Comptons Effect

COMPTON EFFECT
FOR
B.Sc. T.Y.
BY
Bhanudas Narwade
COMPTON EFFECT
Scattering of photon by
an electron
ARTHUR HOLLY COMPTON
(1892-1962)
Native : Ohio
Education: Wooster and Princeton
Research: Washington university
X-ray increases in wavelength
when scattered
Conformation of particle nature of
light
Studied cosmic rays
Nobel prize in 1927
EXPERIMENTAL
DEMONSTRATION
X –Ray of single wavelength is
directed at target
Wavelength of scattered X-Rays

determined at various angle 𝝓
Result shows the shift
in wavelength
C OM P TON E F F E C T
𝐸 = ℎ𝜐 ′
Scattering of photon by an electron P= 𝒉𝝊′ /c
Suppose an X ray photon strikes on electron
Scattered photon changes its direction 𝑬 = 𝒉𝝊
Electron receives impulse begins to move
P= 𝒉𝝊/c 𝑬= 𝒎𝟐𝟎 𝒄𝟒 + 𝒑𝟐 𝒄𝟐
Before Collision
Energy associated with initial photon of p=p
frequency 𝝊.is
𝑬 = 𝒉𝝊
After collision
Energy associated with scattered
photon of frequency 𝜐 ′ is
𝑬 = 𝒉𝝊′
C OM P TON E F F E C T
𝐸 = ℎ𝜐 ′
During collision
P= 𝒉𝝊′ /c
Photon looses energy
𝑬 = 𝒉𝝊
Electron receives that one
Loss in photon energy=Gain of KE of P= 𝒉𝝊/c 𝑬= 𝒎𝟐𝟎 𝒄𝟒 + 𝒑𝟐 𝒄𝟐
electron p=p
ℎ𝜐 − ℎ𝜐 ′ = KE -------------(1)
Momentum of massless particle
related to its energy by
E=pc -----------------------------(2)
Photon momentum
p=E/c= ℎ𝜐/c -------------------(3)
COMPTON EFFECT
𝜙 –angle between initial and final photon
Momentum is conserved in each two mutually

perpendicular direction
Initial photon momentum = 𝒉𝝊/𝒄
Scattered photon momentum = 𝒉𝝊′ /c
Initial electron momentum= 0
Final electron momentum = p 𝜣–angle between initial photon and recoil
In original direction electron
Initial momentum=final momentum
𝒉𝝊 𝒉𝝊′
+ 𝟎 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝝓 + 𝒑𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜣-----(4)
𝒄 𝒄
Perpendicular direction
Initial momentum=final momentum
𝒉𝝊′
𝟎 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝓 + 𝒑𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜣--------------(5)
𝒄
COMPTON EFFECT
Multiplying eq.(4) and (5) by c and rewriting

𝑝𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = ℎ𝜐 − ℎ𝜐 ′ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 ----(6)
𝑝𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = ℎ𝜐 ′ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙 ----- ---(7)
Squaring and adding eq. (6) and (7) 𝜃 is eliminated
𝑝2 𝑐 2 = (ℎ𝜐)2 -2(ℎ𝜐)(ℎ𝜐 ′ )cos𝜙+(ℎ𝜐 ′ )2 ------(8)
Total energy of particle is
E = (K.E.)+𝑚0 𝑐 2 -------(9)
------(10)
𝑬= 𝒎𝟐𝟎 𝒄𝟒 + 𝒑𝟐 𝒄𝟐
From (9) and(10)

(𝐾. 𝐸. +𝑚0 𝑐 2 )2 =𝑚02 𝑐 4 + 𝑝2 𝑐 2
𝑝2 𝑐 2 = (𝐾. 𝐸. )2 +2𝑚0 𝑐 2 (𝐾. 𝐸)
But KE= ℎ𝜐 − ℎ𝜐 ′
COMPTON EFFECT
𝑝2 𝑐 2 = (ℎ𝜐)2 -2(ℎ𝜐)(ℎ𝜐 ′ ) +(ℎ𝜐 ′ )2 + 2𝑚0 𝑐 2 (ℎ𝜐 − ℎ𝜐 ′ )-----(11)
Substituting 𝑝2 𝑐 2 in eq.(8)
2𝑚0 𝑐 2 ℎ𝜐 − ℎ𝜐 ′ = 2 ℎ𝜐 ℎ𝜐 ′ )(1−cos𝜙 -------------------(12)
Dividing eq. (12) by 2 ℎ2 𝑐 2
𝑚0 𝑐 𝜐 𝜐′ 𝜐 𝜐′
( − ) = − (1−cos𝜙)
ℎ 𝑐 𝑐 𝑐 𝑐
𝜐 1 ′ 1
Since = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 =
𝑐  𝑐 ′
𝑚0 𝑐 1 1 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙
( )= −
ℎ 
′ ′
COMPTON EFFECT
ℎ
′ -  = (1−cos𝜙) ---------------(13)
𝑚0 𝑐
ℎ
= 𝑐 Is Compton Wavelength
𝑚0 𝑐
CONCLUSION:
1) 1) Compton wavelength gives the scale of wavelength

change of incident photon
2) Greatest wavelength change occurs when 𝝓 =180
degree which is twice 𝑐
3) Maximum wavelength observed in X-Rays for visible it
is less than 0.01%
4) X-Rays lose energy when they pass through the matter
5) Compton effect gives conformation to photon model
SUMMARY:
Compton effect is scattering of photon by electron

