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A Study on Women’s Safety in Public Transports of Dhaka City

Conference Paper · April 2021

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 5th International Conference on Advances in Civil Engineering (ICACE-2020)
21-23 December 2020
CUET, Chattogram, Bangladesh
www.cuet.ac.bd/icace

A STUDY ON WOMEN’S SAFETY IN PUBLIC TRANSPORTS OF DHAKA

CITY

A. Afia1orcid, S. Sarker2*orcid, N. Tabassum 3orcid , S. M. Mashrur4orcid

1 Under Graduation Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology,
Bangladesh, e-mail: [email protected]
2 Under Graduation Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology,

Bangladesh, e-mail: [email protected]

3 Lecturer, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Bangladesh,

e-mail: [email protected]
4
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Bangladesh,
e-mail: [email protected]
*Corresponding Author

Abstract: This paper aims at comprehending the existing travel situation regarding the safety of women using
public transport in Dhaka city for daily commute, identify the most dominating variable affecting women’s safety
and determine possible solutions to improve the situation. In this regard, a questionnaire-based convenience
survey (both online and intercept) was conducted amongst women of diversified age, occupation and income at
different places of Dhaka city. Total 453 respondents were surveyed where 329 respondents used city bus and
leguna. From the collected data, it is perceived that around 86.6% women have fear of getting harassed while
around 67.2% women have experienced harassment, which is mostly by male passengers. The analysis shows that
age, time of travel and travel companions of women have substantial correlation with the rate of harassment. This
study will aid the policy makers with the current state of women’s safety in the public transportation sector and
assist them in taking appropriate measures.

Keywords: Harassment; Public Transport; Safer Transportation System; Women’s safety.

1. Introduction
According to an estimation by the International Labour Organization, with the employment-to-population gap
reduction, additional $1.6 trillion in gross domestic product could be generated globally [1]. But women’s
contribution in economic sector is largely hampered because of their concerns about fear of victimization and
crime around the world [2, 3]. Women’s fear of crime simply means fear of sexual crime as suggested by some
researchers, because there is more possibility for women to be sexually offended than men [4]. According to
women of Mexico City, they can be victimized easily by men in fast-moving public transport [5]. For Baku
(Azerbijan), Tbilisi (Georgia) and Karachi (Pakistan), sexual harassment towards women has been found
conspicuous in public transport [6]. The situation is also same in India as women stepping out of the “normative
private sphere” are facing masculine domination [7]. Most of the cases, women find no proper authority to report
the case of harassment in transport, therefore they rather move away to escape the situation [8]. The cultural
reservation and natural instinct sometimes make women holding herself back from defending the misconduct or
unwanted touching in the public transport that directs them to put restrains on their movement [9]. The effect of
sexual harassment is devastating forming anxiety, low self-worth and long-term trauma [10]. The terrible personal
experience creates fear but people acknowledged with the victimization event also show more of fear and anxiety
[11]. For many women there is no alternative other than public transport to reach their destination. About 66% of
women in Toronto did not have any access to private cars [12].
The situation is also same in Bangladesh. According to a poll conducted by Thomson Reuters Foundation, Dhaka
city is marked as the 7th most dangerous city in the world for women [13]. The poll result cannot be understated
because a steady growth in incidents of rape, killing, abduction and sexual harassment is observed in Bangladesh
(12,904 cases in 2009 and 16,212 in 2010) [14]. Around 21% women of Bangladesh identified
transport/roads/streets as a place of harassment where they saw someone getting harassed [15]. A study also
revealed that different types of harassment like verbal, physical, visual, humiliate, stalking, violent physical attack,
pick pocket are faced by 87% women in Dhaka city while commuting in public transport [16].
So, there is clearly a research scope to focus on the fragile safety situation of transportation system for female
commuters, the constraints they face and their perceptions on developing solutions regarding it. For securing
women’s safety, adding some effective measures which lack in public transport may reduce unpleasant situations.
Counteracting the main cause of violence against women in public transport, women-only transportation can be
an effective solution [5]. Women in the United Kingdom and Canada felt that request-stop programs, allowing to
debark near destination at late evening hours and public awareness movements to disapprove groping would
 5th International Conference on Advances in Civil Engineering (ICACE-2020)
21-23 December 2020
CUET, Chattogram, Bangladesh
www.cuet.ac.bd/icace

