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Stats Salah Notes

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71 views6 pages

Stats Salah Notes

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osamae
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MRCSalah Notes

Simplified exam targeted


Statistics

INTRODUCTION

Common terminology with examples:

MEAN MEDIAN
Average Middle
In statistics, mean is a measure of In statistics, median is the value
central tendency of a probability separating the higher half from the
distribution along median and mode. lower half of a data sample.

The number which is in the middle.


Total of the numbers divided by how
many numbers there are. ! Example:
11, 7, 11, 18, 9 , 7, 6, 23, 7
Arrange in ascending order-
! Example: 6, 7, 7, 7, 9, 11, 11, 18, 23
11, 7, 11, 18, 9 , 7, 6, 23, 7 Middle number = Median = 9
Sum: 11+ 7+ 11+ 18+ 9+ 7+ 6+ 23+ 7=99
99/ 9 = 11 If , there are two numbers in the middle
Mean = 11 such as : 1, 3, 3, 6, 8, 9
Median = 4.5

MODE RANGE
Mode = Most LARGEST - smallest
A mode, in statistics, is defined as the In statistics, the difference between
value that has higher frequency in a given the largest and the smallest value in a
set of values. set of data is called Range.

The number that appears the most. Subtract the smallest from the largest.

! Example: ! Example:
11, 7, 11, 18, 9 , 7, 6, 23, 7 11, 7, 11, 18, 9 , 7, 6, 23, 7
Arrange in order - Largest: 23 Smallest: 6
6, 7, 7, 7, 9, 11, 11, 18, 23 Range = Largest – smallest
Most repeated number= 7 = 23-6 = 17
Mode= 7 Range= 17

Dr. Anjumunnisa
MRCSalah
Types of Statistical data with examples:

! Q. What is data in simple words?


- Data is a collection of facts, such as numbers, words, measurements,
observations or just descriptions of things.
!The common types of data are:

!Qualitative Data !Quantitative Data

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-this type of data can’t be counted or -this type of data expresses certain
measured easily using numbers and quantity, amount or range. It can be
therefore divided into categories. counted or measured easily using

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Qualitative variables are also called numbers.
categorical variables.
!Examples: age, BMI, creatinine,
!Examples: gender, race, genotype,
time from birth to death etc.
vital status etc.
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!Subdivided into: Discrete and
!Subdivided into: Nominal and
Continuous data
Ordinal data

QUALITATIVE DATA
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Qualitative (categorical) variables are those characteristics which are not


numerically measurable.

! NOMINAL DATA : This data is labelled into mutually exclusive categories


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within a variable. These categories cannot be ordered in a meaningful way.

Examples : Gender (male/female) , Color of your smartphone ( black/ silver/


gold), preferred mode of transportation are all nominal variable, because the
data is sorted into categories such as: car, bus, train, tram, bicycle, etc. and
they have no natural order.
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!
categories.
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ORDINAL DATA : These types of values exist in naturally occurring ordered

Examples : Size of clothes in a store (small < medium < large),


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satisfaction rating (extremely dislike < dislike < neutral < like < extremely like),
frequency of physical exercise ( never < rarely < sometimes < often < always) etc.

There is a clear order to these categories, but we cannot say that the
difference between “never” and “rarely” is exactly the same as that between
“sometimes” and “often”. Therefore, this scale is ordinal.
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QUANTITATIVE DATA

Quantitative variables are those characteristics which can be counted or


measured numerically.

! DISCRETE DATA : A discrete quantitative variable is one that can ONLY take
specific numeric values (rather than any value in an interval), but those numeric
values have a clear quantitative interpretation

Examples of discrete quantitative variables are : number of needle punctures,

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number of pregnancies and number of hospitalizations.

! CONTINUOUS DATA : A continuous quantitative variable is one that in theory

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could take ANY value in an interval. We say “in theory” simply because we are
limited by the precision of the measuring instrument (e.g., a patient’s true
creatinine value might be 1.21345615 but we might only be able to measure it as
1.213).
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Examples of continuous qualitative variables are: Amount of time between meal
being served and onset of gastro-intestinal symptoms, infant mortality rate, body
mass, blood pressure, cholesterol level etc.
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! SUMMARY:

!Types of data

Nominal : these are “labels” with no quantitative values


Example: In some questionnaires we see ~ Male =1 Female =2

Ordinal: ( in a scale/ range / in order )


Example: how to you feel today on a scale of 1-10 ? (1 being worst and 10 being
best )

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Discrete: this data can ONLY take certain values.
Example: number of docs in a department, shoe size etc
- a child might have a shoe size of 3.5 but cannot have a shoe size of 3.72

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Continuous: this data can take any value
Example: Blood pressure , height , weight , temperature, weight of a baby etc
(temperature can be any number - 37.8 or 37.01 etc.)
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! TEST YOURSELF:

Question 1. A study wishes to assess birth characteristics in a population as


shown in the list below. Which of the following variables from the
options describes the appropriate measurement scale or type? (USMLE
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sample Q-bank)
Q 1a. _______ Birthweight in grams
Q 1b. _______ Birthweight classified as low, medium, high
Q 1c. _______ Birthweight classified as low, not low
Q 1d. _______ Delivery type classified as cesarean, natural, induced
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Options:
A. Continuous
B. Ordinal
C. Nominal
D. Dichotomous

Answers:

1a. ____ 1b. _____ 1c. ____ 1d. ____


Question 2. Blood pressure data collected in the Emergency Dept is being
used when studying blood pressure level after trauma resuscitation.
Which of the following statistical datal types is the most appropriate?
(MRCS Sept 2020)

A. Continuous
B. Discrete
C. Nominal
D. Numerical
E. Ordinal

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Answer_________

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Question 3. The height of a patient is 60 inches. This is an example of

A. Qualitative data
B. Categorical data
C. Continuous data
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D. Discrete data

Answer_________

Question 4. The number of RTA cases in a hospital during 2020 is a


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A. Discrete variable
B. Continuous variable
C. Qualitative variable
D. Constant
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Answer_________ Dr. Anjumunnisa


MRCSalah Course

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