ABSTRACT

MPPT or Maximum Power Point Tracking is algorithm that included in charge

controllers used for extracting maximum available power from PV module under certain
conditions. The voltage at which PV module can produce maximum power is called
maximum power point (or peak power voltage). Maximum power varies with solar
radiation, ambient temperature and solar cell temperature. Typical PV module produces
power with maximum power voltage of around 17 V when measured at a cell temperature
of 25°C, it can drop to around 15 V on a very hot day and it can also rise to 18 V on a
very cold day. The major principle of MPPT is to extract the maximum available power
from PV module by making them operate at the most efficient voltage (maximum power
point). MPPT checks output of PV module, compares it to battery voltage then fixes what
is the best power that PV module can produce to charge the battery and converts it to the
best voltage to get maximum current into battery. It can also supply power to a DC load,
which is connected directly to the battery. MPPT is most effective under the conditions
when battery is deeply discharged: MPPT can extract more current and charge the battery
if the state of charge in the battery is lowers. A MPPT solar charge controller is the
charge controller embedded with MPPT algorithm to maximize the amount of current
going into the battery from PV module. MPPT is DC to DC converter which operates by
taking DC input from PV module, changing it to AC and converting it back to a different
DC voltage and current to exactly match the PV module to the battery.In this project we
are going to use the advanced fuzzy logic based MPPT methodology to increase the
efficiency of the system to extract more power from the solar cells. We are going to use
buck converter for DC to DC conversion.We will be using universal bridge rectifier &
RLC filter for smooth output DC waveform.We are going to use closed loop operation to
achieve efficient battery charging.Thus, this project aims at proving that the fuzzy logic
based MPPT algorithm helps extracting more solar power compared to the existing
system.

1
 LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE PAGE
NAME OF THE FIGURE
NO NO.
4.1 Block Diagram 19

4.2 Circuit Diagram 20

4.3 PI Controller 20

4.4 DSPIC 30F2010pin Configuration 22

4.5 Dspic30f2010 Architecture Functional Block Diagram 23

4.6 DSPIC30F2010 Micro Controller 24

4.7 Single diode model of a solar cell 24

4.8 Graph for Current Vs Voltage 25

4.9 Variation of I-V curve with solar irradiation 26

4.10 Variation of P-V curve with temperature 28

4.11 Variation of I-V with temperature 28

4.12 Flow chart of perturb & observe 31

4.13 Flow chart of incremental conductance method 32

4.14 BlockDiagramofFuzzy logic control 35

4.15 Membership function 36

4.16 Seven levels of fuzzyMembership function 36

4.17 Circuit diagram of buck converter 38

4.18 Waveforms of buck converter 39

6.1 Circuit diagram 43

2
 LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

DC Direct Current

V Voltage

A Amplifier

MAP Mean Arterial Pressure

AC Alternate Current

3
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
NO NO.
ABSTRACT i
LIST OF FIGURES ii
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATION iv
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 GENERAL 1
1.2 MOTIVATION 10

1.3 OBJECTIVE 10
2 LITERATURE SURVEY 11
2.1 INTRODUCTION 11
2.2 LITERATURE REVIEW 11
2.2.1 Ankit Kumar Singh ,Member, IEEE, Manoj Badoni,
Member, IEEE, and Yogesh N. Tatte ,” A Multifunctional
11
Solar PV and Grid Based On-Board Converter for Electric
Vehicles”
2.2.2 Pawan Kumar, Student Member, IEEE, R.K. Singh,
Senior Member, IEEE, and R. Mahanty, Member, IEEE,”
12
Performance of MPPT Based Minimum Phase
Bipolar Converter for Photovoltaic Systems”
2.2.3 Zarrad ONS and Jemaa AYMEN,” Comparison of Hill-
Climbing and Artificial Neural Network Maximum Power 13
Point Tracking Techniques for Photovoltaic Modules”
2.2.4 VenuSonti,” Analysis of Modulation Strategy for the 13
Minimization of Leakage Current in the PV Grid Connected

4
 Cascaded Multi-Level Inverter”
2.3 DISADVANTAGES IN EXISTING SYSTEM 14
3 SYSTEM ANALYSIS 15
3.1 EXISTING SYSTEM 15
3.2 DISADVANTAGE OF EXISTING SYSTEM 16
3.3 PROPOSED SYSTEM 16
3.4 ADVANTAGE 16
3.5 APPLICATIONS 16
4 SYSTEM DESIGN 18
4.1 PROPOSED SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM 18

4.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 19

4.3 PI CONTROLLER 19
4.4 DSPIC30F2010 Controller 20

4.4.1 PWM module in DSPIC 22

4.4.2 DSPICmicro controller features 23

4.5 MODELLING OF SOLAR CELL 23

4.6 EFFECT OF VARIATION OF SOLAR IRRADIATION 25

4.7 EFFECT OF VARIATION OF TEMPERATURE 25

4.9 MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING 28

4.8.1 Methods for MPPT 28

4.8.2 Perturb and Observe method 28

5
 4.8.3 Parasitic Capacitance method 28

4.8.4 Constant Voltage method 28

4.8.5 Constant Current method 29

4.9 FLOW CHART OF MPPT ALGORITHMS 29

4.10 Introduction to FLC 32

4.11 Fuzzy logic controller 32

4.11.1 Fuzzification 35

4.11.2 Fuzzy inference 36

4.11.3 Defuzzification 36

4.12 Buck converter 37

5 SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION 39

5.1 MATLAB 39
5.1.1 The matlab system 40
5.1.1.1 The MATLAB language 40

5.1.1.2 The MATLAB working environment 40

5.1.1.3 Handle Graphics 40

5.1.1.4 The MATLAB mathematical function library 41

5.1.1.5 The MATLAB Application Program Interface (API) 41

5.2 SIMULINK 41
6 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 42

6
 6.1 Software implementation 42
7 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK 44

