IFR study Guide

Private Pilot Privileges Documents Require for ights

-Act as PIC -Pilot Certi cate
-Tow Glider -Medical Certi cate (Know which class
-Fly for Charity you have)
-Search and rescue -Authorized photo ID
-Can be reimbursed for fees

How to stay current

6 Months 12 Months
6 H-I-T-S -Instrument Pro ciency check by
CFII or examiner
-6 Instrument approaches

-Holding Procedures

-Intercepting and tracking course using

electronic navigational systems
Flight review
-24 months=1 hour ight, 1 hour ground

+ To log instrument approaches, it has to be in IMC and must reach FAF

+ To CARRY PASSENGERS
+ 3 takeo s and landings in the same category and class in last 90 days (Full stops for
night)
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Chart Symbology
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IFR LOW Chart- KNOW ALL IFR ALTITUDES

MEA- Minimum Enroute Altitude

GPS MEA- Global navigational satellite system
MOCA- Minimum Obstacle Clearance Altitude 22 NM
 ____________________IFR Departure and Preparation_______________

Takeo Brie ng D.E.P.A.R.T.S.

+Departure review; initial heading, takeo type

+Expectations: Who is PIC?
+Plan; Weather, visibility, turbulence
+Alternate: takeo alternate and return plan
+Runway length and conditions
+Trouble tactics, review emergency procedures
+Speak up, Do you have any questions?

IFR Fuel Minimums

Departure to destination + furthest alternate + 45 min cruising speed= Fuel minimum

ALTERNATE NEEDED WHEN 123 RULE

1 hour before and 1 hour after of ETA to destination

-Alternate available when the ceiling is less than 2000 and visibility is less than 3 SM

File a Flight Plan

(30 MINUTES BEFORE FLIGHT)
-Flight service station (FSS)
-1800wxbrief.com
-ForeFlight

Cancel a ight plan (ANYTIME WHEN NOT IN CLASS A OR IMC)

-Towered airport will cancel automatically when landed
-Can cancel with ATC in air if airport is not towered

Procedures
Departure Procedures- Ensure obstacle clearance
-Cross departure end of runway at 35ft AGL
-Reach 400 ft AGL before turning
-Climb at 200 Feet Per Nautical Mile

Types of Departure Procedures

1. ODP- Obstacle Departure Procedure

-Provides clearance of obstacles
-Have to have either printed or on iPad
2. SID -Standard Instrument Departure Procedure (Organizing everyone leaving)
-Obstacle clearance and simpli es ATC clearance and reduce workload of aviators

3. STAR -Standard Terminal Arrival (Organizing everyone coming into airport) HAVE TO HAVE
PAPER WORK
-Fly orderly fashion into airport
-Fixes in air to turn planes into proper heading into landing con guration
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 IFR CLEARANCE

C.R.A.F.T. IFR Takeo minimums

-Clearance 1-2 engines, 1 SM visibility
-Route 2 engines, 1/2 SM visibility
-Altitude
-Frequency
-Transponder

+Clearance Void Time- Must notify ATC within 30 minutes after void time if you don’t depart

+EDCT- Expected departure clearance time- No more or less than 5 minutes

Minimum ight required for ight (Memorize! 91.205)

____________________ILS Instrument Landing System_______________

Localizer
- Provides lateral course guidance

Glide slope
- Provides Vertical Guidance

Marker Beacons
+Provide how far you are from the runway on the approach
Outer Marker- 4-7 miles out (when the GS should be intercepted)
Middle Marker- 3500 feet from RWY, where GS meets Decision height
Inner Marker- Between Middle marker and Runway threshold

+Approach Light System - Helps pilots transition to visual means vs instruments

+Non-Directional Beacon -Automatic direction nder and uses signals to nd aircraft position
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 ______________Weather________________

Weather Radars

1.Echo
2.Composite
3. Base

-These charts provide storm and weather

information

Ceiling and visibility charts- Represent where

the ceiling is based on surface observation

Graphical Turbulence Chart- Shows the intensity of turbulence, altitude

Thunderstorms - 3 things are needed Thunderstorm Hazards

1. Moisture -Wind
2. Unstable temperature lapse rate -UP/Down Draft
3. Uplifting force -Lightning
-Turbulence
3 stages of thunderstorm
1. Cumulus- lifting force
2. Mature- Beginning of
rainfall
3. Dissipating- Strong
downdraft

HOW TO CHECK FOR ICING!

