Unit 2 Lesson 1: Functions of Art

INTRODUCTION

Art is science as well, a style who plays with the viewpoint of the watchers. Include feelings and emotions,
crafted by the psyche ought to be imaginative, free and plan to cause you to feel something. Arts includes
sounds, hues, draws, paints, composes and everything made by the hands of men. Art is a method of
articulation to turn out to be more human since it's appended to basic freedoms. Craftsmanship is senior
than the hard sciences and still exists for his significance.

Function of Art in culture is regularly associated with artistic creations, models, drawings, and so on, yet
culture and workmanship work together in manners that are not generally related. Workmanship is an
individual's inventive utilization of his/her creative mind. Creative mind depends much on the craftsmen's
own social encounters and his/her acknowledgment of the made item.

Art has been thought of and deciphered from numerous points of view throughout the long term. Some
renowned works the artist was not even viewed as an “artist” at the time he/she made it. Artist is basically
an advanced term and our view of artist has changed and I will proceed to adjust and advance later on.

Art is a way of expression or application of human creative skills and imagination typically in a visual form
such as painting sculpture producing work to be appreciated primarily for their beauty or emotional power,
Example, Functional art may refer to aesthetic objects that could be use designed to be useful rather than
attractive.

Aristotle claimed that every particular substance in the world has an end, or telos in Greek, which translates
into “purpose”

Every substance, defined as formed matter, moves according to a flexed path toward it aim. A seed to
become a full- grown plants. A cocoon can look forward to flying high when it morphs into a butterfly. A
baby will eventually turn into a grown man or woman.

This telos, according to Aristotle, is intricately linked with function. For a thing to its purpose, it also has to
fulfill its function, Man in Aristotle’s view of reality, is bound to achieve a life of fulfillment and happiness, in
Greek, eudaimonia. All men move towards this final end. However, happiness, the supposed end of man, is
linked with his function, which is being rational. One can be happy because they are not rational, as well as
tables and chairs. Man’s natural end, telos, is connected with his function, which is his rationally.

Functions of Arts

1. Personal Function – depends on the viewer or the artist who created the art. Arts are vehicles for the
artist’s expression of their feeling and ideas. The arts also serve as means of expression for us. The
personal function of art is varied and highly subjective. The function depends on the artist who created
the art. An artist may create an art out of self-expression, entertainment, or therapeutic purpose.
The personal function of art is varied and highly subjective. Functions depends on the artist who
created the art. An artist may create an art of self- expression, entertainment, or a therapeutic
purpose.
2. Social Function – addresses a particular collective interest. Art is considered to have a social function
if and when it addresses a particular collective interest as opposed to a personal interest. Art may
convey message of protest, contestation, or whatever message the artist intends his work to carry.
 3. Political art is a very common example of an art with a social function. Art can also depict social
conditions such as photography (pictures of poverty). Performance art like or satires can also rouse
emotions and rally people toward a particular end. One cannot conceive of a society without art, for
art is closely related to every aspects of social life.
Arts perform a social function when:
1. Influence Social behaviour
2. Display and Celebration
- It is created to be seen or used primarily in public situation
One Function of sculpture and painting is the commemoration of important personage in society. The
statues of national heroes that grace our parks and plazas are commemorative works as are the
commissioned paintings of leaders or rules. Often they serve to record important historical events
that the community would want the young to emulate.
3. Social Expresses or Describes social or collective aspects of existence as opposed to individual
and personal kind of experiences

4. Physical Function – art that fulfills and satisfy man’s need. The physical functions of art can be found
in artworks that are crafted in order to serve some physical purpose. Ex architecture, chair, jewelry,
-making and pot making, interior design all serves physical functions.

Tools and containers are objects which functions to make our lives physically comfortable. Functional works
of art may be classified as either tools or containers.

PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVES ON ART

Art as an Imitation

According to Plato, artist are imitators and art is just a mere imitation. The things in this world are only
copies of the original, the eternal and the true entities that can only be found in the world of forms.

The theory of Forms or theory of Ideas is Plato’s arguments that non-physical forms (or ideas) presented
the most accurate. Plato had a love-hate relationship with the arts. He must have had some love for the
arts, because he talks about them often, and his remarks show that he paid close attention to what he saw
and heard.

He was also a fine stylist and a great story-teller, in fact he is said to have been a poet before he
encountered Socrates and became a philosopher.

Some of his dialogues are real literary masterpieces. On the other hand, he found the arts threatening. He
proposed sending the poets and playwrights out of his ideal Republic, or at least censoring what they
wrote; and he wanted music and painting severely censored.

Plato saw the changing physical world as a poor, decaying copy of a perfect, rational, eternal, and
changeless original. The beauty of a flower, or a sunset, a piece of music or a love affair, is an imperfect
copy of Beauty Itself. In this world of changing appearances, while you might catch a glimpse of that
ravishing perfection, it will always fade. It’s just a pointer to the perfect beauty of the eternal. The same
goes for other Essences, like Justice. Anyone knows that Real Justice is too much to hope for in this
corrupt world. The best you can find is a rough approximation.
To take a third example, the most carefully drawn circle turns out to be irregular if you inspect it closely
enough. Like The Point, The Line, and all geometric shapes, The Circle is a mathematical ideal. It is not
possible to draw a Real Circle, but only an imperfect physical copy (or instance) of one.

