Imperative programming

School of Technology and Management

Control Structures

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ESTiG

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Summary

1 Terminal Simple Output

2 Control Structures

3 Examples

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 Terminal Simple Output

Summary

1 Terminal Simple Output

2 Control Structures

3 Examples

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 Terminal Simple Output

Terminal Simple Output

C applications in Imperative programming → Terminal
Applications
User interaction terminal based Input/Output (I/O)

[email protected] (ESTiG) Imperative programming 4 / 14

 Terminal Simple Output

Terminal Simple Output

C applications in Imperative programming → Terminal
Applications
User interaction terminal based Input/Output (I/O)

[email protected] (ESTiG) Imperative programming 4 / 14

 Terminal Simple Output

Terminal Simple Output

Development Process desirable to be able to output the state of
variables/entities on the terminal
Although in an introductory manner, it's important to learn an output
function:
http://devdocs.io/c/io/fscanfprintf
Outputs formatted text to the terminal
The function's prototype (header) is:
printf("text format", var1 , var2 , ..., varn );
The text format can contain:
The output text we want to display on the terminal
Escape characters - \n, \t, \b, . . .
Format speciers (placeholders) → 1 for each variable var1 varn

[email protected] (ESTiG) Imperative programming 5 / 14

 Terminal Simple Output

Terminal Simple Output

Development Process desirable to be able to output the state of
variables/entities on the terminal
Although in an introductory manner, it's important to learn an output
function:
http://devdocs.io/c/io/fscanfprintf
Outputs formatted text to the terminal
The function's prototype (header) is:
printf("text format", var1 , var2 , ..., varn );
The text format can contain:
The output text we want to display on the terminal
Escape characters - \n, \t, \b, . . .
Format speciers (placeholders) → 1 for each variable var1 varn

[email protected] (ESTiG) Imperative programming 5 / 14

 Terminal Simple Output

Terminal Simple Output

Development Process desirable to be able to output the state of
variables/entities on the terminal
Although in an introductory manner, it's important to learn an output
function:
http://devdocs.io/c/io/fscanfprintf
Outputs formatted text to the terminal
The function's prototype (header) is:
printf("text format", var1 , var2 , ..., varn );
The text format can contain:
The output text we want to display on the terminal
Escape characters - \n, \t, \b, . . .
Format speciers (placeholders) → 1 for each variable var1 varn

[email protected] (ESTiG) Imperative programming 5 / 14

 Terminal Simple Output

Terminal Simple Output

Development Process desirable to be able to output the state of
variables/entities on the terminal
Although in an introductory manner, it's important to learn an output
function:
http://devdocs.io/c/io/fscanfprintf
Outputs formatted text to the terminal
The function's prototype (header) is:
printf("text format", var1 , var2 , ..., varn );
The text format can contain:
The output text we want to display on the terminal
Escape characters - \n, \t, \b, . . .
Format speciers (placeholders) → 1 for each variable var1 varn

[email protected] (ESTiG) Imperative programming 5 / 14

 Terminal Simple Output

Terminal Simple Output

Development Process desirable to be able to output the state of
variables/entities on the terminal
Although in an introductory manner, it's important to learn an output
function:
http://devdocs.io/c/io/fscanfprintf
Outputs formatted text to the terminal
The function's prototype (header) is:
printf("text format", var1 , var2 , ..., varn );
The text format can contain:
The output text we want to display on the terminal
Escape characters - \n, \t, \b, . . .
Format speciers (placeholders) → 1 for each variable var1 varn

[email protected] (ESTiG) Imperative programming 5 / 14

 Terminal Simple Output

Terminal Simple Output

Development Process desirable to be able to output the state of
variables/entities on the terminal
Although in an introductory manner, it's important to learn an output
function:
http://devdocs.io/c/io/fscanfprintf
Outputs formatted text to the terminal
The function's prototype (header) is:
printf("text format", var1 , var2 , ..., varn );
The text format can contain:
The output text we want to display on the terminal
Escape characters - \n, \t, \b, . . .
Format speciers (placeholders) → 1 for each variable var1 varn