7.1 CONCLUSION 44
7.2 FUTURE WORK 44
REFERENCES 45

7
 CHAPTER -1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
One of the major concerns in the power sector is the day-to-day increasing power
demand but the unavailability of enough resources to meet the power demand using the
conventional energy sources. Demand has increased for renewable sources of energy to
be utilized along with conventional systems to meet the energy demand. Renewable
sources like wind energy and solar energy are the prime energy sources which are being
utilized in this regard. The continuous use of fossil fuels has caused the fossil fuel deposit
to be reduced and has drastically affected the environment depleting the biosphere and
cumulatively adding to global warming.
Solar energy is abundantly available that has made it possible to harvest it and utilize
it properly. Solar energy can be a standalone generating unit or can be a grid connected
generating unit depending on the availability of a grid nearby. Thus it can be used to
power rural areas where the availability of grids is very low. Another advantage of using
solar energy is the portable operation whenever wherever necessary.
In order to tackle the present energy crisis one has to develop an efficient manner in
which power has to be extracted from the incoming solar radiation. The power
conversion mechanisms have been greatly reduced in size in the past few years. The
development in power electronics and material science has helped engineers to come up
very small but powerful systems to withstand the high power demand. But the
disadvantage of these systems is the increased power density. Trend has set in for the use
of multi-input converter units that can effectively handle the voltage fluctuations. But due
to high production cost and the low efficiency of these systems they can hardly compete
in the competitive markets as a prime power generation source.
The constant increase in the development of the solar cells manufacturing technology
would definitely make the use of these technologies possible on a wider basis than what
the scenario is presently. The use of the newest power control mechanisms called the
8
Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithms has led to the increase in the
efficiency of operation of the solar modules and thus is effective in the field of utilization
of renewable sources of energy.
MPPT or Maximum Power Point Tracking is algorithm that included in charge
controllers used for extracting maximum available power from PV module under certain
conditions. The voltage at which PV module can produce maximum power is called
maximum power point (or peak power voltage). Maximum power varies with solar
radiation, ambient temperature and solar cell temperature. Typical PV module produces
power with maximum power voltage of around 17 V when measured at a cell temperature
of 25°C, it can drop to around 15 V on a very hot day and it can also rise to 18 V on a
very cold day. The major principle of MPPT is to extract the maximum available power
from PV module by making them operate at the most efficient voltage (maximum power
point). MPPT checks output of PV module, compares it to battery voltage then fixes what
is the best power that PV module can produce to charge the battery and converts it to the
best voltage to get maximum current into battery. It can also supply power to a DC load,
which is connected directly to the battery. MPPT is most effective under the conditions
such as Cold weather, cloudy or hazy days: Normally, PV module works better at cold
temperatures and MPPT is utilized to extract maximum power available from them and
when battery is deeply discharged: MPPT can extract more current and charge the battery
if the state of charge in the battery is lowers.
1.2 MOTIVATION
Photovoltaic power control is one of the burning research fields these days.
Researchers are round the clock to develop better solar cell materials and efficient control
mechanisms. The challenge of the project and the new area of study were the motivations
behind the project.
1.3 OBJECTIVE
 The basic objective would be to study MPPT and successfully implement the MPPT
algorithms either in code form or using the Simulink models.
 Modeling the converter and the solar cell in Simulink and interfacing both with the

9
 MPPT algorithm to obtain the better solar power extraction.
CHAPTER -2
LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 INTRODUCTION
The following shows survey on MPPT. It consists of the most popular of the
existing techniques.
2.2 LITERATURE SURVEY
2.2.1 Ankit Kumar Singh , Member, IEEE, Manoj Badoni, Member, IEEE, and
Yogesh N. Tatte,” A Multifunctional Solar PV and Grid BasedOn-Board Converter
for Electric Vehicles”
This work deals with the development of a multifunctional power electronic
converter (PEC) utilizing dual power sources (grid and solar photovoltaic (PV)) for
charging phenomenon of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs). The developed configuration
accomplished all modes of vehicles (charging, propulsion (PP) and regenerative braking
(RB)). In standstill condition of vehicle, the battery is either charged by grid or
simultaneously by both grid and solar PV system. In running mode, the battery can also
be charged through RB operation by utilizing kinetic energy of vehicle wheels. The
proposed converter operates as an isolated SEPIC in plug-in charging (PIC) mode and as
a non-isolated SEPIC in solar PV charging mode. Further, in PP and RB modes,
operation of the proposed PEC as a conventional boost converter andconventional buck
converter, respectively. Both the simulation and experimental validations for all modes of
the proposed converter have been presented.
Pros:
Both the simulation and experimental validations for all modes of the proposed
converter have been presented.
Cons:
Battery charging is inefficient since it makes use of the open loop operation.