-aviationweather.gov Check for icing

+Cloud types
-Stratus- Stable
-Cumulus-Unstable
+Icing
-Clear- Most dangerous
-Rime- Brittle and frost like
-Mixed - Hard and rough
conglomerate

Deicing
WHAT TO DO WHEN ICING IS ENCOUNTERED -Pitot heat for sling
-Cirrus 22: heaters on wings
1. Pitot Heat -Airlines
2. Change directions to get out of icing conditions -Heaters on wings
3. Turn around -Electronically heated windshield
-Deicing boots
-Deicing liquid; Propylene Glycol
-Good 22 minutes
 Weather Brie ngs 3 types
1. Standard- Getting ATIS like normal before your ight
2. Abbreviated- Updating a few things before your ight
3. Outlook- Getting ATIS 6 or more hours before your ight

AIRMETS (6 Hours)
S- IFR conditions, mountain obscurations
Z- Moderate Icing
T- Turbulence

SIGMENT (4 Hours)
-SEVERE weather! (Thunderstorms, Icing, dust storms)

Convective SIGMET (HOURLY )

-Thunderstorm related aviation hazards
-Winds 50 Knots or more
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AEROMEDICAL

Hypoxia- Insu cient supply of oxygen

Hyperventilation- Lack of carbon dioxide
A-B-C-D -Breath into a bag
-Deep breaths
Hypoxic Hypoxia- Altitude
Decompression Sickness- Wait at least 24
Hynemic Hypoxia- Blood hours to y someone or yourself after scuba
diving
Stagnant Hypoxia- Circulation

Histotoxic Hypoxia- Drug

Oxygen Requirements 91.211

12,500-14,000+FLIGHT CREW must use O2 for periods of more than 30 min. at that altitude

14,000 and above= FLIGHT CREW must use oxygen entire time

15,000 and above= Each OCCUPANT must be provided with supplemental oxygen
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 Spatial Disorientation
Visual illusion
-False Horizon- Sloping clouds cause a illusion that the horizon is di erent
-Autokinesis- Staring at a still light in the distance, may cause it to look like its moving

Optical illusions
-Runway Width Illusion-
-Wide Runway; you may “seem” too low
-Narrow runway; you may “seem” too high

-Terrain illusion- ying over a dark hole or dark piece of land, may cause you to think that you
are lower than you think

-Haze- illusion that the runway is further

-Fog- May give the illusion of the nose-up motion

Coping with spatial disorientation-

1. Understand what causes spatial disorientation
2. Obtain weather
3. Maintain instrument pro ciency
4. Avoid sudden movements
5. Complete IMSAFE
6. RELY INSTRUMENTS

AROW SAFETY Brie ng

A- Airworthiness Certi cate S-Seatbelts
R- Registration A-Air vents
O- Operating limitations F-Fire extinguisher
W- Weight and Balance E-Emergency procedure
T-Tra c
AV1ATE Y-Speak up
A-Annual, every 12 months
V-VOR, every 30 days
1- 100 hour inspection
A-Altimeter, every 24 months ARCH - Taxi Brie ng
T-Transponder, every 24 months A-Assigned route
E-ELT every 12 months, half use of battery, 1 hour R-Route
of continuous use C-Crossing and hold short instructions
S-Service Bulletins H-Hot spots

PAVE
P-Pilot
A-Aircraft NWKRAFT
V-enVironment N-Notams
E-External pressure W-Weather
K-Known ATC delays
R-Runway lengths
A-Alternates
F-Fuel Requirement
T-Takeo and landing distance
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 Instrument Rating Privileges Instrument Rating Limitations
-Can y in Class A -Without an Instrument rating, a Commercial
-Fly in clouds pilot will not be allowed to y for hire at night or
venture further than 50 nautical miles from the

Take o minimums for Sling; No takeo minimums for us

VOR check-The checks must be logged with the date, location, bearing error, and signature

+ or - 4 on the ground
+ or - 6 airborne 180 to 360 from
-The checks must be logged with the date, location, bearing error, and signature

UNOS
-Undershoot North, Overshoot South

ANDS
-Accelerate North, Decelerate South

Air Dara Computer

-Calculates attitude indicator and heading indicator, the pitot static system

Attitude System
-Controls the pitch and bank

Prog Chart Symbology

-Cold front, zone separating two air masses, the cooler air mass is
advancing and replacing the warmer front

-Warm front, area where a warm front is advancing and replacing a cold
front

-Stationary front, cold and warm air mass is moving at the same speed
and are not advancing and replacing each other

-Occluded front, cold front catches up to a warm front and lifts up the
warm front and replaces it, causing thunderstorms or fog
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 Trough- Jet stream dips southward and is associated with colder air, low
pressure aloft and less stable weather

Squall line- Line of active thunderstorms

Dry Line- Separation between dry and moist air