Beauty, Justice, and The Circle are all examples of what Plato called Forms or Ideas. Other philosophers
have called them Universals. Many particular things can have the form of a circle, or of justice, or beauty.
For Plato, these Forms are perfect Ideals, but they are also more real than physical objects. He called them
"the Really Real". The world of the Forms is rational and unchanging; the world of physical appearances is
changeable and irrational, and only has reality to the extent that it succeeds in imitating the Forms. The
mind or soul belongs to the Ideal world; the body and its passions are stuck in the muck of the physical
world. So the best human life is one that strives to understand and to imitate the Forms as closely as
possible. That life is the life of the mind, the life of the Philosopher (literally, the lover of wisdom). Self-
control, especially control of the passions, is essential to the soul that wants to avoid the temptations of
sensuality, greed, and ambition, and move on to the Ideal World in the next life.

Art as a Representation

Aristotle, Plato’s most important students in philosophy, agreed with his teacher that is a form of imitation.

However, in contrast to his mentor’s disgust, Aristotle conceived of art as representing possible versions of
reality. Aristotle believed that artist possessed more than just inspiration, but a technical skill that could be
approved upon and perceived as impressive to the average human.

He believes that to portray an object was to reveal something important; whereas Plato believed imitation
destroy the original objects, Aristotle believed that the study of an object created awareness and learning.
Aristotle’s influence to be very prevalent in how most people would look at and judge art. To be able to
mimic or create a likeness to specific object or person’s is considered very impressive and most people view
the ability as an incredible skill.

Aristotle and Plato’s views towards artists, art and individual expression drastically different. One of the most
prominent features of Plato’ philosophy is his hostility towards artists, especially poets. He believes that artist
did not possess skills or techne.

He thought that artists mere makers of images, capable of corrupting the soul of people. Plato stood by the
theory that the more an object was mimicked, the further it was from the truth and that because inspiration
was given to mortals by gods and not conceived by the mortal artist themselves that is was not nearly as
valuable as techne. Aristotle’s view on artist inspiration is completely different/ Aristotle believed that
imitation is an active and creative process, literally producing an object that has a life of its own. He also
believed that imitation is important role in education and learning and has an essential connection with
human nature.

Today people are connected with the views that Aristotle set forth. As infant we learn through imitation and
it certainly is a creative process. An artist is constantly gathering inspiration from other objects, people,
beliefs and in turn manipulate and create something entirely new. Artist can claim to have a unique individual
expression, but in many cases had ones seen something that created an idea that might not have occurred
to us if we were not gathering inspiration. Unlike Plato who thought that art is an imitation of another
imitation, Aristotle conceived of arts as representing possible version of reality. For Aristotle, all kinds of art
do not aim to represent reality as it is but to provide a vision of what might be or the many possibilities in
reality.

Art as a Disinterested Judgment

In the third critic that Immanuel Kant wrote, the “Critique of Judgements” Kant considered the judgement
of beauty the cornerstone of art, as something that can be universal despite its subjectivity. Kant
mentioned that judgement of beauty, and therefore, art, is innately autonomous from specific interest. It is
the form of art that is adjudge by one who perceives art to be beautiful or mere so, sublime. Therefore,
even aesthetic judgement for Kant.

For Kant, every human being, after perception and the free pay of his faculties, should recognize the
beauty that is inherent in a work of art. According to Kant, fine art follows two paradoxes: it “is a way of
presenting that is purposive on its own and that furthers, even though without a purpose, the culture of
our mental powers to [facilitate] social communication”(Kant 173) and “it must have the look of nature
even though we are conscious of it as art”(Kant 174). In other words, Kant believes that fine art is
intentionally produced, yet remains purposive without a purpose, and is fabricated, essentially unnatural,
yet must appear natural to its viewers.

For Kant’s art is based heavily upon his previous deductions of how beauty is judged in the natural world.
He believes that true judgments of beauty share four characteristics: they are disinterested, universal,
necessary, and purposive without a purpose (Burnham). Since Kant draws a distinction between rational
and aesthetic judgments, he argues that aesthetic judgments are not based on concepts, or things that can
be known, but on intuitions or sensations. Therefore, a true judgment of beauty is disinterested; it is not
based on any known concept, simply a sensation of unconstrained, completely detached pleasure. Along
these same lines, a beautiful object is purposive, containing the property or quality of purposefulness,
without actually having a concrete purpose. Kant believes that “we respond to the object’s rightness of
design, which satisfies our imagination and intellect, even though we are not evaluating the object’s
purpose”.

Art as a Communication of Emotion

According to Leo Tolstoy, art place a huge role in communication to its audience emotions that the artist
previously experienced. Tolstoy is fighting for the social dimension of art. This means that art serves as a
mechanism of cohesion for everyone.

He claimed that the most important quality of any work of art is its sincerity. Any true work of art
expresses original thoughts and feelings. The "highest" feelings which art may express are related to
religious perception.

