Manu Int Final

GOVERNMENT LAW COLLEGE
THIRUVANANTHAPURAM
"REPORT ON INTERNSHIP"
2018-2023 Batch
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the

Five Year Integrated B.A.LL.B. Degree of the
University of Kerala
Submitted By,
Manu Krishna S K
Registration No.47318550041
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Report on Internship Reg No. 47318550041

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CONTENTS
SL NO CONTENTS PG NO
1 Certificate 3
2 Acknowledgement 4
3 List of abbreviations 5
4 Preface 6
5 Internship Timeline 7
6 National Association for the Blind, Kerala 8
7 Fire and Rescue Department, Thiruvananthapuram 22
8 Institute of Management in Government 40
9 Kerala State Consumer Dispute Redressal Commission 58
10 Police Training College, Thiruvananthapuram 66
11 National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) 82
12 Central Prison and Correctional Home, Trivandrum 100
13 Kerala Forest Department 134
14 Advocate Office (Supreme Court) 150
15 Centre for Parliamentary Studies and Training 160
16 Veritae Legal (Advocate Firm) 192
17 Ombudsman for Local Self Govt Institutions 202
18 State Resource Centre, Kerala 230
19 Crime Branch, Trivandrum 248
20 Judicial First-Class Magistrate, Vanchiyoor 282
21 Conclusion 290

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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Sri. Manu Krishna S K, 10th semester Integrated Five Year BA
LLB Degree Course of Govt. Law College Thiruvananthapuram has completed his
internship under our guidance and supervision as a partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the award of the Integrated BA LLB degree and that no part of this
internship report has earlier been submitted for any degree.
Faculty in Charge Faculty in Charge
Dr. R. BIJU KUMAR

The Principal
Govt. Law College
Thiruvananthapuram
Date:
Place:

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would first of all like to thank Smt. Annie Joseph, National Association for Blind,
Kerala; Sri. Sooraj S, DFO, Fire and Rescue Department, Trivandrum; Sri. Dr. S
Sajeev, Officer in charge of Internship, Institute of Management in Government;
Sri. Sajeer (Officer in charge of Internship), Kerala State Consumer Dispute
Redressal Commission; Sri. Anil Srinivas, Vice Principal Police Training College,
Thiruvananthapuram; Sri. Arun Kumar Mishra, Chairman, National Human
Rights Commission; Sri. Dinesh, Program Coordinator, Central Prison and
Correctional Home, Trivandrum; Sri. Harikrishnan, Forest Conservator, Kerala
Forest Department; Adv. Raji Joseph, Advocate on record, Supreme Court of India;
Sri. VG Riju, Under Secretary & Administrative Coordinator Centre for
Parliamentary Studies and Training; Sri. Niranjan, Advocate, Veritae Legal; Smt.
Yamuna Rani, Secretary, Ombudsman for Local Self Govt Institutions; Sri.
Swaraj, Office in charge of Internship State Resource Centre, Kerala; Sri. Jossy
Cherian, Superintendent of Police, Crime Branch, Central Unit-1, Trivandrum; Sri.
Soman P Mamkuttathil, Judicial First Class Magistrate, Vanchiyoor; for allowing
me to carry out and complete my internship.
I express my profound and sincere thanks to our beloved principal Dr. R Biju
Kumar, Asst. Prof. Priya Vijayan and Dr. Rini M. V. - faculties in charge for their
guidance and constant inspiration.
I really enjoyed my internship and also took this opportunity to express my

gratitude and appreciation to all those who encouraged and helped me to complete
this internship.
Manu Krishna S K

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ABBREVIATIONS
Sl. No. Abbreviations Expansions
1 CPC Code of Civil Procedure, 1908
2 CPST Centre for Parliamentary Studies and Training
3 CrPC Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973
4 DCDRC District Consumer Dispute Redressal Commission
5 IMG Institute of Management in Government
6 IPC Indian Penal Code, 1960
7 LSGI Local Self Government Institution
8 NAB National Association for the Blind
9 NGO Non Governmental Orgainsation
10 NHRC National Human Rights Commission
11 PTC Police Training College
12 RTO Regional Transport Officer
13 SRC State Resource Centre

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PREFACE
Internship is one of the modes of practical training in the sphere of legal education.
Apart from the moots, legal aid and legal writing; it forms the core component of
practical acquisition and assimilation of law teaching syllabus for the students. The
process of internship provides the students with an opportunity to study and examine
the structure, function and behaviour of organisations. It shows them the nature of
the legal framework of the institutions and concerned issues. The students get the
benefit of an exposure to law in action rather than law in books as acquired in class
rooms and thus help them in due acquisition of legal expertise. Internship if carried
out diligently and with adequate interest would bring multiple advantages. The
students will gain useful knowledge about the organisations and their functioning.
The exposure may help in forming their everlasting ties with influential persons.
I got the opportunity to visit and complete my internship at an NGO, Fire and
Rescue department, Institute of Management in Government, Police Training
College, Ombudsman and Centre for Parliamentary Studies. True learning is born
out of experience and observation. Practical experience through an internship is one
of the best types of learning that can be remembered throughout life.
Manu Krishna S K

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INTERNSHIP TIMELINE
Serial Place Dates

Number
1 National Association for the Blind, Kerala 12/04/2019-30/04/2019

2 Fire and Rescue Station, Thiruvananthapuram 24/04/2019-07/05/2019
3 Institute of Management in Government 12/05/2019-30/05/2019

4 Kerala State Consumer Dispute Redressal 15/08/2020-14/09/2020
Commission (Virtual Mode)
5 Police Training College, Thiruvananthapuram 16/11/2020-07/12/2020

(PTC)
6 National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) 16/12/2020-30/12/2020
7 Central Prison and Correctional Home, Tvpm 18/12/2020-03/01/2021
8 Kerala Forest Department 10/03/2021-27/03/2021
9 Advocate Office (Supreme Court) 02/02/2021-13/02/2021

10 Centre for Parliamentary Studies and Training 09/04/2021-22/04/2021
11 Veritae Legal (Advocate Firm) 09/08/2021-09/09/2021
12 Ombudsman for Local Self Govt Institutions 10/09/2021-25/09/2201
13 State Resource Centre, Kerala 14/03/2022-20/04/2022
14 Crime Branch, Trivandrum 22/04/2022-05/05/2022
15 Judicial First Class Magistrate, Vanchiyoor 04/06/2022-20/06/2022

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NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE

BLIND, KERALA
ABOUT THE ORGANISATION

National Association for the Blind,
Kerala is a registered non-profit, non-
governmental Organisation working for
the rights and developments of more than
22,000 persons with disabilities in
Kerala, covering through its 5 district
revenue offices in Thiruvananthapuram,
Alappuzha, Ernakulam, Palakkad and Wayanad. It is affiliated to the National
Association for the Blind, India and has been working for the welfare of Persons
with Disabilities, particularly the Visually Challenged, since 1962.
NAB's rural area project is centred at the Block Resource Centres at
Vamanapuram Block Panchayat and Nemon Block Panchayat of
Thiruvananthapuram District, having financial support from Care and Share
Charitable Trust, USA.

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MOTTO
FROM DARKNESS LEAD UNTO LIGHT
LOGO
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

● To look after the general welfare of the blind in the state…
● To take such steps as may be necessary for the prevention and cure of
preventable and curable blindness and eye trouble in the state.
● To look after the welfare of the dependents of the blind in the state.
● To take all steps to mobilise public opinion to further the cause of the welfare
of the blind in the state.
● Sensitisation, awareness & training for the community agencies.

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● Medical, educational, economical and social rehabilitation to the visually
challenged.
● Necessary technical training to the blind (and other impaired) for a decent and
disciplined life as a model citizen of a democratic country like India.
● Awareness on the Persons with Disabilities Act 1995 of the Govt. of Kerala
(Social Welfare Department) No.186 dt. 24/12/2008 for equipping themselves
for their protection and welfare.
● Empowered and well-informed blind population of India working for personal
growth and development, thereby leading life to its optimum potential.
● To empower the blind with education and training, to attain self-sufficiency
through employment/self-employment, thus integrating them with dignity in
mainstream society.
ORGANISATION STRUCTURE
The life members elect the office bearers and the Governing Council for a
term of four years. The Governing Council has a total of 33 members including the
office bearers. The membership of the organisation is open to both blind and non-
disabled persons subject to its rules and regulations

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Office Bearers
His Beatitude Moran Mor Baselios Cardinal Cleemis (Cardinal, Syro-Malankara
Catholic Diocese, Trivandrum)
Mr. Frank P Thomas, Director & Business Head, Asianet News Network Pvt.Ltd,
Trivandrum
Mr. Tony Devassy, President, Care & Share Charitable Trust, USA
SENIOR ADVISORS
Mr. Jose Zachariah (Finance)
Er. E. Justus
Dr. Stanly Johns
Er. N. Jayakrishnan Nayar
Mr. V.M . Francis
Mr. K. Chandrasekhara Babu IAS (Rtd)
Mr. Ambady Chandrasekharan Nair
Mr. Sabu Thomas

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EXECUTIVE OFFICERS
Prof. John Kurian, President, NAB Kerala
Er. Thomas Mathew, Working President, NAB Kerala
Er. S.R.J. Navakumar, Treasurer, NAB Kerala
Mr. Josey Joseph, Hon. General Secretary & General Executive Officer, NAB
Kerala
VICE PRESIDENTS
Er. Jose Varghese Kurisinkal (Admn.)
Er. J.Jayakumar (Projects)
Mr. S Gopalakrishnan Nair (Fund Raising)
Prof. Rebeccamma Thomas (Communication & Reporting)
Ms. D. Suprabha (Membership Developement)
SECRETARIES
Mr. K.S. Philip (Projects)
Mr. M.J.James (Admn.)
Mr. V. Nandu,Advocate (Computer Centre/Audio Recording and Editing)
Mr. K. Varadan (Public Relations)

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Ms. Lekshmi Giridharan (Charity /Welfare Activities)
ADMINISTRATIVE COMMITTEE
Prof. John Kurian, President
Er. Thomas Mathew, Working Prsident
Er. S.R.J. Navakumar, Treasurer
Er. E. Justus, Senior Advisor
Er. Jose V Kurisinkal, Vice President (Admn)
Mr. M.J. James, Secretary (Admn)
Ms. Susy Mathew, Member
Er. Eapen Joseph, Member
Adv. S. Renganathan, Legal Advisor
Mr. Josey Joseph, Hon.General Secretary & General Executive, Officer
JOINT SECRETARIES
Er. Reji Thomas Mathew (Projects)
Mr. C. Giridharan Nair (Public Relations)
Er. Shaji Jose (Fund Mobilization)
Ms. Susy Mathew (Noon Meals)
Ms. Jayasree Ambady (CSR Projects)

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JOINT TREASURES
Dr. Johns Thomas (Fund Mobilization)
Dr. Spencer Jones (CSR Fund)
Mr. Joy. J. Stanly
Mr. Joseph Chacko Marattukalam
OTHER GOVERNING COUNCIL MEMBERS
Mr. G. Saju (NAB India Projects including Music Class)
Mr. K.D. Chacko
Mr. P.T. Lawrence
Mr. T.S. Varghese
Ms. Mollykutty Varghese
Mr. J.R. Salu
Mr. P. Mukundan
Mr. John Thomas (Swaraj)
Er. Eapen Joseph
Ms. Moly Stanly
Mr. A.M .Badusha
Mr. K.J. Joseph
Adv. S. Renganathan (Legal Advisor)

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SPECIAL SESSIONS ATTENDED
Recording session
They have a specialised unit for creating audio books for blind students where a staff
is engaged with some volunteers who together managed to produce over hundreds
of audiobooks.
Recording Process
One person read out the textbooks and the other person was recording the same. At
the end of the session the recorded file was edited and uploaded to the site.
We were privileged to first witness a session and then help them with a session
where class 11 lessons were recorded.
Interview with inmates

We were given an opportunity to interact with the inmates and other blind visitors
of NAB. In this session all of them shared their experiences and showcased their
skills and abilities in various fields. One inmate Mukeeb surprised us with his
beautiful song.

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Computer session with Mr. Sanoj

Mr. Sanoj who was fully blind engaged in a session where he explained how a blind
person used a computer and how they took help of a talk back system to their
advantage. We were shown a number of other sides of computer programmes which
the blind community took advantage of and which we were unaware of.

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Session on ‘How blinds use brailer typewriters’

We were given a detailed long session where various new things were taught about
writing. How blinds take help of shapes and how projection on the surface as in
currencies to understand things which their eyes cannot perceive. They also showed
us how they used brailer and typewriters
Session on ‘How blinds write’

Sessions were handled by two faculties
where they gave us an idea on how they
use the braille system.

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Events attended
Projects undertaken by National Association for
the Blind, Kerala

Quite a large number of projects in different parts of Kerala State have been
undertaken by this Association for the benefit of Visually Challenged .
In the early stages, NAB used to conduct eye camps, arrange cataract
operations and cornea transplants, provide ophthalmic treatments, donate spectacles,
etc. for the financially deprived people in need.
NAB runs a Training & Rehabilitation Centre for Persons with Disabilities,
particularly the Visually Challenged, at Manjadivila near Plamood in
Thiruvananthapuram City.

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Around 60 Visually Challenged Persons, most of them from a very poor
financial background, are regularly attending the Training & Rehabilitation Centre.
Some of them attend computer classes and on completing specific courses
successfully they are given certificates.
A good number trained in vocational fields are able to do some work and earn.
Braille Learning, Mobility Training, etc. make the life of the Visually Challenged
more comfortable.
Recording of Textbooks, Guides, etc. in Audio Format and making it available
to hundreds of visually challenged school and college-going students is a major
initiative on the part of NAB in promoting their education. Current affairs, editorials
from NewsPapers are recorded and made available online and on YouTube for the
blind.
Distinct projects -
Project Shakthi
Advocacy initiative covering 10 panchayats and having 214 resource Computer

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Training for Blind
The Amway Opportunities Foundation set up NAB Centre of Excellence providing
computer training to the visually challenged with the help of specialized hardware
and softwares like Jaws and NVDA.
persons taking part in activities transferring skills to the community to respond to
the needs of Persons with Disabilities (PWDs).
Children with Deaf Blindness
Identifying around 250 families and 170 disabled in the rural region of Palod and
providing them with medical and financial assistance in addition to awareness,
counselling and training to the affected and their families as well.
CBR Project
Community-based rehabilitation, Identifying 865 PWDs (Persons with Disabilities)
from Ottapalam Municipality, Vaniamkulam and Lakkidi Perur Grama Panchayats
and distributing user-friendly equipment worth Rs. 7,80,000/- to the handicapped.

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Works done- Summarised
● We were able to learn the working of the organisation.
● Understood the vision, mission and aim of the organisation
● Conducted interviews with inmates
● Volunteered in various activities hosted by NAB
● Volunteered in recording session done by NAB
● We were able to learn the structure of the organisation.
● Understood the hierarchy of organisation.
● Had an idea on various training programs, and its functioning.
● Understood that the reach of law in this area is immense, and it is necessary
to equip both offices and servants with the right knowledge both legal and
work based.
● We were able to analyse the procedures and work that goes into each step of
the activities done in the organisation.
● The objective of developing necessary skills in inmates.

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DEPARTMENT OF FIRE & RESCUE

SERVICES
Brief History
There were separate Fire services in Travancore, Cochin and Malabar States before
the formation of Kerala State.
There were three fire stations in Travancore and Kochi and five fire stations
in Malabar. These stations were under the control of the Police Department. In 1949,
the Fire Station of Travancore and Cochin states were joined together. In 1956,
Malabar state was also included and thus the Kerala Fire Service came into being.
From then onwards, the Inspector General of Police was the head of the Fire Service
up to 1963. Fire services worked as part of the Police Department. As per the
Government Notification No.9018/61, dated: 21.06.1962 Kerala Fire Force Act
came into existence.
The Kerala Fire Force department started working as a separate department
since 1963. Director of Civil Defence held the position of the Head of the
Department till 1967. From 1967 to August 1970 an Inspector General of Police held
the charge of the Director for Fire Force. In 1970 the Fire Force Department was
brought under a separate Director.

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In 1982 the name of the Director of the Fire Force was renamed as
‘Commandant General, Home Guards, Civil Defence and Fire Force’. Considering
the rescue works undertaken by this Department and significance in that area, this
department had been renamed as ‘Kerala Fire & Rescue Services’ in 2002. Now the
Department is rendering its remarkable and commendable service through 111 Fire
& Rescue Stations. In 2015 the name of the Commandant General was renamed as
‘Director General, Fire and Rescue, Home Guards and Civil Defence’.
About the Department

There are 14 District Offices (Assistant Divisional Offices in each Districts)
and 5 Divisional Offices in Thiruvananthapuram, Kottayam, Ernakulam, Palakkad
and Kozhikode and 1 Assistant Divisional Officer in Kerala Fire and rescue Services
Academy. The Motor Transport wing is established in Headquarters, Academy and
five Divisional offices. The Department is in a stage of modernisation and
development so as to provide better service to the public in all emergency situations.

