LAB REPORT

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
LAB II
MODULE A: TENSILE
TEST

NAME: KAI DIU KUR MUOK

INDEX
NUMBER:018_CEN_217
ACADEMIC YEAR: 2023-
2024

LAB DATE:
30/10/2024
SUBMISSION DATE:
20/11/2024

UNIVERSITY OF JUBA
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING

C0urse content
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Fundamental and theory
Chapter 3: Experiment
Chapter 4: Discussion and analysis
Chapter 5: Observation and conclusion
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1. Background
Metals have its own properties including physical, mechanical, and
thermal characteristic. The most important properties are the mechanical
properties, which is including ductility, hardness, strength, and
toughness. The mechanical properties are the measurements that used
as a reference for material selection. To know the mechanical properties
of metals, it needs material testing. One of the material testings is the
tensile test. Tensile test is a measurement that examine the strength of
material within giving loads in unaxial direction to the specimen. The
tested specimen is exposed by the increasing unaxial force continuously
while its change on elongation is being observed. The tensile test
measures the resistant of a material to the given static load. The results
that generated from the tensile test shows the mechanical properties of
the specimen. The mechanical properties of material that can be known
from tensile test including:
- tensile strength
- yield strength
- modulus of elasticity
- ductility
- resilience
- toughness
Furthermore, the stress strain curve can be obtained from the
measurement, which allows one to compute the mechanical properties
above.
The tensile test is very important because it tells the impact of load
given to the material’s mechanical properties of a material. These
mechanical properties parameters would provide the basic data if the
strength of a material, in this experiment is metal.

Chapter 2: Fundamental Theory

2.1. Tensile Test
Tensile test is a method used to measure the strength of a material by
giving a static load on unaxial direction of the specimen. The following is
the scheme of tensile test:

The specimen that being tested is given some force in two directions,
which is in unaxial direction. The specimen would experience a stretch
and an elongation until it fractures or break. Moreover, the specimen size
is standardized by some standard. For example, the Indonesian tensile
test specimen standard SNI 07-0371-1998, the standard American Society
for Testing and Materials (ASTM) E8 & E8M.
2.1.1. Specimen
The standard specimen by ASTM is the following:
The standard specimen dimension of tensile test from the ASTM standard.
2.2. Mechanical Properties from Tensile Test
2.2.1. Yield Strength
Yield strength determine the stress of the material due to elastic limit. It
is the maximum load that obtained by the material when it is in between
of elastic deformation and plastic deformation.
2.2.2. Tensile Strength
It is the maximum load that can be hold by the specimen before it
experiencing necking phenomenon. Necking happens when the gage of
the specimen is starting to decrease. The tensile strength happens in the
plastic regime.
2.2.3. Modulus of Elasticity
Modulus of elasticity of young modulus is a measurement of resistant of
the material due to elastic deformation. It shows the stiffness of a
material.
2.2.4. Modulus of Resilience
It is the properties that shows maximum energy that can be absorbed by
the material until the elastic limit. It is the area below the elastic
deformation of stress-strain curve.
2.2.5. Toughness
Toughness measures the energy that is needed for material to fracture.
Chapter 3: Experimental Method
3.1. Apparatus
The apparatus that is used in the experiment are:
- Tensile Machine (UTM)
- Vernier Calliper
- extensometer
- mild steel specimen
3.2. Procedure
The procedure of the tensile test experiment:
- Prepare tensile test specimen
- Determine the initial dimension of the specimen (diameter, gage
length)
- Prepare tensile test machine
- Record the testing parameters
- Put the specimen into the machine
- Test the material
- Measure the time until the specimen is break
- Take the specimen from the machine
- Measure the final diameter and gage length

3.3. Experiment Data

0.2% offset
load length elongation stress strain stress 0.2% offset strain
0 50.8 0 0 0 0 0.002
12700 50.825 0.025 98.69474 0.000492 97.19193 0.002492
25400 50.851 0.051 197.3895 0.001004 198.2715 0.003004
38100 50.876 0.076 296.0842 0.001496 295.4635 0.003496
50800 50.902 0.102 394.779 0.002008 396.5431 0.004008
76200 50.952 0.152 592.1685 0.002992 590.9269 0.004992
89100 51.003 0.203 692.4174 0.003996 789.1985 0.005996
92700 51.054 0.254 720.3939 0.005 987.47 0.007
102500 51.181 0.381 796.5521 0.0075 1481.205 0.0095
107800 51.308 0.508 837.7396 0.01 1974.94 0.012
119400 51.562 0.762 927.886 0.015 2962.41 0.017
128300 51.816 1.016 997.05 0.02 3949.88 0.022
149700 52.832 2.032 1163.355 0.04 7899.76 0.042
159000 53.848 3.048 1235.627 0.06 11849.64 0.062
160400 54.356 3.556 1246.507 0.07 13824.58 0.072
159500 54.864 4.064 1239.513 0.08 15799.52 0.082
151500 55.88 5.08 1177.343 0.1 19749.4 0.102
124700 56.642 5.842 969.0736 0.115 22711.81 0.117

Chapter 4: discussion and analysis

From testile test result the mild steel specimen gives it own mechanical
properties measurement value
According to the datas given gives the following graph

 Graph one >show stress and strain

 1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14

stress strain curve offset

 Graph two >Stress and strain curve

yield stress
700
600
500 f(x) = 197493.623119806 x + 0.120327426020765
400 R² = 0.999964849390723
300
200
100
0
0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025 0.003 0.0035

Initial dimensions of the specimen

1) Original diameter of the specimen ‘d’ = 18mm

2
d
2) Original cross section of specimen = π =254.469 m m
2
4
3) Original gauge length ‘1’ =5d=90mm
4) Original parallel length =170mm

Final dimensions of the specimen after testing

1) Final diameter of the specimen=d1=12.88mm
2) Final cross section of specimen=128.679m m2
3) Final gauge length=104mm

SPECIMEN CALCULATION
final gauge length−original length
1. Percentage of elongation = originallenth
× 100=15.556 %
 2. Percentage of reduction in area
original cross section area−final cross section area
= original cross section area
×100=49.43
max . load 160400 2
3. Ultimate tensile stress= original cross section area = 254.469 =630.33 N /mm
breaking load 160400 2
4. Breaking stress= original cross section = 254.469 =630.33 N /mm
5. Young’s modulus =197494

OBSERATION

CALCULATION PART FROM EXPERIMENT

From the above graph the stress strain curve with 0.2% offset strain
 (c) the yield strength at a strain offset of 0.002=796.5520564mpa
max . load 160400
 (d) tensile strength= original cross section area = 128.6796 =1246.51 mpa
final gauge length−original gayge length
 (e) percentage of elongation= original gauge length
× 100
56.642−50.8
= 50.8
× 100=11.5 %

2
1 σ σ γ (796.5520564 )2
(f) modulus of resilience (U r ¿= σ γ ( γ )= = =1.61
2 ∈ 2ϵ 2 ×197494
 Chapter 5: Conclusions and Recommendations
Conclusions
In a tensile test material using tensile test machine, the mechanical strength of the
material is obtained. During the test the material experience elastics and plastics deformation
when stretched.
The hardening strain phenomenon occur when the material is strengthened until it goes to
fracture.

Recommendations
For further experiment it is better the data of stress-strain directly from the
machine. It is for increasing the accuracy of the analysis.

References:
1.Dieter, G.E (1998). Mechanical Metallurgy. British Library.
2.Calister, W. D. (2009). Material science and engineering.