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    Female Menstrual Cycle

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    sesaeedhaniyah.d

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    Female Menstrual Cycle

    Uploaded by

    sesaeedhaniyah.d
    2 views22 pages

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    Female Menstrual cycle

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    2 views22 pages

    Female Menstrual Cycle

    Uploaded by

    sesaeedhaniyah.d

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 22

    MENSTRUAL CYCLE

    Menstrual cycle – a series of


    physiological changes
    controlled by hormones that
    help prepare the female uterus
    for pregnancy
    Menstruation is the shedding of
    MENSTRUAL the lining of the uterus
    CYCLE (Endometrium) accompanied
    by bleeding.
    Under the control of the
    endocrine system
    Females are born with approximately 2 to 4
    million primary follicles.
    These fetal follicles contain a developing egg
    called a primary oocyte surrounded by a
    layer of granulosa cells.
    These primary oocytes are part way through
    PHYSIOLOGY a cell division.
    This process of division doesn’t resume until
    the time of ovulation.
    With each ovarian cycle, a handful of
    ovarian follicles are recruited, and usually
    only one of these ovulates, the remaining
    unrecruited follicles remain in an inactive
    state. Development of follicles occurs until
    menopause.
    DEFINMENSTRUAL CYCLEITION

    • Menarche: a woman's first menstruation


    • typically occurs around age 12
    • occurrence depends on overall health and diet
    • Menopause: end of a woman's reproductive phase,
    commonly occurs between ages 45 and 55
    • age of menopause is largely the result of
    genetics
    MENSTRUAL CYCLE
    Duration of the MC
    Mean 28 days (only 15% of ♀)
    Range 21-35
    The average duration of menses?
    5 days range 3-7 days
    Normal estimated blood loss?
    Approximately 30 ml
    when does ovulation occur?
    Usually, day 14
    36 hrs after the onset of mid-cycle LH
    MENSTRUAL CYCLE

    • The two “cycles” of the female


    1.The “ovarian” cycle = (changes in the ovary)
    2.The “uterine” cycle = (changes in the mucosa of
    the uterus)
    OVARIAN CYCLE

    • stage 1 - Follicle stage


    • Stage 2 – Ovulation
    • Stage 3 – Corpus Luteum (Luteal Phase)
    STAGE 1 - FOLLICLE STAGE

    • Follicle-stimulating hormone produced by the pituitary


    gland which causes a follicle (egg cell capsule) to form
    and mature
    • As the follicle grows it makes increased amounts of
    estrogen
    • Estrogen has negative feedback on the pituitary to stop
    FSH
    • Estrogen causes the uterine lining (endometrium) to
    grow thicker
    STAGE 2 - OVULATION

    • Increased estrogen from the follicle


    stimulates the pituitary gland to
    produce Luteinizing hormone
    • The Luteinizing hormone surge
    causes the follicle to rupture, and the
    egg cell is sent to the oviduct
    STAGE 3 – LUTEAL PHASE (CORPUS
    LUTEUM)
    • The ruptured follicle heals inside the
    ovary forming the corpus luteum
    (Yellow body)
    • The corpus luteum produces
    progesterone
    • Estrogen and progesterone maintains
    the added growth of the uterine lining
    STAGE 3 – CORPUS LUTEUM (LUTEAL
    PHASE)

    • An embryo in the uterus will secrete a chemical called


    Human Chorionic Hormone (HCG)
    • HCG prevents the corpus luteum from decomposing which
    maintains progesterone levels
    • The endometrium is not shed
    • HCG is the chemical that is detected by pregnancy tests
    PHASES OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE

    1. Menstrual Phase
    2. Proliferative Phase
    3. Luteal Phase(Phase)
    4. Ischemic Phase
    1. MENSTRUAL PHASE

    • Starts with 1st day of menstrual cycle


    • Lasts for 3-7 days
    • Functional layer of uterine wall is
    sloughed off and discarded with the
    menstrual flow
    • Blood discharge from vagina is combined
    with small pieces of endometrial tissue
    2.PROLIFERATIVE PHASE

    • Is a phase of repair and proliferation


    • Lasts for 9 days
    • Coincides with the growth of an ovarian
    follicle
    • Controlled by estrogen secreted by follicles
    • Increase thickness of the endometrium
    • The glands increase in number and length
    and the spiral arteries elongate
    3.LUTEAL PHASE (SECRETORY)

    • Is a secretory or progesterone phase


    • Lasting about 13 days
    • Coincides with formation, functioning, and growth of
    corpus luteum
    • Glandular epithelium secrete glycogen rich material
    • Endometrium thickens under the influence of estrogen
    and progesterone
    4.ISCHEMIC PHASE

    • Decreased levels of estrogen & progesterone


    • Stoppage of glandular secretion
    • Loss of interstitial fluid
    • Marked shrinking of the endometrium
    • Spiral arteries become constricted
    • Venous stasis & Ischemic necrosis
    • Rupture of the damaged vessel wall
    • Blood seeps into the surrounding connective tissues
    CYCLE ABNOCYCLE ABNO
    MENSTRUAL ABNORMALITIES
    ABNORMALITIESMALITIES

    • Anovulation: is a menstrual cycle during which the ovaries do not release


    an oocyte
    • Hypomenorrhea: short or scanty periods, is extremely light menstrual blood flow.
    • Metrorrhagia: Uterine bleeding at irregular intervals, particularly between the
    expected menstrual periods
    • Amenorrhea:is the absence of menstruation
    • Polymenorrhea: cycles with intervals of 21 days or fewer. Irregular menstruation
    is where there is variation in menstrual cycle length of more than approximately
    eight days for a woman.

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