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Mission
● To protect people’s life & property from fire and other accidents.
● To protect our community from all possible hazards by providing progressive
high quality emergency services and preventive measures.
● To carry out effective and timely fire fighting, rescue and life saving
operations and Disaster Management activities and thereby ensure maximum
performance and render remarkable service to the public.

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● Develop well organised and trained Fire & Rescue Services so that human
resources of the department measure up to multiple challenges of a Fire &
Rescue Service.
Vision
• Dedicated and best community focused Fire & Rescue Services ensuring a
safe and secure environment for all.
• To honour the trust of the society by demonstrating commitment to deliver
professional Fire Fighting & Rescue Services activities with compassion,
respect and utmost courtesy.
• To ensure community safety by creating basic awareness regarding fire safety,
life safety and Disaster Management among the people and thereby mitigate
the fire loss and improve effective and timely rescue and life saving activities.
• Minimize the response time in urban and rural areas by increasing the number
of Fire & Rescue Stations and mobility profile of the Department.

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KEY TAKEDOWNS AND WORK DONE

● Leant the importance of Fire and rescue Department
● We were able to learn the working of the department
● Understood the vision, mission and aim of the department
● We were able to learn the structure of the department
● Understood the hierarchy of officials.
● Acquired knowledge in Fire Management and Prevention Techniques
● Had exposure to Internal rules and regulations
● Understood the different fire safety standards specified depending on the type
of building
● Analysed the Hazard map of trivandrum
● Came to know about Facilities of Kerala Fire and Rescue Services Academy,
Viyyur

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Attending a class by a Fireforce officer
ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE
Administrative Officers
ADMINISTRATION
1 Sri. Pinarayi Vijayan Home Minister
2 Sri. Dr. Venu V Home Secretary

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3 Dr B. Sandhya IPS Director General
4 Sri. Arun Alphonse Director (Administration)
5 Sri. M. Noushad Director (Technical)
6 Smt.Jenni Pappachan Finance Officer
7 Sri. B.Umesh Administrative Officer
REGIONAL FIRE OFFICERS
1 Sri. P. Dileepan Thiruvananthapuram
2 Sri. A.R. Arun Kumar Kottayam
3 Sri. V. Sidhakumar Ernakulam
4 Sri. J.S. Sujith Kumar Palakkad
5 Sri. T. Rejeesh Kozhikode
6 Sri. P. Renjith Kannur
7 Sri. K. Abdul Rasheed Academy Thrissur
8 Sri. V. Sidhakumar Civil Defence
9 Sri. M.G. Rajesh Institute for Advanced Training in Water Rescue
DISTRICT FIRE OFFICERS
1 Sri. Sooraj .S Thiruvananthapuram
2 Sri. Visi Viswanath Kollam

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3 Sri. Ramkumar Alappuzha
4 Sri. Prathap Chandran Pathanamthitta
5 Sri. Reji.V.Kuriakose Kottayam
6 Sri. Abhilash Idukki
7 Sri. K Harikumar Ernakulam
8 Sri. Arun Bhaskar Thrissur
9 Sri. Anup .T Palakkad
10 Sri.S.L. Dileep Malappuram
11 Sri. K.M. Ashraf Ali Kozhikode
12 Sri. Moosa Vadaketh Wayanad
13 Sri. B. Raj Kannur
14 Sri.A.T. Haridasan Kasaragod
15 Sri. Shinoi.K.R, Sri.Reni Lukose, Sri. V.K. Rtheej Academy,
Viyyur,Thrissur
16 Sri. M.S Suvi Civil Defence Academy Viyyur Thrissur
17 Sri. Jogy J.S Institute for Advanced Training in Water Rescue
MINISTERIAL OFFICERS
1 Smt. Asha GManager
2 Senior Superintendents

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3 Sri. Santhosh Kumar R Headquarters
4 Smt. Lali K Thiruvananthapuram
5 Sri. Dilshad R Kottayam
6 Sri. A.R Sheeja Ernakulam
7 Smt. Bindhu B.G Palakkad
8 Smt. Priya D.Kammath Kozhikode
9 Sri. Chandran T Kannur
10 Smt.Sulekha C.V Academy Thrissur
Organisation Structure
The head of the Department is the Director General who is the rank of the
DGP, IPS rank and under him there is a Director (Technical) and Director
(Administration) at the Headquarters. There are five Divisional Offices located in
Thiruvananthapuram, Kottayam, Ernakulam, Palakkad and Kozhikode. Each district
has an Assistant Divisional Office as the District Officer and each Fire & Rescue
Station has a Station Officer as the station in charge.
In each station in addition to Station Officer there Assistant Station Officers,
Leading Firemen, Driver Mechanics, Firemen, Fireman Driver cum Pump

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Operators. In addition to this, there is a full fledged ministerial staff in Headquarters,
Divisional offices, Academy and Assistant Divisional Offices.
For imparting training to the employees and newly recruited Fireman,
Fireman Driver cum Pump Operator & Driver Mechanic, Fire& Rescue Services
Academy was started at Viyyur, Thrissur in 2007. The supervision of this Academy
is held by the Director (Technical). An Assistant Divisional Officer and Station
Officer who have the charge of the training are also working in this Academy.
Recently a Motor Transport Wing is formed in the Department and Station Officer
(MT) is posted one each at the Headquarters, five Divisional Offices and at the
Kerala Fire & Rescue Services Academy.
RFO – Regonal Fire Officer
DFO – District Fire Officer

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Sr. Supdt – Senior Superintendent
DO – Divisional Officer
ADO – Assistant Divisional Officer
Services
1.Fire fighting & Rescue operation
Kerala Fire & Rescue Department is basically an Emergency Service Department,
whose functions are multifarious and emergency oriented. Besides emergency
service function, it has Statutory, Regulatory and Advisory functions also. On the
Emergency Service side, the prime duty of the Department is to fight the fire
incidents and rescue life and property from the danger, damage and destruction
caused by fire. Its emergency services are extended to Standby duties during
carnivals and festivals, VVIP visits, industrial /chemical/environmental disasters etc.
The Department attend to transportation rescue calls related to emergencies like
road,rail, air and water transport accident, accidental fall into wells, drowning in
ponds/rivers/sea, building collapses, LPG and other poisonous gas leaks during
transportations, victim trapped in lifts/cliffs and otherwise, other natural and man-
made disasters etc .

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A. Fire Fighting
Fire fighting service of this Department is absolutely free. The public have to inform
the details of fire incidents including address and way to reach the site through
telephone or any other mode.
B. Rescue Operations
This department save valuable life of human being and other lives without any fees.

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2. Ambulance Services
Kerala Fire and Rescue Services Department provides various type of ambulance
services to the public on request by levying nominal fee
3. Standby Services
Kerala Fire and Rescue Services department provides standby duty services to
protect the public from fire accident caused, if any. Nominal fee is collected for
standby duty services
4. Recovery Services
Removing Vehicle from accident places other than emergency situation
5. Film shooting purposes
6.Pumping Works
Pumping works under emergencies
ordered by Government, Commandant General, Director, District Collector,
Superintendent of Poice or Divisional Officers in public interest and for supply of
drinking water

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7. Pressure Inspection Certificate to Fire Extinguisher and explosives licence
8. Awareness classes and fire training
Governing Act - THE KERALA FIRE FORCE ACT, 1962

An Act to provide for the maintenance of a Fire Force for the State of Kerala.
VEHICLE DETAILS

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NAME OF VEHICLE AND THEIR NUMBERS
1 WATER TENDER 190
2 MINI WATER TENDER 76
3 MINI WATER TENDER WITH WATER MIST 12
4 WATER LORRY 35
5 CRASH TENDER 08
6 EMERGENCY TENDER 15
7 RECOVERY VEHICLE 10

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8 AMBULANCE 78
9 INDUSTRIAL WATER TENDER 03
10 QUICK RESPONSE VEHICLE 14
11 JCB 02
12 JEEP 120
13 MOTORCYCLE WITH WATER MIST 32
14 MINI BUS 01
17 WATER BOWSER 10
18 MAHINDRA XUV 500 03
19 MOTORCYCLE 01
20 MINI WATER MIST 35
21 SCUBA VAN 15
22 MULTI UTILITY EMERGENCY RESPONSE 15
23 FOAM TENDER 10

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PRACTICAL SESSION
We had an interactive session with the officers. We were introduced to the various
practical spheres of the department.

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Acquainted with the interior of vehicles

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INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT IN
GOVERNMENT
INTRODUCTION
Institute of Management in Government (IMG) is the apex training institute of the
Government of Kerala. It is situated in the heart of the capital city
Thiruvananthapurm and operates from two training campuses, the Barton Hill
training complex and the administrative/training complex. Strategically located in
the heart of the city, it is at a stones throw from the State Secretariat and Legislative
Assembly complex.
The Institute of Management in Government, Thiruvananthapuram was established

as an autonomous body under the auspices of the Government of Kerala in 1981
with the objective of developing managerial skills, organisational abilities,
leadership qualities and decision making skills among different categories of
employees of Government, Private and Public sector.
IMG also plays an important role in completing certain objectives; such as
⬥ To create an awareness of the potentialities of modern management science

as a major instrument for the development of the economic and social
activities of Government.

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⬥ To develop managerial skills, organizational capability, leadership and

decision making ability, development planning and implementation
efficiency.
⬥ To carry on research operational and policy, to evolve ideas and concepts
appropriate to the nation and formulate policy alternatives.
⬥ To foster, assist and support individuals, organizations and institutions
indirectly for the use of management science.
⬥ To create social awareness in the country and social goals and make it a
genuine instrument for economic development and social change in the State
as well as in the region.
⬥ These objectives are sought to be achieved through educational/training
programmes, research, consultancy, extension services and publications.
Regional Centres
In tune with the mandate of IMG to assess and organize training programmes for
different cadres of Government, it has two Regional Centers, one at Kozhikode
and the second at Kochi, which cater to the regional training requirements of the
northern and central zones of Kerala. The Regional Centers are also well
equipped with modern computer lab and hostel facilities.

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Faculty Meetings
Dr. R. Ram Mohan
We had an interactive session with Dr. R Ram Mohan Sir. Topics were covered
such as the functions of the IMG and its different training programs. He explained
the main issues IMG face due to lack of funding and fragile political will. He also
pointed out that other nations have recognised the importance of training the
service sector and have largely invested in it. We are far behind compared to
other nations, which effectively show the lack of efficiency in our government
system.
Dr. N Krishnakumar
Dr. N Krishnakumar sir, is an advocate, and is currently holding the position of

Associate Fellow in law. He gives legal opinions on steps taken by the IMG and
also takes seminars and lectures to the government officials on their knowledge
of law and to what extent they can be exercised.
Dr. S. Sajeev & Shri Venu
A lecture was given on the history and functioning of the institution
About IMG
IMG was established in 1981. The main aim of IMG is to improve the managerial,
decision making, organisational, leadership and other qualities in the public and
private sector employees. This will in turn increase the efficiency of the work force
which will result in an effective system which will help in a flawless service to the
society. IMG also provides training for all cadres of Civil servants.

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IMG conducts training requirements of 64 departments. The training is conducted

according to State Training Policy (STP). State training policy was initially
implemented in 2004. In the initial years the training given was supply driven, but
as the time passed the training is now demand driven. IMG has started implementing
the training policy 2017 with the focus on building a citizen centric, corrupt free,
transparent and efficient public service delivery system.
There are three sections under IMG:
1) Program and Planning
2) Administrative
3) Finance
Vision and Mission
Our Vision:
"To become a facilitator of pursuit of excellence in governance."
Our Mission:
"To become a Centre of Excellence for Capacity Building for providing an efficient,
transparent, equitable and citizen centric public service delivery system in a
knowledge society".

44
Visit to the Sections
Visit to Finance Section [Section Officer in charge: K. Jayasree]
We visited the Finance section of the IMG. The section officer of the Finance Section
is k. Jayasree madam. The Finance section deals with the receiving of funds from
government and giving of salaries to its employees. There is a cash division within
the Finance section which deals with the final stage of income and expenditure. The
Finance division has just upgraded their software to ‘tally’. The Finance section
follows a double entry system. This office is also the head office of to the two other
regional offices.
Visit to Program and Planning [Asst. S O, Lalit Sir]
Today we visited another section of the three sections in IMG. Our orientation was
done by Lalit Sir, Assistant Section Officer. The Program and Planning section
prepares or plans the training programs that are conducted by the IMG. A calendar
is prepared ahead of a year charting all the training IMG gives to government
employees as mentioned in State Training Policy. IMG also trains government
officials of another countries. A set of Sri Lankan officials are currently taking
Training from the IMG. This training is conducted for one week. Every application

45
that comes into the office is either converted into an e-file or into a written file.
Nowadays the files are made into e-files since they are more efficient and
convenient. The e-filing is done according to the software made by National
Information Centre of India.
Visit to Administrative Section
Administrative section of the IMG gives sanction to every work that is done in the
IMG. They coordinate with the other two section for a flowless work. Administrative
section gives sanction for allotting class rooms, buying chairs, pens, and other
equipments such as overhead projector and other teaching apparatus. The
administrative wing here is also the head of Kozhikode and Kochi campus.
Administrative section is also given the responsibility of recruiting employees. The
employees are recruited from the employment exchange. They are recruited for
every six months (179 days). They also receive complaints and act on it.
Administrative section also includes a Governing Body and an Executive
Committee. IMG is administered by an eminent Board of Governors with
representatives from Government, industry, and professional bodies. The President
or the Board of Governors is the Chief Secretary to Government of Kerala. The
functions of the Institute are supervised by an Executive Committee of which the
Director of IMG is the Chairman and has representatives from State Government
and the Academia.

46
Seminars
Conducted by Dr. N Krishnakumar
On: Hierarchy of Courts and Court proceedings
We attended a class based on a couple of subjects in law. He started off with the
hierarchy of courts. He also discussed various sections in IPC and CrPC. A demo on
cross examination was conducted with the help of the students. A brief explanation
on the difference between hurt (section 319 of IPC) and grievous hurt (section 320
of IPC) and the punishments against it were also discussed.
The hierarchy of courts.
The Supreme Court is the apex court in India. The High court is subordinate to the
Supreme Court. District court deals with civil matters and sessions court deals with
criminal matters. Sessions courts can give the death penalty with the confirmation

47
by the high court. Assistant sessions court deals with criminal matters and can give
imprisonment up to 10 years. Chief judicial magistrate deals with criminal matters
and can give imprisonment up to 7 years. First class magistrate is the lowest court in
the criminal hierarchy and can give imprisonment up to 3 years. Subordinate district
courts deal with civil matters of compensation above 10 lakhs. Munsiff court is the
lowest court in the civil hierarchy and provides compensation up to 10 lakhs.
Complaint: In civil practice. In those states having a Code of Civil Procedure, the
complaint is the first or initiatory pleading on the part of the plaintiff in a civil action.
It corresponds to the declaration in the common-law practice.
Petition: A written address, embodying an application or prayer from the person or
persons preferring it, to the power, body, or person to whom it is presented, for the
exercise of his or their authority in the redress of some wrong, or the grant of some
favour, privilege, or licence. In practice, an application made to a court ex parte, or
where there are no parties.
FIR: First Information Report (CrPC section 154) petition should be summarised in
FIR. FIR is generally written by SHO. A copy of the report is given to the
complainant.
Summons: An order to appear before a judge or magistrate, or the writ containing
such an order
Warrant: A warrant is generally an order that serves as a specific type
of authorization , that is, a writ issued by a competent officer, usually
a judge or magistrate, which permits an otherwise illegal act that would
violate individual rights and affords the person executing the writ protection
from damages if the act is performed.
Section 160: Police officer’s power to require attendance of witnesses.

Exceptions:
● Women
● Children( below 15 years)
● Senior citizens( above 65 years)
● Sick person

48
The class ended with a brief explanation on the workings of court.
On: Right to Information Act 2005
Right to Information (RTI) is an act of the Parliament of India to provide for setting
out the practical regime of the right to information for citizens and replaces the
erstwhile Freedom of information Act, 2002. Under the provisions of the Act, any
citizen of India may request information from a "public authority" (a body of
Government or "instrumentality of State") which is required to reply expeditiously
or within thirty days. The Act also requires every public authority to computerise
their records for wide dissemination and to proactively certain categories of
information so that the citizens need minimum recourse to request for information
formally.
We discussed the different sections of the act.
Section 2: Section 2 of RTI Act of 2005 contains the definition of a series of terms
used along the whole text. Paragraph (i) clarifies what a “record” means in this
context:
(i) "Record" includes-

49
• any document, manuscript and file; any microfilm, microfiche and facsimile
copy of a document;
• any reproduction of image or images embodied in such
• any microfilm (whether enlarged or not); and
• any other material produced by a computer or any other device;
Section 3: Right to information.—Subject to the provisions of this Act, all citizens

shall have the right to information.
Section 4: Responsibilities of public authority.