improve their safety [17]. A number of actions for example, infrastructure and operational improvements, public
awareness campaigns, better security with CCTV and trained staff and improved lighting combined with a zero-
tolerance approach to harassment can make public spaces safe and secure for women [18]. The World Bank
suggested innovative use of ICT to report cases of harassment, generate relevant data, and improve access to
information or services that help to address harassment, along with other measures to prevent violence against
women [19]. A research found that harassment of women in buses is a dependent variable of lacking legislative
justice and noteworthy protest [20]. In Dhaka city, women are not satisfied with the existing 9 reserved seats as
the paper further analyses that 42% women demanded 50% of the total seats to be kept reserved for women [20].
The special bus service for women has been introduced by BRTC in Mirpur-Gulistan route and Khilgaon-Taltola-
Gulistan route from July 2008, but the number of buses operating is not sufficient according to 95% of female
passengers [21].
To comprehend the current safety scenario of women in existing transportation system, a number of survey data
was collected from Dhaka city, the capital of Bangladesh and assessed in this paper. The paper portrays
methodology of the survey and assesses the overall scenario of women safety and harassment pattern in public
transport. Lastly, the alternatives to amend the current situation are assessed and evaluated followed by a
conclusion that sums up the main findings for implementation in policy making and further exploration.

2. Methodology
Research Design
Very limited studies have been done about women’s harassment on public transport in Dhaka [16, 20]. Lack of
adequate literature arises questions like, to which extent are women facing this problem in Dhaka? By whom are
they harassed mostly? Are some specific group of women affected by it? What measures should be taken to ensure
the safety of women? To satisfy these queries a quantitative research approach has been chosen. Quantitative
research is used to quantify and disclose patterns of harassment by producing numeric data that can be analysed
with the help of statistics and generalize results to some larger sample [22]. The study focuses on three main
objectives:
I. Analyse the overall safety of women passengers while commuting in public transport
II. Identify the most dominating variable affecting women’s safety
III. Explore the way of resolution to mitigate the problem.
The criteria of public transport such as easy access system for general people, maintaining a strict timetable, riding
on set routes and charging fixed fares for each trip etc. [23] are satisfied by the city bus and the leguna service in
Dhaka city and are selected as our preferred transport mode for research design.
To collect data and incorporate a wide range of respondents, both online and intercept survey were conducted by
convenience sampling method spanning from January to June 2019. The online survey was accomplished with a
google form and for distributing it, Facebook was chosen as the online social media platform as it has easy and
free access facility and a large number of people in Bangladesh use it. In Facebook, the questionnaire was
circulated to different women-only groups and also was sent to people individually for asking women of Dhaka
city using city bus and leguna to participate voluntarily. For gathering in-person statements from the respondents
and making better interaction with them, field intercept survey was performed. The survey was executed by female
surveyors as harassment of women is a sensitive issue and women sometimes do not open up their experiences to
male surveyors. Various actions can be appeared as harassment to the respondents according to their prospects
(like passing comments, bad behaviour, charge extra fare etc.) but the surveyors clarified it as sexual harassment
to them before starting the survey.

Questionnaire Format
A questionnaire written in both English and Bengali languages was adopted for the survey. It took about 2-3
minutes for completion of the questionnaire by the respondents. Women commuting in public bus and leguna
were asked to participate in the survey and questionnaires were distributed only after they agreed. The survey
questions were divided into four segments which are described as follows-
• The first segment collected the demographic data of the respondents e.g. their age, occupation, monthly
income in BDT, mode of transport, purpose and time of commute, commuting with or without companion
and number of trips made in a month.
• In the second segment, respondents were asked to rate their safety in a scale of 5 about quality and speed
of vehicle, boarding on or off from vehicle, commuting during day and night, commuting alone, safety
from passengers, conductors and drivers and the overall female security.
• The third segment asked some definite questions about their experiences of harassment, if they had the
fear of getting harassed, had been harassed or saw someone getting harassed, by whom the harassment
occurred and if someone else came forward to help the victim. They were also asked about their
experience with women only transport, their desire to use it further if they hadn’t used earlier.
 5th International Conference on Advances in Civil Engineering (ICACE-2020)
21-23 December 2020
CUET, Chattogram, Bangladesh
www.cuet.ac.bd/icace

• And finally, in the last segment some preventive measures were given to the respondents to choose to
improve the situation and were asked to write suggestions about it if they had any.

