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Set by
Mr. Palampalli Mohan

Write an equation of the “Internet” of “Things”. And explain the purpose of IOT?

The Internet of Things equation: IT + OT = Success.

“IoT” is well named because it represents the merger of “IT” or Information Technology and “OT”
or Operational Technology.

While these technology spaces usually exist on different sides of a company, IoT solutions must
combine them if they’re to work successfully.

The OT world is well acquainted with data collection in the physical world having done this for
decades.

While data collection has increased, one ongoing challenge has always been interfacing with
so many custom or semicustomised solutions.

Individually they might be fine, but they’re hard to scale and maintain. And, in addition, IoT
solutions require connectivity and, of course security.

purpose of IOT

The main purpose of IoT is to connect any device and object to the internet, allowing them to
collect and share information, and to be remotely monitored and controlled.

The purpose of IoT is to improve efficiency, reduce costs, and improve the
end-customer experience.

Among the Internet of Things objectives, there is one IoT purpose that stands out, it is to create
a network of connected devices.

Also it involves the integration of applications or systems that can be used to monitor, automate,
and control tasks, industrial operations, and improve efficiency.

The flavors of the Internet of Things (IoT) refer to the various application domains and industries
where IoT technology is implemented. Some common flavors include:

What are the flavors of the Internet of Things?

The flavors of the Internet of Things (IoT) refer to the various application domains and industries
where IoT technology is implemented. Some common flavors include:
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Set by
Mr. Palampalli Mohan

1. Smart Home: IoT devices used for home automation, security, energy management, and
entertainment.

2. Industrial IoT (IIoT): IoT devices and sensors deployed in industrial settings for monitoring,
control, and optimization of processes and machinery.

3. Healthcare IoT: IoT applications in healthcare for remote patient monitoring, medical device
connectivity, and healthcare facility management.

4. Agriculture IoT: IoT solutions for precision farming, crop monitoring, livestock management,
and environmental sensing in agriculture.

5. Smart Cities: IoT technologies employed for urban infrastructure management, traffic
monitoring, waste management, and public safety.

6. Wearables: IoT devices worn on the body for health and fitness tracking, communication, and
augmented reality experiences.

7. Connected Vehicles: IoT-enabled vehicles and transportation systems for vehicle-to-vehicle

communication, fleet management, and autonomous driving.

8. Retail IoT: IoT applications in retail for inventory management, customer analytics,
personalized marketing, and smart shelves.

What is CALM and AMBIENT technology? Explain with the example of Live Wire ?

CALM stands for Continuous Adaptive Low-power Messaging, and AMBIENT stands for
Adaptive Messaging-Based Internet of Things (IoT) Environment.

These are technologies aimed at optimizing power consumption and network bandwidth in IoT
devices by intelligently adjusting messaging frequency and content based on environmental
conditions and device states.

In the context of Live Wire in IoT, imagine a scenario where Live Wire is a smart energy
monitoring system installed in a building.

CALM and AMBIENT technologies would allow Live Wire to adaptively adjust its messaging
frequency and content based on factors like electricity usage patterns, environmental
conditions, and user behavior.
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Mr. Palampalli Mohan

For example, during peak hours of electricity usage, Live Wire might increase its messaging
frequency to provide real-time updates on energy consumption to help users make informed
decisions about energy usage. Conversely, during off-peak hours or when electricity usage is
stable, Live Wire could reduce messaging frequency to conserve power and network bandwidth.

Define and explain the following terms:

a. web thinking for connected devices

B. small pieces, loosely joined

c. first-class citizens on the internet

a. Web thinking for connected devices in IoT:

Web thinking for connected devices in IoT refers to the application of web-based principles
and technologies to the design, development, and operation of IoT systems.

It involves leveraging web protocols, standards, and architectures to enable seamless

communication, interoperability, and integration among various IoT devices and services.

By adopting web thinking, IoT systems can achieve greater scalability, flexibility, and
compatibility, enabling a more connected and interoperable ecosystem of devices and
applications.

b. Small pieces, loosely joined in IoT:

In the context of IoT, the concept of "small pieces, loosely joined" refers to the approach of
building IoT systems by connecting numerous small, independent components or devices rather
than relying on centralized, monolithic architectures.

Each IoT device serves as a small piece that performs a specific function or collects particular
data, and these devices are loosely joined together through standardized communication
protocols and interfaces.

