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    Stoichiometry

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    Stoichiometry

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    Stoichiometry

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    CHE 111

    Stoichiometry
    Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions

    Maurice Monjerezi
    Stoichiometry is…
    • Greek for “measuring elements”
    Pronounced “stoy-key-om-i-tree”

    stoichiometry refers to the calculations of


    chemical quantities from balanced chemical
    equations.

    It rests on the principle of the conservation of


    matter (mass).
    Law of Conservation of Mass
    “We may lay it down as an
    incontestable axiom that, in all
    the operations of art and nature,
    nothing is created; an equal
    amount of matter exists both
    before and after the experiment.
    Upon this principle, the whole art
    of performing chemical
    experiments depends.”
    --Antoine Lavoisier, 1789

    2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.


    Dalton’s Atomic Theory
    explains the mass laws

    Mass conservation
    Atoms cannot be created or destroyed

    or converted into other types of atoms.

    Since every atom has a fixed mass,


    during a chemical reaction atoms are combined
    differently and therefore there is no mass change
    overall.
    Balanced chemical equations

    Because of the principle of the


    conservation of matter, a chemical
    equation must be balanced

    Lavoisier, 1788

    A chemical equation must have the same number of


    atoms of the same kind on both sides
    The law of mass conservation:
    mass remains constant during a chemical
    reaction.
    Law of Mass Conservation:

    The total mass of substances does not change during


    a chemical reaction.

    reactant 1 + reactant 2 product

    total mass = total mass

    calcium oxide + carbon dioxide calcium carbonate

    CaO + CO2 CaCO3

    56.08g + 44.00g 100.08g


    Chemical equations
    • Chemical change involves a reorganization of the atoms
    in one or more substances.

    A process in which one or more substances is changed into


    one or more new substances is a chemical reaction

    A chemical equation uses chemical symbols to show


    what happens during a chemical reaction
    Anatomy of a chemical equation
    CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)

    • Coefficients are inserted to balance the equation.


    • States of the reactants and products are written in
    parentheses to the right of each compound.

    reactants products
    Subscripts and coefficients give different information

    • Subscripts tell the number of atoms of each


    element in a molecule
    • Coefficients tell the number of molecules.
    How to “Read” Chemical Equations

    2 Mg + O2 2 MgO Photo Flash Reaction

    2 atoms Mg + 1 molecule O2 makes 2 formula units MgO


    2 moles Mg + 1 mole O2 makes 2 moles MgO
    48.6 grams Mg + 32.0 grams O2 makes 80.6 g MgO

    IS NOT
    2 grams Mg + 1 gram O2 makes 2 g MgO
    The formation of HF gas on the macroscopic and molecular levels.
    Information Contained in a Balanced Equation

    Viewed in Reactants Products


    Terms of C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)

    molecules 1 molecule C3H8 + 5 3 molecules CO2 + 4 molecules


    molecules O2 H2O

    amount (mol) 1 mol C3H8 + 5 mol O2 3 mol CO2 + 4 mol H2O

    mass (amu) 44.09 amu C3H8 + 160.00 amu O2 132.03 amu CO2 + 72.06 amu H2O

    mass (g) 44.09 g C3H8 + 160.00 g O2 132.03 g CO2 + 72.06 g H2O

    total mass (g) 204.09 g 204.09 g


    Stoichiometric calculations

    Products The mole-bridge between


    reactants and products
    Reactants

    Amount (mol) H2 3
    =
    Amount (mol) NH3 2
    14
    Amounts of Reactants and Products

    1. Write balanced chemical equation


    2. Convert quantities of known substances into moles
    3. Use coefficients in balanced equation to calculate the number of
    moles of the sought quantity
    4. Convert moles of sought quantity into desired units 15
    Methanol burns in air according to the equation
    2CH3OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 4H2O
    If 209 g of methanol are used up in the combustion,
    what mass of water is produced?
    grams CH3OH moles CH3OH moles H2O grams H2O
    molar mass coefficients molar mass
    CH3OH chemical equation H 2O

    M (CH3OH) = (1x12) + (3x1) + (1x16) + (1x1) = 32 g/mol


    m 209 g
    n= ⇒n=
    g
    = 6.53 mol ⇒ nH 2O = 2 x 6.53 mol = 13.06 mol
    M 32
    mol g
    ⇒ mH 2 O = n H 2 O M H 2 O = 13.06 mol x 18
    From stoichiometry mol
    2 mols CH3OH = 4 mols H2O = 235 g H2O
    Gravimetric Analysis
    1. Dissolve unknown substance in water
    2. React unknown with known substance to form a precipitate
    3. Filter and dry precipitate
    4. Weigh precipitate
    5. Use chemical formula and mass of precipitate to determine
    amount of unknown ion
    An impure sample (0.123 g) of the mineral thenardite contains
    Na2SO4. In gravimetric analysis, the Na2SO4 in the sample is
    converted to insoluble BaSO4. If the mass of BaSO4 produced
    is 0.177 g, what is the mass percent of Na2SO4 in the mineral?
    Na2SO4 (aq) + BaCl2 (aq) 2 NaCl (aq) + BaSO4(s)

    molar mass coefficients molar mass


    Na2SO4 chemical equation BaSO4
    grams Na2SO4 moles Na2SO4 moles BaSO4 grams BaSO4

    M (BaSO4) = (1x137.3) + (1x32.07) + (4x16) = 233.37 g/mol


    M (Na2SO4) = (2x22.99) + (1x32.07) + (4x16) = 142.0 g/mol

    m 0.177 g
    # moles n= n (BaSO4) = = 7.58 x 10-4 mol
    M 233.37 g/mol

    n (Na2SO4) = 7.58 x 10-4 mol


    From stoichiometry
    1 mol BaSO4 = 1 mol Na2SO4 m (Na2SO4) = 7.58 x 10-4 mol x 142.0 g/mol
    = 0.108 g Na2SO4

    0.108 g Na2SO4
    % Na2SO4 = x 100% = 87.6% Na2SO4
    0.123 g sample
    Summary of the mass-mole-number relationships in a
    chemical reaction.

    MASS(g) MASS(g)
    of compound A of compound B

    M (g/mol) of M (g/mol) of
    compound A compound B

    molar ratio from


    AMOUNT(mol) AMOUNT(mol)
    of compound A of compound B
    balanced equation
    Avogadro’s number Avogadro’s number
    (molecules/mol) (molecules/mol)

    MOLECULES MOLECULES
    (or formula units) (or formula units)
    of compound A of compound B

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