Unit – 7

Advanced Android Concepts [10 Hrs]

Local Database with SQLite

SQLite is an open-source relational database i.e. used to perform database operations on
android devices such as storing, manipulating or retrieving persistent data from the
database. It is very lightweight database that comes with Android OS. It supports all the
relational database features. In order to access this database, you don't need to establish
any kind of connections for it like JDBC, ODBC etc.

The version of SQLite depends on the version of Android. See the following table:

Android API SQLite Version

API 27 3.19
API 26 3.18
API 24 3.9
API 21 3.8
API 11 3.7
API 8 3.6
API 3 3.5
API 1 3.4

Features of SQLite:
Following is a list of features which makes SQLite popular among other lightweight
databases:
o SQLite is totally free: SQLite is open-source. So, no license is required to work with
it.
o SQLite is server less: SQLite doesn't require a different server process or system to
operate.
o SQLite is very flexible: It facilitates you to work on multiple databases on the same
session on the same time.
o Configuration Not Required: SQLite doesn't require configuration. No setup or
administration required.
o SQLite is a cross-platform DBMS: You don't need a large range of different
platforms like Windows, Mac OS, Linux, and Unix. It can also be used on a lot of
embedded operating systems like Symbian, and Windows CE.
o Storing data is easy: SQLite provides an efficient way to store data.
o Variable length of columns: The length of the columns is variable and is not fixed.
It facilitates you to allocate only the space a field needs. For example, if you have a
varchar (200) column, and you put a 10 characters' length value on it, then SQLite
will allocate only 20 characters' space for that value not the whole 200 space.
o Provide large number of API's: SQLite provides API for a large range of
programming languages. For example: .Net languages (Visual Basic, C#), PHP, Java,
Objective C, Python and a lot of other programming language.

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 o SQLite is written in ANSI-C and provides simple and easy-to-use API.
o SQLite is available on UNIX (Linux, Mac OS-X, Android, iOS) and Windows (Win32,
WinCE, WinRT).

SQL vs SQLite

S.N. SQL SQLite

SQL is a Structured Query Language used to SQLite is an Embeddable Relational Database
1 query a Relational Database System. It is Management System which is written in ANSI-
written in C language. C.
SQL is a standard which specifies how a SQLite is file-based. It is different from other
relational schema is created, data is inserted SQL databases because unlike most other SQL
2 or updated in the relations, transactions are databases, SQLite does not have a separate
started and stopped, etc. server process.
Main components of SQL are Data Definition SQLite supports many features of SQL and has
3 Language(DDL) , Data Manipulation high performance and does not support
Language(DML), Embedded SQL and stored procedures.
Dynamic SQL.
SQL is Structured Query Language which is SQLite is a portable database resource. You
4 used with databases like MySQL, Oracle, have to get an extension of SQLite in whatever
Microsoft SQL Server, IBM DB2, etc. It is not language you are programming in to access
a database itself. that database. You can access all of the
desktop and mobile applications.
A conventional SQL database needs to be SQLite database system doesn’t provide such
5 running as a service like Oracle DB to functionalities.
connect to and provide a lot of
functionalities.
SQL is a query language which is used by SQLite is a database management system
6 different SQL databases. It is not a database itself which uses SQL.
itself.

Advantages and Disadvantages of SQLite

Following are the advantages of using SQLite:
1. Lightweight
SQLite is a very light weighted database so, it is easy to use it as an embedded
software with devices like televisions, Mobile phones, cameras, home electronic
devices, etc.
2. Better Performance
Reading and writing operations are very fast for SQLite database. It is almost 35%
faster than File system. It only loads the data which is needed, rather than reading
the entire file and hold it in memory. If you edit small parts, it only overwrites the
parts of the file which was changed.

2
 3. No Installation Needed
SQLite is very easy to learn. You don’t need to install and configure it. Just download
SQLite libraries in your computer and it is ready for creating the database.
4. Reliable
It updates your content continuously so, little or no work is lost in a case of power
failure or crash. SQLite is less bugs prone rather than custom written file I/O codes.
SQLite queries are smaller than equivalent procedural codes so, chances of bugs
are minimal.
5. Portable
SQLite is portable across all 32-bit and 64-bit operating systems and big- and little-
endian architectures. Multiple processes can be attached with same application file
and can read and write without interfering each other. It can be used with all
programming languages without any compatibility issue.
6. Accessible
SQLite database is accessible through a wide variety of third-party tools. SQLite
database's content is more likely to be recoverable if it has been lost. Data lives
longer than code.
7. Reduce Cost and Complexity
It reduces application cost because content can be accessed and updated using
concise SQL queries instead of lengthy and error-prone procedural queries. SQLite
can be easily extended in in future releases just by adding new tables and/or
columns. It also preserves the backwards compatibility.

Following are the disadvantages of using SQLite:

1. SQLite is used to handle low to medium traffic HTTP requests.
2. Database size is restricted to 2GB in most cases.

Establishing Connection
To use SQLite database in android two classes are used for creating database and
manipulating data. They are SQLiteOpenHelper and SQLiteDatabase class.

The SQLiteOpenHelper class is used for database creation and version management. For
performing any database operation, you have to provide the implementation
of onCreate() and onUpgrade() methods of SQLiteOpenHelper class.

There are many methods in SQLiteOpenHelper class. Some of them are as follows:

Method Description
public abstract void onCreate(SQLiteDatabase called only once when database is created for
db) the first time.
public abstract void onUpgrade(SQLiteDatabase called when database needs to be upgraded.
db, int oldVersion, int newVersion)
public synchronized void close () closes the database object.
public void onDowngrade(SQLiteDatabase db, called when database needs to be
int oldVersion, int newVersion) downgraded.