He claims that professionalism causes a lack of sincerity in the artist, and argues that if an artist must earn
a living by producing art, then the art which is produced is more likely to be false and insincere. He also
claims that interpretation or criticism of art is irrelevant and unnecessary, because any good work of art is
able to express thoughts and feelings which can be clearly understood by most people. He argues that any
explanation of such thoughts and feelings is superfluous, because art ultimately communicates feelings and
experiences in a way which cannot be expressed by any words. He does not believe that art can be taught,
or that instruction in the practice of art can help people to communicate their thoughts and feelings more
sincerely. He argues that to teach art is to destroy its spontaneity. To teach art is to destroy the
individuality of the artist. Any attempt to teach art leads to an attempt to imitate other works of art.

Tolstoy’s concept of "universal" art affirms that art is relevant to everyone. Art is relevant to every aspect
of the human condition. Therefore, art must aim to be "universal." Art is "universal" if it expresses thoughts
and feelings which can be experienced by every human being. According to him, everyone may experience
religious thoughts or feelings. Thus, art is "universal" if it expresses religious feelings. The religious
perception, or insight, which may be expressed by art is that the well- being of humanity depends on social
harmony and understanding. Art which is truly "universal" expresses the perception that human beings
must respect each other, must try to understand each other, and must share a feeling of brotherhood and
sisterhood with each other.

Tolstoy’s view of art reflects the very idiosyncratic and independent nature of his personal interpretation of
Christianity. While he attempts to define a "universal" art as an art of inclusion, his aesthetic theory is
narrowly focused on his own theory of morality, and thus defines an art of exclusion. He excludes many
forms of art from what he considers to be "universal" art, because he believes that "universal" art must
conform to standards that are not strictly aesthetic, but moral and social.

What is Aesthetics? Why study Aesthetics?

What is Aesthetics?

 The study of beauty or philosophy of art.

 It explains how people perceive and access the meaning, importance and purpose of
art.

Why study Aesthetics?

 Aesthetics examines what makes something beautiful, sublime, disgusting, funny, silly, entertaining,
pretentious, harmonious, boring or tragic.

 Judgement of Aesthetics clearly rely on our ability to discriminate at a sensory level.

However, sensitivity to aesthetic qualities can be well groomed training the senses and the mind.

Aesthetics qualities can only be appreciated if an individual enjoys the experience of it. Therefore, ‘the feel
good factor’ becomes extremely important while attempting to appreciate the aesthetic qualities. Thus,
pleasurable experience one goes through in appreciating design qualities is aesthetic experience.

What is Aesthetical Experience?

Aesthetical experience is not only about liking or disliking, it’s about the

interaction between the product, consumer and the environment

What is environment?
It is the multi- sensory setting that surrounds the body and interacts with the apparel.

Multi-sensory factors affecting aesthetics

Visual

Tactile

 It is the experience resulting from touch

 Human have sensory receptors all over the body that register the sensations of touch.

 Pleasurable experience can result from touching and from being touched.

Kinesthetic

• It is the perception of one’s own body movement

• Our senses register the sound of the music and starts reacting to the beat of the music.

• Apparel also contributes to the Kinesthetic experience.

Olfactory

• Pleasant smell also has an impact on the aesthetic experience

• From brushing our teeth … to bathing… to getting ready…

• We tend to use so many products that have got fragrance.

Auditory

• Sounds filing the environment facilitates aesthetic environment.

• The effect of music on the apparel product may be touched in retail stores, fashion show and TV
advertisements

Gustatory
• Taste has little to do with aesthetic appreciation of apparel

• But there are other products used on the body that are flavored to add to the appeal.

Environment possesses

Social qualities

• geographic location

• ethnicity

• religion

• sexual orientation

Aesthetics in Maps

• Represents the symbolic aspect of aesthetics like the expression of terrain, landscape etc.

• This forms an imagined visual experience of aesthetic

Aesthetics in Marketing

• Marketing is concerned with the ‘trade dress’ of a product such as its branding,

its commercial representation or the reputation of the producer.

• Marketing drives human mind to think in a direction where they would have not previously.

Aesthetics in Music

aesthetic elements expressed in music include lyricism, harmony, emotions, volume, dynamics,
resonance, playfulness, color, depth and mood.

Aesthetics in Gastronomy

• Is the study of relationship between culture and food.

• Although food is the basis and frequently experienced commodity, careful attention to the aesthetic
possibilities of food turns eating into gastronomy.

Concepts of Beauty

Aesthetics is the study of beauty or philosophy of art.

What is Beauty?

Beauty is the characteristic of a person, place, object or idea that provides a perceptual experience of
pleasure, meaning and satisfaction.

The characterization of a person as beautiful is based on inner beauty and

outer beauty and is subjective in nature.

Inner beauty includes psychological factors like personality, intelligence, grace, charm, and elegance while
outer beauty includes the physical factors like health, youthfulness, and complexion
Then what is the source of beauty

 Beauty exists in everything around us from nature to architecture.to art…to human beings…to
painting... to apparel…it is imbibed within
 The human tendency to look beautiful has existed from the past.


How philosophers have said it…Classical Theories of Aesthetics

• Aristotle believed that art can be studied and analyzed in the same way as natural phenomena. In
Poetics he identifies standards of art forms.

• Knowledge of art can be used for good and bad purpose so contemporary aesthetics includes
questions about whether and how art knowledge of art can be used to achieve the best possible ends.

Art work …Expression, Attitude and Ability

• Role of artist is also important: according to Aristotle, the act of creating art brings out a sense of
catharsis, an emotional purging that artist experience as a intuitive signal that a work is complete.