10
2.2.2Pawan Kumar, Student Member, IEEE, R.K. Singh, Senior Member, IEEE,
and R. Mahanty, Member, IEEE,” Performance of MPPT Based Minimum Phase
Bipolar Converter for Photovoltaic Systems”
The change in environmental conditions and dynamic loading distort the smooth
and stable MPPT operation. Conventionally, boost and boost derived converters are used
for MPPT operations, which inherently display right half plane zero (RHPZ). The
presence of RHPZ causes transient undershoot and overshoot in the output voltages. A
trade-off between bandwidth and stability is another issue with such converters. In order
to address these issues, a minimum phase bipolar converter (MPBC) is proposed to
facilitate the MPPT operation. The MPBC is derived by combining the cuk and SEPIC
converters with some circuit modifications in both of them. These circuit modifications
eliminate RHPZ from the proposed MPBC. Due to the minimum phase behavior, the
proposed MPBC can achieve high bandwidth with improved phase margin, which is
required for fast and stable MPPT operation. MPBC can operate at high load current and
provides wide operating ranges for the MPPT operation due to its buck and boost
capabilities. Transient analysis of the proposed MPBC is carried out to compare its
performance with the conventional bipolar converter. A 600 W scaled down laboratory
prototype is developed and implemented using Texas instrument TMS320F28335
processor to validate the performance of the MPBC for photovoltaic systems.
Pros:
A 600 W scaled down laboratory prototype is developed and implemented using
Texas instrument TMS320F28335 processor to validate the performance of the MPBC
for photovoltaic systems.

Cons:
However, the change in environmental conditions and dynamic loading distort the
smooth and stable MPPT operation.

11
2.2.3Zarrad ONS and Jemaa AYMEN,” Comparison of Hill-Climbing and Artificial
Neural Network Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques for Photovoltaic
Modules”
In this paper, two maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms in a
photovoltaic electrical energy generation system are analyzed and compared. The
Matlab/Simulink is used to establish the model of a photovoltaic system with MPPT
function. This system is developed by combining the models of established solar module
and DC-DC boost converter with the algorithms of hill climbing (HC) and artificial
neural network (ANC), respectively. The system is simulated under different atmospheric
conditions and MPPT algorithms. According to the comparisons among the simulation
results, it can be concluded that the photovoltaic system with ANN MPPT algorithm is
simpler: it does not require knowledge of internal system parameters, needs less
calculation, is faster and provides a compact solution for multi-variable problems.
Pros:
The system does not does not require knowledge of internal system parameters, needs
less calculation, is faster and provides a compact solution for multi-variable problems.
Cons:
Real time applications are not shown, not discussed about energy harvesting.
2.2.4 VenuSonti,” Analysis of Modulation Strategy for the Minimization of Leakage
Current in the PV Grid Connected Cascaded Multi-Level Inverter”
This paper presents a pulse width modulation (PWM) technique for the
minimization of leakage current in the grid connected/ stand-alone transformer-less
Photo-Voltaic (PV) Cascaded Multi-Level Inverter (CMLI). The proposed PWM
technique is integrated with MPPT algorithm and is applied to the five-level CMLI.
Further, using the proposed PWM technique the high frequency voltage transitions in the
terminal and common mode voltages are minimized. Thus, the proposed PWM technique
minimizes the leakage current of the PV array and EMI filter requirement in the system
without addition of any extra switches. Further, this paper also presents the analysis for
the terminal voltage across the PV array and common mode voltage of the inverter based

12
on switching function. Using the given analysis the effect of PWM technique can be
analyzed, as it directly links the switching function with the common mode voltage and
leakage current. Also, the proposed PWM technique requires reduced number of carrier
waves compared to the conventional sinusoidal pulse width modulation technique
(SPWM) for the given CMLI. Complete details of the working principle and analysis
with the support of simulation and experimental results of the proposed PWM technique
are presented in this paper.
Pros:
Complete details of the working principle and analysis with the support of
simulation and experimental results of the proposed PWM technique are presented in this
paper.
Cons:
Its needs two isolated supply for this configuration so that two solar panel and two
dc to converters are necessary.
2.3 DISADVANTAGES IN EXISTING SYSTEM
● Focuses more on solar to DC to DC conversion and does not give a solution for
effective solar power extraction.

● Inefficiency in battery charging since it makes use of the open loop operation instead
of closed loop operation.

13
 CHAPTER - 3
SYSTEM ANALYSIS
3.1 EXISTING SYSTEM:
This work deals with the development of a multifunctionalpower electronic
converter (PEC) utilizing dual powersources (grid and solar photovoltaic (PV)) for
charging phenomenonof plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs). The developed
configurationaccomplished all modes of vehicles (charging, propulsion(PP) and
regenerative braking (RB)). In standstill condition ofvehicle, the battery is either charged
by grid or simultaneously byboth grid and solar PV system. In running mode, the battery
canalso be charged through RB operation by utilizing kinetic energyof vehicle wheels.
The proposed converter operates as an isolatedSEPIC in plug-in charging (PIC) mode and
as a non-isolated SEPICin solar PV charging mode. Further, in PP and RB modes,
operationof the proposed PEC as a conventional boost converter andconventional buck
converter, respectively. Both the simulation andexperimental validations for all modes of
the proposed converterhave been presented.