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SQLiteDatabase class contains methods to be performed on SQLite database such as
create, update, delete, select etc. There are many methods in SQLiteDatabase class. Some
of them are as follows:

Method Description
void execSQL(String sql) executes the sql query not select query. Basically used for
creating database and tables.
long insert(String table, String inserts a record on the database. The table specifies the
nullColumnHack, ContentValues table name, nullColumnHack doesn't allow completely
values) null values. If second argument is null, android will store
null values if values are empty. The third argument
specifies the values to be stored.
int update(String table, updates a row.
ContentValues values, String
whereClause, String[] whereArgs)
Cursor rawQuery(String query, returns a cursor over the result set.
String[] selectionArgs)

Creating Database and Tables

Following code snippet will create SQLite Database and Table in android:

public class MyDbHelper extends SQLiteOpenHelper{

// Database Version
private static final int DATABASE_VERSION = 1;
// Database Name
private static final String DATABASE_NAME = "mydb";

public MyDbHelper(Context context) {

super(context, DATABASE_NAME, null, DATABASE_VERSION);
}

// Creating Tables
@Override
public void onCreate(SQLiteDatabase db) {
// create notes table
String createQuery="CREATE TABLE mytable(id INTEGER PRIMARY
KEY,name TEXT,address TEXT)";
db.execSQL(createQuery);
}

// Upgrading database
@Override
public void onUpgrade(SQLiteDatabase db, int oldVersion, int
newVersion) {
// Drop older table if existed
db.execSQL("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS " + DATABASE_NAME);
// Create tables again
onCreate(db);
}
}

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Data Manipulation
Following code snippet can be used to perform various manipulation operation like insert,
update, select and delete.

//code to insert data

public void insertData(int id,String name, String address){
SQLiteDatabase db = this.getWritableDatabase();
ContentValues contentValues=new ContentValues();
contentValues.put("id",id);
contentValues.put("name",name);
contentValues.put("address",address);
//inserting row
db.insert("mytable",null,contentValues);
db.close();
}

//code to select data

public Cursor selectData(){
SQLiteDatabase db=this.getReadableDatabase();
String query="SELECT * FROM mytable";
Cursor cursor=db.rawQuery(query,null);
return cursor;
}

//code to update data

public void updateData(String id,String name, String address){
SQLiteDatabase db = this.getWritableDatabase();
ContentValues contentValues=new ContentValues();
contentValues.put("name",name);
contentValues.put("address",address);
//updating row
db.update("mytable",contentValues,"id=?",new String[]{id});
db.close();
}

//code to delete data

public void deleteData(String id) {
SQLiteDatabase db = this.getWritableDatabase();
//deleting row
db.delete("mytable","id=?",new String[]{id});
}

Following example will demonstrate the use of SQLite in Android. In this example, we are
creating three columns id, name and address in database table. Also we are creating
effective UI for showing different data manipulation operations.

So, let’s start by designing UI.

sqlite_example.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<RelativeLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:orientation="vertical"
android:layout_margin="5dp"
android:layout_height="match_parent">

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<EditText
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:hint="Enter Id"
android:inputType="number"
android:id="@+id/edtId" />

<EditText
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:hint="Enter Name"
android:layout_below="@+id/edtId"
android:id="@+id/edtName" />

<EditText
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:hint="Enter Address"
android:layout_below="@+id/edtName"
android:id="@+id/edtAddress" />

<Button
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_below="@+id/edtAddress"
android:id="@+id/btnInsert"
android:text="Insert" />

<Button
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_below="@+id/edtAddress"
android:layout_toRightOf="@+id/btnInsert"
android:id="@+id/btnSelect"
android:layout_marginLeft="10dp"
android:text="Select" />

<Button
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_below="@+id/edtAddress"
android:layout_toRightOf="@+id/btnSelect"
android:id="@+id/btnUpdate"
android:layout_marginLeft="10dp"
android:text="Update" />

<Button
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_below="@+id/edtAddress"
android:layout_toRightOf="@+id/btnUpdate"
android:id="@+id/btnDelete"
android:layout_marginLeft="10dp"
android:text="Delete" />

<TextView
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Selected Data:"
android:layout_below="@+id/btnSelect"

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 android:layout_marginTop="10dp"
android:id="@+id/txtData"
android:textSize="18sp" />

</RelativeLayout>

Now we are creating Helper class for SQLite operations by extending SQLiteOpenHelpter
as follows:

public class MyDbHelper extends SQLiteOpenHelper{

// Database Version
private static final int DATABASE_VERSION = 1;
// Database Name
private static final String DATABASE_NAME = "mydb";

public MyDbHelper(Context context) {

super(context, DATABASE_NAME, null, DATABASE_VERSION);
}

// Creating Tables
@Override
public void onCreate(SQLiteDatabase db) {
// create notes table
String createQuery="CREATE TABLE mytable(id INTEGER PRIMARY
KEY,name TEXT, address TEXT)";
db.execSQL(createQuery);
}

// Upgrading database
@Override
public void onUpgrade(SQLiteDatabase db, int oldVersion, int
newVersion) {
// Drop older table if existed
db.execSQL("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS " + DATABASE_NAME);
// Create tables again
onCreate(db);
}

//code to insert data

public void insertData(int id,String name, String address){
SQLiteDatabase db = this.getWritableDatabase();
ContentValues contentValues=new ContentValues();
contentValues.put("id",id);
contentValues.put("name",name);
contentValues.put("address",address);
//inserting row
db.insert("mytable",null,contentValues);
db.close();
}

//code to select data

public Cursor selectData(){
SQLiteDatabase db=this.getReadableDatabase();
String query="SELECT * FROM mytable";
Cursor cursor=db.rawQuery(query,null);
return cursor;
}

//code to update data

public void updateData(String id,String name, String address){

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 SQLiteDatabase db = this.getWritableDatabase();
ContentValues contentValues=new ContentValues();
contentValues.put("name",name);
contentValues.put("address",address);
//updating row
db.update("mytable",contentValues,"id=?",new String[]{id});
db.close();
}

//code to delete data

public void deleteData(String id) {
SQLiteDatabase db = this.getWritableDatabase();
//deleting row
db.delete("mytable","id=?",new String[]{id});
}
}