Survey Locations
The intercept survey was conducted only in Dhaka city to observe the current situation of harassment here. Schools,
colleges, universities, offices and bus/leguna stops were the chosen locations to collect data from female students,
guardians, service holders and businesswomen [Fig. 1]. Also, online survey was conducted among women of
Dhaka city where respondents were mostly students and service holders.

Fig.1: Survey locations [24]

Data Analysis Tools

To have clear interpretation of data with specific percentages, a good number of charts was developed using cross
tabulation and frequency distribution. To develop definite relationship between harassment and different
demographic characteristics (age, income etc.), multiple chi-square tests of significance were executed.
Hypotheses were developed initially and they were accepted if both the criteria which are X 2 value<CV (Critical
Value) and p-value>level of significance were met and vice-versa. For the analysis here, a level of significance
of 5% or .05 was chosen.

3. Data analysis
Respondents’ Demographic Condition
Majority of the respondents were student (73.3%) and of age range 19-30 years (76.9%). The mean of the age is
26.13 years. About 80.2% of the respondents said that their income range were below BDT ten thousand. That
draws our attention to the fact, women earning high income have options to ride on private car or ride sharing
transport (Choice user). Therefore, their percentage of using public transport is low as it cannot provide the
comfortability, they demand whereas women having low income range do not have any option to choose
(Nonchoice users) transport even if they face any harassment in public transport.
Higher number of respondents (71.4%) used city bus comparing to leguna (3.3%). The reason behind higher
percentage usage of city bus may be that the leguna is not allowed in all major roads of Dhaka city. The study
reveals that respondents commuted mainly for education (54.2%) and daily necessities (27.4%). Also, 63.8%
respondents were found to commute only at daytime while 36.2% commute at both day and night. Around 79.9%
respondents said that they generally commuted alone in public transport. Respondents were also asked about the
frequency of trips that they made on a month. 35.9% replied to have 30-60 trips, 24.0% to have 15-30 trips and
18.5% said that they made 4-15 trips typically on a month. The average number of trips a woman conduct is 30
per month and standard deviation is 20.96 in this instance.

Overall Harassment Scenario in Public Transport

[Fig. 2(a)] illustrates the foregone conclusion that women of Dhaka city do not feel safe in public transport and
overall, 86.6% women using public transport voted yes regarding the question of fear of harassment which
signifies a very alarming state. The result also shows that 67.2% of the respondents have encountered harassment
at least one time while commuting in public transport [Fig. 2(b)]. Moreover, 73.3% women admitted that they
also witnessed someone getting harassed in public transport. One of the respondents commented that the condition
became worse that every moment somewhere in this city someone is getting harassed in public transport.
 5th International Conference on Advances in Civil Engineering (ICACE-2020)
21-23 December 2020
CUET, Chattogram, Bangladesh
www.cuet.ac.bd/icace

a) Ever had the fear of getting harassed while

commuting in public transport?

%
0 20 40 60 80 100

Yes

No

b) Ever been harassed while commuting?

No

Yes
%
0 20 40 60 80 100

Fig. 2: Respondents’ response about a) fear of harassment and b)getting harassed in public transport

Women who were harassed as well as perceived someone being harassed stated that they were harassed by
multiple perpetrators. 63% respondents identified perpetrators as passengers in the crowd while 29.2% identified
them as conductors [Fig. 3]. Respondents also mentioned that, the conductors generally touched women
inappropriately during boarding hour in disguise of helping them to board from the slow-moving transport or
charging fare. Again, in crowded city bus and leguna people always are in hurry and in enter and exit situation.
Passenger perpetrators take this chance of circumstance and make deliberate touching, grabbing and other
unwanted physical contact.
You were harassed by

None
Driver
Conductor
Passengers
0 20 40 60
%

Fig. 3: Profile of harassers according to respondents’ own experience

Among the women harassed, 76.41% alleged that they never received any help from fellow passengers while
being victim of harassment. Some of the respondents added that they rather came forward to help other women in
this case when perceived harassment. It is very common for victims to be in shock and feel embarrassed when
they confront harassment. Therefore, they become unable to react. Some of the respondents commented that other
witnesses normally do not protest the incident of harassment as they may fear the consequences of the protest and
do not want to create a scene. The silent tolerance of harassment stimulates the oppressors to harass more and
gradually situation goes beyond control at some point.