3.2 DISADVANTAGES OF EXISTING SYSTEM:

● Focuses more on solar to DC to DC conversion and does not give a solution for
effective solar power extraction.

● Inefficiency in battery charging since it makes use of the open loop operation instead
of closed loop operation.

3.3 PROPOSED SYSTEM:

MPPT or Maximum Power Point Tracking is algorithm that included in charge
controllers used for extracting maximum available power from PV module under certain
conditions. The voltage at which PV module can produce maximum power is called
maximum power point (or peak power voltage). Maximum power varies with solar
radiation, ambient temperature and solar cell temperature. Typical PV module produces
power with maximum power voltage of around 17 V when measured at a cell temperature
14
of 25°C, it can drop to around 15 V on a very hot day and it can also rise to 18 V on a
very cold day. The major principle of MPPT is to extract the maximum available power
from PV module by making them operate at the most efficient voltage (maximum power
point). MPPT checks output of PV module, compares it to battery voltage then fixes what
is the best power that PV module can produce to charge the battery and converts it to the
best voltage to get maximum current into battery. It can also supply power to a DC load,
which is connected directly to the battery. MPPT is most effective under the conditions
such as Cold weather, cloudy or hazy days: Normally, PV module works better at cold
temperatures and MPPT is utilized to extract maximum power available from them and
when battery is deeply discharged: MPPT can extract more current and charge the battery
if the state of charge in the battery is lowers. A MPPT solar charge controller is the
charge controller embedded with MPPT algorithm to maximize the amount of current
going into the battery from PV module. MPPT is DC to DC converter which operates by
taking DC input from PV module, changing it to AC and converting it back to a different
DC voltage and current to exactly match the PV module to the battery.In this project we
are going to use the advanced fuzzy logic based MPPT methodology to increase the
efficiency of the system to extract more power from the solar cells. We are going to use
buck converter for DC to DC conversion.We will be using universal bridge rectifier &
RLC filter for smooth output DC waveform.We are going to use closed loop operation to
achieve efficient battery charging.Thus, this project aims at proving that the fuzzy logic
3.4 ADVANTAGES:
 FL Algorithm is chosen for PV because of its fast and accurate response

 It gives faster response when compared to the existing methodology

 Much more reliable compared to other state of the art methods

 Battery charges efficiently using closed loop operation.

3.5 APPLICATIONS
 Electric vehicle charging

15
 CHAPTER – 4
SYSTEM DESIGN

4.1 PROPOSED SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM

The proposed system block diagram can be seen in the following diagram

Figure 4.1 Block Diagram

16
4.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
The proposed system circuit diagram can be seen in the following diagram

Figure 4.2 Circuit Diagram

4.3 PI CONTROLLER
The below fig shows the block diagram of PI Controller. The DC Side Capacitor voltage
is sensed and compared with a reference voltage. This error e= Vdc, ref – Vdc is used as the
input for PI Controller. The error signal is passed through Butterworth design based Low Pass
Filter (LPF).

Figure 4.3: PI Controller

17
 The LPF filter has cutoff frequency at 50Hz that can suppress the higher order
components and allow only fundamental components. The transfer function of the PI Controller
is represented as
H(s)= Kp + KI/S …………(1)
Where Kp is the proportional constant that determines the dynamic response of the DC-side
voltage control and KI is the integration constant that determines its settling time. The
proportional integral controller is eliminating study state error in the DC- side voltage.

4.4 DSPIC30F2010 CONTROLLER

The microcontroller which we have choosen for the proposes work is the DSPIC30F2010.
Designed and developed byMicrochip Technology’s which comes under the category of Motor
Control & Power Conversion family of dsPIC Digital Signal Controllers which provides an
easy-to-use solution for applications requiring motor control. Microchip Technology introduced
20 16-bit Flash micro controllers that provide the industry’s highest performance.
The dsPIC family of Digital Signal Controllers features a fully- implemented digital
signal processor (DSP) engine, 30 MIPS non-pipelined performance, C compiler friendly
design, and a familiar Microcontroller architecture and design environment. The 20 new
dsPIC30F2010 devices form three product families targeting motor control and power
conversion, sensor, and general-purpose applications.
The dsPIC core is a 16-bit (data) non-pipelined modified Harvard machine that combines
the control advantages of a high-performance 16-bit Microcontroller with the high computation
speed of a fully implemented DSP to produce a tightly coupled, single-chip single-instruction
stream solution for embedded systems designs. The initial 20-dsPIC30F2010devices feature 12
Kbytes to 144 Kbytes of on-chip secure Flash program memory space and up to eight Kbytes
of data space Operating voltage appeals to many Microcontroller applications that remain at 5
volts, while many DSPs are restricted to 3.3-supply V maximum. Devices are planned in 40-pin
package.