Now finally we are creating Activity named as “SqliteExample.java” to perform various

data manipulation operations:

public class SqliteExample extends AppCompatActivity {

EditText edtId,edtName,edtAddress;
Button btnInsert,btnSelect,btnUpdate,btnDelete;
TextView txtData;
MyDbHelper myDbHelper;
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle b){
super.onCreate(b);
setContentView(R.layout.sqlite_example);

//creating object of MyDbHelper class

myDbHelper=new MyDbHelper(this);

edtId=findViewById(R.id.edtId);
edtName=findViewById(R.id.edtName);
edtAddress=findViewById(R.id.edtAddress);
btnInsert=findViewById(R.id.btnInsert);
btnUpdate=findViewById(R.id.btnUpdate);
btnSelect=findViewById(R.id.btnSelect);
btnDelete=findViewById(R.id.btnDelete);
txtData=findViewById(R.id.txtData);

btnInsert.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View view) {
int id=Integer.parseInt(edtId.getText().toString());
String name=edtName.getText().toString();
String address=edtAddress.getText().toString();
//calling insert function
myDbHelper.insertData(id,name,address);
Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(),"Data Inserted
Successfully !", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
}
});

btnSelect.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View view) {
//retrieving data
int id=0;

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 String name="",address="";
//calling select function
Cursor cursor=myDbHelper.selectData();
while (cursor.moveToNext()){
id=cursor.getInt(0);
name=cursor.getString(1);
address=cursor.getString(2);
}
//displaying data in TextView
txtData.setText("Id="+id+"\t Name="+name+"\tAddress="
+address);
}
});

btnUpdate.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View view) {
String id=edtId.getText().toString();
String name=edtName.getText().toString();
String address=edtAddress.getText().toString();
//calling insert function
myDbHelper.updateData(id,name,address);
Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(),"Data Updated
Successfully !",Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
}
});

btnDelete.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View view) {
String id=edtId.getText().toString();
//calling delete function
myDbHelper.deleteData(id);
Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(),"Data Deleted
Successfully !",Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
}
});

}
}

Above code produces following output:

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 Figure 7-1. Output demonstrating various operation using SQLite

Displaying data in ListView

In above example, we have created TextView for displaying data. The problem with above
TextView is that we are able to display only one row at a time. To overcome this problem,
we can use widgets like ListView, GridView and RecyclerView to display multiple rows at a
time.
Here, in this example we are using ListView widget to display our data.

list_items.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<RelativeLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:id="@+id/relat"
android:layout_height="wrap_content">

<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:textSize="20sp"
android:layout_margin="10dp"
android:text="Id"
android:textStyle="bold"

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 android:id="@+id/txtId" />

<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:textSize="20sp"
android:id="@+id/txtName"
android:textStyle="bold"
android:layout_toRightOf="@+id/txtId"
android:layout_marginTop="10dp"
android:text="Name" />

<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:textSize="20sp"
android:id="@+id/txtAddress"
android:text="Address"
android:layout_marginLeft="10dp"
android:layout_below="@+id/txtName" />

</RelativeLayout>

sqlite_example.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<RelativeLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:orientation="vertical"
android:layout_margin="5dp"
android:layout_height="match_parent">

<EditText
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:hint="Enter Id"
android:inputType="number"
android:id="@+id/edtId" />

<EditText
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:hint="Enter Name"
android:layout_below="@+id/edtId"
android:id="@+id/edtName" />

<EditText
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:hint="Enter Address"
android:layout_below="@+id/edtName"
android:id="@+id/edtAddress" />

<Button
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_below="@+id/edtAddress"
android:id="@+id/btnInsert"
android:text="Insert" />

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 <Button
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_below="@+id/edtAddress"
android:layout_toRightOf="@+id/btnInsert"
android:id="@+id/btnSelect"
android:layout_marginLeft="10dp"
android:text="Select" />

<Button
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_below="@+id/edtAddress"
android:layout_toRightOf="@+id/btnSelect"
android:id="@+id/btnUpdate"
android:layout_marginLeft="10dp"
android:text="Update" />

<Button
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_below="@+id/edtAddress"
android:layout_toRightOf="@+id/btnUpdate"
android:id="@+id/btnDelete"
android:layout_marginLeft="10dp"
android:text="Delete" />

<TextView
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Selected Data:"
android:layout_below="@+id/btnSelect"
android:layout_marginTop="10dp"
android:id="@+id/txtData"
android:textSize="18sp" />

<ListView
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:id="@+id/mylist"
android:layout_below="@+id/txtData" />

</RelativeLayout>

ListAdapter.java

public class ListAdapter extends ArrayAdapter<String> {

Activity context;
ArrayList<Integer> id;
ArrayList<String> name;
ArrayList<String> address;

public ListAdapter(Activity context, ArrayList<Integer> id,

ArrayList<String> name, ArrayList<String> address) {
//ArrayAdapter needs String so we are supplying title
super(context, R.layout.list_items,name);
this.context=context;
this.id=id;
this.name=name;

12
 this.address=address;
}

public View getView(int position, View view, ViewGroup parent) {

LayoutInflater inflater=context.getLayoutInflater();
View rowView=inflater.inflate(R.layout.list_items, null,true);
//wiring widgets
TextView txtId = (TextView) rowView.findViewById(R.id.txtId);
TextView txtName = (TextView) rowView.findViewById(R.id.txtName);
TextView txtAddress = (TextView) rowView.findViewById
(R.id.txtAddress);

txtId.setText(id.get(position).toString());
txtName.setText(name.get(position).toString());
txtAddress.setText(address.get(position).toString());

return rowView;

};
}

SqliteExample.java

public class SqliteExample extends AppCompatActivity {

EditText edtId,edtName,edtAddress;
Button btnInsert,btnSelect,btnUpdate,btnDelete;
MyDbHelper myDbHelper;
ListView listView;
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle b){
super.onCreate(b);
setContentView(R.layout.sqlite_example);