The public authority must make sure that all the records are to be duly catalogued
and indexed in a manner and the form which facilitates the RTI under this Act and
to make sure that the records are to be computerised.
Public Authority shall publish the certain information within 120 days from the
enactment of this Act; some of them are
• the particulars of its organisation, functions and duties
• the powers and duties of its officers and employees
• the norms set by it for the discharge of its functions
• a directory of its officers and employees
• the rules, regulations, instructions, manuals and records, held by it or under
its control or used by its employees for discharging its functions.
State Information Commission: The State Information Commission will be

constituted by the State Government through a Gazette notification. It will have one
State Chief Information Commissioner (SCIC) and not more than 10 State
Information Commissioners (SIC) to be appointed by the Governor.
Powers and Functions of the State Information Commission

50
• The commission submits an annual report to the state government on the

implementation of the provisions of this act. The state government places this report
before the state legislature.
• The commission can order inquiry into any matter if there are reasonable
grounds.
• The commission has the power to secure compliance of its decisions from the
public authority.
• It is the duty of the commission to receive and inquire into a complaint from
any person
• During the inquiry of a complaint, the commission may examine any record
which is under the control of the public authority and no such record may be withheld
from it on any grounds.
Third party information: Section 6 of RTI Act, 2005 deals with third party
information. The proceedings in a public office are made transparent and available
to the public by the Right to Information Act, 2005. The information obtained
through RTI can be public or private. Private information contains the personal data
of an individual. Such details can be disclosed to the public only after obtaining the
consent of that particular individual. When the Commission receives an RTI seeking
the personal information of a person, the Commission will send a notice to that
particular person to know whether he has any objection in disclosing that matter.
The notice is to be sent to the person within five days from the date of receiving the
application and the reply from the person whether he has any objection or not is to
be made back within ten days from the date of receiving the notice. All information
excluding official matters can be called Third Party Information.

51
CASE
STUDY

52
CASE STUDY
We were given case files to read and find solutions.

1. Income Tax Memo issued against IMG Thiruvananthapuram.
A memo was issued against IMG for delaying the payment of taxes of the Toyota
DCM Bus, KL 11 5686. This memo was taken up as a legal opinion.
Facts of the Case

Kozhikode IMG had a Toyota DCM Bus, which they sent to the IMG head office
for disposal. This was during 2008-2009. The vehicle was disposed of by a public
auction on 8/01/2009 in the IMG premises. There were 9 bidders for the Bus. Shri.
A Najeeb, TC 43/928, Paruthikuzhy, Manacaud, Thiruvananthapuram called the
highest number of Rupees 1,01,000/- only. Sanctions are also accorded for the
release of the vehicles with related papers. The bidders shall remit the balance
amount of auction including Tax as per rules, in the Finance division and take
delivery of the Vehicle Supervisor.
Later on, a memo was issued by the Income Tax Office to IMG Kozhikode to remit
the tax arrears from 1/07/02008-31/03/2014.
This was brought to attention which also brought to light the question of ownership
and liability of IMG. On further enquiry conducted by the Kozhikode IMG revealed
that the ownership of the Bus is still in the name of the Director of IMG.
Issues
i. Whether IMG is liable to pay the pending arrears of the Toyota DCM Bus for
the period of 2008-2014?
ii. Whether IMG can change its ownership now?
Solution
According to section 50 of the Motor Vehicle Act;

53
Section 50: Transfer of ownership. —

(1) Where the ownership of any motor vehicle registered under this Chapter is transferred, —
(a) the transferor shall, —
(i) in the case of a vehicle registered within the same State, within fourteen days of the transfer,
report the fact of transfer, in such form with such documents and in such manner, as may be
prescribed by the Central Government to the registering authority within whose jurisdiction the
transfer is to be effected and shall simultaneously send a copy of the said report to the transferee;
and
(ii) in the case of a vehicle registered outside the State, within forty-five days of the transfer,
forward to the registering authority referred to in sub-clause (i)—
(A) the no objection certificate obtained under section 48; or
(B) in a case where no such certificate has been obtained, —
(I) the receipt obtained under sub-section (2) of section 48; or
(II) the postal acknowledgment received by the transferee if he has sent an application in this behalf
by registered post acknowledgment due to the registering authority referred to in section 48,
together with a declaration that he has not received any communication from such authority
refusing to grant such certificate or requiring him to comply with any direction subject to which
such certificate may be granted;
(b) the transferee shall, within thirty days of the transfer, report the transfer to the registering
authority within whose jurisdiction he has the residence or place of business where the vehicle is
normally kept, as the case may be, and shall forward the certificate of registration to that registering
authority together with the prescribed fee and a copy of the report received by him from the
transferor in order that particulars of the transfer of ownership may be entered in the certificate of
registration.
(2) Where—
(a) the person in whose name a motor vehicle stands registered dies, or
(b) a motor vehicle has been purchased or acquired at a public auction conducted by, or on behalf
of, Government, the person succeeding to the possession of the vehicle or, as the case may be, who
has purchased or acquired the motor vehicle, shall make an application for the purpose of
transferring the ownership of the vehicle in his name, to the registering authority in whose
jurisdiction he has the residence or place of business where the vehicle is normally kept, as the
case may be, in such manner, accompanied with such fee, and within such period as may be
prescribed by the Central Government.
(3) If the transferor or the transferee fails to report to the registering authority the fact of transfer
within the period specified in clause (a) or clause (b) of sub-section (1), as the case may be, or if
the person who is required to make an application under sub-section (2) (hereafter in this section

54
referred to as the other person) fails to make such application within the period prescribed, the
registering authority may, having regard to the circumstances of the case, require the transferor or
the transferee, or the other person, as the case may be, to pay, in lieu of any action that may be
taken against him under section 177 such amount not exceeding one hundred rupees as may be
prescribed under sub-section (5): Provided that action under section 177 shall be taken against the
transferor or the transferee or the other person, as the case may be, where he fails to pay the said
amount.
(4) Where a person has paid the amount under sub-section (3), no action shall be taken against him
under section 177.
(5) For the purposes of sub-section (3), a State Government may prescribe different amounts
having regard to the period of delay on the part of the transferor or the transferee in reporting the
fact of transfer of ownership of the motor vehicle or of the other person in making the application
under sub-section (2).
(6) On receipt of a report under sub-section (1), or an application under sub-section (2), the
registering authority may cause the transfer of ownership to be entered in the certificate of
registration.
(7) A registering authority making any such entry shall communicate the transfer of ownership to
the transferor and to the original registering authority, if it is not the original registering authority.
From the above section, we understand that, the paper that is missing can be
recovered by giving an application to the concerned RTO, in this case RTO
Kozhikode.
As this is an ongoing case file/enquiry, the final decision is not made. On the above
findings we recommended that a request be sent to RTO Kozhikode and the same
was agreed upon by our in charge.
2. Writ petition filed against IMG

55
A writ petition was filed by an employee to enforce his employment at IMG through
court of law.
Facts of the Case
Petitioner has been working as a peon under the IMG from 19-7-2012 onwards, has
filed a writ petition aggrieved by the Ext. P4( a true copy of order numbered as
125/M.R 13(1)/18 DATED 28-6-2018 issued by the first respondent) letter by which
he is informed that appointment to the post is going to be made through employment
exchange, while rejecting his request for considering him for regular appointment
with weightage. IMG had already addressed the Employment Exchange as
sponsored candidates for appointment on daily wages. It is pointed that regular
appointment is not made in the absence of special rules. It is stated that interview of
ex candidates who are sponsored by the Employment Exchange is over.
Issue
i. Whether IMG is liable to the said employee to continue him in keeping his
job?
Solution
One could file a writ petition to enforce his rights. In this case, the petitioner is filing
a writ petition for mandamus.
Article 32 and 226 of the constitution
Articles 32 and 226 are the provisions of the Constitution that together provide an
effective guarantee that every person has a fundamental right of access to courts.
Article 32 confers power on the Supreme Court to enforce the fundamental rights. It
provides a guaranteed, quick and summary remedy for enforcing the Fundamental
Rights. The High courts have a parallel power under Article 226 to enforce the
fundamental rights. Article 226 differs from Article 32 in that whereas Article 32
can be invoked only for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights, Article 226 can be
invoked not only for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights.
Here, in this case as the job is not completely denied, the petitioners fundamental
right is not violated. The jobs are only given under a certain system, [ in this case

56
employment exchange] so that IMG could give jobs in a transparent manner. Hence
the petition would not stand.
Now, a request is made to consider him in the next year recruitment.

We were able to learn the working of IMG, its training programs, and its functioning.
The reach of law in government servants and government offices are immense, and
it is necessary to equip both offices and servants with the right knowledge both legal
and work based. We were able to analyze the procedures and work that goes into
each step of the activities done in the institution. The objective of developing
managerial skills, organisational abilities, leadership qualities and decision-making
skills among different categories of employees of Government, Private and Public
sector can be clearly seen to have been developed through the trainees. Although the
institute does not hold much of a legal aspect, we were able to go through the few
cases that has come its way and were able to understand the process it goes through.
It was a very informative experience and IMG is on a good path of fulfilling their
objectives.

57

58
KERALA STATE CONSUMER

DISPUTES REDRESSAL
COMMISSION
Kerala State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission is an autonomous, statutory
and constitutional institution formed as a quasi judicial body in Kerala under Section
24-B of the Consumer Protection Act, 1986 to protect the rights of consumers. It is
a system of alternate dispute resolution between conflicting parties during the
process of trade. The president of the States Consumer Disputes Redressal
Commission is appointed by the state government in consultation with the Chief
Justice of state high court.
History and Objective

Kerala State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission was formed to promote and
protect the rights of consumers as per the Consumer Protection Act 1986.
Kerala State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission is the first
commission in the country to initiate redressal of collaborative practices online.

59
Under this system parties in the dispute by themselves or through their counsel
through a call express their interest for their case to be part of Eadalat to the court
Master.
Composition
Following shall be the composition of Kerala State Consumer Disputes Redressal
Commission:
1. President and
2. Not less than two members and not more than that presribed in State Act.
The President will be appointed by the state Government in consultation with
the Chief Justice of state High Court. The eligibility for president is that he should
be serving or served as Judge in any High Court. Members should be of 1. Not less
than 35 years of age and 2. recognised university bachelor degree 3. With good
ability,integrity and standing and with proficient experience of 10 years and
expertise in subjects of accountancy, law, commerce, economics, industry,
administration and public affairs and problem solving ability in the same.
Also not more than fifty percent of members of the committee should be from
judicial background.

60
Hon'ble Justice P.Q. Barkathali is the President of Kerala State Consumer Disputes
Redressal Commission.
Levels and jurisdiction

Kerala State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission was formed for promoting
and protecting the rights of consumers through three levels with the below
mentioned jurisdiction:
District Commission (earlier referred to as District Forum) can accept
complaints from consumers if the value of goods or services is up to ₹1 crore (Earlier
limit was ₹20 lakh).
The State Commission can accept complaints from consumers if the value of
goods or services is more than ₹1 crore but less than ₹10 crores ( earlier limit was
between ₹20 lakh and ₹1 crore).
The National Commission can accept complaints from consumers if the value
of goods or services is more than 10 crores.

61
Procedure to File Complaints

Kerala State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission laid down below process of
filing and resolving complaints:
Complaints can be filed electronically and examination of disputing parties is
done through video-conferencing which includes hearing and/or examination
through any other mode.
Complaints to be resolved as early as possible. Time period for resolving
dispute in case the complaint does not require analysis and testing of product quality
is 3 months from the date of receipt of notice by the opposite party. However if the
complaint requires analysis or testing of product quality the time limit for resolving
dispute is within 5 months.
Complaints can be filed using E-Daakhil Portal which is hassle free, speedy
and economical facility and made convenient for consumers to approach the
respective consumer forum. It also avoids the need of consumers to travel and be
available physically in the commission.
E-Daakhil Portal has incorporated features like sending e-notice, downloading
case document link, providing link for Video call hearing, filing of response in
writing by opposite party, rejoinder filing by the person complaining and sending
sms and e-mail alerts.

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Currently 43,000 users have registered on the E-Daakhil Portal with around 10,000
cases being filed.
Penalties and Imprisonment

Manufacturers and Service providers are made punishable as a criminal offence for
giving misleading information or for wrong advertisement of product.
Punishment may include a fine of Rs 10 lakhs or imprisonment for 2 years or both.
Investigative Agency
Violation of consumer rights or unfair trade practices is investigated by the
Investigation wing headed by Director-General level position in Central Consumer
Protection Authority (CCPA).
Important Terms
Following are the important terms in Kerala State Consumer Disputes Redressal
Commission:

63
As per the act "Goods" means anything purchased by consumers either in retail or
wholesale from retailers or wholesalers. They can either be produced or
manufactured.
As per the act "services" means those which are in the form of
"transport,telephone,electricity,housing,banking,insurance,medical treatment etc".
As per the act consumer means " any person who buys any goods or hires or avails
any services for a consideration which has already been paid or promised or partly
paid and partly promised or under any system of deferred payment".
Person includes anyone buying goods, either through online system or direct
or offline, by way of teleshopping, or through mode of electronic includes direct
selling or in a multi-level marketing.
Consumer does not include person buying or availing goods or services for
resale or for any other commercial purpose.
For the purpose of commission the terms are referred in Consumer Protection
Act'2019.
Challenges
The district, state and national level commissions face challenges of understaffing
or non fulfillment of vacancies in time.

64
The report prepared by senior advocate on the directions of Supreme Court of India
found out many shortcomings in the offices of district and state consumer redressal
bodies in many states of India. These include absence of storage rooms for case files,
lack of member chambers for convenience of members hearing complaints, non
availability of court rooms and washrooms in selective cases.
Judge’s Term
3 years from the date of entering office or up to 65 years of age (whichever is earlier)
Location
Kerala State Consumer Dispute Redressal Commission, Chinmaya Mission Lane,
Vazhuthacaud, Thiruvananthapuram-10.Office
● We were able to learn the working of the forum
● Understood the history and importance of the forum
● We were able to learn the structure and power of the forum
● Understood the hierarchy of forums.

65
● Witnessed live cases conducted online
● Had discussions on the key takedowns from the session.

66
POLICE TRAINING COLLEGE
About Police Training College

In Travancore a Police Training School was set up in 1882. It was then attached to
the Supdt of Police of Travancore. In 1943 the Police Recruits School(PRS) was
renamed as Police Training School, and set up in the present P T C Campus Thycaud.
A DySP was in charge. It functioned as a training institution for Forest, Jail, Women
Police and Civil Service Staff. A post of Senior Law Instructor was created in
1949,In 1959 the Police Training School was upgraded as Police Training College
and a Superintendent of Police was posted as Principal. The Basic Training and In-
service courses are key Training programmes carried out in PTC. Apart from giving
Basic Training, many In-Service Courses such as Refresher courses, Re-orientation
courses, Familiarization courses, Cader courses are also being undertaken at PTC.
Basic training for Excise Inspectors, Forest Officers are also now being conducted.
TOT Training Programme for Indoor/Outdoor Police personnel, Training
Programme for Investigation of various types of cases, Intelligence collection and
analysis, Training Programme of criminal Intelligence collection, Training on
discrete use of Cyber space/Social media, Centralised Training Programme for
CBCID/SBCID staff, TOT for Janamaithri Beat officers, Vehicle maintanence and

67
Behavioural training for drivers, maintanence of Station records, SHOs talent
enhancement(SHOT), Courses on investigation of traffic accident cases, TOT
Course on NDPS Act and Social Management of drug abuse, Collection of digital
evidence and investigation of cyber crimes, course on successful prosecution of
cases, iAPS training of Ministerial and Police staff, Orientation programme for
Ministerial staff etc are key courses being conducted at PTC.
Police Training College is designated as the South Zone Regional Training
Center (SZRTC) by the intelligence bureau. The IB has been imparting training
directly with their faculty to the officers from Kerala Police and also officers from
other southern states.
Police Training College is one of the study center of Indira Gandhi National
Open University. The IGNOU courses offered at PTC are Post Graduate Diploma in
Criminal Justice, Post Graduate Certificate in Cyber Law, Diploma in Para legal
practice, Certificate in Anti-human trafficking and Certificate in Human rights etc.
Governance
Police Training College is headed by an officer of IPS Cadre designated as Principal.
Deputy Superintendent of Police in Kerala Police Service is designated as Vice
Principal. Two Police Inspectors of General Executive designated as Senior Law

68
Instructors carry out the task of Indoor training and two Armed Police Inspectors
carry out the task of outdoor training. Total strength of PTC is about 120 staffs
including Ministerial staff
Major Facilities
1. 6 Fully Airconditioned Classrooms including 2 Smart Classrooms
2. Digital Conference Hall
3. 2 Computer Labs with Internet & Wifi Connectivity
4. A Computer Lab for iAPS Course
5. Non A/c Conference Hall
6. A Library with vast collection of books including Police Training books and
Journals.
7. PTC Driving School
8. A/c, Non A/c Rooms for Course Participants
9. 5 Barracks for the accomodation of Trainees
10.Three Mess Hall including Officers Mess

