2451 Article+Text 28118 30613 10 20201028
2451 Article+Text 28118 30613 10 20201028
2451 Article+Text 28118 30613 10 20201028
ISSN: 0067-2904
Abstract
Nasiriyah oilfield is located in the southern part of Iraq. It represents one of the
promising oilfields. Mishrif Formation is considered as the main oil-bearing
carbonate reservoir in Nasiriyah oilfield, containing heavy oil (API 25o(. The study
aimed to calculate and model the petrophysical properties and build a three
dimensional geological model for Mishrif Formation, thus estimating the oil reserve
accurately and detecting the optimum locations for hydrocarbon production.
Fourteen vertical oil wells were adopted for constructing the structural and
petrophysical models. The available well logs data, including density, neutron,
sonic, gamma ray, self-potential, caliper and resistivity logs were used to calculate
the petrophysical properties. The interpretations and environmental corrections of
these logs were performed by applying Techlog 2015 software. According to the
petrophysical properties analysis, Mishrif Formation was divided into five units
(Mishrif Top, MA, shale bed, MB1 and MB2). A three-dimensional geological
model, which represents an entrance for the simulation process to predict reservoir
behavior under different hydrocarbon recovery scenarios, was carried out by
employing Petrel 2016 software. Models for reservoir characteristics (porosity,
permeability, net to gross NTG and water saturation) were created using the
algorithm of Sequential Gaussian Simulation (SGS), while the variogram analysis
was utilized as an aid to distribute petrophysical properties among the wells.
The process showed that the main reservoir unit of Mishrif Formation is MB1
with a high average porosity of 20.88% and a low average water saturation of
16.9%. MB2 unit has good reservoir properties characterized by a high average
water saturation of 96.25%, while MA was interpreted as a water-bearing unit. The
impermeable shale bed unit is intercalated between MA and MB1 units with a
thickness of 5-18 m, whereas Mishrif top was interpreted as a cap unit. The study
outcomes demonstrated that the distribution accuracy of the petrophysical properties
has a significant impact on the constructed geological model which provided a better
understanding of the study area’s geological construction. Thus, the estimated
reserve h was calculated to be about 7945 MSTB. This can support future reservoir
development plans and performance predictions.
طريقة عملية لحداب ونموذجة الخصائص البتر وفيزيائية لصخور المكمن بأستخدام برنامج البتر
دراسة حالة من العراق.
:الخالصة
يعتبر تكهين السذرف.يقع حقل الشاصرية في الجزء الجشهبي من العراق وىه يسثل احد حقهل الشفط الهاعدة
تيدف الدراسة الى. API 25O السكسن الكاربهناتي الرئيدي الخازن لمشفط والذي يحتهي عمى نفط ثقيل
حداب ونسذجة الخرائص البتروفيزيائيو وبشاء مهديل جيهلهجي ثالثي األبعاد لتكهين السذرف وبالتالي تقدير
.األحتياطي الشفظي بدقة وتحديد أفزل السهاقع ألنتاج اليايدروكاربهن
تم أستخدام بيانات الجس الستهفرة. بئر نفظي عسهدي لبشاء الشساذج الييكمية والبتروفيزيائية41 تم أعتساد.
density, neutron, sonic, gamma ray, self-potential, caliper and resistivity والتي تزسشت
تم تشفيذ التفديرات والترحيحات البيئية ليذه السجدات من خالل أستخدام. لحداب الخرائص البتروفيزيائية
وفقا لتحميل الخرائص البتروفيزيائية تم تقديم تكهين السذرف الى خسس.Techclog 2015 برنامج
تم بشاء مهديل جيهلهجي ثالثي األبعاد. (Mishrif Top, MA, Shale bed, MB1,MB2 (وحدات
لتكهين السذرف في حقل الشاصرية الشفظي والذي يسثل مدخال لعسمية السحاكاة لمتشبهء بتررف السكسن في عل
. Petrel 2016سيشاريهىات مختمفة ألستخالص اليايدروكاربهن بأستخدام برنامج
porosity, permeability, net to gross NTG, water ( مهديالت الخرائص البتروفيزيائية
واألستفادة منSequential Gaussian Simulation SGS ( تم انذاؤىا بأستخدام خهارزميةsaturation
.تحميل الستغيرات كعامل مداعد في نذر الخرائص البتروفيزيائية بين اآلبار
بسعدل مدامية عاليMB1 بيشت عسمية الشسذجة بأن الهحدة السكسشية الرئيدية لتكهين السذرف ىي
جيدة وتسيزت بسعدلMB2 الخرائص السكسشية لمهحدة,%4..1 ومعدل تذبع مائي مشخفض%88.22
shale bed الهحدة الغير نفاذة. تم تفديرىا كهحدة خازنو لمساءMA بيشسا, %1..89 تذبع مائي عالي
تم تفديرىا كهحدة غظاءMishrif Top في حين,5-18 m بدسكMB1 وMA مقحسة بين
أعيرت نتائج الدراسة أن دقة تهزيع الخرائص البتروفيزيائية ليا تأثير كبير عمى السهديل الجيهلهجي السبشي
7119 وبالتالي األحتياطي ألشفظي الذي تم حدابة ليكهن حهالي,والذي وفر فيسا أفزل لسشظقة ألدراسة
. ىذا من شأنو أن يدعم خظط التظهير والتشبؤات السدتقبمية لمسكسن.MSTB
1- Introduction
Nasiriyah structure was discovered in 1975 and appeared as a longitudinal anticline with the
northwest-southeast axial direction. The structure length is 30 Km and its width is 10 Km, with an
enclosure of 65-70 m [1]. Mishrif Formation represents the main oil-bearing reservoir in Nasiriyah oil
field. It is one of the important carbonate reservoirs in the southern and central Iraqi oilfields which
include Zubair, Amara, Majnoon, Halfaya, West Qurna, Buzergan and Rumaila [2].