//creating object of MyDbHelper class

myDbHelper=new MyDbHelper(this);

edtId=findViewById(R.id.edtId);
edtName=findViewById(R.id.edtName);
edtAddress=findViewById(R.id.edtAddress);
btnInsert=findViewById(R.id.btnInsert);
btnUpdate=findViewById(R.id.btnUpdate);
btnSelect=findViewById(R.id.btnSelect);
btnDelete=findViewById(R.id.btnDelete);
listView=findViewById(R.id.mylist);

btnInsert.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View view) {
int id=Integer.parseInt(edtId.getText().toString());
String name=edtName.getText().toString();
String address=edtAddress.getText().toString();
//calling insert function
myDbHelper.insertData(id,name,address);
Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(),"Data Inserted
Successfully !",Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
}
});

btnSelect.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override

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 public void onClick(View view) {
//creating dynamic array using Arraylist
//array is not suitable for this example
ArrayList<Integer> id=new ArrayList<>();
ArrayList<String> name=new ArrayList<>();
ArrayList<String> address=new ArrayList<>();
//calling select function
Cursor cursor=myDbHelper.selectData();
while (cursor.moveToNext()){
id.add(cursor.getInt(0));
name.add(cursor.getString(1));
address.add(cursor.getString(2));
}
ListAdapter adapter=new ListAdapter
(SqliteExample.this,id,name,address);
listView.setAdapter(adapter);
}
});

btnUpdate.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View view) {
String id=edtId.getText().toString();
String name=edtName.getText().toString();
String address=edtAddress.getText().toString();
//calling insert function
myDbHelper.updateData(id,name,address);
Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(),"Data Updated
Successfully !",Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
}
});

btnDelete.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View view) {
String id=edtId.getText().toString();
//calling delete function
myDbHelper.deleteData(id);
Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(),"Data Deleted
Successfully !",Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
}
});

}
}

Above code produces following output:

14
 Figure 7-2. Output demonstrating displaying retrieved data in ListView

Displaying data in RecyclerView

Like in ListView we can also plot retrieved data in RecyclerView as follows:

sqlite_example.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<RelativeLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:orientation="vertical"
android:layout_margin="5dp"
android:layout_height="match_parent">

<EditText
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:hint="Enter Id"
android:inputType="number"
android:id="@+id/edtId" />

<EditText
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:hint="Enter Name"

15
 android:layout_below="@+id/edtId"
android:id="@+id/edtName" />

<EditText
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:hint="Enter Address"
android:layout_below="@+id/edtName"
android:id="@+id/edtAddress" />

<Button
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_below="@+id/edtAddress"
android:id="@+id/btnInsert"
android:text="Insert" />

<Button
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_below="@+id/edtAddress"
android:layout_toRightOf="@+id/btnInsert"
android:id="@+id/btnSelect"
android:layout_marginLeft="10dp"
android:text="Select" />

<Button
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_below="@+id/edtAddress"
android:layout_toRightOf="@+id/btnSelect"
android:id="@+id/btnUpdate"
android:layout_marginLeft="10dp"
android:text="Update" />

<Button
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_below="@+id/edtAddress"
android:layout_toRightOf="@+id/btnUpdate"
android:id="@+id/btnDelete"
android:layout_marginLeft="10dp"
android:text="Delete" />

<TextView
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Selected Data:"
android:layout_below="@+id/btnSelect"
android:layout_marginTop="10dp"
android:id="@+id/txtData"
android:textSize="18sp" />

<android.support.v7.widget.RecyclerView
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:id="@+id/recyclerview"
android:layout_below="@+id/txtData" />

</RelativeLayout>

16
DataModel.java

public class DataModel {

private int id;
private String name;
private String address;

public DataModel(int id, String name, String address){

this.id=id;
this.name=name;
this.address=address;
}

public int getId(){

return id;
}

public String getName(){

return name;
}

public String getAddress(){

return address;
}
}

RecyclerViewAdapter.java

public class RecyclerViewAdapter extends

RecyclerView.Adapter<RecyclerViewAdapter.ViewHolder> {
Activity context;
ArrayList<DataModel> data;

public RecyclerViewAdapter(Activity context, ArrayList<DataModel>

data){
this.context=context;
this.data=data;
}

@Override
public ViewHolder onCreateViewHolder(ViewGroup parent, int viewType)
{
LayoutInflater layoutInflater = LayoutInflater.from(context);
View listItem= layoutInflater.inflate(R.layout.list_items,
parent, false);
ViewHolder viewHolder = new ViewHolder(listItem);
return viewHolder;
}

@Override
public void onBindViewHolder(ViewHolder holder, int position) {
final DataModel current=data.get(position);
holder.txtId.setText(current.getId()+"");
holder.txtName.setText(current.getName());
holder.txtAddress.setText(current.getAddress());
}

17
 @Override
public int getItemCount() {
return data.size();
}

public static class ViewHolder extends RecyclerView.ViewHolder {

TextView txtId,txtName,txtAddress;
ImageView imageView;
public ViewHolder(View itemView) {
super(itemView);
txtId = itemView.findViewById(R.id.txtId);
txtName = itemView.findViewById(R.id.txtName);
txtAddress = itemView.findViewById(R.id.txtAddress);
}
}
}

SqliteExample.java

public class SqliteExample extends AppCompatActivity {

EditText edtId,edtName,edtAddress;
Button btnInsert,btnSelect,btnUpdate,btnDelete;
MyDbHelper myDbHelper;
RecyclerView recyclerView;
RecyclerView.Adapter recyclerViewAdapter;
RecyclerView.LayoutManager layoutManager;
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle b){
super.onCreate(b);
setContentView(R.layout.sqlite_example);