• Artists express themselves or their feelings in art, conveying a message in emotional and aesthetic
level.

• Audience must be open and capable of responding aesthetically to the message.

• So, attitude and ability plays a big role in defining how art is perceived.

UNIT 2 LESSON 2
ART AS A REPRESENTATION

INTRODUCTION
Representation is the use signs that stand in for and take the place of something else. It is through
representation that people organize the world and reality through the act of naming its elements. Signs are
arranged in order to form semantic constructions and express relations.
For many philosophers, both ancient and modern, man is regarded as the “representational animal” or
animal symbolicum, the creature whose distinct character is the creation and the manipulation of signs-
things that “stand for” or “take the place of” something else.
Representation has been associated with aesthetics (art) and semiotics (signs). Mitchell says
“representation is an extremely elastic notion, which extends all the way from a stone representing a man
to a novel representing the day in the life of several Dubliners”.
The term ‘representation’ carries a range of meanings and interpretations. In literary theory,
‘representation’ is commonly defined in three ways.
1. To look like or resemble
2. To stand in for something or someone
3. To present a second time; to re-present
The reflection on representation began with early literary theory in the ideas of Plato and Aristotle, and has
evolved into a significant component of language, Saussurian and communication studies
(www.en.m.wikipedia.org.)
One of the most iconic and recognizable paintings all over the world is the “Mona Lisa,” done by Leonardo
da Vinci. Some questions are often raised regarding this artwork, like “Who is Mona Liza?” “Why was
Leonardo da Vinci compelled to paint her?” But scholars attempt to solve the true identity of the sitter, it is
relevant to note that there is a consensus that the Mona Lisa-whoever she is- is based on a real person.
Portraits such the “Mona Lisa” are good examples of what is called Representational Art. In this lesson let
us discover what is called “Representational Art.”

Ways of Representing Nature:

1. Physical Alteration. It is the process of changing the physical appearance of nature, like a natural
marble that turns into a sculpture by carving and cutting.
2. Selective Modification. It is the process of enhancing the appearance of nature, like a forest that
becomes a garden by arranging and trimming the plants, or a woman beautifying herself by putting
cosmetics on her face.
3. Perceptual Interpretation. It is the process of copying nature according to the subjective
interpretation of the artist, but the resulting image is still recognizable.
What is a Subject?
The subject of art refers to any person, object, scene or event described or represented in a work of art.
1. Representational or Objective - Arts that have subject (e.g. painting, sculpture, graphic arts,
literature and theatre arts)
2. Non-Representational or Non-Objective - Arts that do not have subject (music, architecture and
many of the functional arts)
Example of music:
Program Music – musical compositions which have subject
They do not present description, stories, or references to identifiable objects or symbols. Rather they,
appeal directly to the senses primarily because of the satisfying organization of their sensuous and
expressive elements.
Subject in a work of art is the literal, visible image in a work while content includes the connotative,
symbolic, and suggestive aspects of the image. The subject matter is the subject of the artwork, e.g., still
life, portrait, landscape etc. …’Content is not subject or things in the painting
(magaretryall.blogspot.com>2009).
In art and art criticism, form and content are considered distinct aspects of a work of art. It mainly focuses
on the physical aspects of the artwork, such as medium, color, value, space, etc., rather than on what it
communicates.
What is Content in art?
Content in a work of art refers to what is being depicted and might be helpful in deriving a basic meaning.
A still-life is a work of art depicting mostly inanimate subject matter, typically commonplace objects that
may be either natural or manmade.
Classifications of Art according to subject include: Fine Art; Visual Art; Plastic Art; Performance Art; Applied
Art and Decorative art. This category includes works of art that are created primarily for aesthetic reasons.
(Bernard, 2015)

Representation is the use of signs that stand in for and take the place of something else. It is through
representation that people organize the world and reality through the act of naming its elements.
At its most basic, the representational theory states that the fundamental, definitive quality of art is the
ability to capture some aspects of reality. Later theorists would revise imitation theory, claiming that the
purpose of art was not to strictly imitate nature, but to represent it in any form.

UNIT 2 LESSON 3
CONTENT IN ART: LEVELS OF MEANING

The primary stage of engaging with art is its perception. Looking at art is much like any instance of taking
in information or stimulus that originates from the world around us. For most art forms, the beginning of
engagement is through looking at the artwork. The eyes play a big role in mechanically making a vision
possible. However, like any tool, it is but one component. What makes the difference is the awareness in
the process of looking where subjectivity is essential in navigating through the artwork. Subjectivity is
illustrated in the way that selective perception renders one or two details more prominent than others,
prompting the viewers to focus on some details as essential or as standouts. Even the mood or the
disposition or mood of the viewer, his education, his background, and his exposure to varying context
contribute to what information is taken in and how they are interpreted. To heard all of these in coherence
and intelligibility, the relationships of visual details presented, the ideas and feelings that they cull, and
other springs of information may be consulted.
The Birth of Venus depicts the moment when, having emerged from the sea in a shell, Venus lands at
Paphos in Cyprus. She is blown towards the shore by Zephyrus
- god of the winds - and the breeze Aura, while a Hora of Spring stands on dry land poised to wrap a cloak,
decorated with spring flowers, around Venus to cover her nudity. From a factual perspective, Botticelli
depicted this scene from the writings of the ancient poet, Homer and the subject matter suggests that this
is mythological.
Botticelli paid much attention to her hair and hairstyle, which reflected his interest in the way women, wore
their long hair during the late fifteenth century. He gave Venus an idealized face which is remarkably free
of blemishes, and beautifully shaded her face to distinguish a lighter side and a more shaded side. As to its
conventional meaning, this type of scene represents humanism. The artwork practically embodies the
rebirth of civilization, a new hope, geopolitical, social and cultural shift which occurred after the Middle Age
turmoil.
An interesting overlap between the conventional and subjective meaning is the claim of Davide Lazzeri, a
plastic scholar who specialises in the topic of medicine in art. In an article published in Acta Biomedica,
Lazzeri has followed up the work of American scholars, who noticed a similarity between background
details in the painting and the anatomy of human lungs.