The accurate estimation of petrophysical properties is the most challenging part of building a
geological model. It has a great influence on fluid contact identification and, thus, reserve estimation.
According to that, the reservoir must be divided into layers based on the dominated rock type to
specify the trends and the average values of petrophysical parameters in reservoir rocks [3]. In
petroleum industry, geological modelling is considered a discipline of engineering science that
represent Earth's crust parts, especially hydrocarbon reservoirs ]4[ . The geological model is an
essential concept in the simulation process to predict the reservoir performance under different
hydrocarbon recovery scenarios and optimize the future reservoir development schemes. Modelling of
quantitative geological processes is vital in reservoir assessment to understand the subsurface
structures’ spatial distribution, which represents the base of numerical simulation for hydrocarbon
exploration and production. Subsurface modelling in three dimensions represents a mean to improve
the interpretation of data by visualizing and confronting these data simultaneously with the created
model [5].
The available well logs data, involving density, neutron, sonic, Gamma ray, resistivity, caliper and
self-potential were evaluated and corrected using Techlog 2015 software for providing values
concerning reservoir properties, including porosity and water saturation. The study aims to construct a
three dimensional (3D) geological model by applying Petrel 2016 for Mishrif Formation in Nasiriyah
oil field. The created geological model included reservoir structural design as well as a 3D modelling
of stratigraphic and reservoir petrophysical properties. Geostatistics can be defined as a numerical
collection technique that deals with the characterization of spatial attributes, applying foremost
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random models in a way similar to the manner where the analysis of time series identifies temporal
data. Geostatistical modelling is preferred to be used in describing the spatial distribution and variation
of reservoir properties, involving porosity and water saturation [6]. The classical geostatistical
approach used to model the reservoir properties in this study was the Sequential Gaussian Simulation
(SGS).
2- Study Area
Nasiriyah field is located in the NW-SE oriented Mesopotamian Zone extending across the alluvial
plains of the Euphrates-Tigris valleys, about 38 km northwest of Thi Qar city (Figure-1). Mishrif
Formation is the main reservoir in Nasiriyah oil field, characterized by fine to coarse bioclastic
limestone deposited in a shallow depositional domain with an average thickness of 180 m. Forty-five
vertical oil wells were drilled in Nasiriyah oil field. This study relies on fourteen wells that all
penetrate Mishrif Formation (Figure-2).
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3- Methodology
This study was conducted starting with preparing the essential data, which are contour maps for
Mishrif Formation units, wellheads that included the wells measured depth and coordinates in three
dimensions, and well tops, along with well log data including density, neutron, sonic, gamma ray, self-
potential, caliper and resistivity. These data were interpreted and environmentally corrected by
Techlog 2015 software and calibrated using special core analysis data. Petrel 2016 software developed
by Schlumberger was employed to perform the study tasks, where the first phase was building the
reservoir structural model representing the boundaries of the geological units. The second phase
involved dividing Mishrif units into many layers for characterizing the vertical variance within each
geological unit. The third phase included the scale-up of reservoir properties. The fourth phase
included a property modelling procedure involving porosity and water saturation, where the variogram
analysis was utilized as an aid to distribute the petrophysical properties among wells. The final step
was oil reserve calculation.