//creating object of MyDbHelper class

myDbHelper=new MyDbHelper(this);

edtId=findViewById(R.id.edtId);
edtName=findViewById(R.id.edtName);
edtAddress=findViewById(R.id.edtAddress);
btnInsert=findViewById(R.id.btnInsert);
btnUpdate=findViewById(R.id.btnUpdate);
btnSelect=findViewById(R.id.btnSelect);
btnDelete=findViewById(R.id.btnDelete);
recyclerView=findViewById(R.id.recyclerview);

btnInsert.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View view) {
int id=Integer.parseInt(edtId.getText().toString());
String name=edtName.getText().toString();
String address=edtAddress.getText().toString();
//calling insert function
myDbHelper.insertData(id,name,address);
Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(),"Data Inserted
Successfully !",Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
}
});

btnSelect.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View view) {

18
 ArrayList<DataModel> data=new ArrayList<>();
//calling select function
Cursor cursor=myDbHelper.selectData();
while (cursor.moveToNext()){
int id=cursor.getInt(0);
String name=cursor.getString(1);
String address=cursor.getString(2);
DataModel dataModel=new DataModel(id,name,address);
data.add(dataModel);
}
//plotting in recyclerview
layoutManager=new LinearLayoutManager
(SqliteExample.this);
recyclerView.setLayoutManager(layoutManager);
recyclerViewAdapter=new RecyclerViewAdapter
(SqliteExample.this,data);
recyclerView.setAdapter(recyclerViewAdapter);
}
});

btnUpdate.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View view) {
String id=edtId.getText().toString();
String name=edtName.getText().toString();
String address=edtAddress.getText().toString();
//calling insert function
myDbHelper.updateData(id,name,address);
Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(),"Data Updated
Successfully !",Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
}
});

btnDelete.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View view) {
String id=edtId.getText().toString();
//calling delete function
myDbHelper.deleteData(id);
Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(),"Data Deleted
Successfully !",Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
}
});

}
}

Above code produces following output:

19
 Figure 7-3. Output demonstrating displaying retrieved data in RecyclerView

Introduction to API
API is an abbreviation for Application Programming Interface which is a collection of
communication protocols and subroutines used by various programs to communicate
between them. A programmer can make use of various API tools to make its program easier
and simpler. Also, an API facilitates the programmers with an efficient way to develop their
software programs.

Thus in simpler terms, an API helps two programs or applications to communicate with
each other by providing them with necessary tools and functions. It takes the request from
the user and sends it to the service provider and then again sends the result generated
from the service provider to the desired user.

A developer extensively uses API’s in his software to implement various features by using
an API call without writing the complex codes for the same. We can create an API for an
operating system, database systems, hardware system, for a JavaScript file or similar object
oriented files. Also, an API is similar to a GUI (Graphical User Interface) with one major
difference. Unlike GUI’s, an API helps the software developers to access the web tools while
a GUI helps to make a program easier to understand by the users.

20
Real life example of an API:
Suppose, we are searching for a hotel room on an online website. In this case, you have a
vast number of options to choose from and this may include the hotel location, the check-
in and check-out dates, price, accommodation details and many more factors. So in order
to book the room online, you need to interact with the hotel booking’s website which in
further will let you know if there is a room available on that particular date or not and at
what price.
Now in the above example, the API is the interface that actually communicates in between.
It takes the request of the user to the hotel booking’s website and in turn returns back the
most relevant data from the website to the intended user. Thus, we can see from this
example how an API works and it has numerous applications in real life from switching on
mobile phones to maintaining a large amount of databases from any corner of the world.

Types of API
There are various kinds of API’s available according to their uses and applications like the
Browser API which is created for the web browsers to abstract and to return the data from
surroundings or the Third party API’s, for which we have to get the codes from other sites
on the web (e.g. Facebook, Twitter).

There are three basic forms of API-

1. Web APIs:
A Web API also called as Web Services is an extensively used API over the web and
can be easily accessed using the HTTP protocols. A Web API is an open source
interface and can be used by a large number of clients through their phones,
tablets. or PC’s.

Figure 7-4. Web API

2. Local APIs:
In this types of API, the programmers get the local middleware services. TAPI
(Telephony Application Programming Interface), .NET are common examples of
Local API’s.
3. Program APIs:
It makes a remote program appears to be local by making use of RPC’s (Remote
Procedural Calls). SOAP is a well-known example of this type of API.

21
Few other types of APIs:
• SOAP (SIMPLE OBJECT ACCESS PROTOCOL): It defines messages in XML format
used by web applications to communicate with each other.
• REST (Representational State Transfer): It makes use of HTTP to GET, POST, PUT,
or DELETE data. It is basically used to take advantage of the existing data.
• JSON-RPC: It use JSON for data transfer and is a light-weight remote procedural call
defining few data structure types.
• XML-RPC: It is based on XML and uses HTTP for data transfer. This API is widely used
to exchange information between two or more networks.

Advantages and Disadvantages of API

Following are the advantages of APIs:

• Efficiency: API produces efficient, quicker and more reliable results than the
outputs produced by human beings in an organization.
• Flexible delivery of services: API provides fast and flexible delivery of services
according to developer’s requirements.
• Integration: The best feature of API is that it allows movement of data between
various sites and thus enhances integrated user experience.
• Automation: As API makes use of robotic computers rather than humans, it
produces better and automated results.
• New functionality: While using API the developers find new tools and functionality
for API exchanges.

Following are the disadvantages of APIs:

• Cost: Developing and implementing API is costly at times and requires high
maintenance and support from developers.
• Security issues: Using API adds another layer of surface which is then prone to
attacks, and hence the security risk problem is common in API’s.

Introduction to JSON
JSON — short for JavaScript Object Notation — is a format for sharing data. As its name
suggests, JSON is derived from the JavaScript programming language, but it’s available for
use by many languages including Python, Ruby, PHP, and Java.

JSON uses the .json extension when it stands alone. When it’s defined in another file
format (as in .html), it can appear inside of quotes as a JSON string, or it can be an object
assigned to a variable. This format is easy to transmit between web server and client or
browser.

Very readable and lightweight, JSON offers a good alternative to XML and requires much
less formatting. This informational guide will get you up to speed with the data you can use
in JSON files, and the general structure and syntax of this format.

22
A JSON object looks something like this:

{
"sid" : "111",
"name" : "Raazu Poudel",
"address" : "Birtamode"
}

Although this is a very short example, and JSON could be many lines long, this shows that
the format is generally set up with two curly braces (or curly brackets) that look like this
{ } on either end of it, and with key-value pairs populating the space between. Most data
used in JSON ends up being encapsulated in a JSON object.