The scholar claims that the lungs are linked to the prevailing neo-platonic philosophy which took root at the
Medici court and that connects the organs to the “first breath, divine wind and the origin of life.” By
removing the figure of Flora, on the right- hand side of the picture, Lazzeri revealed a shape very similar to
that of the human lung, which he claims does not conform to the shape that Botticelli would have pursued
were he truly trying to catch the movement of wind through the fabric (The Italian Insider, 2018).

UNIT 3: ARTISTS AND ARTISANS: PRODUCTION PROCESS, MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES

In the advent of technology, it is remarkable what has been made possible. With a click of a button, an
array of overwhelming information is made available, informing every aspect of human life. In the fast –
paced and highly complex twenty-first century, there, there is a real and nagging fear that soon,
everything may very well be replaced by computers and robots that can arguably do things with more
precision, at a shorter amount of time and less capital in the long term. This notion is contested by what
are arguably the most resilient qualities of man, which is his creativity and imagination. As long as there is
a cultivation of both of these qualities, no robot or artificial intelligence can replace man just yet. The art is
one of the most significant ways in which we try to grapple with how the present unfolds. In Robert Henri’s
The Art Spirit as cited by Caslib, Garing & Casaul (2018) that “Art when really understood is the province of
every human being. It is simply a question of doing things, anything, well. It is not an outside, extra thing.
When the artist is alive in any person, whatever his kind of work may be, he becomes an inventive,
searching, daring, self- expressing creature. He becomes interested to other people. He disturbs, upsets,
enlightens, and he opens ways for a better understanding. Where those who are not artists are trying to
close the book he opens it, shows there are more pages possible.” There is a gap when one continues to
persist, with the idea that art is something that is detached from every day. In what has been reduced to a
blur, it became more integral that man pursues a better understanding of the world where he lives. One of
the avenues that makes this both possible and exciting is the engagement with art and culture (Caslib,
Garing and Casaul, 2018).
This Unit will introduce the artists and artisans’ choice of material and the manner by which they use
materials are at the heart of making art, and that these involve process and transformation. For example,
artists transform clay into pottery, as well as stone into a statue, or bamboo into a nipa hut, and sound into
music. Attention to mediums and techniques involves all our senses (sensing), which enable us to
understand or make sense of a work of art.

UNIT 3 LESSON 1 – MANAGERS, CURATORS, BUYERS, COLLECTORS AND ART DEALERS

What life does art offers you? What do you want to be?
Art plays an important role in human lives. It creates meaningful and creative life in this world full of
challenges and hardships. It serves as the alternative remedy to someone who finds life empty.
Art brings completeness and opportunity to those who find themselves inexpressive to share their
emotions. It also helps individual in finding their passion in life and/or the career they wanted to be.
Art provides ample opportunity to discover our purpose in this world and gives us a chance to makes life
more beautiful, livelier, and productive.
Let the nature of arts brighten your life as you continue to live in this wonderful world. Be the creator of
your own journey in the world of art and/or in your life.
According to Rodrigues (2018) individual artists and artisans make up the largest segment of the creative
sector. They play a salient role in the world of art that needs to be appreciated.
In this unit, we will see what kind of creator are you, an artist or artisan? We will learn the different figures
and its role in the art market. Everyone has a different role or ways in promoting arts to the world, so
what’s yours?

What is an Artist and Artisan?

Bocog, Deraco, & Baguio, (2019) defined artist as a person who performs all forms of creative arts while
artisan are skilled workers that are involved in skilled trade using their hands in making things, installing
things, repairing things and maintaining things with the help of tools, equipment or machinery.
Artists are more engaged into the imaginative way; they are the one who love creativity by thoughts and
communicate arts using their skills. They are considered as the art practitioner who produces art with
aesthetic value and have a vast imagination in terms of creative arts. They are the painter, dancer,
musician, singer, sculptor, choreographer, dancer, writer, designer, and those who unintentionally function
arts using their imagination. Some of a well-known artist in the world of art are:
1. Leonardo Da Vinci
2. Vincent Van Gogh
3. Michelangelo
4. Pablo Picasso
However, Artisans are considered as a skilled worker. They made art by hands and received payment for it.
Basically, artisans are the physical workers who produces art through their hands with skill, experience,
and ability, they can create useful and beautiful things for gratification and amazement of the viewers’
eyes. They are also called as craftsman such plumber, carpenter, weaver, tailor, embroiderer, carver, and
anyone who makes useful, relevant, and necessary goods that makes our daily life easier. Below are some
examples of the artisans’ craft.