69
Training/Courses
Basic Training
Basic Training for API-Sports, SI Trainees, Excise Inspectors, RSI-Sports,
Havildar-Sports etc
In-Service Courses
TOT Training Programme for Indoor/Outdoor Police personnel, Training
Programme for Investigation of various types of cases, Intelligence collection and
analysis, Training Programme of criminal Intelligence collection, Training on
discrete use of Cyber space/Social media, Centralised Training Programme for
CBCID/SBCID staff, TOT for Janamaithri Beat officers, Vehicle maintanence and
Behavioural training for drivers, maintanence of Station records, SHOs talent
enhancement(SHOT), Courses on investigation of traffic accident cases, TOT
Course on NDPS Act and Social Management of drug abuse, Collection of digital
evidence and investigation of cyber crimes, course on successful prosecution of
cases, iAPS training of Ministerial and Police staff, Orientation programme for
Ministerial staff etc are key In-Service courses being conducted at PTC

70
IGNOU Courses
1. IAPS Training
2. IB Training
3. Officers
4. Shri. BALRAM KUMAR UPADHYAY IPS
5. ADGP Training
Officers
1. V K Abdul Kader
Principal
2. Anil Sreenivas
Vice Principal
3. Premkumar K
SLI-I, PTC
4. Jose Philip
SLI-II, PIC
5. S Santhosh Kumar
API PRS
6. Ganesh Kumar N
API TT

71
Wings of Police Training College
1. General Executive Wing- ADGP Training+ Principal+ Vice President
2. Quarter Master Wing (QM)
The Quartermaster Wing responsible for purchase, store keeping and maintenance
& service .
RANK & DESIGNATION/DUTY
SI -MAINTANANCE WORK
ASI- QUARTER MASTER
ASI Qr.- MASTER IN CHARGE
SCPO- WRITER
SCPO -BELL OF ARMS
CPO ELECTRICIAN/PLUMBING
CPO BELL OF ARMS/ OFFICER
CPO ARMOUR PC
CPO ELECTRICIAN/PUMBING
CPO PUMBING DUTY
CPO SANITATION
CPO PUMBING

72
3. Library and Press Wing
PTC Library
PTC Library is one of the best Police library in India. This library had
approximately 20,000 books. This library contains a vast collection of Law subjects,
Investigation of various types of cases, Cyber crimes, Cyber Forensics, Forensics
Science, Intelligence, Police Station Management,Malayalam fictions, English
fictions, etc. This library is considered as a reference library and books mainly
consist of Police Training, duties and responsibilities of police force, Rules and Laws
regarding Kerala Police, Central Police Forces and Armed Forces. PTC Library also
facilitated with numerous books on English and Malayalam Literature, Civil and
Local Laws, Public Administration, Investigation, Psychology, Philosophy etc. to
provide knowledge to recruits of Police Department and various other departments
like Jail Department, Forest Department, Excise Department, RTO, Home Guard
etc. Book lending service to Police Officers is also available in the library.This
library has a collection of case diaries, Circulars, Commission Reports, Inspection
Reports, Administration Reports and Station Visit Reports.

73
This library is provided with 7 Malayalam and 3 English News Papers. 12
periodicals in Malayalam and English for readers. Library is kept opened from 9 AM
to 6 PM.
The library staff consisting of one Grade-I Librarian and 3 library assistants.
The Senior Law Instructor-II is the supervisory Officer of PTC Library.

74
PTC Press
A good Press is functioning in the PTC compound for printing for Training
related news, Journals, books, Newsletters, Notices, SPC/Janamaithri broachers etc.
A monthly magazine named Kerala Police Newsletter is being published from PTC
Press. A Sub Inspector is the In-Charge of Printing Press. One ASI and one SCPO
are assisting him.
4. Motor Transport wing-

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The Motor Transport wing is
another important wing functioning
in the Police Training College. One
Sub Inspector is the supervisory
officer of this wing. 10 Driver HCs,
11 Driver PCs and 2 Office Staffs
are assisting him for the smooth
functioning. There are about 30
vehicles including light and heavy
vehicles operating under this wing.
5.Training Management Wing (TMW)

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The Training Management Wing is responsible for conducting In-Service
Courses in the PTC. TOT training programs for Indoor/Outdoor police personnel,
CTP Training programs, SHO Talent Enhancement programs, iAPS Training,
Janamaithri Courses, IMG Courses, Courses for Ministerial staffs etc are the main
courses conducting under this wing. SLI-I is the In-Charge of TMW. 2 ASIs and 2
CPOs assisting him for smooth functioning.ASI decide upon the
OURSE/FACULTY ARRANGEMENT whereas CPO are appointed for data entry.

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In-Service Courses
TOT Training Programme for Indoor/Outdoor Police
personnel, Training Programme for Investigation of
various types of cases, Intelligence collection and
analysis, Training Programme of criminal Intelligence
collection, Training on discrete use of Cyber
space/Social media, Centralised Training Programme for
CBCID/SBCID staff, TOT for Janamaithri Beat officers,
Vehicle maintanence and Behavioural training for
drivers, maintanence of Station records, SHOs talent
enhancement(SHOT), Courses on investigation of traffic
accident cases, TOT Course on NDPS Act and Social Management of drug abuse,
Collection of digital evidence and investigation of cyber crimes, course on
successful prosecution of cases, iAPS training of Ministerial and Police staff,
Orientation programme for Ministerial staff etc are key In-Service courses being
conducted at PTC

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Training Management Wing (TMW) App-
The Training Management Wing, application/software is intended for the
digitilisation of doccuments including Cob messages and co-ordination and
management of other activities conducted.
6.Training Team (TT)
Training team is responsible for the Outdoor Training in PTC. An Armed Police
Inspector is the supervisory officer of the Training Team. The team consists of a
total of 30 members. Outdoor Training for Basic Training Recruits, modified Lathy
& Pistol Drills for In-Service Police personnel are mainly carried out under the
supervision of the Training team. For Outdoor Training a big Parade ground and a
medium Parade ground available in the PTC.
Staff arrangement of TT
API-1
API(G)/SI-2
ASI-4
HC/HAV-12
CPO/WCPO-6
CF-5

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7. Computer Maintenance Unit (CMU)
A Computer maintenance unit is functioning for the effective maintenance of
Computer Networks in the PTC. Total 7 Classrooms and 2 Computer Labs are under
the control of this unit. CMU team consists of total 4 qualified Police personnels
having thorough knowledge and expertise in computer and information technology.
The works are categorised and shared among them and carried out smoothly within
the speculated time.

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8.Ministerial Wing
The Ministerial Wing is
functioning under the direct
supervision of Junior
Superintendent. 20 ministerial
staffs are working in different
sections for the effective
handling of Clerical works in
the Police Training College.
9. Orchestra Section
The Orchestra Section of PTC was formed in 1942. The Orchestra is lead by
Orchestra Master K.A Joseph(Sub Inspector), assisted by Prince Joseph J.V
SI(G),Rajan K SI(G), C S Sethuraman ASI(G), Sajeevan A ASI(G), Jayashankar R
ASI(G) and Anilkumar B SCPO, Ratheesh V.S CPO 7381 (working arrangement).
The Unit is playing Carnatic music using the following musical instruments:
Saxophone, mandolin, tubo phone, violin, flute, veena, ghot vadyam, mrudangam,
mughar sangh and tamburu. Now the team is doing fusion style music.

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● We were able to learn the working of the institute.
● Understood the vision, mission and aim of the institution
● Visited and analysed various wings in PTC
● We were able to learn the structure of the institute.
● Understood that the reach of law in this area is immense, and it is necessary
to equip both offices and servants with the right knowledge both legal and
work based.
the activities done in the institution.
● The objective of developing various skills of trainees.

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NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS

COMMISSION
ABOUT THE COMMISSION

The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) of India was established on 12
October, 1993. The statute under which it is established is the Protection of Human
Rights Act (PHRA), 1993 as amended by the Protection of Human Rights
(Amendment) Act, 2006.
It is in conformity with the Paris Principles, adopted at the first international
workshop on national institutions for the promotion and protection of human rights
held in Paris in October 1991, and endorsed by the General Assembly of the United
Nations by its Regulations 48/134 of 20 December, 1993.
The NHRC is an embodiment of India’s concern for the promotion and
protection of human rights.

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Section 2(1)(d) of the PHRA defines Human Rights as the rights relating to
life, liberty, equality and dignity of the individual guaranteed by the Constitution or
embodied in the International Covenants and enforceable by courts in India
Logo
Motto
Sarve Bhavantu Sukhinaḥ
(Transl. "May All be Happy")
Vision & Mission

The National Human Rights Commission, India has been set up by an Act of
Parliament under the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993 for the protection and

84
promotion of human rights. The functions of the Commission as stated in Section 12
of the Act and apart from enquiry into complaints of violation of human rights or
negligence in the prevention of such violation by a public servant, the Commission
also studies treaties and international instruments on human rights and make
recommendations for their effective implementation to the Government.
The Protection of Human Rights Act mandates the NHRC to perform the
following:
● Proactively or reactively inquire into violations of human rights by
government of India or negligence of such violation by a public servant.
● The protection of human rights and recommend measures for their effective
implementation
● Review the factors, including acts of terrorism that inhibit the enjoyment of
human rights and recommend appropriate remedial measures
● To study treaties and other international instruments on human rights and
make recommendations for their effective implementation
● Undertake and promote research in the field of human rights
● To visit jails and study the condition of inmates

85
● Engage in human rights education among various sections of society and
promote awareness of the safeguards available for the protection of these
rights through publications, the media, seminars and other available means
● Encourage the efforts of NGOs and institutions that works in the field of
human rights voluntarily.
● Considering the necessity for the protection of human rights.
● Requisitioning any public record or copy thereof from any court or office.
Importance of NHRC
The Commission is responsible for spreading of human rights awareness amongst
the masses and encouraging the efforts of all stake holders in the field of human
rights literacy not only at the national level but at international level too. NHRC is a
unique institution because it is one of the few National Human Rights Institutes
(NHRIs) in the world whose Chairperson is the former Chief Justice of the country.
The world looks at NHRC of India as a role model in promoting and monitoring
effective implementation of promotion and protection of human rights.

86
Section 2(1) (d) of the PHR Act defines Human Rights as the rights relating
to life, liberty, equality and dignity of the individual guaranteed by the Constitution
or embodied in the International Covenants and enforceable by courts in India.
The NHRC, India plays an active role in coordinating with other NHRIs of
the world to enhance awareness from the perspective of human rights. It has also
hosted delegations from UN Bodies and other National Human Rights Commissions
as well as members of civil society, lawyers and political and social activists from
many countries.
Composition
The NHRC consists of:
The chairperson and five members (excluding the ex-officio members) [4]
A Chairperson, who has been a Chief Justice of India or a Judge of the Supreme
Court.[5]
One member who is, or has been, a Judge of the Supreme Court of India and one
member who is, or has been, the Chief Justice of a High Court.
Three Members, out of which at least one shall be a woman to be appointed from
amongst persons having knowledge of, or practical experience in, matters relating
to human rights.

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In addition, the Chairpersons of National Commissions viz., National Commission
for Scheduled Castes, National Commission for Scheduled Tribes, National
Commission for Women , National Commission for Minorities, National
Commission for Backward Classes, National Commission for Protection of Child
Rights; and the Chief Commissioner for Persons with Disabilities serve as ex officio
members.
The sitting Judge of the Supreme Court or sitting Chief Justice of any High Court
can be appointed only after consultation with the Chief Justice of India.
Present Commission
Section 2, 3 and 4 of TPHRA lay down the rules for appointment to the NHRC. The
Chairperson and members of the NHRC are appointed by the President of India, on
the recommendation of a committee consisting of:
The Prime Minister (Chairperson)
The Home Minister
The Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha (Lower House)
The Leader of the Opposition in the Rajya Sabha (Upper House)
The Speaker of the Lok Sabha (Lower House)
The Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha (Upper House)

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Term and removal:

They hold office for a term of three years or until they attain the age of 70 years,
whichever is earlier.
The President can remove them from the office under specific circumstances.
Specialised Divisions and Staff

There are five Divisions in the Commission. These are
1. Law Division,
2. Investigation Division
3. Policy Research, Projects and Programmes Division
4. Training Division
5. Administration Division
Law Division
The Law Division of the Commission handles registration and disposal of around
one lakh cases each year, registered on the complaints of human rights violation
made to it either by the victim or any other person on behalf of the victim or on
receipt of intimation from authorities concerned, regarding custodial death, custodial
rape, death in police action, or on suo motu cognizance by the Commission or on a

89
direction or order of any court. The Division also receives intimations regarding
deaths in police/judicial custody, deaths in the custody of defence/para military
forces and custodial rapes. Suo motu cognizance of serious matters taken by the
Commission is also dealt with by the Division. During the year 2017-2018, 77,589
complaints were received in the Commission. All complaints received in the
Commission are assigned a diary number and thereafter scrutinized and processed
using the Complaint Management and Information System (CMIS) software
especially devised for this purpose. After registration of complaints, they are placed
before the Commission for its directions and accordingly, follow up action is taken
by the Division in these cases till their final disposal. Cases of important nature are
taken up by the Full Commission and matters pertaining to deaths in police custody
or police action are considered by the Division Benches. Some important cases are
also considered in sittings of the Commission in open court hearings. The Division
has also been organizing camp sittings in different State capitals to expedite disposal
of pending complaints and sensitise the State functionaries on the human rights
issues. The Commission has also been organising open hearings regarding atrocities
on Scheduled Castes in the country to have direct interaction with the affected
persons belonging to Scheduled Castes. The Division further provides its views /
opinion on various Bills/draft legislations referred to it for better protection and
promotion of human rights. The Law Division has come out with few important

90
publications like “NHRC & HRDs: The Growing Synergy”, etc. There is also a
Focal Point for Human Rights Defenders who is accessible to HRDs round the clock
through (i) Mobile No. 9810298900, (ii) Fax No. 24651334, and (iii) E-mail: hrd-
[email protected]
The Law Division is headed by a Registrar (Law), who is assisted by
Presenting Officers, a Joint Registrar, a number of Deputy Registrars, Assistant
Registrars, Section Officers and other secretarial staff.
Investigation Division
The Investigation Division is headed by an officer of the rank of Director
General of Police, assisted by one DIG and three Senior Superintendents of Police.
Each Senior Superintendent of Police heads a group of investigative officers
(comprising of Deputy Superintendents of Police and Inspectors). The functioning
of Investigation Division is multi dimensional, details of which are as follows:
Spot Enquiries: The Investigation Division conducts spot enquiries and
recommends suitable action in the cases revealing human rights violation. The spot
enquiries conducted by the Investigation Division not only bring out the truth before
the Commission, but also send a message to all concerned – complainants, public

91
servants, etc. The Commission orders a Spot enquiry in a range of cases concerning
a variety of public authorities – from illegal detention, extra judicial killing, etc. by
the police to the lack of facilities in a hospital leading to avoidable deaths. Spot
enquiries enhance the confidence of general public too and instill their faith in
NHRC’s role in protection of Human Rights. The Investigation Division also gives
its comments / observations, whenever sought, in the cases of advice / analysis,
besides monitoring cases whenever referred to it.
Custodial Deaths: As per the guidelines issued by the Commission to the State
authorities, the latter are supposed to intimate the Commission in case of any death
occurring in custody (whether in police or judicial custody) within 24 hours. The
Investigation Division, on receiving such intimations, analyzes the reports in order
to find out if there was any human rights violation involved. In order to make the
analysis more professional and accurate, Investigation Division seeks help from the
forensic experts on the panel of NHRC.
Fact Finding Cases: The Investigation Division also calls upon different
authorities to submit reports in “Fact Finding” Cases as directed by the Commission.
The Investigation Division critically analyzes these reports with a view to assist the
Commission in deciding whether there is any violation of Human Rights or not. In

92
cases where reports received are misleading or not factual, the Commission orders a
spot enquiry as well.
Training: The officers of the Investigation Division deliver lectures in
training institutes and other forums, wherever they are invited to spread human rights
literacy and promote awareness of the safeguards available for the protection of the
human rights.
Rapid Action Cell: From the year 2007, the Investigation Division has taken
the initiative of making a Rapid Action Cell functional in the Commission. Under
RAC cases, the Investigation Division deals with cases which are of a very urgent
nature e.g. the allegation may be regarding child marriage likely to be performed the
very next day; the complainant fears that a relative or friend picked up by the police
may be killed in a false encounter, etc. In all such cases, the Investigation Division
takes up the urgent follow up required by the Commission. It may include speaking
to authorities/complainants personally over telephone to ascertain facts, faxing the
complaint to various authorities for reference and asking them to send their replies
expeditiously. During the period 01-04-2017 to 31-03-2018, the Investigation
Division has dealt with 515 such Rapid Action Cases where immediate intervention