18
DSPIC 30F2010PIN CONFIGUREATION

Figure 4.4: DSPIC 30F2010pin Configuration

19
Dspic30f2010 Architecture Functional Block Diagram

Figure 4.5: Dspic30f2010 Architecture Functional Block Diagram

4.4.1 PWM MODULE IN DSPIC

The dsPIC motor control PWM module is optimized for applications, such as 3-phase
AC induction motors, 3-phase brushless DC motors, and switched reluctance motors. The motor
control PWM module has either 6 or 8 output pins and 3 or 4 PWM generators, depending upon
the device. The output pins may be configured as complementary output pairs or as independent
outputs.
Critical PWM operating parameters, such as output polarity, are programmed in non-
volatile memory for safety. The non-volatile options reduce the risk of placing the PWM
outputs in a state that might damage the power devices connected to Peripheral.

20
 Figure 4.6: DSPIC30F2010 Micro Controller
4.4.2 DSPIC MICRO CONTROLLER FEATURES
High Performance Modified RISC CPU
 Modified Harvard architecture
 C compiler optimized instruction set architecture with flexible addressing modes
 24-bit wide instructions, 16-bit wide data path
 48 Kbytes on-chip Flash program space (16K Instruction words)
 2 Kbytes of on-chip data RAM
 1 Kbytes of non-volatile data EEPROM

4.5 MODELLING OF SOLAR CELL

A solar cell is the building block of a solar panel. A photovoltaic module is formed
by connecting many solar cells in series and parallel. Considering only a single solar cell;
it can be modeled by utilizing a current source, a diode and two resistors. This model is
known as a single diode model of solar cell. Two diode models are also available but
only single diode model is considered here [1], [2], [4], [7], [9] and [10].

Figure 4.7: Single diode model of a solar cell

T : Cell temperature in Celsius;

21
k : Boltzmann's constant, 1.38 * 10-19 J/K;
q : Electron charge, 1.6*10-23 C;
Ki : Short circuit current temperature coefficient at Iscr;
lambda : Solar irradiation in W/m^2;
Iscr : Short circuit current at 25 degree Celsius;
Ilg : Light-generated current;
Ego : Band gap for silicon;
A : Ideality factor;
Tr : Reference temperature;
Ior : Cell saturation current at Tr;
Rsh : Shunt resistance;
Rs : Series resistance;

Figure 4.8 Graph for Current Vs Voltage

The characteristic equation of a solar module is dependent on the number of cells

in parallel and number of cells in series. It is observed from experimental results that the
current variation is less dependent on the shunt resistance and is more dependent on the
series resistance [7].
The I-V and P-V curves for a solar cell are given in the following figure. It can be

22
seen that the cell operates as a constant current source at low values of operating voltages
and a constant voltage source at low values of operating current.

4.6 EFFECT OF VARIATION OF SOLAR IRRADIATION

The P-V and I-V curves of a solar cell are highly dependent on the solar irradiation
values. The solar irradiation as a result of the environmental changes keeps on
fluctuating, but control mechanisms are available that can track this change and can alter
the working of the solar cell to meet the required load demands. Higher is the solar
irradiation, higher would be the solar input to the solar cell and hence power magnitude
would increase for the same voltage value. With increase in the solar irradiation the open
circuit voltage increases. This is due to the fact that, when more sunlight incidents on to
the solar cell, the electrons are supplied with higher excitation energy, thereby increasing
the electron mobility and thus more power is generated.

Figure 4.9: Variation of I-V curve with solar irradiation

4.7 EFFECT OF VARIATION OF TEMPERATURE

On the contrary the temperature increase around the solar cell has a negative
impact on the power generation capability. Increase in temperature is accompanied by a

23
 Figure 4.10: Variation of P-V curve
with temperature

Figure 4.11: Variation of I-V with temperature

24
 4.8 MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING
The efficiency of a solar cell is very low. In
order to increase the efficiency, methods are to be
undertaken to match the source and load properly.
One such method is the Maximum Power Point
Tracking (MPPT). This is a technique used to
obtain the maximum possible power from a varying
source. In photovoltaic systems the I-V curve is
non-linear, thereby making it difficult to be used to
power a certain load. This is done by utilizing a
buck converter whose duty cycle is varied by using
a mppt algorithm.
4.8.1 METHODS FOR MPPT
There are many methods used for maximum
power point tracking a few are listed below:
• Perturb and Observe method
• Incremental Conductance method
• Parasitic Capacitance method
• Constant Voltage method
• Constant Current method
4.8.2 Perturb and Observe method
This method is the most common. In this
method very less number of sensors are utilized.
The operating voltage is sampled and the algorithm
changes the operating voltage in the required
direction and samples . If is positive, then the
algorithm increases the voltage value towards the
MPP until is negative. This iteration is continued

25
until the algorithm finally reaches the MPP. This
algorithm is not suitable when the variation in the
solar irradiation is high. The voltage never actually
reaches an exact value but perturbs around the
maximum power point (MPPT).
4.8.3 Parasitic Capacitance method
This method is an improved version of the
incremental conductance method, with the
improvement being that the effect of the PV cell's
parasitic union capacitance is included into the
voltage calculation.
4.8.4 Constant Voltage method
This method which is a not so widely used
method because of the losses during operation is
dependent on the relation between the open circuit
voltage and the maximum power point voltage. The
ratio of these two voltages is generally constant for
a solar cell, roughly around 0.76. Thus the open
circuit voltage is obtained experimentally and the
operating voltage is adjusted to 76% of this value.
4.8.5 Constant Current method
Similar to the constant voltage method, this
method is dependent on the relation between the
open circuit current and the maximum power point
current. The ratio of these two currents is generally
constant for a solar cell, roughly around 0.95. Thus
the short circuit current is obtained experimentally
and the operating current is adjusted to 95% of this
value.

