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Networkin and Internet 2

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19 views6 pages

Networkin and Internet 2

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Introduction to Internet

A network is a group of two or more computer systems which are related through
a couple of channels for the motive of sending and receiving data in a shared
environment.

Internet is a global communication system that links together thousands of


individual networks. It allows exchange of information between two or more
computers on a network. Thus internet helps in transfer of messages through mail,
chat, video & audio conference, etc.

History of Internet

the ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network, later renamed the
internet) established a successful link between the University of California Los
Angeles and the Stanford Research Institute on October 29, 1969. Soon after the
people from different backgrounds such as engineers scientists, students and
researchers started using the network for exchanging information and messages.

Uses of the Internet:


E-mail: E-mail is an electronic message sent across a network from one
computer user to one or more recipients.
Web Chat: Web chat is an application that allows you to send and receive
messages in real-time with others.
World Wide Web: The World Wide Web is the Internet’s most popular
information exchange service. It provides users with access to a large number of
documents that are linked together using hypertext or hyperlinks.
E-commerce: E-commerce refers to electronic business transactions made over
the Internet. It encompasses a wide range of product and service-related online
business activities.
Video conferencing: The term “video conferencing” refers to the use of voice
and images to communicate amongst users.
World Wide Web (WWW)
The World Wide Web (WWW), often called the Web, is a system of interconnected
webpages and information that you can access using the Internet. The WWW was
started by CERN in 1989. It was created to help people share and find information
easily, using links that connect different pages together. The Web allows us to
browse websites, watch videos, shop online, and connect with others around the
world through our computers and phones.
Components of the Web
There are 3 components of the web:
Uniform Resource Locator (URL): URL serves as a system for resources on the
web.
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP): HTTP specifies communication of browser
and server.
Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML): HTML defines the structure, organisation
and content of a web page.
Difference Between WWW and Internet
WWW Internet

It is originated in 1989. It is originated in 1960.

WWW is an interconnected network of websites and Internet is used to connect a computer with other
documents that can be accessed via the Internet. computer .

WWW used protocols such as HTTP Internet used protocols such as TCP/IP

It is based on software. It is based on hardware.

It is a service contained inside an infrastructure. There is a entire infrastructure in internet.

Internet Connection Protocols


Protocols are a set of guidelines that aid in regulating the operation of any specific organization or
technology. Three main categories of Internet Connection Protocols are discussed below:

o TCP/IP Network Model: The most popular protocols for linking networks are
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP). Any communication is
split up into a number of packets that are sent from source to destination.
o File Transfer Protocol: With the help of FTP (File Transfer Protocol), a user can transfer
documents, text files, multimedia files, program files, etc., from one device to another.
o Hypertext Transfer Protocol: It is used to move a hypertext between two or more
computers or other devices. Links can be made using HTML tags and can take the form of
text or graphics.

Computer Network Types


A computer network can be categorized by their size.
A computer network is mainly of four types:
o LAN(Local Area Network)
o PAN(Personal Area Network)
o MAN(Metropolitan Area Network)
o WAN(Wide Area Network)

LAN(Local Area Network)


o Local Area Network is a group of computers connected to each other in a small area such
as building, office.
o LAN is used for connecting two or more personal computers through a communication
medium such as twisted pair, coaxial cable, etc.
o It is less costly as it is built with inexpensive hardware such as hubs, network adapters,
and ethernet cables.
o The data is transferred at an extremely faster rate in Local Area Network.
o Local Area Network provides higher security.

PAN(Personal Area Network)


o Personal Area Network is a network arranged within an individual person, typically within
a range of 10 meters.
o Personal Area Network is used for connecting the computer devices of personal use is
known as Personal Area Network.
o Personal computer devices that are used to develop the personal area network are the
laptop, mobile phones, media player and play stations.

There are two types of Personal Area Network:

o Wired Personal Area Network


o Wireless Personal Area Network

MAN(Metropolitan Area Network)


o A metropolitan area network is a network that covers a larger geographic area by
interconnecting a different LAN to form a larger network.
o Government agencies use MAN to connect to the citizens and private industries.
o In MAN, various LANs are connected to each other through a telephone exchange line.
o It has a higher range than Local Area Network(LAN).

WAN(Wide Area Network)


o A Wide Area Network is a network that extends over a large geographical area such as
states or countries.
o A Wide Area Network is quite bigger network than the LAN.
o A Wide Area Network is not limited to a single location, but it spans over a large
geographical area through a telephone line, fibre optic cable or satellite links.
o The internet is one of the biggest WAN in the world.
o A Wide Area Network is widely used in the field of Business, government, and education.

Network Topology
Topology defines the structure of the network of how all the components are interconnected to
each other. There are six types of network topology which are Bus Topology, Ring Topology, Tree
Topology, Star Topology, Mesh Topology, and Hybrid Topology.
Bus Topology
o The bus topology is designed in such a
way that all the stations are connected
through a single cable known as a
backbone cable.
o Each node is either connected to the
backbone cable by drop cable or directly
connected to the backbone cable.
o When a node wants to send a message
over the network, it puts a message over
the network. All the stations available in the network will receive the message whether it
has been addressed or not.
o The configuration of a bus topology is quite simpler as compared to other topologies.

Advantages

Cheap and easy to implement

Require less cable

Does not use any specialized network equipment.

Disadvantages

Network disruption when computers are added or removed

A break in the cable will prevent all systems from accessing the network.

Difficult to troubleshoot.

Ring Topology
o Ring topology is like a bus topology, but with
connected ends.
o The data flows in one direction, i.e., it is unidirectional.
o It has no terminated ends, i.e., each node is connected
to other node and having no termination point.
o The data in a ring topology flow in a clockwise
direction.

Advantages

Cable faults are easily located, making troubleshooting easier

Ring networks are moderately easy to install

Disadvantages
Expansion to the network can cause network disruption

A single break in the cable can disrupt the entire network.

Star Topology
o Star topology is an arrangement of the network
in which every node is connected to the central
hub, switch or a central computer.
o The central computer is known as a server,
and the peripheral devices attached to the
server are known as clients.
o Hubs or Switches are mainly used as
connection devices in a physical star topology.

Advantages

Easily expanded without disruption to the network

Cable failure affects only a single user

Easy to troubleshoot and isolate problems

Disadvantages

Requires more cable

A central connecting device allows for a single point of failure

More difficult to implement

Mesh topology
o Mesh technology is an arrangement of the network in
which computers are interconnected with each other
through various redundant connections.
o There are multiple paths from one computer to another
computer.
o It does not contain the switch, hub or any central
computer which acts as a central point of
communication.
o The Internet is an example of the mesh topology.

Advantages

Disadvantages

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