93
by the Commission was able to prevent not only Human Rights violation but also
threats to human life & liberty in a number of cases.
Debate Competition for Personnel of Central Armed Police Forces: In order
to promote human rights awareness and spread sensitization towards it among the
personnel of the Central Armed Police Forces, the Investigation Division has been
regularly organizing a debate competition on such issues, every year, since 1996.
Moreover, since 2004, as directed by the Hon’ble Chairperson, zone-wise debate
competitions have also been organized as a run up to the final competition, for larger
participation of the CAPFs all over the country. The semi-final and the final rounds
of teams selected during the zonal competitions are subsequently organized in the
Capital. Each year, this event sees enthusiastic participation and an outstanding level
of debate.
Debate Competition for Personnel of State Police Forces: The police today
are duty bound to conform to the principles of Human Rights in discharging their
duties. The lower and middle levels in the police forces are extremely crucial from
the viewpoint of Human Rights because they directly come into contact with general
public while discharging their duties. Since the year 2004, an attempt has been made
by the Investigation Division of National Human Rights Commission to increase the

94
level of human rights awareness among the police officials by providing necessary
financial assistance to State/UTs Police Forces for conducting Debate Competitions
for State Police Force personnel. At present Commission is providing amount of
`15000/- for holding debates in States/UTs.
Visits to Places of Detention: There are a large number of complaints related
to the living condition in jails and other institutions where persons are detained or
lodged for the purpose of treatment, reformation or protection. The IOs of the
Investigation Division visit Jails and other institutions in different states, as and
when directed by the Commission and submit reports presenting the facts regarding
specific allegations or the general condition of prisoners or inmates with regard to
their human rights based on which needed follow-up action is pursued by the
Commission.
Policy Research, Projects and Programmes Division
The Policy Research, Projects and Programmes Division (PRP&P Division)
undertakes and promotes research on human rights and organizes conferences,
seminars and workshops on important human rights issues. Whenever the
Commission, on the basis of its hearings, deliberations or otherwise, arrives at a
conclusion that a particular subject is of importance, it is converted into a

95
project/programme to be dealt with by the PRP&P Division. Besides, it reviews
policies, laws, treaties and other international instruments in force for the protection
and promotion of human rights. It facilitates in monitoring the implementation of
NHRC recommendations by the Central, State and Union Territory authorities. It
further helps the Training Division in spreading human rights literacy and in
promoting awareness about the safeguards available for the protection of human
rights. The work of the Division is handled by Joint Secretary (Training & Research)
and Joint Secretary (Programme & Administration), a Joint Director (Research),
Section Officer, Assistant, Research Consultants, Research Associates, Research
Assistants and other secretarial staff.
Training Division
The Training Division is responsible for spreading human rights literacy
among various sections of the society. As such, it trains and sensitizes various
government officials and functionaries of the State and its agencies, non-government
officials, representatives of civil society organizations and students on different
human rights issues. For this purpose, it collaborates with the Administrative
Training Institutions/Police Training Institutions and Universities/Colleges.
Besides, it conducts internship programmes for college and university students. The
Division is headed by a Joint Secretary (Training & Research), who is supported by

96
a Senior Research Officer (Training), an Assistant and other secretarial staff.
Coordination Section, under the Training Division, deals with all the international
matter, including international treaties and conventions. Besides, it coordinates with
Camp Commission Sittings/Open Hearings in various States/UTs, organizes
Commission’s annual functions, viz., Foundation Day and Human Rights Day. It is
also tasked with taking care of protocol duties as well as organizing visits of
Chairperson/Members/senior officers of the Commission, both at the national and
international levels. Coordination Section consists of an Under Secretary, Section
Officer, Assistants, Research Consultant and other secretarial staff.
Administration Division
The Administration Division looks after the establishment, administrative and
related requirements of the Chairperson and Members of the NHRC. Besides, it
looks into personnel, accounts, library and other requirements of the officers and
staff of the NHRC. The work of the Division is handled by the Joint Secretary (P&A)
who is assisted by a Director, Under Secretaries, Section Officers, Assistants and
other secretarial staff.
The Media and Communication Unit under the Administration Division
disseminates information relating to the activities of the NHRC through the print and

97
electronic media. It brings out a bilingual monthly Newsletter ‘Human Rights’. The
Publication Unit, responsible for bringing out all the publications of the
Commission, is another crucial Unit of the NHRC. The Annual Report, NHRC
English and Hindi Journal, “Know Your Right” Series are a few of the salient
publications brought out by this Unit. Furthermore, it looks into applications and
appeals received under the Right to Information Act, 2005.
Governing Acts
● The Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993 (with Amendment Act, 2006)
● The Protection of Human Rights (Amendment) ACT, 2019
● THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS ACT, 1993 [As amended by the
Protection of Human Rights (Amendment) Act, 2019
Wayforward for strengthening NHRC:
Consider wide range of societal groups: Maximise the number of potential
candidates from a wide range of societal groups and educational qualifications
Effectiveness of commission: The effectiveness of commissions will be greatly
enhanced if their decisions are immediately made enforceable by the government.

98
Abiding NHRC directions: All State Governments must abide by the directions
issued by the NHRC in regard to compensation and other issues.
Improve the working of the Commission: Many social and human rights activists
have the practical experience in human rights movement and can greatly contribute
towards the working of the Commission.
● Understood the vision, mission and aim of the commission
● We were able to learn the working of the commission.
● We were able to learn the structure of the commission.
● Attended lectures of expert personalities of different areas.
● Had virtual visits to various departments including jail
● Completed a book review as part of internship
● Won 3rd prize for a research presentation conducted as part of the internship.
● Undergone interview to test the takeaways from the internship.

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CERTIFICATE OF APPRECIATION

100
CENTRAL PRISON AND

CORRECTIONAL HOME, TVPM
INTRODUCTION
It is considered that for the proper functioning of a
State a prison is necessary. The three wings for the
functioning of the State are Legislature, Executive and
Judiciary. Prisons are an extended version of the Executive body. The offenders are
tried by the judicial body and moved to prisons for correcting them.
The main function of the Central Prison and Corrections Home is to reform
the inmates. Thus, the working of the Central Prison and Corrections Home,
Poojappura is based on the refomative theory. With the idea of reformation the name
of the Prison was changed from Central Prison, Poojappura to Central Prison and
Corrections Home, Poojappura.
The reformation of the inmates combined with an idea of providing an
employement after their term of punishment the inmates are trained in various jobs.
They are also provided with cerficates for such training. It helps them in achieving
different jobs or for starting their own business. For the works done by the inmates
in the prison, they are provided with wages which they can spend in the prison itself

101
and one-third can be sent to home as money-order. The Central Prison and
Corrections Home, Poojappura has set example to many prisons by starting ideas
like chapathi unit, manufacturing unit etc.
Thus the concept of the prisons has altered. Earlier the idea of prison was
to punish the offender but now the idea is to reform the inmates. It helps the inmates
become law-abiding citizens.
General Introduction about the Central Prison
The Thiruvananthapuram Prison is one of the oldest recorded prisons in
Kerala. The oldest still existing prison is the Portuguese Prison at Fort Kochi
established around 500 years back. It is under the custody of the Archeological
Survey of India. The Trivandrum Central Prison in the former State of Travancore
came into existence in 1873 accommodated in the Barracks of Nair Brigade inside
the Fort by converting the Principal Jail, Trivandrum established in 1861.
The Central Prison later shifted to its present location at Poojapura in
September 1886. The Prison was located in Poojappura for special reasons. After
execution the Jail officers used to conduct their pooja for expiation of sin in the
Poojappura Pooja House. People who were executed used to have their Annual
Shradham by their relatives in the Pooja House. During the Vavu Bali special poojas

102
were done by the Poojappura Jail at Shangumugham for all the dead people. The Jail
was raised as a Central Prison
in 1886.
The Prison has a long
history. Many freedom
fighters and political leaders
were detained here during the
freedom struggle and after.
The communist and naxalites in large groups were imprisoned and posted
independently. Besides theme literary figures like Vaikom Muhammed Basheer,
Ponkunnam Varkey etc were the inmates of this prison. Basheer wrote in
‘Mathilukal’ about the realism and fantasy of his life as a prisoner. Former Naxal
leader turned social activist K.Ajitha in her autobiography remembering in detail the
days she spent behind the bars in the Central Prison, Trivandrum.
All the blocks and towers with the special type of architecture called Pan
Optical type are scattered in about nine acres of land within the wall. Outside the
wall there are about 60.41 acres of land which comprises of paddy field, the
agriculture and farm, residential quarters of the staff, manufacturing unit, press,

103
headquarters, motor workshop, laundry shed, ganapathy temple, two water ponds,
staff rest room etc.
Aerial views of Central Prison and Correction Home, Poojappura
With time the general nature of prison and attitude towards the inmates have
changed. The nature of punishment has also changed a lot. The main aim of the
prison is to reform the inmates based on the reformative theory. Thus as a part of
this reformation new enterprises like chapathi unit, fashion house, manufacturing,
farming etc were started. This would further help the inmates in getting a job after
their period of punishment. A certificate for the same is also given to them. The
wages given for the jobs done by them are also a means of encouragement.
Thus, on analysis of the history of the Central Prison a difference can be seen
which needs appreciation. The reformation extends to the limit that the staff of the
prison are assisted by the inmates.

104
Interior of the Central Prison
The jail has an administrative annex block where The entrance to the interior
of the prison cell is guarded by two gates. The first one is a large gate which is
sectioned into a small gate which serves the purpose of entrance and the second gate
is placed at a distance from the first one. In between the two gates some officers are
placed as watch guards. When one gate is open the other is kept closed.
On the right side of the gate the O.P section of the prison hospital, dispensary,
lab and Jyothis-HIV are situated. The prison is provided with a hospital having basic
facilities of a primary health center. In the center of the prison a tower is situated. It
is a three storeyed building. The ground floor is where the general duty Head Warden
and other duty men are posted, the Chief Warden’s office on the first floor and the
tower duty sentry is on the top floor. It serves the purpose of a watch tower. It is
surrounded by a veranda for moving about. It provides a full view of nine acres of
the prison. The area of nine acres is divided into six blocks. The blocks are named
from A to F. These blocks are separated by walls. Around the tower six blocks each
with a population of 150-175 convicted prisoners. The blocks A and B are also
provided with cells 9 and 4 respectively. The blocks have dormitory type of
accommodation. In every dormitory 30-45 prisoners are lodged. The clothing store
and rest room are situated in Block E. The F block is the kitchen block. The kitchen

105
starts functioning at 12 midnight with 40 prisoners in a shift. The temporary stock
for dietary articles, gas-cylinder etc are stored in the kitchen block. On the way to
the hospital block a TV hall on the right is provided. Hospital block is with two side
lock ups each with a bedding capacity of 30 to 40. Inside the hospital there is a
kitchen for the hospital diet and a TB patient's room. Alcoholics and drug addicts
are provided with counselling and a room is set there for the same. Apart from these,
there are six blocks away from the tower. The 9th block comprises 16 cells. Each
accommodates 5-6 prisoners. The 10th block is meant for lodging HIV affected
prisoners as well as mentally ill prisoners. The 11th block is now closed and at the
rear end a new building has been constructed which consist of a hall in the ground
floor, a library in the first and readymade garments manufacturing unit at the top
floor. The 12th block has three parallel buildings. The 7th block is in a separate
enclosure with four separate dormitory rooms and three cells. The 8th block is meant
for detenues under Goonda Act. There are 22 cells in the block.

106
A view of the tower of the Central Prison from a Distance; A closer look
of the tower
There are solar panels installed in the Central Prison which provides
electricity needed for the whole prison. Prior to the installation of solar panels the
electricity bill of the prison was about three lakh rupees and after the installation of
the panels the bill amount has been reduced to one lakh rupees. Thus it resulted in
saving about two lakh rupees. They are placed above the way between the blocks.
A view of solar panels installed in the Central Prison
The working time of the inmates is distributed as 7a.m to 11:45a.m followed
by a lunch break. Then at 1:15p.m workers after the recess rejoin for work and
continue till 3:45p.m. For the jobs done the inmates are provided with wages which
ranges from 21rupees to 117 rupees according to the work done. The maximum
wages are given to inmates working in the chapathi unit.

107
The health conditions of the inmates are taken care of. When an inmate is
admitted to prison, he is kept under observation for one month in a separate block.
Only after such observation and examination of the person he is allotted to a job. His
ability and capacity to do the job is also taken into account. His area of interest of
the work is also considered.
The inmates are provided with nutritious food. The menu for breakfast varies
on different days and it includes uppumavu, chapathi, puttu, and idli. On every
Monday and Wednesday of a week fish is included in the diet of the inmates as
instructed. On every Saturday the menu includes mutton. On other days the inmates
follow a vegetarian diet. The foods given to them have measures like 450gm rice per
inmate, 150gm of mutton and 55ml milk per inmate. On special occasions like
Onam, Christmas, Ramzan, Vishu, Kerala Piravi, Republic Day, Independence Day,
Easter, Bakrid and Gandhi Jayanthi inmates are given sadhya. It is arranged in a hall
having a seating capacity of 300 persons.
The concept of secularism as guaranteed by the Constitution is also followed
in the prison. The prison has a temple, mosque and church. The daily pujas in the
temple are conducted by the inmates themselves. Every Friday prayers are conducted
in the mosque by the inmates only. The Sunday services at church are conducted by
two priests as arranged by the authorities. This shows a perfect example of how

108
inmates are helped in reforming. The importance is given to religion as it helps in
reformation of inmates' souls through spiritual means.
The facilities for recreation of inmates are also provided. It includes
recreational activities like volleyball, tennis, badminton and chess. Separate areas
and a playground are provided for such activities. For leisure activity the prison has
a library containing 20,000 books from where the inmates can borrow for reading.
The time for reading is limited inside the library and the facility for borrowing a
book is provided.
A dress code is followed in prison. The usual dress code is white shirt and
white mundu and when an inmate is engaged in tough jobs he is permitted to wear a
blue mundu. The dress is weaved and stitched in the prison itself. It is done by the
inmates. A remand home is also included within the area of the Central Prison and
Corrections Home, Poojappura and is separated by a wall from the rest of the Central
Prison. The persons held in a remand home are permitted to wear their own clothes.
The imposition of work upon an inmate is dependent on his punishment.
When an inmate serves simple imprisonment as punishment it is optional for him to
engage in jobs and when punishment is rigorous imprisonment then it is compulsory
for him to engage in jobs.

109
The District Jail is also enclosed in the Central Prison and is separated by a
wall from the rest of the area. A Women’s Prison Cell was enclosed in the prison
area and now it is shifted to Attakulankara. If a fight occurs between inmates then
they are placed in single cells for seven days.
The Central Prison has the capacity of accommodating 835 prisoners by law
but it holds 1300 prisoners at present. A separate area is provided for interacting with
inmates with their families. It is called the interview room. Only five visitors are
allowed and time allotted is 20 minutes. Such a meeting is permitted only twice in a
month. The copies of identification cards of visitors are submitted to the authority.
The prisoners enjoy paroles as a privilege. Paroles can be divided into
ordinary paroles and emergency paroles. Ordinary paroles are given for 15 days at a
time and in total it constitutes 60 days a year. In case of emergency paroles, it is only
given on emergency situations like on the death or presumption of death of father,
mother, brother or sister or any close relatives. It can be given for seven days and
can be extended by the Jail Superintendent for 15 days. It can be further extended
for 45 days with the permission of the Government.
When an inmate is good in behaviour the Jail Superintendent can remit 4 days
from punishment every month. Thus it constitutes a remission of a total 48 days from
the punishment. When days of paroles and remission are added 153 days can be

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reduced from an inmate’s punishment a year. Thus an inmate only serves 2/3rd of the
punishment imposed on him.
The perspective of an ordinary person about a prison can be horrific but in
reality it is a correction home which strictly follows the meaning of the word
‘correction home’. Thus a prison is a place where a person who goes against law is
brought to be a law abiding citizen in all means.
Library
As a part of reforming the inmates a library was set-up. The setting up
of the library was based on logotherapy by Viktor Frankl.The notion of
“logotherapy” was created with the Greek word “logos” which means “meaning”.
Frankl’s concept is based on the premise that the primary motivational force of an
individual is to find a meaning in life.
A library was set-up based on the logotherapy. In the beginning the
library was set-up by dividing a hall. The facilities in the old library were limited.
Thus a new library was set-up. The new library is set-up on the second floor of the
three-storeyed building situated inside the prison.

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The new library consists of 18,000 books in total. The library is
maintained by the District LibraryCouncil. The fund for setting up the library was
provided by the State Bank Of Travancore and the amount comes around 4.5 lakhs
rupees. The collection of books includes malayalam books, sanskrit books, hindi
books, english books and books relating to subjects like science, medicine, forensic,
law, literature etc. The library has a fine collection of books by really good authors.
The books are neatly arranged on the shelves. They are arranged
horizontally to the room in rows equally spaced for moving about. The interiors were
painted and designed by the inmates itself. The portraits of distinguished
personalities are sketched and quotes by them are quoted under their respective
sketches in the walls of the library. The portraits were drawn by the inmates only.
Thus the inmates had an opportunity to show their talents.
The library provides a computer and a stereo system for the use of the
inmates. A projector is also set up for showing short films and messages by
different personalities. Thus, it will motivate and help the inmates to reform
physcologically. Giving due respect and importance to Gandhiji, a photograph is

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placed in the direct line of sight from the entrance of the library.
A view of the old library Central Prison and Correction Home
The library was started with the idea of providing a leisure area to the
inmates. But with time the leisure activity turned into a serious area of imparting
knowledge. The inmates who are seeking graduations depend on these books for
references. Thus, the collection of the books were increased, an extended area was
allotted and more facilities were provided.
Shooting Place
Many films depicting prison and its environment construct temporary
film sets for shooting the scenes. The Central Prison and CorrectionsHome,
Poojappura has also been depicted in many films. The Central Prison can be seen in
films like New Delhi etc.