Energy associated with initial photon of
frequency 𝝊.is 𝑬 = 𝒉𝝊
Energy associated with scattered
photon of frequency 𝜐 ′ is 𝑬 = 𝒉𝝊′
Loss in photon energy=Gain of KE of electron
𝒉𝝊 − 𝒉𝝊′ = KE
Momentum is conserved in each two mutually
perpendicular direction
COMPTON EFFECT
ℎ
′ -  = (1−cos𝜙) ---------------(13)
𝑚0 𝑐
ℎ
= 𝑐 Is Compton Wavelength =2.426 pico metre
𝑚0 𝑐
NUMERICAL PROBLEMS:
1. X-ray of wavelength 10.0pm are scarred from a target.
2. a)Find the wavelength of Xray scattered through 450
3. b) Find maximum wavelength present in the scattered X rays
4. c) Find maximum kinetic energy of recoil electron
5. Solution:
6. Given: Wave length of incident X-ray = = 10 pm=10.0x10-12m
ℎ
1. = 𝑐 Is Compton Wavelength =2.426pm
𝑚0 𝑐
2. Scattered angle = 𝜙 = 450 ,Wave length of scattered X-ray = ′ =?
3. Maximum Wave length of scattered X-ray = ′ -  =?
4. Maximum kinetic energy of recoil electron=?
5. a) Compton effect
ℎ
′ -  = 𝑚 (1−cos𝜙)= ′ -  = (1−cos𝜙)
𝑐
0 𝑐
1. ′ =  +𝑐 (1−cos𝜙) substituting the values

2. ′ = 10pm+2.426pm( 1-cos450)
1. = 10 pm+2.426pm(1-.7071)=10pm+0.71pm
2. = Wave length of scattered X-ray = ′ =10.7pm
NUMERICAL PROBLEMS:
b) Maximum Wave length of scattered X-ray = ′ - 

when cos 𝜙=1800 i.e. (1−cos𝜙)= 2
′ =  +2𝑐 =10pm+2x 2.426pm
= 10pm+ 4. 852pm=14.852pm
Maximum Wave length of scattered X-ray = ′ -  =14.852pm
c) Maximum kinetic energy of recoil electron=Difference in energies of
incidence and scattered photons
1 1
K.E.max= h(𝜐 − 𝜐 ′ ) =hc ( − ′ )
 
1 1
=( 6.63x10 − 34x3x108 ( − )
10.0𝑝𝑚 14.9𝑝𝑚
= 6.54x10-15 joule
6.54𝑥10−15
= =4.08 KeV
1.6𝑥10−19
P= 𝒉𝝊/c
𝑬 = 𝒎𝒄𝟐
𝑬 = 𝒎𝒄. 𝒄
𝑬 = 𝒑𝒄
𝑬
𝒑=
𝒄
𝒉𝝊
𝒑=
𝒄
𝑬= 𝒎 𝟐𝟎 𝒄 𝟒 + 𝒑 𝟐 𝒄 𝟐
𝟐 𝒎𝟎 𝒄𝟐
Relativistic total energy=E=𝒎𝒄 =
𝒗𝟐
𝟏− 𝟐
𝒄
𝒎𝟎 𝒗
Relativistic momentum=p=𝒎𝒗 =
𝒗𝟐
𝟏− 𝟐
𝒄
𝟐 𝟒
𝟐 𝒎𝟎 𝒄 𝟐 𝒎𝟐𝟎 𝒗𝟐
𝑬 = 𝒗𝟐
and 𝒑 = 𝒗𝟐
𝟏− 𝟐 𝟏− 𝟐
𝒄 𝒄
𝟐 𝟒 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒎 𝟎 𝒄 − 𝒎 𝟎𝒗 𝒄
𝑬 −𝒑 𝒄 =
𝒗𝟐
𝟏− 𝟐
𝒄
𝒗𝟐
𝒎𝟐𝟎 𝒄𝟒 (𝟏− 𝟐 )
= 𝒗𝟐
𝒄
= 𝒎𝟐𝟎 𝒄𝟒
(𝟏− 𝟐 )
𝒄
𝑬𝟐 = 𝒎𝟐𝟎 𝒄𝟒 + 𝒑𝟐 𝒄𝟐
𝑬= 𝒎𝟐𝟎 𝒄𝟒 + 𝒑𝟐 𝒄𝟐

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COMPTON EFFECT

X –Ray of single wavelength is

Wavelength of scattered X-Rays

Result shows the shift

𝜙 –angle between initial and final photon

Momentum is conserved in each two mutually

Multiplying eq.(4) and (5) by c and rewriting

From (9) and(10)

𝑝2 𝑐 2 = (ℎ𝜐)2 -2(ℎ𝜐)(ℎ𝜐 ′ ) +(ℎ𝜐 ′ )2 + 2𝑚0 𝑐 2 (ℎ𝜐 − ℎ𝜐 ′ )-----(11)

1) 1) Compton wavelength gives the scale of wavelength

Compton effect is scattering of photon by electron

1. ′ =  +𝑐 (1−cos𝜙) substituting the values

b) Maximum Wave length of scattered X-ray = ′ - 

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