es
 Uni
t-
ICor
e-Jav
a

 I
nst
ancev
ari
abl
es

 Cl
ass/
Stat
icv
ari
abl
es
LocalVar
iabl
e:

Avariablethatisdecl
aredwithint
hemet hodthati
scall
edlocalv
ariabl
es.I
t
i
sdef ined in method orot herstatement
s,such asdef i
ned and used
out
sidet heblockormet hod,
thevariabl
ecannotbeused.

I
nst
ancev
ari
abl
es

Anon-
stati
cvar i
abl
et hatisdecl
aredwi
thi
nt hecl
assbutnotinthemethod
i
scall
ed instancev ari
able.I
nst
ancev ar
iablesar
er el
ated t
o a speci
fi
c
obj
ect
;theycanaccesscl assvar
iabl
es.

Cl
ass/
Stat
icv
ari
abl
es

Avari
abl
ethatisdeclar
edwi t
hstati
ckey
wor
dinacl
assbutnoti
nthe
met
hodiscal
ledst
ati
corclassvar
iabl
e.

Exampl
eScopeofVar
iabl
e:

cl
assA

i
ntamount=100; //
inst
ancev
ariabl
e
st
ati
cintaccount
_no=2315;//
stati
cvar
iabl
e

publ
i
cst at
icv
oidmai
n(St
ri
ng[]ar
gs)
{
intage=35;
//l
ocal
vari
able
}

}
OUTPUT:
 Uni
t-
ICor
e-Jav
a

DATATYPE:Dat
aty
pesspeci
fyt
hedi
ff
erentsi
zesandv
aluest
hatcanbest
oredi
n
t
hev
ari
abl
e.Ther
ear
etwot
ypesofdat
aty
pesi
nJav
a:

Dat
aTy
pe Def
aul
tVal
ue Def
aul
tsi
ze

Bool
ean f
alse 1bi
t

Char '
\u0000' 2by
te

By
te 0 1by
te

Shor
t 0 2by
te

I
nt 0 4by
te

Long 0L 8by
te

Fl
oat 0.
0f 4by
te

Doubl
e 0.
0d 8by
te
 Uni
t-
ICor
e-Jav
a

1.Pr
imi
ti
vedat
aty
pes:Thepr
imi
ti
vedat
aty
pesi
ncl
udeBool
ean,char
,by
te,
shor
t,i
nt,
long,
floatanddoubl
e.
2.Non-
pri
mit
ive dat
a t
ypes:The non-
pri
mit
ive dat
a t
ypes
i
ncl
udeCl
asses,
Int
erf
aces,
andAr
ray
s.

Jav
aPr
imi
ti
veDat
aTy
pes
I
nJav al
anguage,pr
imi
ti
vedatatypesar
et hebui
l
dingblocksofdat
amani
pul
ati
on.
Thesear
ethemostbasicdat
atypesavai
lablei
nJavalanguage.

Ther
ear
e8t
ypesofpr
imi
ti
vedat
aty
pes:

1. bool
eandat
aty
pe
2. byt
edat
aty
pe
3. chardat
aty
pe
4. shor
tdat
aty
pe
5. i
ntdat
aty
pe
6. l
ongdat
aty
pe
7. f
loatdat
aty
pe
8. doubl
edat
aty
pe

Bool
eanDat
aTy
pe
TheBool
eandat
atypeisusedtostor
eonlyt
wopossibl
eval
ues:t
rueandf
alse.Thi
s
dat
atypei
susedforsi
mplefl
agsthattr
ackt
rue/
fal
secondi
ti
ons.

TheBooleandat
aty
pespeci
fi
esonebi
tofi
nfor
mat
ion,
buti
ts"
size"can'
tbedef
ined
preci
sel
y.

Exampl
e:

Bool
eanone=f
alse

By
teDat
aTy
pe
Theby
tedat
aty
pei
sanexampl
eofpr
imi
ti
vedat
aty
pe.I
tisan8-
bitsi
gnedt
wo'
s
 Uni
t-
ICor
e-Jav
a

complementi
nteger.I
tsval
ue-r
ange l
i
es bet
ween -
128 to 127 (
incl
usi
ve)
.It
s
mini
mum val
ueis-128andmaxi
mum val
uei
s127.It
sdefaul
tval
ueis0.

Thebytedat aty
peisusedt osavememor yinlar
gearr
ayswherethememory
savi
ngsismostrequi
red.I
tsav
esspacebecauseabytei
s4timessmall
ert
hanan
i
nteger
.Itcanal
sobeusedinpl
aceof"
int
"dataty
pe.

