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    How To Solve Motion Problems Using Calculus

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    How To Solve Motion Problems Using Calculus

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    donalddyusuf
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    How to Solve Motion Problems Using Calculus

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    How To Solve Motion Problems Using Calculus

    Uploaded by

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    How to solve motion problems using calculus

    Velocity is the rate of change of the position of a moving object with respect to time. If we are told that a car
    travels 100 kilometres in 2 hours, we can judge that the car moved an average of 50 kilometres per hour. We
    say that the car’s average velocity over this 2-hour time interval is 50 k/hr.

    s
    The car’s average velocity is defined by Vav  (where s represent the car's position relative to a fixed point)
    t
    The instantaneous velocity vins is defined as the limit of the average velocity, as the length of the time interval
    s ds
    approaches zero. that is vinst  lim This quantity is the derivative of s with respect to t: vinst  .
    t 0 t dt
    The acceleration of a moving object is the rate of change of its velocity with respect to time. Thus a(t) = v`(t).
    If s(t) represents the position of the particle at time t, then a(t) = s``(t).
    Example 1 - The displacement of an object is given as x = 6t2 + 4t + 3. Determine the velocity and acceleration
    at time, t = 3 s.

    Solution

    dx
    velocity   12t  4, V  at t  3  12 x 3  4  36  4  40 m / s
    dt
    dv
    Acceleration =  12, a  at t  3  12 m/s 2
    dt
    Example 2 - A particle’s position (in inches) along the x-axis after t seconds of travel is given by the equation

    x  24t 2  t 3  10
    (a) What is the particle’s average velocity during the first 3 seconds of travel?
    (b) Where is the particle and how fast is it moving after 3 seconds of travel?
    (c) Where is the particle and how fast is moving after 20 seconds of travel?
    (d) When is the velocity of the particle 0? What is the particle’s position at that instant?
    (e) Describe the motion of the particle during the first 20 seconds of travel.

    Solution
    (a) The particle’s position when t = 0 is x = 10 inches. When t = 3s, x = 199 inches.

    x 199  10 189
    vav     63 in / sec
    t 30 3
    (b) When t = 3s, its position x = 199 inches. The particle’s instantaneous velocity is determined using the
    derivative.

    1
    dx
    vinst   48t  3t 2
    dt
    where t  3s, v = 117 in/sec. Since this is a positive number,
    it represents the speed as well.

    (c) When t = 20, its position x = 24(20)2 - 203 + 10 = 1610 inches. Its velocity,

    dx
    vinst   48t  3t 2
    dt
    where t = 20, v = -240 in/sec. The negative velocity indicates that the particle is
    moving in the negative direction. The speed of the particle is 240 in/sec.

    (d) v = 48t – 3t2


    0 = 48t – 3t2
    0 = 3t(16-t)
    t = 0, t = 16
    The velocity of the particle is 0 when t = 0 and when t = 16. When t = 0, x = 10 inches and when t = 16, x =
    2058 inches.
    (e) The particle begins at rest at x = 10 inches. For the first 16 seconds, the particle has a positive velocity and
    moves in the positive direction. When t = 16s, the particle stops momentarily (v = 0) at x = 2058 inches. It then
    moves in the negative direction and returns to x = 1610 inches when t = 20s.

    Example 3
    Compute the acceleration of the particle in example 2 above at times t = 3, 5, 10 and 15.

    Solution
    Since v(t) = 48t – 3t2, a(t) = v`(t) = 48 – 6t.
    When t = 3, a = 30 in/sec2
    When t = 5, a = 18 in/sec2
    When t = 10, a = -12 in/sec2
    When t = 15, a = -42 in/sec2

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