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INDEX
ABSTRACT:-
Formwork plays an important role in assisting geometry realisation and strength development
of concrete elements. It is also one of the major costs in the construction of concrete
structures. The use of formwork has a long history, and various formwork systems have been
used in different projects. In the design and selection of formwork system, the requirements,
such as safety, cost, structural geometry, construction time and surface quality need to be
taken into account. This paper presents a comprehensive review of various formwork systems
in concrete construction, including their raw materials, flexibility, fabrication methods,
applications in concrete structures and environmental impacts. The advantages and current
limitations of different formwork systems are compared and discussed, and finally
recommendations are given. Formwork is a temporary structure used to support fresh
concrete until it gains sufficient strength to carry its own weight in reinforced cement
concrete (RCC) construction. There are several types of formwork used on construction sites,
depending on the project requirements, materials, and construction techniques.
AIM:- collect the details of various types of the formwork use for Rcc structures at site.
OBJECTIVE:-
1. To study good formwork
2. To study economy in Formwork
3. To study types of Formwork
4. To study period of removal of formwork
5. To study importance of formwork in construction.
INTRODUCTION:-
Formwork is the structure, usually temporary, used to contain poured concrete and to mould it
to the required dimensions and support until it is able to support itself. It consists primarily of
the face contact material and the bearers that directly support the face contact material.
Falsework is the more robust structure that holds temporary formwork in place and is used in
the temporary condition.Formwork systems used for concrete frame construction have
continued to develop significantly since the early 1990s. The major innovations have focused
on on-site efficiency of production, health and safety, and environmental issues, driving the
concrete construction industry towards ever-increasing efficiency.Different formwork
systems provide a wide range of concrete construction solutions that can be chosen to suit the
needs of a particular development.Traditional formwork for concrete construction normally
consisted of bespoke solutions requiring skilled craftsmen. This type of formwork often had
poor safety features and gave slow rates of construction on-site and huge levels of waste.
Formwork (shuttering) in concrete construction is used as a mould for a structure in which
fresh concrete is poured only to harden subsequently. Types of concrete formwork
construction depend on formwork material and type of structural element.Formworks can
also be named based on the type of structural member construction, such as slab formwork
for use in a slab, beam formwork, column formwork for use in beams and columns,
respectively, etc.The construction of formwork takes time and involves the expenditure of up
to 20 to 25% of the cost of the structure or even more. The design of these temporary
structures is made for economic expenditure. The operation of removing the formwork is
known as stripping. Stripped formwork can be reused. Reusable forms are known as panel
forms and non-usable forms are called stationary forms.Timber is the most common material
used for formwork. The disadvantage of timber formwork is that it will warp, swell, and
shrink. The application of water-impermeable cost to the surface of wood mitigates these
defects.
LITERATURE REVIEW:-
Vithoba K. Kumawat ,Sheetal S. Karale ,Vaibhao K. Sonarkar
1 Building construction
Nirali publication
METHODOLOGY:-
good formwork should satisfy the following requirements:
● It should be strong enough to withstand all types of dead and live loads.
● It should be rigidly constructed and efficiently propped and braced both horizontally
and vertically, so as to retain its shape.
● The joints in the formwork should be tight against leakage of cement grout.
● Construction of formwork should permit removal of various parts in desired
sequences without damage to the concrete.
● The material of the formwork should be cheap, easily available and should be suitable
for reuse.
● The formwork should be set accurately to the desired line and levels should have a
plains surface.
● It should be as light as possible.
● The material of the formwork should not warp or get destroyed when exposed to the
elements.
● It should rest on a firm basis.
Economy in Formwork
The following points are to be kept in view to effect economy in the cost of formwork:
● The plan of the building should imply minimum number of variations in the size of
rooms, floor area etc.so as to permit reuse of the formwork repeatedly.
● Design should be perfect to use slender sections only in a most economical way.
● Minimum sawing and cutting of wooden pieces should be made to enable reuse of the
material anumber of times. The quantity of surface finish depends on the quality of
the formwork.Formwork can be made out of timber, plywood, steel, precast concrete
or fibreglass used separately or in combination. Steel forms are used in situations
where large numbers of re-use of the same forms are necessary. For small works,
timber formwork proves useful. Fibre glass made of precast concrete and aluminium
are used in cast-in-situ construction such as slabs or members involving curved
surfaces.
Timber used for shuttering for exposed concrete work should have smooth and even surface
on all faces which come in contact with concrete.Timber Formwork
2. Plywood Formwork
Resin bonded plywood sheets are attached to timber frames to make up panels of required
sizes. The cost of plywood formwork compares favourably with that of timber shuttering and
it may even prove cheaper in certain cases in view of the following considerations:
● It is possible to have smooth finish in which case the cost in surface finishing is there.
● By use of large size panels it is possible to effect saving in the labour cost of fixing
and dismantling.
● Number of reuses are more as compared with timber shuttering. For estimation
purpose,the number of reuses can be taken as 20 to 25.
3. Steel Formwork
This consists of panels fabricated out of thin steel plates stiffened along the edges by small
steel angles. The panel units can be held together through the use of suitable clamps or bolts
and nuts. The panels can be fabricated in large numbers in any desired modular shape or size.
Steel forms are largely used in large projects or in situation where large reuses of the
shuttering are possible. This type of shuttering is considered most suitable for circular or
curved structures.
Rapid hardening cement, warm weather and light loading conditions allow early removal of
formwork. The Formwork should under no circumstances be allowed to be removed until all
the concrete reaches strength of at least twice the stresses to which the concrete may be
subjected at the time of removal of formwork. Allformworks should be eased gradually and
carefully in order to prevent the load being suddenly transferred to concrete.Figure shows
formwork for different types of members in civil engineering construction.
CONCLUSION:-
In conclusion, the types of formwork used for Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) structures
at construction sites are selected based on factors like project size, complexity, budget, and
the desired finish.This paper provides a comprehensive review of various formwork systems
in concrete construction, including their histories, applications and technological
developments. The advantages and disadvantages of each formwork system are also
discussed, and the major conclusions are given below.Traditional formworks are most
suitable for structures with orthogonal or regular shapes. They usually have a high demand
for skilled labour, and the reuse of formwork is limited to the concrete components.
REFERENCES:-
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2. "Formwork Lubricants - Types and Uses of Release Agents for Formworks".
hillandgriffith.com. February 13, 2020. Retrieved July 5, 2022.
3. "Lubricant for formwork: characteristics". birmiss.com. Retrieved July 5, 2022.
4. "Here Are Some Reasons Why You Should Start Using Climbing Formwork". The
Balance. Retrieved 2018-03-09.
5. WRI (2005) Carbon Dioxide Emissions by Source 2005. Earthtrends Data Tables:
Climate and Atmosphere, Available online.
6. Orr JJ, Darby AP, Ibell TJ, et al (2011) Concrete structures using fabric formwork.
The Structural Engineer 89(8): 20-26. http://opus.bath.ac.uk/23588/