Exampl
e:

by
tea=10,
byt
eb=-
20

Shor
tDat
aTy
pe
Theshortdatatypei
sa16- bitsi
gnedtwo'
scompl
ementint
eger.It
sval
ue-
rangel
ies
bet
ween- 32,
768t o32,767(incl
usi
ve)
.It
smini
mum val
ueis-32,768andmaximum
val
ueis32,767.I
tsdefaultv
alueis0.

Theshor
tdatat
ypecanal
sobeusedt
osav ememor
yjustl
i
keby
tedat
aty
pe.A
shor
tdat
aty
peis2ti
messmal
l
ert
hananint
eger
.

Exampl
e:

shor
ts=10000,
shor
tr=-
5000

I
ntDat
aTy
pe
Theintdat
atypeisa32-bitsignedt
wo'scompl ementint
eger.I
tsvalue-r
angeli
es
bet
ween-2,147,
483,
648(-2^31)to2,
147,483,
647(2^31-1)(i
ncl
usi
ve).It
smi ni
mum
val
ueis-2,
147,
483,
648andmaxi mum val
ueis2,147,
483,
647.It
sdefaul
tv al
ueis0.

Theintdat
atypeisgener
all
yusedasadef
aul
tdat
aty
pef
ori
ntegr
alv
aluesunl
essi
f
ther
eisnoprobl
em aboutmemory.

Exampl
e:

i
nta=100000,
intb=-
200000
 Uni
t-
ICor
e-Jav
a

LongDat
aTy
pe
Thel ongdat aty peisa64- bi
ttwo'scompl ementi nteger.It
sval
ue-
rangeli
esbetween
-9,223,372,036,854,775,808(
-2^63)to9,223,372,036,854,775,
807(
2^63-1)(
incl
usi
ve)
.
I
t s mi nimum v al
ue i s - 9,223,
372,036,854,775,808and maximum v al
ue is
9,223,372,036,854,775,807.Itsdefaul
tv al
uei s0.Thel ongdatatypeisusedwhen
youneedar angeofv al
uesmor ethanthosepr ov i
dedbyi nt.

Exampl
e:

l
onga=100000L,
longb=-
200000L

Fl
oatDat
aTy
pe
Thefl
oatdatatypeisasingl
e-pr
eci
sion32-bitI
EEE754f l
oat
ingpoint.
It
sval
uerange
i
sunli
mited.I
tisrecommendedt ouseaf l
oat(inst
eadofdoubl
e)ifyouneedtosave
memoryinlargearraysoffl
oati
ngpointnumber s.Thefl
oatdat
at ypeshoul
dnever
beusedforpreci
sev al
ues,
suchascurrency.It
sdefaul
tval
ueis0.0F.

Exampl
e:

f
loatf
1=234.
5f

Doubl
eDat
aTy
pe
Thedoubl edatat y
peisadoubl e-
preci
sion64-bi
tIEEE754floati
ngpoi
nt.I
tsvalue
rangei sunli
mit
ed.Thedoubledat atypeisgenerall
yusedfordecimalval
uesjust
l
ikef l
oat.Thedoubledat
atypealsoshouldneverbeusedforpreci
seval
ues,
suchas
currency.I
tsdefaul
tval
ueis0.0d.

Exampl
e:

doubl
ed1=12.
3

CharDat
aTy
pe
Thechardat
aty
pei
sasi ngle16-bi
tUnicodechar
act
er.I
tsv
alue-r
angeli
esbet
ween
'
\u0000'(
or0)t
o'\
uff
ff'(or65,535incl
usiv
e).
Thechardat
at ypeisusedtostor
e
char
acter
s.
 Uni
t-
ICor
e-Jav
a

Exampl
e:

charl
ett
erA='
A'

OPERATORS:
Oper
atori
nJav
aisasy
mbol
thati
susedt
oper
for
m oper
ati
ons.

Forexampl
e:+,
-,*
,/et
c.

Ther
ear
eei
ghtt
ypesofoper
ator
sinJav
awhi
char
egi
venbel
ow:

1. Unar
yOper
ator
,
2. Ar
it
hmet
icOper
ator
,
3. Shi
ftOper
ator
,
4. Rel
ati
onalOper
ator
,
5. Bi
twi
seOper
ator
,
6. Logi
calOper
ator
,
7. Ter
nar
yOper
atorand
8. Assi
gnmentOper
ator
.