1. Glass Blowing 4. Quilling 7. Knife Making

2. Origami 5. Clock Making 8. Wood Carving
3. Calligraphy 6. Lace Making 9. Pyrography

In the world of art, the artists and artisans are the two group of artistic careers where some jobs/figures
belong. Hence, there are also some figures that plays an important part in the art market or in the world of
art such as manager, curator, buyer, collector, and art dealer. These figures engaged in the art market not
actually creating arts by themselves but instead they are using their skills, expertise, and knowledge of art
to make a living. Now, let us know each figure and its roles in the art market.

ART MANAGER
Who wants to become an Art Manager?
Art Manager sometimes called art directors, works for art galleries, ad agencies, motion picture companies,
graphic design firms, publishing organizations some are self-employed (shorturl.at/pFUWZ). Obviously, art
manager is the one who manage the art department and functions both as a business and artistic figure.
The one who
has a control, led a team and expected to Art Manager (https://tinyurl.com/y2k5u5qg)
go or think beyond the box for the success and improvement of the department or organization. Being an
art manager is a crucial role in the art market since this job requires a great managerial skill, performs
research, monitor, and plans the marketing targets that can bring success/failure (poor managerial skill) to
the department.

What does an Art Manager do?

The bestsampleresume.com enumerated some responsibilities that an art manager must do.
1. Supervise the designs of art that will come to the department.
2. Has to make the final design and approve the artwork for whatever project he or she is working on.
3. Hire a team of artists or have to work with a team that is already existing.
4. Coordinate with clients on their requirements and make designs accordingly.
5. Must first make a sample layout, show it to the client and only then can they start work on it.
6. Keep a close eye on what the other artists are doing and make sure it is in compliance with the
original idea.
7. Make sure that the teams meet the deadlines for submitting their work.
8. Make a final presentation of the work to the client on the project.
9. Make payments to the team of artist if they were working on a freelance basis with them.

ART CURATOR
According to
jobhero.com an Art Curator is responsible for implementing and managing art exhibitions and collections,
typically at museums, by collecting, organizing, evaluating and cataloging arts, collectibles and historical
items. Art curator is the one who makes sure that every exhibits/collections at the museum are in place.
He/she is also in-charge in administering, organizing, and making the art collections available to public.
Being an art curator requires more knowledge in arts because he/she speaks in behalf of the art work.
They tell a story about a certain art work to the visitors for them to know why or how this particular art
was made and what does it portray or mean.
What exactly an Art Curator do?
Susan Kendzulak of the thebalancecareer.com identifies the different roles and responsibilities of an art
curator that she/he must perform:
• Manage collections by recording and cataloging artwork and items in collections.
• Research objects to document identification and authentication.
• Develop, plan, and execute various exhibitions.
• Write acquisition and exhibition proposals.
• Plan the presentation and installation of artwork and objects.
• Create labels and interpretive materials for artwork.
• Train docents and other museum staff on the exhibition's presentation and information.
• Publish research and information to journals, catalogs, and books.
• Have updated information about the art market and in-depth knowledge of the collections and
exhibitions they manage.
• Develop and oversee educational programs and plans to cultivate donors for THEIR
ORGANIZATION.

ART BUYER
What do we mean when we say Art Buyer?
An art buyer is an individual who discovers and purchase art works for a client to suit in accordance with
their taste (shorturl.at/cftzB). He/she appraise and determines the quality and value of an artwork with
monetary appropriateness.
What does an Art Buyer do in the art market?
ginahessburg.com cites an important roles that an art buyer plays in
the art market. Art Buyer (https://tinyurl.com/yylmj4qb)
1. Produce commercial advertising projects while maintaining creative integrity within a budge.
2. Support creativity and manage expectations with all partners.
Being an art buyer also requires financial stability and have an eyes in evaluating a certain piece of art.
ART COLLECTOR
The cycle of art market will not be completed if there is no art collector, who preserves and support the
arts.

ART COLLECTOR
An art collector as a person who loves certain pieces of art/paintings and collect art.
He or she sometimes collect artworks for the idea to establish a gallery, museum or for house display.

Art Collectors involvement in art industry is undeniably because of their artistic knowledge that creates a
greater impact and contributed a lot in the art world.
They play an important role in the art industry since they are capable of influencing other people with their
passion and choices in arts. Claire Michelizza of Tafter Journal identify some roles that of an art collector in
the art industry. These are the following:
1. Can discover an unknown artist who will be able to sell artworks on the other market.
2. Determine the interest of a work and can participate to the recognition of an artist.
3. They hired a large staff to deal with their artistic interests.
Being an art collector, one must have a deep artistic knowledge and strong passion in collecting valuable
things such as artworks and artifacts.

ART DEALER
Art dealer works closely with the art collector because they collaborate in finding artworks that are
beneficial to both of them.
What it is to be an Art Dealer?
As defined by the monayoussefgallery.com, art dealer is the person who buys art at the right time with the
right price and sells it at the right time with the right price, but not necessary deal with artists on a
personal level. Art dealers are more focus in making profits out of arts than making arts as their interest.

What are the roles of an Art Dealer?

