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3 InstrumentationStudy

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20 views7 pages

3 InstrumentationStudy

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abhitanshusoni
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Experiment No: 3 Date: October 13, 2011

STUDY OF INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED FOR NVH


MEASUREMENT

A. AIM
Introduction to sound and vibration instrumentation, measurement and
analysis

B. APPARATUS
1. Impulse Hammer/ Impedance head- force transducer and
accelerometer
2. Electromagnetic Shaker
3. Accelerometer
4. Microphones
5. Sound Level Meter
6. Omni Directional Sound Source/ Rotating boom
7. Data Acquisition System
8. Cables

C. THEORY
1. IMPULSE HAMMER

 Force excitation device usually with


different impact tips such as soft tip,
medium tip, hard tip and a force
transducer such as load cell.

 It is used to input energy in system in very


short time by generating an impulse
(transient signal).

 The tip and size of hammer decides the


frequency range of excitation.

 Available as manual or automated


hammers.

 Extensively used for experimental modal


testing.
2. ELECTROMAGNETIC SHAKER

 It includes a force transducer (load cell).

 It is used to input energy of desired


character in the system.

 Types of input signals available are sine,


swept sine, random, pseudo random,
burst random.

3. ACCELEROMETER:
a. PIEZOELECTRIC UNI-AXIAL ACCELEROMETER
 Universally used for vibration measurement.

 Construction is combination of seismic mass


and piezoelectric transducers.

 Wide frequency and dynamic range, good


linearity.

 Compression and shear type accelerometers


depending upon the force exerted by the mass
on the piezo element.

 Light weight (< 10 g) and easy to mount.

b. PIEZOELECTRIC TRI-AXIAL ACCELEROMETER


 Measurement along the three co-ordinate
axes.

 Each accelerometer requires three input


channels at DAQ front-end.

4. MICROPHONES
CLASSIFICATION:

BASED ON CONSTRUCTION BASED ON FIELD TYPES


1. Carbon Microphones 1. Free-field microphones
2. Dynamic Microphones 2. Pressure field microphones
3. Condenser Microphones 3. Random incidence microphones
4. Piezoelectric Microphones 4. Surface microphones
BASED ON SIZE: 1”, (½ )”, (¼)”,
BASED ON APPLICATIONS:
(1/8)”
1. Constant Current Line Drive
(CCLD)
The smaller the microphone,
2. Preamplifier type
smaller is the sensitivity and higher
3. Direct Type
the frequency range.

1. FREE FIELD MICROPHONES:

 This type of microphones gives accurate results when used for


single source pointing directly at the microphone.

 It measures the sound pressure as exists from the sound source,


without any influence by the microphone.

2. PRESSURE FIELD MICROPHONES:

 This type of microphones measures the sound pressure that exists


in front of the diaphragm with same magnitude and phase at any
position in the field.

 It is used in the close areas, cavities or pipes which are smaller in


dimension than the wavelength.

 Sound coming from the source at a direction pointing directly at the


microphone

 Testing of pressure exerted on walls, structures are the applications.


3. RANDOM INCIDENCE MICROPHONES:

 Also called as “diffuse field”


microphone and designed to be
the omni – directional.

 It will measure the sound as if it


existed before the introduction of
the microphone into the diffuse
field.

 Sound pressure measurements of


church, big halls with hard walls or reverberation rooms.

4. SURFACE MICROPHONES:

 The microphone housing and the metallic parts of the diaphragm-


back plate arrangement are all titanium, ensuring uniquely high
resistance to corrosion ad offers high mounting flexibility and its
diaphragm is flush with the microphone housing in order to
minimize the microphones’ wind-generated noise.

Intensity probe & holography used for Noise source identification.

5. SOUND LEVEL METER

 It is used for measuring the intensity of


noise, music, and other sounds.

 It consists of a microphone for picking up


the sound and converting it into an
electrical signal, followed by electronic
circuitry for operating on this signal so that
the desired characteristics can be
measured.

 The indicating device is usually a meter


calibrated to read the sound level in
decibels

6. OMNI DIRECTIONAL SOUND SOURCE


 In principle this is a type of loudspeaker
comprising multiple loudspeakers
mounted in all directions in box. Specific
one shown consisted of 14 speakers.

 All the loudspeakers are coherent in


nature

 The PSD is a flat spectrum at all the


frequencies. Noise level 110 dB.
Produces white noise spectra having
same pressure level.

 Specially used in reverberation rooms for


calibration and acoustic material
characterization. Diffused field
microphones are generally used in such
cases since they can sense the sound
from all directions.

7. DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM

 It is the process of real world physical


conditions and conversion of the
resulting samples into digital numeric
values that can be manipulated by a
computer.

 It involves the conversion of analog


Some of the forms of
waveforms into digital values for
DAQs include 100
processing.
channel, 18 Channel and
16 channel Data
 The components of data acquisition
Acquisition systems
systems include:
- Sensors that convert physical
parameters to electrical signals.
- Signal conditioning circuitry to
convert sensor signals into a form that.
- Analog-to-digital converters, which
convert conditioned sensor signals to digital
values.

D.CALIBRATION:
 Calibration is the set of operations that establish, under specified
conditions, the relationship between the values of quantities
indicated by a measuring instrument and the corresponding values
realized by standards.

 It is the process of checking output spectra with some reference


spectra.

 The result of a calibration permits either the assignment of values of


measurands to the indications or the determination of corrections
with respect to indications.

 A calibration may also determine other metrological properties such


as the effect of influence quantities.

 The result of a calibration may be recorded in a document,


sometimes called a calibration certificate or a calibration report.

 A measuring instrument needs to be calibrated by comparison with


a reference standard (primary, secondary, tertiary).

 To improve the quality of the calibration and have the results


accepted by outside organizations it is desirable for the calibration
and subsequent measurements to be "traceable" to the
internationally defined measurement units.

1. SOUND LEVEL METER/ MICROPHONES:

It is done by using piston phone frequency of 250Hz and the expected


reading is 125 dB.

For normal calibrators the frequency is 1 KHz and the expected reading
is 94dB. All Type A, Type B and Type C vanes coincide at this
frequency.

2. LOAD CELL:

It is done using ICP calibration sheet. For known force in lbs, output in
mV is checked.

3. ACCELEROMETER CALIBRATOR:
 Precision accelerometers are supplied along with a calibration chart
and details of their sensitivity. When used with a good quality
charge amplifier, this data can be used, along with the amplifier
gain to calculate a calibration factor (V per meter per square
second).
 In the field, a calibration exciter can be used to calibrate the entire
signal chain (from the accelerometer to the analyser display).
 With high impedance accelerometer and good quality charge
amplification, the calibration factor is independent of the length of
microdot lead. Therefore, subsequent to initial calibration, a
replacement microdot lead can be substituted without the need to
recalibrate.
 It is done by checking 1g level at 159.2Hz (160Hz approximately)
since the resonator within the accelerometer has that natural
frequency.

E. CONCLUSION
a. Various instruments used for noise and vibration measurement
was studied. Their principle of operation, calibration requirement
and calibration procedure was understood.

Candidates Signature :________________

Marks Obtained out of 10:________________

Signature of Examiner :________________

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