4- Structural Modelling
Structural modelling for Mishrif Formation was built depending on wellheads, well tops and
structural contour maps from 2-D seismic data for each unit (Mishrif top, MA, shale bed, MB1, MB2).
The established structural model illustrated a full three-dimensional form of Mishrif Formation in
Nasiriyah oil field (Figure-3) and provided essential geometric constraints for the geological model,
which in turn showed that the Formation is a quite gentle NW-SE oriented anticline.
5- 3D Grid construction
The construction of a 3D grid is the essential step of building a 3D model. It represents a network
of vertical and horizontal lines employed to characterize the 3D geological model. This step divided
the model into boxes called grid cells where each grid cell had one value of porosity, water saturation,
permeability and single rock type. These grid cells are referred to as cell properties [7] and this
simplification is a true representation of the reality to be used in the calculations. The grid dimensions
for Mishrif Formation in Nasiriyah oilfield were 200 m along the x-axis and 200 m along the y-axis.
6- Layering
Layering process reflects the geological deposition of a specific zone, where the modern geology
requires that the layered volumes have to be accurately represented [7]. Layering procedure is
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considered as the final vertical framework subdivision (Figure-4). Mishrif reservoir units were divided
into 34 layers according to their petrophysical properties, as detailed in the Table-1.
MA 55.36 5
MB1 66.90 17
MB2 31.8 10
Figure 4-Cross-section in W-E direction for the Layers of Mishrif Formation in Nasiriyah oilfield.
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Figure 5-Scale-up of porosity and water saturation for wells Ns-5, Ns-15, Ns-16
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The variogram is denoted by ( ) , where represents a lag vector, ( ) is pairs number, xui+L, xui,
are variables x at positions L and ui+L. At L =0, the variogram starts from zero reaching a constant
value (Sill: C) at a specific distance indicated as correlation length or range (a). The range refers to the
data correlation over different orientations. Any data beyond the range are distinct of each other with
no spatial structure. Hypothetically, the variogram has to be decreased to zero at L= 0, which is named
nugget effect (C0). Since experimental variogram is unable to provide these terms, it is not sufficient
for variogram analysis. Hence, experimental variogram has to be fitted with suitable theoretical
models. The most prevalent theoretical models used to fit the experimental variogram are the
spherical, exponential and gaussian, that are contained in Petrel 2016 software. The spherical model is
the most commonly applied to elucidate variogram. Spherical variogram equation can be represented
by equations 2a and 2b [13]
( ) ( ) ( )- ( ) 2a
If L a
and ( ) = C0 2b
if L a, where Msa(L)= a spherical model with a range a.
The spherical model is expressed by a sill value of C0 and domain a. Besides, it results in maximum
slope are originally compared to other models (Figure-6) [6]. Hence, if a calculated variogram
increased rapidly for a particular range, the spherical model represents the better choice attempting to
model the variogram.
The analysis of variogram was performed by applying two steps; first, identifying variogram’s
vertical, major, and minor directions. Second, spherical model processing to fit the experimental
variogram to each trend.
The Azimuth angle in major direction was set to be 327o and 237o in minor direction. The
parameters that are necessary to describe major and minor orientations are lag, lag distance
(approaches to the distance among wells) and azimuth. Other parameters taken into consideration are
search radius (i.e. further separation distance for sample pairs used in the search), bandwidth which is
used to prevent the area of the search from changing very wide at large separation distance, and the
tolerance angle that is the angle width calculated from the main axis of search cone [13]. Table-2
summarizes major and minor trends’ parameters. The outcomes of the vertical trend parameters are
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varied for each unit. The resulted nugget values of a spherical model for porosity and water saturation
for all Mishrif Formation units were equal to (0). The values of other parameters are listed in Table-3.
Table 3-Parameters of variograms are delineated for porosity and saturation data from sphereical
model.
Vertical
Unit Sill Major Minor Property
direction
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Figure 7-Cross-section in W-E direction of porosity distribution for Mishrif Formation in Nasiriyah
oilfield
Figure 8-Cross-section in W-E direction of water saturation distribution for Mishrif Formation in
Nasiriyah oilfield.
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The accuracy of petrophysical properties modelling has a large influence on constructing a good
geological model, that represents the reservoir model structure, and effects the value of pore volume,
thus changing the value of oil in-place where the estimated value of initial oil in-place for Mishrif
Formation / Nasiriyah oilfield calculated by Petrel 2016 was about 7945*106 stock tank barrel (STB).
13- Acknowledgments
The authors would like to show their gratitude to Thi –Qar Oil Company for providing the required
data to achieve this study
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