26
 The methods have certain advantages and
certain disadvantages. Choice is to be made
regarding which algorithm to be utilized looking at
the need of the algorithm and the operating
conditions. For example, if the required algorithm
is to be simple and not much effort is given on the
reduction of the voltage ripple then P&O is
suitable. But if the algorithm is to give a definite
operating point and the voltage fluctuation near the
MPPT is to be reduced then the IC method is
suitable, but this would make the operation
complex and more costly.

4.9 FLOW CHART OF MPPT ALGORITHMS

Two of the most widely used methods for
maximum power point racking are studied here.
The methods are
1. Perturb & Observe Method.
2. Incremental Conductance Method.
The flow charts for the two methods are shown
below.
Flow chart for perturb & observe:

27
 Figure 4.12: Flow chart of perturb & observe

Flow chart of incremental conductance method:

28
Figure 4.13: Flow chart of incremental conductance
method

29
 4.10 INTRODUCTION TO FLC
Fuzzylogic has rapidly become one of the most successful of today’s technologyfor
developing sophisticated controlsystem.Withitaidcomplexrequirementsomaybe
implementedinamazingly simple,easilymintedandinexpensivecontrollers.The pastfew
yearshavewitnessedarapidgrowth innumber andvarietyofapplicationoffuzzylogic.The
applicationrangefromconsumerproductssuchascameras,camcorder,washingmachines
andmicrowaveovenstoindustrialprocesscontrol,medicalinstrumentation ,anddecision-
supportsystem.manydecision-makingandproblemsolving tasksaretoocomplextobe
understandquantitatively however,peoplesucceedbyusingknowledgethatisimprecise rather
thanprecise .
Fuzzylogicisallabout therelative importance ofprecision. Fuzzylogic
hastwodifferentmeanings.inanarrowsenses, fuzzylogicis alogicalsystemwhich isan
extensionofmultivaluedlogic.butinwidersensefuzzy logic issynonymous withthe theoryof
fuzzysets . Fuzzyset theoryis originallyintroducedby LotfiZadehin the 1960,
resemblesapproximate reasoning inituseofapproximate informationand
uncertaintytogeneratedecisions.
Severalstudiesshow,bothinsimulations andexperimental results,thatFuzzyLogic
controlyieldssuperiorresultswithrespecttothoseobtained byconventional control
algorithmsthus,inindustrialelectronicstheFLC controlhasbecomeanattractivesolution
incontrolling theelectricalmotordriveswithlargeparametervariationslikemachinetools androbots.
However,theFLControllersdesignandtuningprocessisoftencomplexbecause
severalquantities,suchasmembership
functions,controlrules,inputandoutputgains,etcmustbeadjusted.ThedesignprocessofaFLCcanbesi
mplified ifsomeofthementioned quantitiesareobtainedfromtheparametersofagivenProportional-
Integralcontroller(PIC) forthesameapplication.

4.11 FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER

 Fuzzylogiccontrollercanmodelnonlinearsystem.
Thedesignofconventional controlsystemessentialisnormally basedonthe mathematical

30
 modelofplant.ifanaccuratemathematical modelisavailablewithknown
parametersitcanbeanalyzed.,forexample bybodeplotsornyquistplot,andcontroller
canbedesignedforspecificperformances.suchprocedureistimeconsuming.
 Fuzzylogiccontrollerhasadaptivecharacteristics.
The adaptive characteristics can achieve robust performance to system with
uncertaintyparametersvariationandloaddisturbances.
Fuzzy logicexpressedoperational lawsinlinguistics termsinsteadofmathematical
equations.
Many systemsaretoocomplextomodelaccurately, evenwithcomplex mathematical
equations;thereforetraditionalmethodsbecomeinfeasibleinthesesystems. Howeverfuzzy
logicslinguistictermsprovideafeasiblemethodfordefiningtheoperational
characteristicsofsuchsystem.
Fuzzylogiccontrollercanbeconsideredasa specialclassofsymboliccontroller. The
configurationoffuzzylogiccontrollerblockdiagramisshowninFig 4.10
Thefuzzylogiccontrollerhasthreemaincomponents
 Fuzzification
 Fuzzyinference
 Defuzzification
4.11.1 Fuzzification
The following functions:
 Multiplemeasuredcrispinputsfirstmustbemappedintofuzzymembership
functionthisprocessiscalledFuzzification.
 Performsascalemappingthattransferstherangeofvaluesofinputvariablesinto
correspondinguniversesofdiscourse.
 PerformsthefunctionofFuzzificationthatconvertsinputdataintosuitablelinguistic
valueswhichmaybeviewedaslabelsoffuzzysets.