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For the purpose of shooting the authorities arranged a separate area for
shooting which is separated from the area of prison cells of the inmates. This would
protect privacy and prevent interaction within the inmates. The shooting area is
provided in a building adjacent to the interview hall which is linked to the annex of
the administration block.
Recently, a film was shot featuring Manju Warrier in the lead role. Many
films are being shot in the place. The shooting place provided is replicate of real
prison cells which would help the viewer in connecting with the story of the film.
The visit of many renowned personalities motivates the inmates in lifting themselves
up.

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Fashion
The most recent idea initiated by the prison authorities is the fashion
house. The inmates who have the idea and are interested in stitching and designing
are encouraged through this initiative. The inmates are also trained in stiching and
designing. It is certified by a certificate which helps the inmates iaccuring jobs after
their period of punishment.
The place for stitching and designing the garments is provided in the
third floor of the building at the rear end of the 11 th block. It is named ``Fashion de
God”. The garments manufactured in the fashion hub are labeled as “Threads For
Freedom”. Most of the material used is weaved in the prison itself. The threads
needed for weaving are provided by the Government. The intellectual and technical
support is given by Vedika.

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An outlet has been opened behind the cafeteria. It will help the public in
buying the products. It was inaugurated by DGP Lokhnath Behra and Excise
Commissioner Rishiraj Singh, DGP B. Pradeep and IG H.Gopal.

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Pictures of inaugration of the retail fashion house inaugrated by the DGP Lokhnath
Behra and with Execise Commissioner Rishiraj Singh, DIG B. Pradeep, IG H. Gopal
and Jail Superintendent Anil Kanth.
Some designs designed by Fashion de God

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Hospital
The Central Prison and Corrections Home, Poojappura has a hospital
with facilities of a basic primary health center. On the right side of the gate the O.P
section of the prison hospital, dispensary, lab and Jyothis-HIV are situated. There
are two doctors who are always at service for the inmates. The hospital provides the
facility for admitting the inmates who require serious medical attention. The hospital
has a capacity of admitting 30 inmates at a time.
Mental Care
When a person is punished with life imprisonment or imprisonment for
more than ten years then the inmate under the sentence may lose his stability of his
mind. Thus the mental health of the inmates are always taken care off. For
maintaining good mental health of the inmates, counseling of the inmates are
arranged. For futher encouraging the inmates activities like chess, volleyball,
badminton etc are provided and for leisure activity library is arranged. Thus
necessary steps for maintaining good mental health of the inmates are always
considered by authorities

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Manufacturing Unit
The manufacturing unit of the prison is one of the brilliant ideas which
has helped the inmates in finding their own talent. The manufacturing unit consists
of a soap manufacturing unit, smithing unit, weaving unit, carpentry and bed
manufacturing unit.
The soap manufacturing was started for producing soap for the use of
the inmates themselves. Before the manufacturing of the soap began the inmates
were given lifebuoy soap for their personal use. But it cost the authorities in their
budget. Thus as a new mode of saving money the authorities began with the idea of
manufacturing soap for the personal use of the inmates. The materials needed for
manufacturing soap are caustic soda, coconut oil and perfume for smell. These
materials are arranged by the Government at cheap rates. An inmate gets three soaps
per person on a monthly basis. The soap is manufactured in pure oil and not in
vegetable oil which is the main attarction. The soap is provided in the market at a
rate of twleve rupees per soap. The soaps are sold in the market only when there is
surplus. The manufacturing unit also produces soap powder for washing the inmates
clothes. Thus the soap manufacturing unit is an important part and furthur the soap
manufacturing unit of the Central Prison, Poojappura also supplies soaps to other
prisons.

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The next unit is the smithing unit which serves as the main in
manufacturing utensils and tools necessary for the use in the prison itself. The raw
materials like aluminium and steel necessary for the production of the items are
provided by the authorities. Most of the tools necessary for the use in the prison are
manufactured in the smithing unit itself.
The most fascinating part of the manufacturing unit is the carpentry unit.
The art works done by the craftsmen are something that needs to be appreciated. The
wood needed for carpentry are bought by the authorities at small prices from
government property through auctions. The carpentry works are not kept for sale.
They are displayed in the officials office as decorative pieces. The furniture needed
for different government offices are manufactured in the prison itself. The inmates
are trained in carpentry which they can learn and pursue as a job for living. For the
work done they are provided wages 110 rupees to 200 rupees.
The dress worn by the inmates, sheets, towels and jamukas are weaved
in the prison itself. The main aim was to produce necessary clothing for the inmates
use which includes shirts, dhoties and sheets for their resting. The jamukas weaved
in the prison are thick blankets necessary for the inmates for sleeping purposes. The
towels are weaved in fine threads which are mainly used in the offices by the
officers. The threads necessary for weaving are provided by the government from
the handlooms. The weaving machines consist of power looms and honeycombs.

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The mostly sold item of the manufacturing unit is bed. The bed
manufacturing unit produces single beds, double beds and pillows. These items are
made for selling purposes. These beds are brought in the market at a lower price than
the rest of the beds provided. The demand for these beds are also noticeably high in
the market. The inmates working in this section get a maximum income of 200
rupees.
The manufacturing unit is not only a means of satisfying the needs of the
inmates but it is an opportunity for the inmates for searching their own talents, learn
a new skill and being an expert in the field which would later have a gain in his life.
A miniature model of the Secretariat done by an inmate of the Central
Prison

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Gallows
The Central Prison also constitutes a gallows. The last person to be hanged in
the gallows was Ripper Chandran in 1991. The next person presumed to be hanged
is Antony but his execution petition has been stayed for three months based on the
commutation of death sentence of the culprits of Rajeev Gandhi murder case.
A black warrant is issued for hanging a person. It contains the name of the
person to be hanged, time and place of hanging. Before execution the person to be
executed is subject to medical examination. If the person is not fit, execution is not
carried out. The face of the person is covered with a black cloth. The hanging rope
used for execution is weaved in the prison itself. The weight of the hanging rope is
decided as per the weight of the person to be executed. The weight of the rope is
supposed to be four times that of the weight of the person to be hanged. The person
should be hanged until death. This rule came into force about 30 years ago. This was
based on an incident where the person hanged was not dead and he could not be re-
executed as there was no provision in law.
There are two gates, one serves as entrance and other as exit. The exit gate is
opened only when the dead body is to be moved out. The body is handed over to the
relatives through the exit gate. If no such relatives are present to accept the body
then it is cremated in shanthi kavadam by the officials. During execution a magistrate

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should be present and the charge sheet should be read out. The last wish of the person
to be executed should be fulfilled.
The execution takes place between 5am and 6am. The execution is carried out
by any officer on the request of the Jail Superintendent. If no officers are ready for
carrying out such an execution then any person willing to carry out the execution is
permitted to do so. He is rewarded with two lakh rupees. Name of the person
carrying out the execution is not revealed. The concept of executing a person
reminds people about ‘arachar’ but it is only a concept which is seen in most of the
films. A family named Thakkara family resided in the state of Tamil Nadu whose
occupation was execution but at present the family is extinct as there is no person to
carry on the family occupation. Thus it puts a curtain on the concept of “aarachar”.
Press
A press is also functioning in the Central Prison and Corrections Home,
Poojappura. In the press papers are made by pulping. These papers mostly turned
into official documents. Most of the government offices use these papers made in
the press. The press also has printing. Most of the printings relating to official
documents are done in the prison itself.

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Agriculture
The Central Prison provides many jobs for the inmates which includes
manufacturing, chapathi unit, weaving, smithing, stitching and agriculture which is
main. One of the main engagements of the prisoners is agriculture. The agriculture
includes vegetables necessary for the use of the inmates. They include ladies finger,
bitter gourd, snake gourd and spinach. The vegetables are cultivated for the prison's
use but the surplus is sold out to the public. The water needed for agriculture is met
out from the water body near the agriculture fields.
A view of the area cultivating ladies finger

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A view of the field of Snake Gourd
Another view of the field of snake gourd

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The inmates working in the field
The farming includes cows and goats which are grown for milk and
meat. These cows provide milk to the inmates. The inmates should be provided with
the amount of milk as directed.

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Goats are grown for meat as every Saturday the inmates are provided with mutton.
Chapatti Unit
The chapathi unit was started in December, 2011 under the supervision
of Alexander Jacob. The initiative of the chapathi unit was started in the Central
Prison, Poojappura. It was first started as an experiment with inmates regarding their
reformation and participation.
The flour and materials needed for manufacturing are provided in bulk
quantities. Bulk quantities of atta and maida are sourced from outside at subsidy rate.
With the increase in the production of chapathi the quantity of the atta has also
increased.
The chapathi unit also provides chef training to inmates which are
certified with certificates. The training is done under the ratification of the Food

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Craft of Kerala. The training given will help the inmates in starting a new restaurant
or help in achieving any job relating to the field.
The chapathi unit has made a profit of 15 crores so far. Dishes like
chapathi, chicken curry, egg curry, vegetable curry, chilly chicken etc are prepared
in the Central Prison and Corrections Home, Poojappura. Biriyani and idli & sambar
are prepared in the Special Sub Jail.
The idea of the chapathi unit encouraged various prisons to follow the
same. The idea of the chapati unit was success as it benefited the inmates also. They
were financially supported through this unit as they were given a wage of 120 rupees
per day.

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Cafeteria
A cafeteria was started on the basis of the idea by Loknath IAS. It was
to popularise the chapathi unit and to reduce the misunderstanding of the public
about the prisoners. As from the part of the inmates it was an opportunity for them
to contribute to the society.
The cafeteria was built separate from the Central Prison to provide easy access for
the public. The interior of the cafeteria was designed by a contractor on contract
basis. The interior walls are bright in color and some art was painted by an artist.
The outside of the cafeteria was designed and painted by the inmates itself. The walls
were built beautifully by the inmates on the supervision of the officers.
The cafeteria consists of seven staff including a supervisor. Among the
six staff there are two daily wages staff and the rest includes officers. The inmates
are also appointed to assist the staff. The officers attending the cafeteria do this apart
from their duty as a service to the society.

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The menu includes:-
Items Rs.
Chapathi(5 nos) -10/-
Idli(5 nos) & Sambar -20/-
Chicken Biriyani -60/-
Chicken Curry -20/-
Chilli Chicken -40/-
Egg Curry -12/-
Veg. Curry -10/-
Tea -7/-
Coffee -10/-
Spl. Tea -10/-
Vada
Ice Cream
Soft Drinks
Juice
Bakery Items
Interview hall
The interview hall is built near the administrative annex block. The
interview hall is a separate hall. It is a square room which is separated in the middle
by an iron grill. There are four cameras for watching the inmates and the visitors.

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The things brought by the relatives are thoroughly checked by the police officers.
The gril has two gates of which one is a small and other big. The big gate is for
cleaning and small for giving things brought by the relatives for the inmates. But
recently this was closed . Medicines and food items are not allowed to give to the
inmates. On Sundays and public holidays interviews are not allowed.
The persons wanting to meet inmates should have the following requirements:-
● Only three persons are allowed in one application
● The time allotted is only 20 minutes
● The ID copy of the person is to be submitted
● Not more than twice a week a person is allowed to meet

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CONCLUSION
The report prepared as a part of internship at Central Prison and
Corrections Home, Poojppura enlarged my perspective about prison. The general
view about prisons is totally different from the real view. Here they are called
inmates and not prisoners which itself is a difference. They are reformed to become
law abiding citizens and lead a good life. Different initiatives taken are an example
of the same. The yet to be carried out ideas like beauty parlor etc will do the miracle
just as the same. The main idea behind these initiatives is to tell the society that they
are humans and not criminals and if they committed some crime it is due to
circumstances. When he comes into the society a chance to turn over a new leaf is
provided rather than pushing him again into the darkest part of life.

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KERALA FOREST AND WILDLIFE

DEPARTMENT
ABOUT THE DEPARTMENT
Kerala Forest Department is a law enforcement agency for the state of Kerala, India.
Over 75% of the land area of Kerala was covered by forests until the 18th century.
The department is involved with the protection and conservation of flora and fauna
in their natural habitats. It conserves 10,336 km2 (3,991 sq mi) of forests forming
29.101% of the total geographic area of the state.
Forest Department is one of the few oldest and important administrative
organs of the State with its Headquarters at Thiruvananthapuram.

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Logo.
Forests of Kerala are managed with the following

objectives;
● To conserve and expand unique and complex natural forests of Kerala for
posterity, in particular with regard to water; biodiversity; extent; productivity;
soil, environmental, historical, cultural and aesthetic values, without affecting
their ecological processes.
● To increase the productivity of forest plantations through appropriate
management interventions and use of modern technology to meet the needs of
the present and future generations.
● To increase the tree cover both inside and outside the forest to meet the timber
& non-timber demands of the society.
● To conserve, maintain and enhance the existing gene pool of the state for
posterity.
● To reduce pressure on forest through appropriate interventions.

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● To meet the livelihood needs of tribals and other forest dependent
communities.
● To sustainably conserve and manage biodiversity-rich and sensitive
ecosystems such as mangroves, sacred groves, coastal areas, wetlands,
homesteads, private plantations etc. which are outside the control of the Forest
Department.
● To improve the standard of living of the forest dependent tribals and village
communities.
Subjects assigned to the Department

General Administration including Recruitment and Establishment matters,
Biodiversity Conservation, Forest Protection, Wildlife Management and Research,
Forest Development, Social Forestry, Forest Vigilance and Evaluation, Eco-
development and Tribal Welfare, Planning and Research, Tribal Rehabilitation and
Special afforestation and Human Resource Develelopment etc

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Responsibilities
● Biodiversity conservation
● Forest protection
● Wildlife management and research
● Forest development
● Social forestry
● Forest vigilance and evaluation
● Eco-development and tribal welfare
● Planning and research
● Rehabilitation and special afforestation
● Human resource development
Vision
Well managed forests that anchor ecological and socio-economic security.
Mission
Conserve forests for provisioning ecosystem goods and services flow to forest
dependent community and to the society, without compromising the ecological
integrity of the landscape

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The Organisational Structure Of The Department

The Kerala Forest Department is headed by the Principal Chief Conservator of
Forests (Head of Forest Force). In the Headquarters, he is assisted by the Principal
Chief Conservator of Forests & Chief Wildlife Warden, and the Principal Chief
Conservator of Forests (Social Forestry).
SOME GOVERNING CENTRAL ACTS

● The Scheduled Tribes and other traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of
Forest Rights), Act 2006
● Cattle Trespass Act , 1871
● The Indian Forest Act ,1927
● Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act ,1960
● Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act , 1972 || Amendment 2006
● Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980
● Environment Protection Act, 1986
● Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 with amendments (1988)
● The Biological Diversity Act, 2002
● The National Green Tribunal Act, 2010.
● Alteration of Schedule of WildLife (Protection) Act.1972

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SOME GOVERNING STATE ACTS

● Kerala Preservation of Trees Act, 1986 (35 of 1986)
● Kerala State Right to Services Act , 2012 (18 of 2012)
● Kerala Forest Act 1961
● Kerala Cattle Trespass Act, 1961
● Wildlife (Protection) Licensing (Additional Matters for Consideration) Rules,
1983
● Environment Protection Rules, 1986
● Recognition of Zoo Rules, 1992
● Wildlife (Protection) Rules, 1995
● Wildlife (Specified Plant Stock Declaration) Central Rules, 1995
● Wildlife (Specified Plants- Condition for Possession by Licensee) Rules, 1995
● Forest (Conservation) Rules, 2003
● National Board for Wildlife Rules, 2003
● Wildlife Stock Rules 2003
● Biological Diversity Rules 2004
● Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2010.(Notified)
● All India Service (AIS) Rules
● Central Civil Services (Leave) (Amendment) Rules, 2011

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● Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of
Forest Rights) Amendment Rules 2012
● Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of
Forest Rights) Rules 2007 and Amendment Rules 2012
● Forest (conservation) Amendment Rules, 2014
● Scheduled Tribes and other Traditional Forest Dwellers(Recognition of Forest
Rights) Amendment Rules 2012
● Regulation of import of hunting trophies of exotic species into India - reg
SOME GOVERNING STATE RULES

● CARDAMOM RULES (Travancore), 1935 ====> CARDAMOM LEASE
RULE
● Kerala Forest (Regulation of Sawmills and Other Wood-based Industrial
Units) Rules,2021
● Rules for allocation and occupation of Quarters under the control of Forest
Department
● Strengthening of the office of the Nodal Officer, Forest (Conservation) Act,
1980
● Kerala Captive Elephants (Management and Maintenance) Rules,2012

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Governing Codes
Kerala Forest code(Volume 1,2 and 3)
PHOTOS OF CASES STUDIED

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RANGES
Visited Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary
ABOUT NEYYAR WILDLIFE SANCTUARY
Nestled in the southeast corner of the Western Ghats, the Neyyar sanctuary is the
drainage basin of the Neyyar river and its
tributaries – Mullayar and Kallar
Location: 77º 8’ and 77º 17’ East Longitude and 8º 29’ and 8º 37’ . North Latitude.