Key-value pairs have a colon between them as in "key" : "value". Each key-value pair is
separated by a comma, so the middle of a JSON looks like this: "key" : "value", "key" :
"value", "key": "value". In our example above, the first key-value pair is "sid" : "111".

Encoding and Decoding JSON

Encoding using PHP

In this example, we are using PHP language for creating JSON. At first we select data from
table of the database and after selecting data we encode than data in JSON format. We are
using localhost as a server for this purpose.

getdata.php

<?php
$server="localhost";
$username="root";
$password="";
$database="bcatest";

// Create connection
$conn = new mysqli($server, $username, $password,$database);

// Check connection
if ($conn->connect_error) {
die("Connection failed: " . $conn->connect_error);
}

23
//retrieving data
$sql = "SELECT * FROM student";
$result = $conn->query($sql);

//encoding data in json format

$json = array();
if($result->num_rows>0){
while ($row = $result->fetch_array()) {
$json["data"][]=array("sid"=>$row["sid"],"name"=>$row["name"],
"address"=>$row["address"]);
}
}

echo json_encode($json);
$conn->close();
?>

Testing in browser:

Decoding JSON using in mobile application using Java

DecodingJSON.java

public class DecodingJSON extends Activity{

@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle b){
super.onCreate(b);
decodeJson();
}

public void decodeJson(){

try{

//copy paste json string

String json_data="{\n" +
" \"data\": [\n" +
" {\n" +
" \"sid\": \"6\",\n" +
" \"name\": \"Ram\",\n" +
" \"address\": \"Btm\"\n" +
" },\n" +
" {\n" +
" \"sid\": \"7\",\n" +
" \"name\": \"Hari\",\n" +
" \"address\": \"Ktm\"\n" +
" }\n" +

24
 " ]\n" +
"}";

//decoding JSON
JSONObject result=new JSONObject(json_data);
JSONArray data=result.getJSONArray("data");

for(int i=0;i<data.length();i++){
//fetching each row
JSONObject student=data.getJSONObject(i);
int sid=student.getInt("sid");
String name=student.getString("name");
String address=student.getString("address");

//displaying data
Log.d("Row "+i,sid+" "+name+" "+address);
}
}catch (Exception ex){
Log.d("exception",ex.toString());
}
}
}

Above code produces following output in Logcat:

Retrieving Contents Form Remote Server

For communicating with server, we are using Volley Library in our application. Volley is an
HTTP library that makes networking for Android apps easier and most importantly, faster.

Volley offers the following benefits:

• Automatic scheduling of network requests.
• Multiple concurrent network connections.
• Transparent disk and memory response caching.
• Support for request prioritization.
• Cancellation request API. You can cancel a single request, or you can set blocks or
scopes of requests to cancel.
• Ease of customization, for example, for retry and back off.
• Strong ordering that makes it easy to correctly populate your UI with data fetched
asynchronously from the network.
• Debugging and tracing tools.

25
To use volley in your application, we need to add following dependency in our project:

dependencies {
...
implementation 'com.android.volley:volley:1.1.1'
}

Also, to use Volley, you must add the android.permission.INTERNET permission to your
app's manifest. Without this, your app won't be able to connect to the network.

<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.INTERNET"/>

public void volleyRequest(){

// Instantiate the RequestQueue.
RequestQueue queue = Volley.newRequestQueue(this);
//url for localhost
String url ="http://10.0.2.2/myproject/getdata.php";

// Request a string response from the provided URL.

StringRequest stringRequest = new StringRequest(Request.Method.GET, url,
new Response.Listener<String>() {
@Override
public void onResponse(String response) {
//displaying response string in logcat
Log.d("result",response);
}
}, new Response.ErrorListener() {
@Override
public void onErrorResponse(VolleyError error) {
//displaying error response message
Log.d("exception",error.toString());
}
});

// Add the request to the RequestQueue.

queue.add(stringRequest);
}

26
Displaying Retrieved data in RecyclerView

json_example.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<RelativeLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_margin="5dp"
android:layout_height="match_parent">

<android.support.v7.widget.RecyclerView
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:id="@+id/recyclerview" />

</RelativeLayout>

list_items.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<RelativeLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:id="@+id/relat"
android:layout_height="wrap_content">

<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:textSize="20sp"
android:layout_margin="10dp"
android:text="Id"
android:textStyle="bold"
android:id="@+id/txtId" />

<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:textSize="20sp"
android:id="@+id/txtName"
android:textStyle="bold"
android:layout_toRightOf="@+id/txtId"
android:layout_marginTop="10dp"
android:text="Name" />

<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:textSize="20sp"
android:id="@+id/txtAddress"
android:text="Address"
android:layout_marginLeft="10dp"
android:layout_below="@+id/txtName" />

</RelativeLayout>

27
DataModel.java

public class DataModel {

private int id;
private String name;
private String address;

public DataModel(int id, String name, String address){

this.id=id;
this.name=name;
this.address=address;
}

public int getId(){

return id;
}

public String getName(){

return name;
}

public String getAddress(){

return address;
}
}

RecyclerViewAdapter.java

public class RecyclerViewAdapter extends

RecyclerView.Adapter<RecyclerViewAdapter.ViewHolder> {
Activity context;
ArrayList<DataModel> data;

public RecyclerViewAdapter(Activity context, ArrayList<DataModel>

data){
this.context=context;
this.data=data;
}

@Override
public ViewHolder onCreateViewHolder(ViewGroup parent, int viewType)
{
LayoutInflater layoutInflater = LayoutInflater.from(context);
View listItem= layoutInflater.inflate(R.layout.list_items,
parent, false);
ViewHolder viewHolder = new ViewHolder(listItem);
return viewHolder;
}

@Override
public void onBindViewHolder(ViewHolder holder, int position) {
final DataModel current=data.get(position);
holder.txtId.setText(current.getId()+"");
holder.txtName.setText(current.getName());
holder.txtAddress.setText(current.getAddress());
}