Relationship of Harassment with Different Demographic Characteristics

The results found are discussed below-
• From data there was found an increase in rate of harassment with decrease in age of respondents (84.3%
harassed from age range 18 and below and 89.0% harassed from age range 19-30), indicating that
younger women were more predisposed to getting harassed. Chi-square test of significance reveals that
there is a significant relationship between harassment and age.
 5th International Conference on Advances in Civil Engineering (ICACE-2020)
21-23 December 2020
CUET, Chattogram, Bangladesh
www.cuet.ac.bd/icace

• It was assumed that women’s occupation has no effect on the rate of harassment. But from the data
collected, it is found that although the percentages of women having the fear of being harassed coming
from different occupations were almost the same, students and service holders were harassed the most
(73.1% and 75.0% respectively).
• It is perceived from the data that women having an income range of BDT 10,000 to 25,000 were the most
vulnerable group in respect of harassment. Chi-square test shows significant relationship between
harassment and income.
• It was assumed initially that mode of transport has an effect on harassment. Chi-square test rejects this
assumption, attesting the fact that women were harassed equally irrespective of the mode of transport.
• Women commuting during day and night were harassed more (78.2%) than women commuting only
during day (61.0%). The possible reason of this may be because there is scarcity of light at night, so it is
easy for perpetrators to harass women with less likelihood to get identified. Chi-square test of
significance shows significant relationship between harassment and time of commute.
• Women commuting alone were harassed more than women commuting in a group (72.7% women
commuting alone compared to 45.5% women commuting in a group). There is a less possibility of
women commuting in a group to share seats with unknown passengers which decreases the chances of
getting harassed. Again, perpetrator may think that women commuting alone has no one with her to
protest the incident of harassment. These facts increase the risk of getting harassed for women
commuting alone. Chi-square test of significance shows significant relationship between harassment and
travel companion.
• It was assumed that there is more possibility or chance of women getting harassed who make the more
trips in a month. But it is rejected by chi-square test of significance and thus strengthens the fact that
women making the less trips are also not safe at all.

Women Only Transport as the Way Out

It is observed that women only transport is not widely available in Dhaka even now as 72 % women stated that
they never heard of it. But it is expected to achieve good response since 69.3% new users expressed their interest
to use it as a mode of transport. We also asked the women only transport users how safe they feel while commuting
in this type of transport. Out of 85 women only transport users, 42 respondents marked it very safe, whereas 34
rated it safe. A chi-square test is performed to investigate if women fall victim to harassment exclusively
demanded women only transport or not. The analysis shows that all women encountering harassment or not
welcomed the idea of women only transport thus hypothesis is accepted with p>.005.
Some respondents proposed that it would be better if the drivers and conductors of women only transport are also
women. They added that they would give double fare if necessary, for commuting in women only transport. The
respondents believed that it will bring an end to their longstanding harassment misery. Again, few opposed the
idea of women only transport as they would not be able to commute with male members of their family.

Safety of Public Transport

A concise analysis has done in this section to assess the view of respondents on safety scenario of different
attributes of transport they choose as their everyday mode of transport. Approximately 40% women did not feel
safe about the quality of the vehicle [Fig. 4]. Only 14.3% said that they felt safe or very safe about the quality.
Respondents were concerned that most of the public transport and leguna were decrepit and passed their
registration expiry date a long time ago. About half of the respondents (53.2%%) did not feel safe or safe at all
about the speed of the transport either. Reckless driving is a huge concern to them and they identified it as one of
the main reasons for various accidents. The safe boarding on/off system does not exist in many city buses and
legunas where women face difficulty to board on/off from a slowly moving transport. Negative response of total
60% respondents towards safety of boarding on/off from the transport justifies the statement.
Again, 67% women said that they felt not safe and not safe at all commuting during night while this percentage
about commuting during day is 26%. That confirms our previous finding that the likeliness of harassment is more
at darkness of night than in broad daylight. The previous finding of having significant relationship between travel
companion and harassment (chi-square p-value 0.00015) also seems reliable as only 9.4% women marked
commuting alone in transport as safe or very safe. [Fig. 4] shows that, 47.7% respondents could not give any
definite impression about safety from fellow passengers. The impression is slightly different for safety from
drivers and conductors as 59% respondents felt insecure from them. The last evaluation was about overall female
security to disclose respondents’ point of view about the restraints they had to struggle in transport on a daily
basis. 67.5% negative response evidences that the present transportation system fails to ensure the security need
of an ordinary woman in continuing her mobility.
 5th International Conference on Advances in Civil Engineering (ICACE-2020)
21-23 December 2020
CUET, Chattogram, Bangladesh
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Safety of the transport