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 Figure 4.14: BlockDiagramofFuzzy logic control
Fuzzylogiclinguistictermsareoftenexpressedintheformoflogical implication,suchasif-
thenrules.Theserulesdefinearangeofvaluesknownasfuzzymembershipfunctions.
Fuzzymembershipfunctionmaybeintheformof atriangular,atrapezoidal,abell
oranotherappropriateform. Theinputsof
thefuzzycontrollerareexpressedinseverallinguistlevels.As shownin Fig.
3.5theselevelscanbedescribed asPositive big(PB),Positive medium(PM),Positive
small(PS)Negativesmall(NS),Negativemedium(NM),Negativebig(NB)orinother
levels.Eachlevelisdescribedbyfuzzyset.

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 Figure 4.15: Membership function

Figure 4.16: Seven levels of fuzzyMembership function

4.11.2 Fuzzy inference
Fuzzy inferenceistheprocessofformulating themappingfromagiveninputtoan
outputusingfuzzy logic.Themappingthenprovidesabasisfromwhichdecisionscanbe
made,orpatternsdiscerned. Therearetwotypesoffuzzy inferencesystemsthatcanbe implemented
intheFuzzyLogicToolbox:Mamdani-typeandSugeno-type.Thesetwotypes
ofinferencesystemsvarysomewhatinthewayoutputsaredetermined Fuzzy
inferencesystemshavebeensuccessfully appliedinfieldssuchasautomatic

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control,dataclassification,decisionanalysis,expertsystems,andcomputervision.Because
ofitsmultidisciplinary nature,fuzzyinferencesystemsareassociatedwithanumberof names, suchas
fuzzy-rule-basedsystems, fuzzy expert systems, fuzzy modeling, fuzzy
associativememory,fuzzylogiccontrollers,andsimply(andambiguously)fuzzy.
Mamdani’sfuzzyinferencemethodisthemostcommonly seenfuzzymethodology.
Mamdani’s methodwasamongthefirstcontrolsystemsbuiltusingfuzzysettheory.Itwas
proposedin1975byEbrahimMamdani[Mam75]asanattempttocontrolasteamengine and boiler
combination by synthesizinga set of linguistic control rules obtained from experienced
humanoperators. Mamdani’seffortwasbasedonLotfiZadeh’s1973paperon
fuzzyalgorithmsforcomplexsystemsanddecisionprocesses.
Thesecondphaseofthefuzzylogiccontrolleris its fuzzyinferencewherethe knowledge
baseanddecisionmakinglogicreside.Therulebaseanddatabasefromthe
knowledgebase.Thedatabasecontainsthedescriptionof theinputandoutputvariables.The
decisionmakinglogicevaluatesthecontrolrules.thecontrol-rule basecanbedevelopedto
relatetheoutputactionofthecontrollertotheobtainedinputs.
4.11.3 DEFUZZIFICATION
Theoutputoftheinferencemechanismisfuzzyoutputvariables.Thefuzzylogic
controllermustconvertitsinternalfuzzyoutputvariablesintocrispvalues
sothattheactual
systemcanusethesevariables.ThisconversioniscalledDefuzzification.Onemayperform
thisoperationinseveralways.ThecommonlyusedcontrolDefuzzificationstrategiesare
(a).Themaxcriterionmethod(MAX)
Themaxcriterionproducesthepointatwhichthemembershipfunctionoffuzzycontrol
actionreachesamaximumvalue.
(b)Theheightmethod
Thecentroidof eachmembershipfunctionforeach
ruleisfirstevaluated.ThefinaloutputU0isthencalculatedastheaverageoftheindividualcentroids,wei
ghtedbytheirheightsas follows:

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(c)Thecentroidmethodorcenterofareamethod(COA)
Thewidelyusedcentroidstrategygeneratesthe centerof gravityof areaboundedbythe
Membershipfunctionare

4.12 BUCK CONVERTER

The functionality of a buck converter is to reduce the voltage level. The circuit
diagram of the buck converter is manifested in figure 3.10.

Figure 4.17: Circuit diagram of buck converter

When the switching element is in state of conduction the voltage appearing across
the load is Vin and the current is supplied from source to load. When the switch is off the
load voltage is zero and the direction of current remains the same. As the power flows
from source side to load side, the load side voltage remains less than the source side
voltage. The output voltage is determined as a function of source voltage using the duty
ratio of the gate pulse given to the switch. It is the product of the duty ratio and the input
voltage

35
Figure 4.18: Waveforms of buck converter

36
 CHAPTER 5

SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

5.1 MATLAB
MATLAB is a high-performance language for technical computing. It integrates
computation, visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use environment where
problems and solutions are expressed in familiar mathematical notation. Typical uses
include:

 Math and computation

 Algorithm development
 Modeling, simulation, and prototyping
 Data analysis, exploration, and visualization
 Scientific and engineering graphics
 Application development, including Graphical User Interface building