28
 @Override
public int getItemCount() {
return data.size();
}

public static class ViewHolder extends RecyclerView.ViewHolder {

TextView txtId,txtName,txtAddress;
ImageView imageView;
public ViewHolder(View itemView) {
super(itemView);
txtId = itemView.findViewById(R.id.txtId);
txtName = itemView.findViewById(R.id.txtName);
txtAddress = itemView.findViewById(R.id.txtAddress);
}
}
}

JsonExample.java

public class JsonExample extends AppCompatActivity{

RecyclerView recyclerView;
RecyclerView.Adapter recyclerAdapter;
RecyclerView.LayoutManager layoutManager;
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle b){
super.onCreate(b);
setContentView(R.layout.json_example);
recyclerView=findViewById(R.id.recyclerview);
volleyRequest();
}

public void volleyRequest(){

// Instantiate the RequestQueue.
RequestQueue queue = Volley.newRequestQueue(this);
//url for localhost
String url ="http://10.0.2.2/myproject/getdata.php";

// Request a string response from the provided URL.

StringRequest stringRequest = new StringRequest
(Request.Method.GET, url,
new Response.Listener<String>() {
@Override
public void onResponse(String response) {
//passing data for decoding
decodeJson(response);
}
}, new Response.ErrorListener() {
@Override
public void onErrorResponse(VolleyError error) {
//displaying error response message
Log.d("exception",error.toString());
}
});

// Add the request to the RequestQueue.

queue.add(stringRequest);
}

29
public void decodeJson(String response){
try{
ArrayList<DataModel> data=new ArrayList<>();
JSONObject result=new JSONObject(response);
JSONArray array=result.getJSONArray("data");
for(int i=0;i<array.length();i++){
//fetching each row
JSONObject student=array.getJSONObject(i);
int sid=student.getInt("sid");
String name=student.getString("name");
String address=student.getString("address");
DataModel dataModel=new DataModel(sid,name,address);
data.add(dataModel);
}

//plotting data in recyclerview

layoutManager=new LinearLayoutManager(this);
recyclerView.setLayoutManager(layoutManager);
recyclerAdapter=new RecyclerViewAdapter
(JsonExample.this,data);
recyclerView.setAdapter(recyclerAdapter);

}catch (Exception ex){

Log.d("exception",ex.toString());
}
}
}

Above code produces following output:

Figure 7-5. Output Displaying retrieved contents from server in RecyclerView

30
Sending Contents to Remote Server
send_data.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<RelativeLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:orientation="vertical"
android:layout_margin="5dp"
android:layout_height="match_parent">

<EditText
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:hint="Enter Id"
android:inputType="number"
android:id="@+id/edtId" />

<EditText
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:hint="Enter Name"
android:layout_below="@+id/edtId"
android:id="@+id/edtName" />

<EditText
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:hint="Enter Address"
android:layout_below="@+id/edtName"
android:id="@+id/edtAddress" />

<Button
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_below="@+id/edtAddress"
android:id="@+id/btnSubmit"
android:layout_centerHorizontal="true"
android:text="Submit" />

</RelativeLayout>

SendData.java

public class SendData extends AppCompatActivity {

EditText edtId,edtName,edtAddress;
Button btnSubmit;
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle b){
super.onCreate(b);
setContentView(R.layout.send_data);

edtId=findViewById(R.id.edtId);
edtName=findViewById(R.id.edtName);
edtAddress=findViewById(R.id.edtAddress);
btnSubmit=findViewById(R.id.btnSubmit);

31
 btnSubmit.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View view) {
volleyRequest();
}
});

public void volleyRequest(){

// Instantiate the RequestQueue.
RequestQueue queue = Volley.newRequestQueue(this);
//url for localhost
String url ="http://10.0.2.2/myproject/setdata.php";
// Request a string response from the provided URL.
StringRequest stringRequest = new StringRequest
(Request.Method.POST, url,
new Response.Listener<String>() {
@Override
public void onResponse(String response) {
//displaying response message
Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(),response,
Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
}
}, new Response.ErrorListener() {
@Override
public void onErrorResponse(VolleyError error) {
//displaying error response message
Log.d("exception",error.toString());
}
}){
//sending data to server
@Override
protected HashMap<String,String> getParams(){
HashMap<String,String> params = new HashMap<>();
params.put("sid",edtId.getText().toString());
params.put("name",edtName.getText().toString());
params.put("address",edtAddress.getText().toString());
return params;
}

};;
// Add the request to the RequestQueue.
queue.add(stringRequest);
}
}

setdata.php

<?php

//getting post data

$sid=$_POST["sid"];
$name=$_POST["name"];
$address=$_POST["address"];

32
//server credentials
$server="localhost";
$username="root";
$password="";
$database="bcatest";
// Create connection
$conn = new mysqli($server, $username, $password,$database);
// Check connection
if ($conn->connect_error) {
die("Connection failed: " . $conn->connect_error);
}

//inserting data
$sql = "INSERT INTO student(sid,name,address)
VALUES('".$sid."','".$name."','".$address."')";
$result = $conn->query($sql);

if($result)
echo"Data Inserted Successfully !";
else
echo"Failed to Insert Data !";
$conn->close();
?>

Above code produces following output:

Figure 7-6. Sending data to remote server

33
Implementing Google Maps in Android Application
Android allows us to integrate Google Maps in our application. For this Google provides us
a library via Google Play Services for using maps. In order to use the Google Maps API, you
must register your application on the Google Developer Console and enable the API.

Steps for Getting Google Maps API Key

An API key is needed to access the Google Maps servers. This key is free and you can use
it with any of your applications. If you haven’t created project, you can follow the below
steps to get started:

Step 1: Open Google developer console and sign in with your Gmail
account: https://console.developers.google.com/project

Step 2: Now create new project. You can create new project by clicking on the Create
Project button and give name to your project.

Step 3: Now click on APIs & Services and open Dashboard from it.

Step 4: Now click Enable APIS AND SERICES.

34
Step 5: Now search for Google Map Android API and enable it.

Step 6: Now refresh page and go to Credentials.

Step 7: Now click on Create credentials and choose API key. It will create API key to
integrate maps in your application.