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Area: 128 sq. km.
Climate: Temperature varies from 16ºto 35ºC
Topography: Altitude ranging from 90 to 1868m . Highest Peak is Ponmudi ( 923m)
Rainfall: Annual average rainfall is 2800mm. .
Drainage: The major rivers are Neyyar and its tributaries, Mullayar and Kallar
Forest Types: Forest Types include West coast tropica evergreen, Southern hilltop
triopical evergreen, Southern moist mixed
deciduous forest, Southern tropical hill forests, southern sub-tropical savannahs and
Reed brakes.
Biodiversity:
● Common tree species like Terminalia paniculata, T.bellerica, Pterocarpus
marsupium, Palaquium ellipticum,

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● Mesua ferrea, Hopea parviflora, Bombax ceiba, Syzygium cumini,
Lagerstroemia lanceolata, Adina cordifolia,
● Albizzia procera, Alstoniascholaris etc.
● There are 39 species of mammals, 176 sp. of birds, 30 species of reptiles,
● 17 species of amphibians and 40 species of fishes are reported from the
sanctuary
● The common mammals found are, Tiger , Leopard, sloth bear, Elephant,
sambar, barking deer, bonnet macaque, Nilgiri Langur, Nilgiri tahr etc.
Special Attractions:
One day trekking – Neyyar – Kombai – Meenmuty (Boating 9km, upto Kombai and
guided trekking to Meenmuty falls (6km).
Two day trekking (boating 9km , upto Kombai and guided trekking to Meenmuty
falls & to Theerthakkara – Puivizhuthan Chuna
(12km) overnight half at camp house Meenmytty and back Guided row boating up
to deer park, trekking in forest Visit Crocodile
rehabilitation center, Deer park, Lion safari park etc

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Visited Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary
ABOUT PEPPARA WILDLIFE SANCTUARY
Location: 77 6’ 50” and 77 14’ 5” East Longitude and 8 34’ 30” and 8 41’ 25” North
Latitude
Area: 53 sq km
Year of formation: 1983 (GO(P) 379/83/AD/21..12..1983)
Climate: Temperature varies from 16 C to 35 C.
Topography: Altitude ranging from 100 to 1717 m. The major peaks in the
sanctuary are Chemmunjimottai (1717 m),
Athirumalai 1594 m, Arumukhamkunnu (1457 m), Koviltherimalai (1313 m) and
Nachiyadikunnu (957 m).
Rainfall: Annual average rainfall is 2500 mm

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Drainage: The major rivers are Karamana river and its tributaries. The peppara
reservoir is of an area of 5.82 sq .km.
Forest Types: Forest types include West coast tropical evergreen, Southen hilltop
tropical evergreen, West cast semi-evergreen,
Southern moist mixed deciduous forest, Myristica swamp forest, sub-montane hill
valley swamp forest etc.
Biodiversity:
● Common tree species are Terminalia paniculta, T. bellerica, PTEROCARPUS
MARSUPIUM, Palaquium ellipticum, Mesua ferrea, Hopea parviflora,
Bombax ceiba, Syzyguium cummini, Lagerstroemia lanceolata, Albizzia
procera, Alstonia scholaris, etc.
● 43 species of mammals, 233 sp. of birds, 46 species of reptiles, 13 species of
amphibians and 27 species of fishes are reported from the sanctuary.
● The common mammals found are Tiger, Leopard, Sloth bear, Elephant,
Sambar barking Deer, bonnet Macaque, Nilgiri langur, Nilgiri tahr etc.
Best season to visit: January to March

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Closure Period : Open throughout the year
Special Attractions: Trekking to forest area – Bonafalls, Vazahuvanthole
waterfalls, Kalarkad waterfalls, visit to settlement areas etc.

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● We were able to learn the working of the departments
● Understood the vision, mission and aim of the department
● Visited and analysed various ranges of wildlife department
● We were able to learn the structure of the department
● Analysed various cases which came before the department and powers
conferred.
● Went through case files dealing with forest offences like poaching.
● Had an idea on its functioning.
the activities done in the department
● The objective of developing various skills of trainees.
● Attended Classes regarding the working of Forest department

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ADVOCATE OFFICE
(SUPREME COURT)
Name of Advocate: Adv. Raji Joseph
AOR Code: 2035
PH: 9711112587
Mail: [email protected]
Office: Chamber No 119,
Old Lawyers' Chamber ( RK Jain Block),
Supreme Court Compound, Tilak Marg,
New Delhi 110001
DAILY INTERNSHIP ROUTINE:
● Report at the office on time
● Complete researches on the assigned topic
● Study case files
● Help with legal research

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● Take part in client counselling
● Drafting documents assigned
● Learn the essential etiquettes in court
● Witness the proceeding being held at the Supreme Court and prepare a report.
● Interactive session with lawyers at the office.
SESSIONS ATTENDED AND WORKS DONE
I was engaged in very exhaustive and quality work, which is exactly what I was
looking for, in this internship. I was assigned work on two cases right from the initial
reading, till filing in the Supreme Court. My work, thus, included intricate
understanding of the cases, interaction with clients, extensive research and articulate
drafting.

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PREPARATION AND MAINTENANCE OF A
CASE FILE:
The Junior Advocates working associated with the firm, handed over me the case
file and went through it like how the documents are sequenced, the documents need
to be filed up. The latest document related to the case should be placed at the top. In
every file the first sheet is the case summary prepared by the concerned advocates
to make themselves handy with the events that took place in a chronological order.
All the pages are properly tagged with the sticky notes on which the heading of the
documents was written, this makes the arguing advocate to refer the desired
document before the court very quickly.
Thereafter, I was asked to prepare a file of a fresh case in a like manner and I
did the work to their satisfaction. I made summaries of the cases, tagged some
documents along with the dates.
ANALYSIS OF CASE FILE:
I was asked to analyse case files including those which came there for appeals. First
time, I was unable to relate the documents placed in the file as it contained the

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petition, written statement, lower courts order and judgement and if they are at an
advanced stage in the high court itself, the various orders passed by the judges in
various hearings.
Then I took the assistance of the lawyers working there to teach me the
practical aspect of the court proceedings and what exactly each document means. I
learnt that files include various forms like Vakalatnama,brief facts of the plaintiff
along with the allegations and prayer to the court; written statements by the
defendant; affidavits by both the parties, recording of statements of the witnesses
and their cross and re-examinations.
LEGAL RESEARCH:
We were guided through the basics of doing online research. I learnt that in order to
get the exact/similar case to our case it take so much of labour like putting the key
words in search engine of the relevant sites like Manupatra, Indian kanoon, Supreme
Court’s Site and thereafter reading of resulted judgements with a wide array of law
books and bare acts and to find out whether the judgement is related to our case or
not be it in our favour or against and I learnt that while looking for favourable
judgements it is also necessary to look for the against judgements so that we can

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work more on laying our case stronger by getting the knowledge/hint what the
opposite party may argue before the court. I also went to the Court’s Library to look
for the judgements of which we have citations only and also not available on the
browser
SUPREME COURT VISIT:
I had the opportunity to visit the Supreme Court though virtually where I witnessed
the Court proceedings. I was advised to take note of everything that happens in a
courtroom. I heard a few cases. I visited the Court with my senior. We were
representing the petitioner. I was given an opportunity to study the case beforehand
which helped me to have a better understanding of the proceedings being carried on.
CLIENT COUNSELLING:
I was also given the opportunity to sit during discussions with clients. I observed
that the lawyers listened patiently and allowed him to finish. Even Though there is
not much relevance for the parties in the case before the Supreme court but the
questions of law, ample opportunity was granted to the party and his statements.

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After listening patiently, my lawyer assured the client of the favourability and the
chance of winning the case. I learnt that a Lawyer must ensure the client that he is
listening and also understanding his situation. Lawyers can reflect these by noting
the points and by interacting with the client.
I witnessed the counselling related to the matter of getting possession back of
the property and divorce matter which is very much similar to that of the famous
case Sarita vs. State of Karnataka.
LEGAL DRAFTING
I was given an opportunity to learn to draft various legal documents starting with
public interest litigation. I was asked to submit documents on various fictional
subjects including marital cases.
List of documents drafted:
● Writ Petition
● PIL petition
● Complaint
● Criminal Miscellaneous Petition

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● Plaint
● Written Statement
● Interlocutory Application
● Original Petition
● Affidavit
● Execution Petition
● Memorandum of Appeal and Revision
● Petition under Article 226 and 32 of the Constitution of India.
OTHER EXPERIENCE
I was made to read various Orders & rules there under of Civil Procedure
Code, Negotiable Instrument Act, Indian Evidence Act, Criminal Procedure Code
and they explained me the practical aspect of these provisions.I was taught the
hierarchy of criminal and civil courts.I also got a glimpse of the way of filing of a
case is done at Court Filing Station, where the plaint along with documents were
submitted and along with court fees, which was through court stamps attached to

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such documents and plaints were submitted. I also learnt that every lawyer maintains
a court diary, which proved handy and very useful as all the details of the cases were
entered in the diary with proper date i.e. previous date and next date of hearing. It
proves to be useful as respective cases are recorded by the lawyer date wise and it
saves time to think and search for the cases as per upcoming date.
I also learnt that it is important to read apex court judgements and keep
yourself sound minded and while dealing with a case read the facts of case very
carefully and try to find out loopholes and then use them in your favour.
WORKS DONE
1. Help with research on various cases and other legal situations.
2. Researched specified topics as and whenever required.
3. Helped in the drafting of RTI along with other formatting work.
4. Helped in miscellaneous work for webinars and other events.
5. Extensive research on property laws.
6. Assisted in preparing special leave petitions under Article 136.
7. Attended online case hearings before the Hon’ble Supreme court of India

158
8. Researched and prepared special leave petitions filed before the Supreme
court of India;
9. Assisted in research for matters pertaining to election and environmental laws;
10. Prepared case notes for briefing senior counsel in their briefing
sessions;

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160
CENTRE FOR PARLIAMENTARY

STUDIES AND TRAINING
INTRODUCTION
Indian parliamentary democracy has no
match in the world and democratic
values are part and parcel of the life of
the common man in India. A democratic
parliament will seek to foster a vibrant
civil society and to work closely with it
in finding solutions to problems facing
the country and in improving the quality
and relevance of legislation. Informing
citizens about the work of Parliament is
not just a concern for the fourth estate,
but a responsibility of Parliaments and state legislature themselves. Being the
forerunner in many democratic innovations in India, the Kerala Legislative
Assembly successfully conducts a certificate Course in Parliamentary Practice and

161
Procedure to propagate the idea, principle, virtues, philosophy and practice of
parliamentary democracy.
ABOUT CPST
The Centre for Parliamentary Studies and Training, an integral division of the Kerala
Legislature Secretariat, is a premier institution providing opportunities for
systematic study and training in various disciplines related to parliamentary
institutions, processes and procedures. The Centre has embarked upon various
programmes of study for imparting professionalism, expertise and orientation to
those who work as part of the parliamentary system in addition to providing insight
to all stakeholders of parliamentary democracy including school and college
students, academicians and general public about the role played by elected
representatives in law making and governance in a parliamentary democracy.
Mission
To foster democracy by strengthening the institution of Legislature through
informed legislators, Smart and intelligent officials and encouraging greater
engagement between the public and the Legislature

162
Aims and Objectives

Promote exchange of ideas between Legislators and experts in various fields,
including the fast paced world of technological developments and electronic media,
through interactive sessions, seminars, study tours etc leading to enhanced quality
of governance.
● Provide all stakeholders in a parliamentary democracy the opportunity to
understand the importance of the role each of them plays in ensuring
development of the nation.
● Provide opportunities for study and research in legislative procedures to
enhance legislation.
● Enhance public participation in law making by imparting the necessary
orientation and knowledge.
● Ensure optimum benefit to the public by providing training in parliamentary
procedures to Government Officials of various departments.
● Ensure efficiency of the staff of the Legislature Secretariat through Training
Programmes, discussions, seminars etc.
● Give the youth and children a practical experience of the parliamentary
procedures through organising Student Parliament and Model Assemblies.

163
Internship Programme- Objectives

The Parliamentary Internship Programme aims to provide an opportunity to students
of Law Colleges to acquaint themselves with the working of parliamentary
democracy and democratic institutions in general. Indian parliamentary system and
specifically about the legislative procedures and activities of the Kerala Legislative
Assembly. The Programme also aims at imparting requisite skills and knowledge to
enable the interns to develop a proper perspective about the role of Legislature in the
parliamentary system which, in turn, will help them while working in their own
fields in future. A number of college students, from all over India have successfully
completed their internship from the Centre for Parliamentary Studies and Training.
GOVERNING BODY OF CPST

Sri. A. M. Basheer,
Secretary, Kerala Legislative Assembly
Ex-officio Chairman
Smt. Manju Varghese,
Additional Secretary/ Executive Director K-LAMPS, (Kerala Legislative Assembly
Media and Parliamentary Study Centre)Kerala Legislative Assembly

164
Ex-officio Member
Sri. D. D. Godfree,
Joint Secretary (Table), Kerala Legislative Assembly
Ex-officio Member
Sri. G. P. Unnikrishnan,
Joint Secretary / Director (K-LAMPS), Kerala Legislative Assembly
Ex-officio Member
Sri. V. G. Riju,
Joint Secretary (IT), Kerala Legislative Assembly
Ex-officio Member
Smt. Jasmine P. S.,
Deputy Secretary / Joint Director K-LAMPS (Accounts), Kerala Legislative
Assembly
Ex-officio Member

165
Sections in Legislative Secretariat

● Accounts Section
● Housekeeping Section
● Information Technology Section
● Internal Audit Section
● Legislative Section
● Members Amenities Section
● Press Relation Section
● Question Section
● Reception Section
● Research Section
● Services Section
● Table Section
Committees
Statutory Committee
The Niyamasabha consists of following committees which are statutory in nature
and cannot be disbanded, though the members do change.

166
1. Business Advisory Committee (BAC)
The BAC is the primary committee to decide the agendas to be listed in each session
of the assembly. As a convention, the opposition leader will be the head of the
committee with leaders of each parliamentary party subjected to a maximum of 8
members. Speaker of the house is a permanent invitee to this committee.
2. Committee on Environment
3. Committee on Estimates
4. Committee on Government Assurances
5. Committee on Local Fund Accounts
6. Committee on Official Language
7. Committee on Papers Laid on the Table
8. Committee on Petitions

167
9. Committee on Private Members' Bills and Resolutions
10. Committee on Privileges and Ethics
11. Committee on Public Accounts
12. Committee on Public Undertakings
13. Committee on Subordinate Legislation
14. Committee on the Welfare of Backward Class Communities
15. Committee on the Welfare of Fishermen and Allied Workers
16. Committee on the Welfare of Non-resident Keralites
17. Committee on the Welfare of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
18. Committee on the Welfare of Senior Citizens

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19. Committee on the Welfare of Women, Children and Physically Handicapped
20. Committee on the Welfare of Youth and Youth Affairs
21. House Committee
22. Library Advisory Committee
23. Rules Committee
Subject Committee
Apart from the statutory committee, the assembly has a subject committee for
each Department of Government. Though they are not statutory in nature, it is
established by the house on a regular basis to monitor and control executive
decisions of each department when a specific bill intended to make into a legislation
comes before assembly. Normally when a bill is presented and amendments or
disputes arise, the bills are sent to a subject committee specifically formed for such
departmental activity.