[email protected] (ESTiG) Imperative programming 5 / 14

 Terminal Simple Output

Terminal Simple Output

Development Process desirable to be able to output the state of
variables/entities on the terminal
Although in an introductory manner, it's important to learn an output
function:
http://devdocs.io/c/io/fscanfprintf
Outputs formatted text to the terminal
The function's prototype (header) is:
printf("text format", var1 , var2 , ..., varn );
The text format can contain:
The output text we want to display on the terminal
Escape characters - \n, \t, \b, . . .
Format speciers (placeholders) → 1 for each variable var1 varn

[email protected] (ESTiG) Imperative programming 5 / 14

 Terminal Simple Output

Terminal Simple Output

Development Process desirable to be able to output the state of
variables/entities on the terminal
Although in an introductory manner, it's important to learn an output
function:
http://devdocs.io/c/io/fscanfprintf
Outputs formatted text to the terminal
The function's prototype (header) is:
printf("text format", var1 , var2 , ..., varn );
The text format can contain:
The output text we want to display on the terminal
Escape characters - \n, \t, \b, . . .
Format speciers (placeholders) → 1 for each variable var1 varn

[email protected] (ESTiG) Imperative programming 5 / 14

 Terminal Simple Output

Terminal Simple Output - printf

The format speciers are character sequences, started with %
followed by information about the type/format
They dene the location and format of each variable in the terminal
output
On the code snippet bellow we can identify:
%d - integer format (supports int)
%f - oating-point format (supports oat or double)
%c - character format (supports char)
\n - introduces a line break (new line)

This are just some of the format speciers provided by printf

The remaining will be addressed in more detail later on the course unit. . .

[email protected] (ESTiG) Imperative programming 6 / 14

 Terminal Simple Output

Terminal Simple Output - printf

The format speciers are character sequences, started with %
followed by information about the type/format
They dene the location and format of each variable in the terminal
output
On the code snippet bellow we can identify:
%d - integer format (supports int)
%f - oating-point format (supports oat or double)
%c - character format (supports char)
\n - introduces a line break (new line)

This are just some of the format speciers provided by printf

The remaining will be addressed in more detail later on the course unit. . .

[email protected] (ESTiG) Imperative programming 6 / 14

 Terminal Simple Output

Terminal Simple Output - printf

The format speciers are character sequences, started with %
followed by information about the type/format
They dene the location and format of each variable in the terminal
output
On the code snippet bellow we can identify:
%d - integer format (supports int)
%f - oating-point format (supports oat or double)
%c - character format (supports char)
\n - introduces a line break (new line)

This are just some of the format speciers provided by printf

The remaining will be addressed in more detail later on the course unit. . .

int age = 40 ;
double height = 1.72 ;
char gender = 'M ';
printf (" Profile : % d years , % f meters , gender = % c\n " , age , height , gender ) ;

Profile : 40 years , 1.720000 meters , gender = M

[email protected] (ESTiG) Imperative programming 6 / 14

 Terminal Simple Output

Terminal Simple Output - printf

The format speciers are character sequences, started with %
followed by information about the type/format
They dene the location and format of each variable in the terminal
output
On the code snippet bellow we can identify:
%d - integer format (supports int)
%f - oating-point format (supports oat or double)
%c - character format (supports char)
\n - introduces a line break (new line)

This are just some of the format speciers provided by printf

The remaining will be addressed in more detail later on the course unit. . .

int age = 40 ;
double height = 1.72 ;
char gender = 'M ';
printf (" Profile : % d years , % f meters , gender = % c\n " , age , height , gender ) ;

Profile : 40 years , 1.720000 meters , gender = M

[email protected] (ESTiG) Imperative programming 6 / 14

 Terminal Simple Output

Terminal Simple Output - printf

The format speciers are character sequences, started with %
followed by information about the type/format
They dene the location and format of each variable in the terminal
output
On the code snippet bellow we can identify:
%d - integer format (supports int)
%f - oating-point format (supports oat or double)
%c - character format (supports char)
\n - introduces a line break (new line)

This are just some of the format speciers provided by printf

The remaining will be addressed in more detail later on the course unit. . .

int age = 40 ;
double height = 1.72 ;
char gender = 'M ';
printf (" Profile : % d years , % f meters , gender = % c\n " , age , height , gender ) ;