Art Acacia provides some important roles of an art dealer in the art market, these are as follows:
1. Facilitate art sales by connecting represented artists with galleries, museums, collectors or
corporations.
2. Use their connections with wealthy collectors and important museums to help propel artists’
careers.
3. Predict and influence future market trends.
4. Ties to art institutions and art non-profits to exhibit their represented artists’ works.
Every human being in this world has its purpose and career to take as they go along their journey in life.
As society moves along there are different jobs arises and we have different sectors where we can practice
our expertise and pursue our field of interest. The art industry is one of the sectors where artists and
artisans belong, along with it, there are also jobs and figures that take part in keeping arts more open and
known to public. We are not only talking about the art itself instead how this art makes or helps people
change their lives and open different opportunities not only for the artists and artisans and but the people
who works with it.
As what we have learned, the art manager, curator, buyer, collector, and art dealer are the identified
figures that composed the cycle of business in the art market of the art world.
First, the art manager who supervise the art department and performs managerial stuff, conduct research,
and plans the market targets to reach the company’s goals.
Second, the art curator who interprets the artworks for the clients or guests, manage artworks
arrangement, and in-charge in exhibitions.
Third, the art buyer who discover and purchase artworks according to the taste of his/her clientele and also
who evaluate artefacts quality and value.
Fourth, the art collector who loves to collect artworks either for business or personal purposes and they are
also capable of influencing other people with their passion and artistic choices. With their passion they can
help artists and artisans to be discovered and recognized in the world of art.
Fifth, the art dealer who buys and sells artworks to make money. This job is more engaged in making
business
These jobs/figures are the key components of the art market because they are not only discovering artists
and artisans but also preserving arts as well as making profit out of it.

UNIT 3 LESSON 2 – MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES APPROACH IN VISUAL ARTS, AUDITORY, AND COMBINED
ARTS
In art, a medium is the material that artists use to create their art. It's that simple. Whatever a piece of art
is made out of is its medium. The plural of medium is media. So, one piece of art can be made of one
medium or several media. If you've ever been to an art museum or gallery

All of these items are media. They describe each item the artist used to make the art. Therefore, oil and
canvas are both media used to describe that particular work. Sometimes this can be a very important part
of how the piece of art is interpreted. Different materials carry different significance. For example, if a
certain wood is considered sacred, then using it indicates that this piece of art is very special. Or if an artist
uses an uncommon medium, say garbage, it helps that artist make a statement.

Medium can refer to both to the type of art (e.g. painting, sculpture, printmaking), as well as the materials
an artwork is made from. In relation to art, this term has two principal overlapping, even slightly confusing
meanings. Painting, sculpture, drawing, printmaking, are all media of art in the sense of a type of art. The
term medium also refers to the liquid in which the pigment is suspended to make paint. So, the medium of
the medium of oil paint is linseed oil.

Techniques – the means, method, process, or technique by which a material was used in the creation of
work.
What's in a Work of Art?
In art, a medium is the material that artists use to create their art. It's that simple. Whatever a piece of art
is made out of is its medium. The plural of medium is media. So, one piece of art can be made of one
medium or several media. If you've ever been to an art museum or gallery, you've probably seen those
little signs next to each piece that look something like this:
'Oil on Canvas', 'Tempera on Wood', 'Ink on Silk'
All of these items are media. They describe each item the artist used to make the art. Therefore, oil and
canvas are both media used to describe that particular work. Sometimes this can be a very important part
of how the piece of art is interpreted.

Different materials carry different significance. For example, if a certain wood is considered sacred, then
using it indicates that this piece of art is very special. Or if an artist uses an uncommon medium, say
garbage, it helps that artist make a statement.

Common Media
Oil painting is the process of painting with pigments that are held together with a type of oil that dries
when exposed to air, called drying oil. When the oil is mixed with a powdered pigment, it creates a color of
paint. Different pigments create different colors. Since prehistoric times, natural pigments, such as minerals
and shells, were used. After the industrial revolution, people were able to create new colors using
machines that could create synthetic pigments.
The first artists to use oil as a base for their paints were Indian and Chinese Buddhists, working in
Afghanistan as early as the fifth century. By the 15th century, painters in the Netherlands began using oils
for their paintings, and this soon took off as the most popular medium in Europe during the Italian
Renaissance. Since then, oil paints have been the most common media in Western art. Oil paints are
almost always used to paint canvas, a woven fabric.
Tempera is another common medium. Before oil painting became popular, most painting was done with
tempera paints. Rather than oil, the pigments are held together with a sticky material, most commonly egg
yolk. Egg yolk holds the pigments together, but it dries very fast and can sometimes give the paint a
slightly yellow color. Nevertheless, it was a very common way to make paint before oils came around and
is still used by many artists who enjoy working with fast-drying paints to create certain effects. Tempera is
often used to paint wood, another common medium before the Italian Renaissance.
In sculpture, marble is one of the most common media. Marble is a soft stone that is easy for sculptors to
carve, chip, and polish into smooth and beautiful works of art. Small impurities in the white marble can
give the sculpture unique color and shine.
The Italian artist Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564) was one of the most famous sculptors of all time
and famous for saying that he could see an image in a block of marble and that it was his job to remove
the excess.
UNIT 3 – GAMABA (Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan)

As with any organized endeavor, the arts and culture have entered into a phase in which another aspect of
its practice can be realized. After an artist has spent considerable time in honing his skills, establishing the
relevance of the body of his works, and even gaining respect from his/her colleagues in the art world;
he/she may be considered or nominated for awards and citations. One of the most common measures in
which artists and other creative producers are given incentives and honour for their work is through state-
initiated and given awards and citations (Caslib et.al., 2018)

This lesson will introduce to you the different notable Filipino artists, their works and contributions in the
society. Knowing about these artists who have dedicated their lives to the cultivation of the arts through
their great creativity, imagination and passion throughout the history, is one way of appreciating them and
taking pride of their hardworks.