This approach allows for greater flexibility, scalability, and resilience in IoT systems, as new
devices can be easily added or removed, and the system can adapt to changing requirements
or conditions more effectively.
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Set by
Mr. Palampalli Mohan
c. First-class citizens on the internet in IoT:

In the context of IoT, the concept of first-class citizens on the internet refers to IoT devices,
applications, and data being treated with equal importance and respect within the digital
ecosystem.

Treating IoT entities as first-class citizens promotes an open and inclusive IoT ecosystem
where innovation, collaboration, and interoperability can flourish, leading to the development of
more robust and user-centric IoT solutions.

Describe use of following protocols: IP, TCP and UDP ?

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is one of the main protocols of the Internet protocol suite.
It lies between the Application and Network Layers which are used in providing reliable delivery
services.
It is a connection-oriented protocol for communications that helps in the exchange of messages
between different devices over a network.

The Internet Protocol (IP), which establishes the technique for sending data packets between
computers, works with TCP.

User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is a Transport Layer protocol. UDP is a part of the Internet
Protocol suite, referred to as the UDP/IP suite.
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Set by
Mr. Palampalli Mohan

Unlike TCP, it is an unreliable and connectionless protocol. So, there is no need to establish a
connection before data transfer.

The UDP helps to establish low-latency and loss-tolerating connections establish over the
network. The UDP enables process-to-process communication.

IP

IP stands for internet protocol. It is a protocol defined in the TCP/IP model used for sending the
packets from source to destination. The main task of IP is to deliver the packets from source to
the destination based on the IP addresses available in the packet headers.

Explain the use of TCP and UDP ports. Give example ?

Here are some commonly used ports for reference:

PORT Service Description Transport

Protocol

7 Echo Port just echoes TCP and UDP

whatever is sent to
it. This feature can
be used in many
attacks, such as
Smurf/Fraggle.
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Mr. Palampalli Mohan

20 /21 File Transfer Port used by FTP TCP

Protocol (FTP) protocol to send
data to the client

22 Secure Shell (SSH) Used as secure TCP and UDP

replacement
protocol for Telnet

23 Telnet Port used by Telnet TCP

to remotely connect
to a workstation or
server(unsecured)

25 Simple Mail Used to send TCP

Transfer Protocol E-Mail over internet
(SMTP)

53 Domain Name Port for DNS TCP and UDP

System (DNS) requests, network
routing, and zone
transfers

67 /68 Dynamic Host Used on networks UDP

Configuration that do not use
Protocol (DHCP) static IP address
assignment.

80 Hypertext Transfer Used for browsing TCP

Protocol (HTTP) web-pages on a
browser

110 Post Office Port used to TCP

Protocol (POP3) retrieve complete
contents of a
server mailbox
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Set by
Mr. Palampalli Mohan

Write a note on DNS & MAC Address?

MAC (Media Access Control) Address

MAC Addresses are unique 48-bit hardware numbers of a computer that are embedded into a
network card (known as a Network Interface Card) during manufacturing. The MAC Address is
also known as the Physical Address of a network device. In the IEEE 802 standard, the data link
layer is divided into two sublayers:
● Logical Link Control (LLC) Sublayer
● Media Access Control (MAC) Sublayer
The MAC address is used by the Media Access Control (MAC) sublayer of the Data-Link Layer.
MAC Address is worldwide unique since millions of network devices exist and we need to
uniquely identify each.

Domain Name System (DNS)

Domain Name System (DNS) is a hostname for IP address translation service.
DNS is a distributed database implemented in a hierarchy of name servers. It is an
application layer protocol for message exchange between clients and servers. It is
required for the functioning of the Internet.

Qos enhancements
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Mr. Palampalli Mohan

Traffic Class is an 8-bit field used to mark packets for specific QoS handling

What are the benefits of using IPV6 in IOT?

IPv6 (Internet Protocol Version 6) has many benefits for the Internet of Things (IoT), including:

Security
IPv6 uses end-to-end encryption to protect data from viruses, attacks, and other threats.

Easier configuration
IPv6 networks have auto-configuration capabilities, which can help reduce deployment costs
and configuration effort.

Innovation
IPv6's large address space of 340 undecillion allows for a unique address for every device, which
enables end-to-end connectivity without the need for network address translation (NAT).

Interoperability
IPv6's large address space and flexibility provide a basis for interoperability in the IoT.

Optimized performance
IPv6 headers are only twice the size of IPv4 headers, which reduces packet processing overhead
and header bandwidth, making it faster.

Privacy
Users can enjoy the protection of sensitive data from leakage and the safety of private
information.