Profile : 40 years , 1.720000 meters , gender = M

[email protected] (ESTiG) Imperative programming 6 / 14

 Terminal Simple Output

Terminal Simple Output - printf

The format speciers are character sequences, started with %
followed by information about the type/format
They dene the location and format of each variable in the terminal
output
On the code snippet bellow we can identify:
%d - integer format (supports int)
%f - oating-point format (supports oat or double)
%c - character format (supports char)
\n - introduces a line break (new line)

This are just some of the format speciers provided by printf

The remaining will be addressed in more detail later on the course unit. . .

int age = 40 ;
double height = 1.72 ;
char gender = 'M ';
printf (" Profile : % d years , % f meters , gender = % c\n " , age , height , gender ) ;

Profile : 40 years , 1.720000 meters , gender = M

[email protected] (ESTiG) Imperative programming 6 / 14

 Terminal Simple Output

Terminal Simple Output - printf

The format speciers are character sequences, started with %
followed by information about the type/format
They dene the location and format of each variable in the terminal
output
On the code snippet bellow we can identify:
%d - integer format (supports int)
%f - oating-point format (supports oat or double)
%c - character format (supports char)
\n - introduces a line break (new line)

This are just some of the format speciers provided by printf

The remaining will be addressed in more detail later on the course unit. . .

int age = 40 ;
double height = 1.72 ;
char gender = 'M ';
printf (" Profile : % d years , % f meters , gender = % c\n " , age , height , gender ) ;

Profile : 40 years , 1.720000 meters , gender = M

[email protected] (ESTiG) Imperative programming 6 / 14

 Terminal Simple Output

Terminal Simple Output - printf

The format speciers are character sequences, started with %
followed by information about the type/format
They dene the location and format of each variable in the terminal
output
On the code snippet bellow we can identify:
%d - integer format (supports int)
%f - oating-point format (supports oat or double)
%c - character format (supports char)
\n - introduces a line break (new line)

This are just some of the format speciers provided by printf

The remaining will be addressed in more detail later on the course unit. . .

int age = 40 ;
double height = 1.72 ;
char gender = 'M ';
printf (" Profile : % d years , % f meters , gender = % c\n " , age , height , gender ) ;

Profile : 40 years , 1.720000 meters , gender = M

[email protected] (ESTiG) Imperative programming 6 / 14

 Control Structures

Summary

1 Terminal Simple Output

2 Control Structures

3 Examples

[email protected] (ESTiG) Imperative programming 7 / 14

 Control Structures

Control Structures
There are several phases on the implementation of a program, namely:
1 Finding the program's requirements Specication
2 Research and analysis of the possible solutions
3 Coding and debugging (development loop)
Phase 2 can consist of the program's representation in the form of a
ux diagram (≡ algorithm)
This ux diagram is later implemented (phase 3) by using C code
C language sequential programming paradigm
Provides a group of control structures, allowing the programmer to
control the ow of execution:
Selection structures - if, switch/case
Loop structures - while, do/while, for
Aiming to ease application design/algorithm, we introduce the basic
concepts behind select and loop structures
[email protected] (ESTiG) Imperative programming 8 / 14
 Control Structures

Control Structures
There are several phases on the implementation of a program, namely:
1 Finding the program's requirements Specication
2 Research and analysis of the possible solutions
3 Coding and debugging (development loop)
Phase 2 can consist of the program's representation in the form of a
ux diagram (≡ algorithm)
This ux diagram is later implemented (phase 3) by using C code
C language sequential programming paradigm
Provides a group of control structures, allowing the programmer to
control the ow of execution:
Selection structures - if, switch/case
Loop structures - while, do/while, for
Aiming to ease application design/algorithm, we introduce the basic
concepts behind select and loop structures
[email protected] (ESTiG) Imperative programming 8 / 14
 Control Structures

Control Structures
There are several phases on the implementation of a program, namely:
1 Finding the program's requirements Specication
2 Research and analysis of the possible solutions
3 Coding and debugging (development loop)
Phase 2 can consist of the program's representation in the form of a
ux diagram (≡ algorithm)
This ux diagram is later implemented (phase 3) by using C code
C language sequential programming paradigm
Provides a group of control structures, allowing the programmer to
control the ow of execution:
Selection structures - if, switch/case
Loop structures - while, do/while, for
Aiming to ease application design/algorithm, we introduce the basic
concepts behind select and loop structures
[email protected] (ESTiG) Imperative programming 8 / 14
 Control Structures