What is Gamaba?

Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan also known as the National Living Treasures, is the award given to a person
or a group of artists that is recognized by the Philippine government for their contributions to the nation’s
cultural heritage (Maestro Valle Rey, 2019).

On April 1992, the Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan or the National Living Treasures Award was
institutionalized through Republic Act No. 7355. Tasked with the administration and implementation of the
Award is the National Commission for Culture and the Arts, the highest policy-making and coordinating
body for culture and the arts of the State. The NCCA, through the Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan Executive
Council, conducts the search for the finest traditional artists of the land, adopts a program that will ensure
the transfer of their skills to others, and undertakes measures to promote a genuine appreciation of and
instill pride among our people about the genius of the Manlilikha ng Bayan (https://tinyurl.com/y42sobte).

The RA 7355 implies that a citizen engaging in any traditional art which is uniquely Filipino whose
distinctive skills will reach such a high level of technical and artistic excellence and is passed on to and
widely practice by the generation of today in his/her community with the same level of technical and
artistic competence.

The award was first given to three outstanding artists in music and poetry in 1993. They are Ginaw Bilog (a
master of Ambahan poetry), Masino Intaray (a master of various traditional musical instruments of the
Palawan people); and Samaon Sulaiman (a master of kutyapi and other instruments (Caslib et.al. 2018). Its
roots came from the 1988 National Folk Artists Award which was organized by the Rotary Club of Makati-
Ayala.

How does one become a Manlilikha Ng Bayan?

To become a Manlilikha ng Bayan, an individual or group candidate must

a. Possess a mastery of tools and materials needed for the traditional, folk art and be
a maker of works of extraordinary technical quality;

b. Have consistently produced works of superior quality over significant period;

 c. Have engaged in a traditional and folk art which has been in existence and
documented for at least fifty (50) years;

d. Command respect and inspire admiration of the country with his character and
integrity;

e. Must have transferred and/or willing to transfer to other members of the

community the skills in the traditional and folk arts for which the community has
become nationally known.

f. However, a candidate who, due to age or infirmity, has left him/her/them incapable
of teaching further his/her/their craft, may still be recognized provided that
he/she/they must possess the qualifications as enumerated above.

Categories

The Award may cover traditional and folk arts in the areas of performing arts and craft. Consideration shall
be made for adequate representation in geographic distribution and different artistic categories.

Ad Hoc Panel of Experts

To ensure a fair selection of potential awardees, the Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan Executive Council shall
be assisted by an Ad Hoc Panel of Expert consisting of experts in the traditional and folk arts categories.
The names of those selected to become members of the Ad Hoc Panel of Expert shall be submitted to the
NCCA Board of Commissioners for proper designation. The term of the members shall expire upon
completion of the search and selection process.

What are the benefits and privileges of an Awardee?

For the individual awardee:

a. The rank and title of Manlilikha ng Bayan, as proclaimed by the President of the Philippines in
accordance with Executive Order No. 236 or Honors Code of the Philippines;

b. The GAMABA gold-plated medallion minted by the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) and citation;

c. A lifetime emolument and materials and physical benefits comparable in value to those received by
the highest officers of the land such as:

A minimum cash award of Two Hundred Thousand Pesos (Php 200,000.00), net of taxes.

A minimum lifetime personal monthly stipend of Fifty Thousand Pesos (Php 50,000.00).

d. Medical and hospitalization benefits not exceeding Php 750,000.00 per year. A state funeral, the
arrangements for and the expenses of which shall be borne by the Government, upon the death of the
Manlilikha ng Bayan; and
e. A place of honor, in line with protocol precedence, in state functions, national commemoration
ceremonies and all other cultural presentations.

For the group awardee:

a. The rank and title of Manlilikha ng Bayan, as proclaimed by the President of the Philippines in
accordance with Executive Order No. 236 or Honors Code of the Philippines;

b. The GAMABA plaque for the group;

c. A one-time award of Two Hundred Thousand Pesos (Php 200,000.00), net of taxes;

d. The group shall designate its leader who will represent and attend events and functions on behalf
of the group. The said representative will also have a place of honor, in line with protocol precedence, in
state functions, national commemoration ceremonies and all other cultural presentations.

The evolution of the artist throughout the history is one of the most interesting progressions in the affairs
of man. From the banalities of the works he/she created to assist and inform every day, he was caught in
the midst of prevailing and shifting ideologies and utilized the power of the creativity and imagination in
attempt to grapple with the world around him. There is much responsibility and expectation ascribed to
artists (Caslib et.al. 2018).

Note: Please make this note as a reference and have additional information in making your
report more comprehensive.