Overall Female Security 30 38 5.2

Safety from the driver & conductors 20 39 5.5

Safety from the passengers of the vehicles 8 30 10.6

Commuting alone 20 37 7

Commuting during night 28 39 4.6

Commuting during day 2 24 31

Boarding on or off from the vehicle 17 43 14.3

Speed of the vehicle 17 36 16.1

Quality of vehicle 16 40 11.9

%
Not Safe at all Not Safe Neutral Safe Very Safe

Fig. 4: Respondents’ perception of safety about different attributes of transport

Measures Suggested by Respondents to Decrease the Rate of Harassment

Respondents were asked to make choice of one or more measures among eight measures given in the survey which
seemed to work towards decreasing the rate of harassment. The eight measures were maintaining reserved seats,
introducing responsive helpline, improving vehicle design (e.g. seat spacing, widened door), commuting with only
women passengers, introducing CCTV camera, adequate lighting facilities, avoiding excessive passengers on the
vehicles and maintaining comfortable speeding [Fig. 5].
Suggestion(s) for improving safety
%

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

Fig. 5: Preventive measures chosen by respondents

[Fig. 5] also depicts that, most of the respondents chose more or less all the eight measures suggested to them.
However, avoiding excessive passengers (84.2%), introducing responsive helpline (78.5%) and improving vehicle
design (71.2%) were the three most prioritised polices. Most respondents believed that it is the crowd where the
perpetrators get most chances to harass women. Therefore, avoiding crowd and providing more space in vehicles
by bringing change to existing vehicle design may create a women friendly transportation system. Again, by
introducing effective responsive helpline may provide them instant solutions to harassment problems.
Respondents were also asked to write more policies other than suggested ones to them which they felt necessary
to be introduced and numerous responses were received in this section. They suggested to employ licensed,
experienced and efficient drivers in public transport who will be properly educated about the punishment of
 5th International Conference on Advances in Civil Engineering (ICACE-2020)
21-23 December 2020
CUET, Chattogram, Bangladesh
www.cuet.ac.bd/icace

harassment and to make strict implementation of laws regarding harassment. They demanded more women only
transport services to be introduced in the city and also women drivers and conductors in those vehicles. Though
the idea of this type of vehicles was opposed by some respondents, their suggestions were instead to increase the
number of reserved seats for women in public transport. Some respondents asked to keep tracks of the vehicles
and increase the existing number of vehicles in the city.

4. Conclusion
Despite preserving equal rights in the constitution and being a role model in women’s empowerment, Bangladesh
has to go a long way to cross the barrier of deeply rooted gender inequality in public transportation system. This
paper explores that women in Dhaka city continuously confront the fear of getting harassed in their daily commute.
It also discovers that their fear of harassment is barely preposterous as a large proportion of them envisage
harassment repeatedly which also violates their civil rights.
Around 67.5% women responded negatively while describing the overall female security in public transport. The
current scenario of harassment is very alarming where 86.6% women fear to get harassed and 67.2% are actually
harassed, which demands immediate attention of the policy makers in this regard. There was found no direct
relationship between harassment and mode of transport. Moreover, young women are the most vulnerable group
in case of harassment. Women commuting alone are more likely to get harassed than women commuting in a
group. There is more likely possibility of getting harassed at night time. However, 69.3% women who have never
used women only transport have expressed their interest in using it. A large percentage of women asked for
reducing crowd in public transport and introduction of effective and responsive helpline. The paper also found
that the rate of fellow passengers coming forward to help them out is extremely low. Findings of this paper can
aid the policy makers to implement the best possible policies in ensuring women’s safety in public transportation
system. Implementing and regular monitoring of the effective suggestions which are given and demanded by the
respondents may not make the environment safest one, but create a safer travel experience.
Even though the data is collected from respondents of different occupations, it does not include opinions of
respondents like garment workers even if their number is noteworthy in Dhaka city. Moreover, the data excludes
respondents from certain places in Dhaka city, so does not generalize the safety scenario of entire city.
Respondents gave opinions about harassment from their individual viewpoint, so it may overstate or understate
the genuine result. So, the paper creates scopes for more comprehensive surveys and exquisite analysis of the data
regarding these aspects in future. Future study may also include collection and analysis of data from both men’s
and women’s perspective regarding harassment. Thus, these studies can develop a much better understanding of
the current safety situation of women and restructure the transportation system to build a safer and favourable one
ensuring women’s empowerment.

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