Control Structures
There are several phases on the implementation of a program, namely:
1 Finding the program's requirements Specication
2 Research and analysis of the possible solutions
3 Coding and debugging (development loop)
Phase 2 can consist of the program's representation in the form of a
ux diagram (≡ algorithm)
This ux diagram is later implemented (phase 3) by using C code
C language sequential programming paradigm
Provides a group of control structures, allowing the programmer to
control the ow of execution:
Selection structures - if, switch/case
Loop structures - while, do/while, for
Aiming to ease application design/algorithm, we introduce the basic
concepts behind select and loop structures
[email protected] (ESTiG) Imperative programming 8 / 14
 Control Structures

Control Structures
There are several phases on the implementation of a program, namely:
1 Finding the program's requirements Specication
2 Research and analysis of the possible solutions
3 Coding and debugging (development loop)
Phase 2 can consist of the program's representation in the form of a
ux diagram (≡ algorithm)
This ux diagram is later implemented (phase 3) by using C code
C language sequential programming paradigm
Provides a group of control structures, allowing the programmer to
control the ow of execution:
Selection structures - if, switch/case
Loop structures - while, do/while, for
Aiming to ease application design/algorithm, we introduce the basic
concepts behind select and loop structures
[email protected] (ESTiG) Imperative programming 8 / 14
 Control Structures

Control Structures
There are several phases on the implementation of a program, namely:
1 Finding the program's requirements Specication
2 Research and analysis of the possible solutions
3 Coding and debugging (development loop)
Phase 2 can consist of the program's representation in the form of a
ux diagram (≡ algorithm)
This ux diagram is later implemented (phase 3) by using C code
C language sequential programming paradigm
Provides a group of control structures, allowing the programmer to
control the ow of execution:
Selection structures - if, switch/case
Loop structures - while, do/while, for
Aiming to ease application design/algorithm, we introduce the basic
concepts behind select and loop structures
[email protected] (ESTiG) Imperative programming 8 / 14
 Control Structures

Control Structures
There are several phases on the implementation of a program, namely:
1 Finding the program's requirements Specication
2 Research and analysis of the possible solutions
3 Coding and debugging (development loop)
Phase 2 can consist of the program's representation in the form of a
ux diagram (≡ algorithm)
This ux diagram is later implemented (phase 3) by using C code
C language sequential programming paradigm
Provides a group of control structures, allowing the programmer to
control the ow of execution:
Selection structures - if, switch/case
Loop structures - while, do/while, for
Aiming to ease application design/algorithm, we introduce the basic
concepts behind select and loop structures
[email protected] (ESTiG) Imperative programming 8 / 14
 Control Structures

Control Structures
There are several phases on the implementation of a program, namely:
1 Finding the program's requirements Specication
2 Research and analysis of the possible solutions
3 Coding and debugging (development loop)
Phase 2 can consist of the program's representation in the form of a
ux diagram (≡ algorithm)
This ux diagram is later implemented (phase 3) by using C code
C language sequential programming paradigm
Provides a group of control structures, allowing the programmer to
control the ow of execution:
Selection structures - if, switch/case
Loop structures - while, do/while, for
Aiming to ease application design/algorithm, we introduce the basic
concepts behind select and loop structures
[email protected] (ESTiG) Imperative programming 8 / 14
 Control Structures

Control Structures
There are several phases on the implementation of a program, namely:
1 Finding the program's requirements Specication
2 Research and analysis of the possible solutions
3 Coding and debugging (development loop)
Phase 2 can consist of the program's representation in the form of a
ux diagram (≡ algorithm)
This ux diagram is later implemented (phase 3) by using C code
C language sequential programming paradigm
Provides a group of control structures, allowing the programmer to
control the ow of execution:
Selection structures - if, switch/case
Loop structures - while, do/while, for
Aiming to ease application design/algorithm, we introduce the basic
concepts behind select and loop structures
[email protected] (ESTiG) Imperative programming 8 / 14
 Control Structures