MATLAB is an interactive system whose basic data element is an array that does not
require dimensioning. This allows you to solve many technical computing problems,
especially those with matrix and vector formulations, in a fraction of the time it would
take to write a program in a scalar noninteractive language such as C or Fortran.
The name MATLAB stands for matrix laboratory. MATLAB was originally written to
provide easy access to matrix software developed by the LINPACK and EISPACK
projects, which together represent the state-of-the-art in software for matrix computation.
MATLAB has evolved over a period of years with input from many users. In
university environments, it is the standard instructional tool for introductory and
advanced courses in mathematics, engineering, and science. In industry, MATLAB is the
tool of choice for high-productivity research, development, and analysis.
MATLAB features a family of application-specific solutions called toolboxes. Very
important to most users of MATLAB, toolboxes allow you to learn and apply specialized

37
technology. Toolboxes are comprehensive collections of MATLAB functions (M-files)
that extend the MATLAB environment to solve particular classes of problems. Areas in
which toolboxes are available include signal processing, control systems, neural
networks, fuzzy logic, wavelets, simulation, and many others.

5.1.1 THE MATLAB SYSTEM

The MATLAB system consists of five main parts:

5.1.1.1 The MATLAB language

This is a high-level matrix/array language with control flow statements, functions,
data structures, input/output, and object-oriented programming features. It allows both
"programming in the small" to rapidly create quick and dirty throw-away programs, and
"programming in the large" to create complete large and complex application programs.

5.1.1.2 The MATLAB working environment

This is the set of tools and facilities that you work with as the MATLAB user or
programmer. It includes facilities for managing the variables in your workspace and
importing and exporting data. It also includes tools for developing, managing, debugging,
and profiling M-files, MATLAB's applications.

5.1.1.3 Handle Graphics

This is the MATLAB graphics system. It includes high-level commands for two-
dimensional and three-dimensional data visualization, image processing, animation, and
presentation graphics. It also includes low-level commands that allow you to fully
customize the appearance of graphics as well as to build complete Graphical User
Interfaces on your MATLAB applications.

5.1.1.4 The MATLAB mathematical function library

This is a vast collection of computational algorithms ranging from elementary
functions like sum, sine, cosine, and complex arithmetic, to more sophisticated functions
like matrix inverse, matrix eigenvalues, Bessel functions, and fast Fourier transforms.

38
5.1.1.5 The MATLAB Application Program Interface (API)
This is a library that allows you to write C and Fortran programs that interact with
MATLAB. It include facilities for calling routines from MATLAB (dynamic linking),
calling MATLAB as a computational engine, and for reading and writing MAT-files.
5.2 SIMULINK
Simulink, developed by MathWorks, is a graphical programming environment for
modeling, simulating and analyzing multidomain dynamical systems. Its primary
interface is a graphical block diagramming tool and a customizable set of block libraries.
It offers tight integration with the rest of the MATLAB environment and can either drive
MATLAB or be scripted from it. Simulink is widely used in automatic control and digital
signal processing for multidomain simulation and Model-Based Design.

Simulink is a software package that enables you to model, simulate, and analyze
systems whose outputs change over time. Such systems are often referred to as dynamic
systems. Simulink can be used to explore the behavior of a wide range of real-world
dynamic systems, including electrical circuits, shock absorbers, braking systems, and
many other electrical, mechanical, and thermodynamic systems.

Simulating a dynamic system is a two-step process with Simulink. First, you

create a graphical model of the system to be simulated, using the Simulink model editor.
The model depicts the time-dependent mathematical relationships among the system's
inputs, states, and outputs. Then, you use Simulink to simulate the behavior of the system
over a specified time span. Simulink uses information that you entered into the model to
perform the simulation.

39
 CHAPTER 6
SIMULATION AND RESULTS

6.1 SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION

The simulation of the proposed system can be seen in the following figures

Figure 6.1Circuit diagram

40
Figure 6.2 Input Voltage and Current Waveform

Figure 6.3 Buck Output Waveform

41
 CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
7.1 CONCLUSION
This project successfully used the advanced fuzzy logic based MPPT methodology
to increase the efficiency of the system to extract more power from the solar cells. The
boost converters are used to increase the voltage and use it for other applications. Thus,
this project proves that the fuzzy logic based MPPT algorithm helps in generating more
power than the existing techniques. Hence, reduces the disadvantages of the existing
system by this project.
7.2 FUTURE WORK
In the coming future, we review the application of the fuzzy logic based
MPPTtechnology and it can promote for generating more energy from solar cells. In this
field they are more chance to develop or convert this project in many ways. Thus this
project proving that the fuzzy logic based MPPT algorithm helps in generating more
power.

42
 REFERENCES

[1]Ankit Kumar Singh , Member, IEEE, Manoj Badoni, Member, IEEE, and Yogesh N.
Tatte,” A Multifunctional Solar PV and Grid Based On-Board Converter for Electric
Vehicles”
[2] Pawan Kumar, Student Member, IEEE, R.K. Singh, Senior Member, IEEE, and R.
Mahanty, Member, IEEE,” Performance of MPPT Based Minimum Phase Bipolar
Converter for Photovoltaic Systems”
[3] VenuSonti,” Analysis of Modulation Strategy for the Minimization of Leakage
Current in the PV Grid Connected Cascaded Multi-Level Inverter”
[4]Zarrad ONS and Jemaa AYMEN,” Comparison of Hill-Climbing and Artificial Neural
Network Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques for Photovoltaic Modules”

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