Experiment No.

Title of Experiment

Date of Experiment

Evaluation by Faculty Member

Criteria Maximum Marks Marks scored by student

Objective& Equipments /Software Required 15

Circuit/ block diagram& Design/Source Code 20
Connection & Experimentation/Compiling and 35
Debugging
Result & Viva 20
Documentation 10
Total Marks 100

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 EYE PATTERN OF AN ELECTRIC LINK

Aim

To analyze the eye pattern of an electric link.

Software Required

Virtual Lab: https://www.etti.unibw.de/labalive/experiment/qam

Theory

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Result

Thus the eye pattern of the electric signal has been analysed

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Experiment No.
Title of Experiment

Date of Experiment

Evaluation by Faculty Member

Criteria Maximum Marks Marks scored by student

Objective& Equipments /Software Required 15

Circuit/ block diagram& Design/Source Code 20
Connection & Experimentation/Compiling and 35
Debugging
Result & Viva 20
Documentation 10
Total Marks 100

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 LINE CODING AND DECODING

Aim:
To analyze line coding and decoding techniques.

Software required:

MATLAB

Theory:
NON-RETURN TO ZERO signal are the easiest formats that can be generated. These
signals do not return to zero with the clock. The frequency component associated with these signals
are half that of the clock frequency. The following data formats come under this category. Non-
return to zero encoding is commonly used in slow speed communications interfaces for both
synchronous and asynchronous transmission. Using NRZ, logic 1 bit is sent as a high value and a
logic 0 bit is sent as a lowvalue.
Line Coding Waveform

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 NON-RETURN TO ZERO-LEVEL(NRZ-L)
This is the most extensively used wave form in digital logics.All ones‟ are represented by
High and all zeros by low. The data format is directly available at the output of all digital data
generation logics and hence very easy to generate. Here all the transitions take place at the rising
edge of the clock.
 NON-RETURN TO ZERO-MARK(NRZ-M)
These waveforms are extensively used in tape recording. All ones are marked by change in
levels and all zeros by no transitions and the transitions take place at the rising edge of the clock.

 NON-RETURN TO ZERO-SPACE(NRZ-S)
This type of wave form is marked by change in levels for zeros and no transition for ones
and the transitions take place at the rising edge of the clock. This format is also used in magnetic
tape recording.
 UNIPOLAR AND BIPOLAR
Unipolar signals are those signals, which have transition between 0 to +VCC. Bipolar
signals are those signals, which have transition between +VCC to –VCC.
 BIPHASE – LINE CODING (BIPHASE-L):
With the Biphase – L one is represented by a half bit wide pulse positioned during the
first half of the bit interval and a zero is represented by a half bit wide pulse positioned
during the second half of the bit interval.
 BIPHASE MARK CODING(BIPHASE-M):
With the Biphase-M, a transition occurs at the beginning of every bit interval. A „one‟ is
represented by a second transition, half bit later, whereas a zero has no second transition.
 BIPHASE SPACE CODING(BIPHASE-S):
With a Biphase-S, a transition occurs at the beginning of every bit interval. A zero is
marked by a second transition, one half bit later; one‟ has no second transition.
 RETURN TO ZEROSIGNALS:
These signals are called “Return to Zero signals” since they return to „zero‟ with the
clock. In this category, only one data format, i.e, the unipolar return to zero(URZ); With the
URZ a „one‟ is represented by a half bit wide pulse and a „zero‟ is represented by the absence
of pulse.

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 MULTILEVELSIGNALS:
Multilevel signals use three or more levels of voltages to represent the binary digits, one
an zero–instead of normal highs and lows Return to zero–alternative mark inversion (RZ - AMI)
is the most commonly used multilevel signal. This coding scheme is most often used in
telemetry systems. In this scheme, one‟ are represented by equal amplitude of alternative
pulses, which alternate between a +5 and -5. These alternating pulses return to 0 volt, after
every half bit interval. The zero are marked by absence of pulses

 NONRETURN TO ZERO-SPACE(NRZ-S)
This type of wave form is marked by change in levels for zeros and no transition for ones
and the transitions take place at the rising edge of the clock. This format is also used in magnetic
tape recording.
 UNIPOLAR AND BIPOLAR
Unipolar signals are those signals, which have transition between 0 to +VCC. Bipolar
signals are those signals, which have transition between +VCC to –VCC.
 BIPHASE – LINE CODING(BIPHASE-L):
With the Biphase – L one is represented by a half bit wide pulse positioned during the
first half of the bit interval and a zero is represented by a half bit wide pulse positioned
during the second half of the bit interval.
 BIPHASE MARK CODING(BIPHASE-M):
With the Biphase-M, a transition occurs at the beginning of every bit interval. A „one‟ is
represented by a second transition, half bit later, whereas a zero has no second transition.
 BIPHASE SPACE CODING(BIPHASE-S):
With a Biphase-S, a transition occurs at the beginning of every bit interval A zero is
marked by a second transition, one half bit later; one‟ has no second transition.
 RETURN TO ZEROSIGNALS:
These signals are called “Return to Zero signals” since they return to „zero‟ with the
clock. In this category, only one data format, i.e, the unipolar return to zero(URZ); With the
URZ a „one‟ is represented by a half bit wide pulse and a „zero‟ is represented by the absence
of pulse.
 MULTILEVELSIGNALS:
Multilevel signals use three or more levels of voltages to represent the binary digits one
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 and zero–instead of normal highs and lows. Return to zero–alternative mark inversion
(RZ - AMI) is the most commonly used multilevel signal. This coding scheme is most
often used in telemetry systems. In this scheme, one is represented by equal amplitude
of alternative pulses, which alternate between a +5 and -5. These alternating pulses
return to 0 volt, after every half bit interval. The Zeros are marked by absence of pulses.

Program

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Output

Result

Thus the line coding and decoding techniques were analyzed and observed and the graph is plotted.

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Viva Question

1 How can the loss of timing occur in NRZ line coding?

2 In NRZ code, does the presence of a high-light level in the bit duration represent a
binary 1 or a binary 0?
3 What are the common types of line coding used in communication?
4 What is line Coding?

5 What is a digital signal?

6 Explain unipolar and bipolar signals?

7 What is NON-RETURN TO ZERO-LEVEL (NRZ-L)?

8 Explain BIPHASE – LINE CODING?

9 Explain BIPHASE MARK CODING?

10 Explain BIPHASE SPACE CODING?

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