Control Structures
There are several phases on the implementation of a program, namely:
1 Finding the program's requirements Specication
2 Research and analysis of the possible solutions
3 Coding and debugging (development loop)
Phase 2 can consist of the program's representation in the form of a
ux diagram (≡ algorithm)
This ux diagram is later implemented (phase 3) by using C code
C language sequential programming paradigm
Provides a group of control structures, allowing the programmer to
control the ow of execution:
Selection structures - if, switch/case
Loop structures - while, do/while, for
Aiming to ease application design/algorithm, we introduce the basic
concepts behind select and loop structures
[email protected] (ESTiG) Imperative programming 8 / 14
 Control Structures

Control Structures
There are several phases on the implementation of a program, namely:
1 Finding the program's requirements Specication
2 Research and analysis of the possible solutions
3 Coding and debugging (development loop)
Phase 2 can consist of the program's representation in the form of a
ux diagram (≡ algorithm)
This ux diagram is later implemented (phase 3) by using C code
C language sequential programming paradigm
Provides a group of control structures, allowing the programmer to
control the ow of execution:
Selection structures - if, switch/case
Loop structures - while, do/while, for
Aiming to ease application design/algorithm, we introduce the basic
concepts behind select and loop structures
[email protected] (ESTiG) Imperative programming 8 / 14
 Control Structures

Control Structures - simple/compound statements

In programming slang, statement can refer to:
simple statement - a single instruction (ends with ;):
double squareRoot = sqrt(25);
compound statement - block of related instructions (enclosed by {}):
{
int age ;
printf ( " What 's your age ? " ) ;
scanf ( " % d " , & age ) ;
printf ( " Your age is : % d \ n " , age ) ;
}

Compound statement scope concept (context)

More details later on the course. . .

Attention - variable declarations inside the scope are not available

outside

[email protected] (ESTiG) Imperative programming 9 / 14

 Control Structures

Control Structures - simple/compound statements

In programming slang, statement can refer to:
simple statement - a single instruction (ends with ;):
double squareRoot = sqrt(25);
compound statement - block of related instructions (enclosed by {}):
{
int age ;
printf ( " What 's your age ? " ) ;
scanf ( " % d " , & age ) ;
printf ( " Your age is : % d \ n " , age ) ;
}

Compound statement scope concept (context)

More details later on the course. . .

Attention - variable declarations inside the scope are not available

outside

[email protected] (ESTiG) Imperative programming 9 / 14

 Control Structures

Control Structures - simple/compound statements

In programming slang, statement can refer to:
simple statement - a single instruction (ends with ;):
double squareRoot = sqrt(25);
compound statement - block of related instructions (enclosed by {}):
{
int age ;
printf ( " What 's your age ? " ) ;
scanf ( " % d " , & age ) ;
printf ( " Your age is : % d \ n " , age ) ;
}

Compound statement scope concept (context)

More details later on the course. . .

Attention - variable declarations inside the scope are not available

outside

[email protected] (ESTiG) Imperative programming 9 / 14

 Control Structures

Control Structures - simple/compound statements

In programming slang, statement can refer to:
simple statement - a single instruction (ends with ;):
double squareRoot = sqrt(25);
compound statement - block of related instructions (enclosed by {}):
{
int age ;
printf ( " What 's your age ? " ) ;
scanf ( " % d " , & age ) ;
printf ( " Your age is : % d \ n " , age ) ;
}

Compound statement scope concept (context)

More details later on the course. . .

Attention - variable declarations inside the scope are not available

outside

[email protected] (ESTiG) Imperative programming 9 / 14

 Control Structures

Control Structures - simple/compound statements

In programming slang, statement can refer to:
simple statement - a single instruction (ends with ;):
double squareRoot = sqrt(25);
compound statement - block of related instructions (enclosed by {}):
{
int age ;
printf ( " What 's your age ? " ) ;
scanf ( " % d " , & age ) ;
printf ( " Your age is : % d \ n " , age ) ;
}
printf ( " Age : % d \ n " , age ) ; ← ERROR ! ! !
Compound statement scope concept (context)
More details later on the course. . .