35
Step 8: Now API your API key will be generated. Copy it and save it somewhere as we will
need it when implementing Google Map in our Android project.

Developing Google Maps Application in Android

Following are the steps for integrating google maps in your application:

Step 1: Add following permission in your manifest file.

<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION"/>

Step 2: Add your generated API Key in your manifest file inside application tag as follows.

<meta-data
android:name="com.google.android.geo.API_KEY"
android:value="AIzaSyCWIdlyqlFhC7lOthG164H42heV1F7N3v0" />

Step 3: Add following dependency in build.gradle file .

dependencies {
. . .
. . .
implementation 'com.google.android.gms:play-services-maps:15.0.1'
}

Step 4: Now create layout resource file to display google map.

map_activity.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<RelativeLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools">

<fragment xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:id="@+id/map"
android:name="com.google.android.gms.maps.SupportMapFragment"
tools:context=".MapsActivity"
android:layout_width="match_parent"

36
 android:layout_height="match_parent" />

</RelativeLayout>

Step 5: Now finally create an Activity by implementing OnMapReadyCallback interface.

MapsActivity.java

public class MapsActivity extends AppCompatActivity implements

OnMapReadyCallback {
GoogleMap mMap;
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle b){
super.onCreate(b);
setContentView(R.layout.map_activity);

// Obtain the SupportMapFragment and get notified when the map is

ready to be used.
SupportMapFragment mapFragment = (SupportMapFragment).
getSupportFragmentManager().findFragmentById(R.id.map);
mapFragment.getMapAsync(this);
}

@Override
public void onMapReady(GoogleMap googleMap) {
mMap = googleMap;
// Adding latitude and longitude
LatLng location = new LatLng(26.644096, 87.989391);
//Adding red marker to point location
mMap.addMarker(new MarkerOptions().position(location).
title("Marker in Birtamode"));
//Moving camera to desired location
mMap.moveCamera(CameraUpdateFactory.newLatLng(location));
//Adding zoom effect
mMap.animateCamera(CameraUpdateFactory.zoomTo(12.0f) );
}
}

Following output will be produced after running application:

37
 Figure 7-7. Output Demonstrating Google Map.

Procedure for Publishing Application in Google Play Store

To upload your application in google play store you must perform following tasks:
• First generate signed APK of your application.
• Upload signed APK in google play console.

Generating Signed APK for App Release

Following are the steps used to generate signed APK:

Note: Don’t use com.example…. as a package name because example is not supported by
play store. Instead you can rename your package name.

Step 1: Go to menu and select Build -> Generate Signed APK.

38
Step 2: Now click Create new keystore file. This keystore file is necessary to upload new
app and for updating existing app. If you have already created keystore file, then you can
click Choose existing keystore file.

Step 3: Now fill up information for creating new keystore file and click ok. Example is shown
below.
Note: Please remember keystore file, username and password because if it is lost, then
you will be unable to update your application.

39
Step 4: Now select V1 (Jar Signature) and click Finish. This will create signed APK for
release.

40
Step 5: Now click Event Log and locate to the folder where signed APK has been placed.
You can get your signed APK file inside release folder.

Upload Signed APK in Play Store

Following steps are used to upload signed APK to play store.

Step 1: Visit https://play.google.com/apps/publish/ to upload your app in play store.

Following page will be displayed.

Here you need to create your developer account for lifetime by paying $25 using your
credit card. There is no limitation for number of apps. You can upload multiple apps using
a single account.

Step 2: Once you’ve created developer account following page will be displayed on screen.
Click Create Application.

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Step 3: Next, give your application a title and the default language. You will now be moved
to the Store listing screen.

In store listing page you must add everything related to how your app will look in the store.
Following information must be added in this page:
• A short description of your application
• A full description
• Screenshots (at least 2)
• A Hi Resolution Icon
• A Feature Graphic
• The application’s type and its category
• Your email
• Your privacy policy (if you don’t have one, check the Not submitting a privacy policy
checkbox)

Step 4: Now go to the App Releases page and click Create Release button. Following page
will be displayed on screen.

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Here you can upload your signed APK. Here you can also give the release a name and
specify what is new in this release. Pay special attention to whatever you type in what is
new in this release because it will appear in the Play store under the What’s New section.
Once you are done, you can press the Review button on the lower right corner of the page.

Step 5: Next, Click Content Rating.

After pressing the Continue button, you will be asked several questions regarding the
content of your application. Just follow them in order, filling one by one.

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Step 6: Last but not least, go to Pricing & distribution page. Be aware to fill in all the
required fields. In this last page, you can decide on:
• If your application will be free or not
• Which countries your application will be available to
• If it contains ads
• User programs

Step 7: After filling up all the information regarding Store Listings, Content Rating, Pricing
& Distribution etc. Now you can go to App Release page to publish your application. To
publish app in play store, click Rollout Button.

Exercise

1. What do you mean by SQLite? Explain its features.

2. Explain advantages and disadvantages of using SQLite.
3. Differentiate SQLite and SQL with example.
4. How can you establish connection using SQLite in android? Explain with the help of
suitable example.
5. Explain the process of creating Database and Tables using SQLite in android.
6. Develop an android application to demonstrate basic crud operation using SQLite.
7. Develop a to-do list application using SQLite.
8. Develop a phone directory application using SQLite.
9. Develop an android application which track your daily income and expenses. Also
your app should display daily savings.
10. What do you mean by API? Explain its types.
11. Define JSON. Explain JSON as a tool for creating API with example.

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12. Explain the advantages of JSON over XML.
13. How do your communication your application with remote server? Explain with the
help of suitable example.
14. Develop an android application that demonstrates retrieval of contents from
remote server.
15. Develop an android application that demonstrates sending of contents to remote
server.
16. Develop a phone directory application (Phone records must be stored in remote
server).
17. Explain the procedure for generating API key for displaying google map in your
application.
18. Develop an android application that displays google map.
19. Explain the procedure for generating signed APK.
20. Explain the procedure for publishing signed APK in play store.

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