Attention - variable declarations inside the scope are not available

outside

[email protected] (ESTiG) Imperative programming 9 / 14

 Control Structures

Control Structures - selection structures

Allow the inclusion of an instruction block in the execution, only
when a condition is met if
A variation allows the inclusion of another instruction block when
the condition is not met if/else
Code C Algorithm
if ( condition ) {
IF condition THEN
instructions
execute instructions
}

[email protected] (ESTiG) Imperative programming 10 / 14

 Control Structures

Control Structures - selection structures

Allow the inclusion of an instruction block in the execution, only
when a condition is met if
A variation allows the inclusion of another instruction block when
the condition is not met if/else
Code C Algorithm
if ( condition ) {
IF condition THEN
instructions
execute instructions
}
if ( condition ) {
IF condition THEN
instructions
execute instructions
} else {
ELSE
other instructions
execute other instructions
}

[email protected] (ESTiG) Imperative programming 10 / 14

 Control Structures

Control Structures - loop structures

Allow looping an instruction block iteration

Repeat an instruction block (scope) while a condition is met →
while
A variation allows postponing the condition verication to the end of
each iteration do/while

[email protected] (ESTiG) Imperative programming 11 / 14

 Control Structures

Control Structures - loop structures

Allow looping an instruction block iteration

Repeat an instruction block (scope) while a condition is met →
while
A variation allows postponing the condition verication to the end of
each iteration do/while
Code C Algorithm
while ( condition ) {
WHILE condition DO
instructions
execute instructions
}

[email protected] (ESTiG) Imperative programming 11 / 14

 Control Structures

Control Structures - loop structures

Allow looping an instruction block iteration

Repeat an instruction block (scope) while a condition is met →
while
A variation allows postponing the condition verication to the end of
each iteration do/while
Code C Algorithm
while ( condition ) {
WHILE condition DO
instructions
execute instructions
}
do { DO
instructions execute instructions
} while ( condition ) ; WHILE condition

[email protected] (ESTiG) Imperative programming 11 / 14

 Examples

Summary

1 Terminal Simple Output

2 Control Structures

3 Examples

[email protected] (ESTiG) Imperative programming 12 / 14

 Examples

Examples
Age verication:
# include < stdio .h >

int main () {
int age = 40 ;
if ( age >= 18) {
printf (" You can vote !\ n") ;
}
}

Sum all the even numbers between 0 and 100:

# include < stdio .h >

int main () {
int number = 0, sum = 0 ;
while ( number < 100) {
number = number + 2;
sum = sum + number ;
}
printf (" Even sum = %d\ n" , sum );
}

[email protected] (ESTiG) Imperative programming 13 / 14

 Examples

Examples
Age verication:
# include < stdio .h >

int main () {
int age = 40 ;
if ( age >= 18) {
printf (" You can vote !\ n") ;
}
}

Sum all the even numbers between 0 and 100:

# include < stdio .h >

int main () {
int number = 0, sum = 0 ;
while ( number < 100) {
number = number + 2;
sum = sum + number ;
}
printf (" Even sum = %d\ n" , sum );
}

[email protected] (ESTiG) Imperative programming 13 / 14

 Examples

Examples

The previous example, using the do/while control structure:

# include < stdio .h >

int main () {
int number = 0, sum = 0 ;
do {
number = number + 2;
sum = sum + number ;
} while ( number < 100) ;
printf (" Even sum = %d\ n" , sum );
}

Looking at this simple example, while and do/while have the same
exact eect
Along the way, we will learn that more complex scenarios can be more
appropriate to while or do/while

[email protected] (ESTiG) Imperative programming 14 / 14

 Examples

Examples

The previous example, using the do/while control structure:

# include < stdio .h >

int main () {
int number = 0, sum = 0 ;
do {
number = number + 2;
sum = sum + number ;
} while ( number < 100) ;
printf (" Even sum = %d\ n" , sum );
}

Looking at this simple example, while and do/while have the same
exact eect
Along the way, we will learn that more complex scenarios can be more
appropriate to while or do/while

[email protected] (ESTiG) Imperative programming 14 / 14

 Examples

Examples

The previous example, using the do/while control structure:

# include < stdio .h >

int main () {
int number = 0, sum = 0 ;
do {
number = number + 2;
sum = sum + number ;
} while ( number < 100) ;
printf (" Even sum = %d\ n" , sum );
}

Looking at this simple example, while and do/while have the same
exact eect
Along the way, we will learn that more complex scenarios can be more
appropriate to while or do/while

[email protected] (ESTiG) Imperative programming 14 / 14