169
As per Kerala Legislature Rules, the following committees are regularly
established in the house.
1. Subject Committee - I:- Departments of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and
Fisheries
2. Subject Committee - II:- Land Revenue, Land usage, wetland protection,
Endowments and Devaswom
3. Subject Committee - III:- Water Resources, Irrigation projects and Dam safety
4. Subject Committee - IV:- Industry and Minerals
5. Subject Committee - V:- Public Works, Transport & Communications
6. Subject Committee - VI:- Education
7. Subject Committee - VII:- Power, Labor and Labor Welfare
8. Subject Committee - VIII:- Economic Affairs

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9. Subject Committee - IX:- Local Administration, Rural Development and Housing
10. Subject Committee - X:- Forest, Environment and Tourism
11. Subject Committee - XI:- Food, Civil Supplies and Co-operation
12. Subject Committee - XII:- Health and Family Welfare
13. Subject Committee - XIII:- Social Service
14. Subject Committee - XIV:- Home and Security Affairs
Ad-Hoc Committee
Time-to-time, the assembly can form an ad-hoc committee for business as laid by a
motion passed by the house.
Present Parliamentary Functionaries
Governor - Arif Muhammed Khan
Speaker - A N Shamseer

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Deputy Speaker -Chittayam Gopakumar
Secretary-A M Basheer
Chief Minister -Pinarayi Vijayan
Council of Ministers
Shri. Pinarayi Vijayan
Chief Minister

172
● General Administration, All India Services, Planning and Economic Affairs,
Science, Technology and Environment, Pollution Control, Scientific
Institutes, Personnel and Administrative Reforms, Election, Integration,
Information Technology, Sainik Welfare, Distress Relief, State Hospitality,
Airports, Metro Rail, Inter - State River Waters, Coastal Shipping and Inland
Navigation, Kerala State Inland Navigation Corporation, Information and
Public Relations, Non- Resident Keralites’ Affairs, Home, Vigilance,
Administration of Civil and Criminal Justice, Fire and Rescue Services,
Prisons, Printing and Stationery, Welfare of Minorities, All important policy
matters, Subjects not mentioned elsewhere
Shri. K Rajan
Minister for Revenue and Housing
● Land Revenue, Survey and Land Records, Land Reforms, Housing
Shri. Roshy Augustine
Minister for Water Resources Irrigation, Command Area Development Authority,
Ground Water Department, Water Supply and Sanitation
Shri. K. Krishnankutty

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Minister for Electricity Electricity, ANERT
Shri. A K Saseendran
Minister for Forests, Wild life protection
● Forests, Wild Life Protection
Shri. Ahammad Devarkovil
Minister for Ports, Museums, Archaeology, Archives
● Ports, Museums, Archaeology, Archives
Shri. Antony Raju
Minister for Transport
● Road Transport, Motor Vehicles, Water Transport
Shri. V Abdurahiman
Minister for Sports,Wakf and Haj Pilgrimage,
● Posts and Telegraphs,Railways
● Sports, Wakf and Haj Pilgrimage, Posts and Telegraphs, Railways
Shri. G R Anil

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Minister for Food and Civil Supplies
● Food and Civil Supplies, Consumer Affairs, Legal Metrology
Shri. K N Balagopal
Minister for Finance
● Finance, National Savings, Stores Purchase, Goods and Service Tax,
Agricultural Income Tax, Treasuries, Lotteries, State Audit, Kerala State
Financial Enterprises, State Insurance, Kerala Financial Corporation, Stamps
and Stamp Duties
Smt. R Bindu
Minister for Higher Education and Social Justice
● Collegiate Education, Technical Education, Universities (Except Agriculture,
eterinary, Fisheries, Medical and Digital Universities), Entrance
Examinations, National Cadet Corps, Additional Skill Acquisition
Programme (ASAP), Social Justice
Smt. J Chinchurani
Minister for Animal Husbandry and Dairy Development

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● Animal Husbandry, Dairy Development, Milk Co-operatives, Zoos, Kerala
Veterinary & Animal Sciences University
Shri. M B Rajesh
● Minister for Local Self Government and Excise Local Self Governments
(Panchayats, Municipalities and Corporations), Rural Development, Town
Planning, Regional Development Authorities, KILA, Excise
Shri. P A Mohamed Riyas
Minister for Public Works and Tourism
● Public Works Department, Tourism
Shri. P Prasad
Minister for Agriculture
● Agriculture, Soil Survey & Soil Conservation, Kerala Agriculture University,
Warehousing Corporation
Shri. K Radhakrishnan
Minister for Welfare of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Backward Classes

176
● Devaswoms, Welfare of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Backward
Classes, Devaswoms, Parliamentary Affairs
Shri. P Rajeev
Minister for Law and Industries
● Law, Industries (Including Industrial co-operatives), Commerce, Mining and
Geology, Handlooms and Textiles, Khadi and Village Industries, Coir,
Cashew Industry, Plantation Directorate
Shri. V Sivankutty
Minister for General Education and Labour
● General Education, Literacy Movement, Labour, Employment and Training,
Skills, Rehabilitation, Factories and Boilers, Insurance Medical Service,
Industrial Tribunals, Labour Courts
Shri. V N Vasavan
Minister for Co-operation and Registration
● Co-operation, Registration
Smt. Veena George

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Minister for Health, Women and Child Welfare
● Health, Family Welfare, Medical Education, Medical University, Indigenous
Medicine, AYUSH, Drugs Control, Woman & Child Welfare
STUDY REPORT SUBMITTED AS PART OF INTERNSHIP
PROGRAMME:

178
CENTRE FOR PARLIAMENTARY STUDIES AND TRAINING
RESEARCH
CONDUCTED AS A PART OF INTERNSHIP PROGRAMME
AT
CENTRE FOR PARLIAMENTARY STUDIES AND TRAINING

(FROM 09-04-2021 TO22-04-2021)
Research Topic Researcher
Speaker Manu Krishna S K

Government Law College TVM

179
P SREERAMAKRISHNAN
Hon’ble Speaker

180
CONTENTS
● Introduction
● Speaker of the Lok Sabha
● Term of Office
● Election of the Speaker
● Speaker in the Chair
● Regulating the Business of the House
● Speaker and the Committees
● Speaker and Members
● Powers of the Lok Sabha Speaker
● Speaker and Inter-Parliamentary Relations
● Removal of the Speaker
● Conclusion

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Introduction
The Office of the Speaker occupies a pivotal position in our parliamentary democracy. It has been
said of the Office of the Speaker that while the members of Parliament represent the individual
constituencies, the Speaker represents the full authority of the House itself. He/She symbolises the dignity
and power of the House over which he/she is presiding. Therefore, it is expected that the holder of this
Office of high dignity has to be one who can represent the House in all its manifestations.
The responsibility entrusted to the Speaker is so onerous that he/she cannot afford to overlook any
aspect of parliamentary life. His/Her actions come under close scrutiny in the House and are also widely
reported in the mass media. With the televising of proceedings of Parliament, the small screen brings to
millions of households in the country the day-to-day developments in the House, making the Speaker's task
all the more important.
Even though the Speaker speaks rarely in the House, when he/she does, he/she speaks for the House
as a whole. The Speaker is looked upon as the true guardian of the traditions of parliamentary democracy.
His/Her unique position is illustrated by the fact that he/she is placed very high in the Warrant of Precedence
in our country, standing next only to the President, the Vice-President and the Prime Minister. In India,
through the Constitution of the land, through the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha
and through the practices and conventions, adequate powers are vested in the Office of the Speaker to help
him/her in the smooth conduct of the parliamentary proceedings and for protecting the independence and
impartiality of the Office. The Constitution of India provides that the Speaker's salary and allowances are
not to be voted by Parliament and are to be charged on the Consolidated Fund of India.

182
Speaker of the Lok Sabha
▪ The Lok Sabha, which is the highest legislative body in the country, chooses its Speaker who
presides over the day to day functioning of the House.
▪ Electing the Speaker of the House is one of the first acts of newly constituted House.
▪ The office of the Speaker is a Constitutional Office. The Speaker is guided by the constitutional
provisions and the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha.
▪ The Speaker is placed very high in the Warrant of Precedence in the country i.e. at rank 6.
▪ Adequate Powers are vested in the office of the Speaker to help her/him in the smooth conduct of
parliamentary proceedings.
o The constitution provides that the Speaker’s salary and allowances are not to be voted by
the Parliament and are to be charged on the Consolidated Fund of India.
o In the Lok Sabha chamber, the Speaker’s chair is distinctively placed to enable a
commanding view of the entire House.
▪ The Speaker is assisted by the Secretary-General of the Lok Sabha and senior officers of the
Secretariat on parliamentary activities, practice and procedure.
▪ In the absence of the Speaker, the Deputy Speaker discharges the functions. A member from
the Panel of Chairmen presides over the House in the absence of both the Speaker and the Deputy
Speaker.
Term of Office
Speaker holds Office from the date of his/her election till immediately before the first meeting of
the Lok Sabha after the dissolution of the one to which he/she was elected. He/She is eligible for re-election.
On the dissolution of the Lok Sabha, although the Speaker ceases to be a member of the House, he/she does
not vacate his/her Office. The Speaker may, at any time, resign from Office by writing under his/her hand
to the Deputy Speaker. The Speaker can be removed from Office only on a resolution of the House passed
by a majority of all the then members of the House.
Such a resolution has to satisfy some conditions like: it should be specific with respect to the
charges and it should not contain arguments, inferences, ironical expressions, imputations or defamatory
statements, etc. Not only these, discussions should be confined to charges referred to in the resolution. It is
also mandatory to give a minimum of 14 days' notice of the intention to move the resolution.
Election of the Speaker
In the Lok Sabha, the lower House of the Indian Parliament, both Presiding Officers - the Speaker
and the Deputy Speaker are elected from among its members by a simple majority of members present and

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voting in the House. As such, no specific qualifications are prescribed for being elected the Speaker. The
Constitution only requires that Speaker should be a member of the House. But an understanding of the
Constitution and the laws of the country and the rules of procedure and conventions of Parliament is
considered a major asset for the holder of the Office of the Speaker.
▪ No specific qualifications are prescribed for being elected as the speaker.
o The constitution states that the Speaker must be a member of the House but an
understanding of the constitution and conventions of the Parliament is considered a major
asset.
▪ The House elects its presiding officer by a simple majority of members present, who vote in the
House.
▪ Usually, a member belonging to the ruling party is elected Speaker.
o The process has evolved over the years where the ruling party nominates its candidate after
informal consultations with leaders of other parties and groups in the House.
o Once the decision on the candidate is taken, the name is normally proposed by the Prime
Minister or the Minister of Parliamentary Affairs.
o This convention ensures that once elected, the Speaker enjoys the respect of all
sections of the House.
▪ There are also instances when members not belonging to the ruling party were elected to the office
of the Speaker.
o GMC Balayogi and Manohar Joshi belonging to the TDP and the Shiv Sena respectively
served as the Speaker in the 12th and 13th Lok Sabha during the NDA coalition headed by
the BJP.
▪ After the speaker is elected, the Prime Minister and the Leader of the Opposition (if there in the
House, otherwise, the leader of the largest party in the House in the opposition) escort the Speaker
to the Chair.
▪ When the Lok Sabha is dissolved, the Speaker remains in his office till the first meeting of
the new assembly when the new speaker is elected.
The election of the Speaker of the Lok Sabha is an important event in the life of the House. One of
the first acts of a newly constituted House is to elect the Speaker. Usually, a member belonging to the ruling
party is elected the Speaker. A healthy convention, however, has evolved over the years whereby the ruling
party nominates its candidate after informal consultations with the Leaders of other Parties and Groups in

184
the House. This convention ensures that once elected, the Speaker enjoys the respect of all sections of the
House. There are also instances when members not belonging to the ruling party or coalition were elected
to the Office of the Speaker. Once a decision on the candidate is taken, his/her name is normally proposed
by the Prime Minister or the Minister of Parliamentary Affairs.
If more than one notice is received, these are entered in the order of receipt. The Speaker pro tem
presides over the sitting in which the Speaker is elected, if it is a newly constituted House. If the election
falls later in the life of a Lok Sabha, the Deputy Speaker presides. The motions which are moved and duly
seconded are put one by one in the order in which they are moved, and decided, if necessary, by division.
If any motion is carried, the person presiding shall, without putting the latter motions, declare that the
member proposed in the motion which has been carried has been chosen as the Speaker of the House. After
the results are announced, the Speaker-elect is conducted to the Chair by the Prime Minister and the Leader
of the Opposition. He/She is then felicitated by Leaders of all Political Parties and Groups in the House to
which he/she replies in a thanks-giving speech. And from then the new Speaker takes over.
Speaker in the Chair
In the Lok Sabha Chamber, the Speaker's Chair is distinctively placed and, from his/her seat, he/she
gets a commanding view of the entire House. Insofar as the proceedings are concerned, he/she is guided by
the provisions of the Constitution and the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha.
He/She also benefits from the Directions issued by his/her predecessors which are compiled periodically.
Besides, he/she is assisted by the Secretary-General of the Lok Sabha and senior officers of the Secretariat
on parliamentary activities and on matters of practice and procedure. In the absence of the Speaker, the
Deputy Speaker discharges his/her functions. A member from the Panel of Chairmen presides over the
House in the absence of both the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker.
The Speaker has extensive functions to perform in matters administrative, judicial and regulatory,
falling under his/her domain. He/She enjoys vast authority under the Constitution and the Rules, as well as
inherently. As the conventional head of the Lok Sabha and as its principal spokesman, the Speaker
represents its collective voice. Of course, he/she is the ultimate arbiter and interpreter of those provisions
which relate to the functioning of the House. His/Her decisions are final and binding and ordinarily cannot
be questioned, challenged or criticised.
Regulating the Business of the House
The final authority for adopting rules for regulating its procedure rests with each House, but a
perusal of the rules of the Indian Parliament would indicate that the Presiding Officers in the two Houses
are given vast powers by the rules. It is the Presiding Officer who decides the admissibility of a Question;
it is he/she who decides the forms in which amendments may be moved to the Motion of Thanks to the
President's Address. With regard to moving amendments to a Bill, the permission of the Chair is required.
If a Bill is pending before the House, it is the Speaker who decides whether he/she should allow
amendments to be moved to various clauses of the Bill or not. As regards regulating discussions in the
House, it is the Speaker who decides as to when a member shall speak and how long he/she shall speak. It

185
is left to him/her to ask a member to discontinue his/her speech or even decide that what a particular member
said may not go on record as part of the proceedings. If he/she is satisfied, the Speaker can direct a member
to withdraw from the House for a specific period of time. A member who flouts his/her orders or directions
may be named by the Speaker and in such cases, he/she may have to withdraw from the House.
The Speaker is the guardian of the rights and privileges of the House, its Committees and members.
It depends solely on the Speaker to refer any question of privilege to the Committee of Privileges for
examination, investigation and report. It is through him/her that the decisions of the House are
communicated to outside individuals and authorities. It is the Speaker who decides the form and manner in
which the proceedings of the House is published. He/She also issues warrants to execute the orders of the
House, wherever necessary, and delivers reprimands on behalf of the House. The entire Parliamentary
Estate is under the authority of the Speaker. When a decision of the House is to be ascertained on a motion
made by a member, the question is put by the Speaker before the House to obtain the decision. On questions
of points of order, it is he/she who finally decides whether the matter raised is in order or not.
The Speaker also has certain residuary powers under the Rules of Procedure. All matters which are
not specifically provided under the rules and all questions relating to the working of the rules are regulated
by him/her. In exercise of this power and under his/her inherent powers, the Speaker issues from time to
time directions which are generally treated as sacrosanct as the Rules of Procedure. On matters regarding
interpretation of constitutional provisions relating to the House or the Rules of Procedure, he/she often
gives rulings which are respected by members and are binding in nature. Under the Constitution, the
Speaker enjoys a special position insofar as certain matters pertaining to the relations between the two
Houses of Parliament are concerned. He/She certifies Money Bills and decides finally what are money
matters by reason of the Lok Sabha's overriding powers in financial matters. It is the Speaker of the Lok
Sabha who presides over joint sittings called in the event of disagreement between the two Houses on a
legislative measure. As regards recognition of parliamentary parties, it is the Speaker who lays down the
necessary guidelines for such recognition. It is he/she who decides on granting recognition to the Leader of
the Opposition in the Lok Sabha. Following the 52nd Constitution amendment, the Speaker is vested with
the power relating to the disqualification of a member of the Lok Sabha on grounds of defection. The
Speaker makes obituary references in the House, formal references to important national and international
events and the valedictory address at the conclusion of every Session of the Lok Sabha and also when the
term of the House expires. Though a member of the House, the Speaker does not vote in the House except
on those rare occasions when there is a tie at the end of a decision. Till date, the Speaker of the Lok Sabha
has not been called upon to exercise this unique casting vote.
Speaker and the Committees
The Committees of the House function under the overall direction of the Speaker. All such
Committees are constituted by him/her or by the House. The Chairmen of all Parliamentary Committees
are nominated by him/her. Any procedural problems in the functioning of the Committees are referred to
him/her for directions. Committees like the Business Advisory Committee, the General Purposes
Committee and the Rules Committee work directly under his Chairmanship.

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Speaker and Members
The Speaker is at once a member of the House as also its Presiding Officer. It is always the
Speaker's task to ensure that parliamentary decorum is maintained under all circumstances. For this he/she
is invested with wide-ranging disciplinary powers under the rules. On the one hand, he/she strives to give
adequate opportunities to all sections of the House to ventilate their views and on the other he/she has to
preserve the dignity of the House. The Speaker's position in such situations is certainly unenviable. It is
indeed a delicate task which calls for diplomacy, firmness, persuasion and perseverance of a high order.
The Speaker also keeps open a variety of informal channels of communication with individual members
and the Leaders of Parties and Groups in the Lok Sabha. He/She interacts with Leaders of Parliamentary
Parties at luncheon meetings on the eve of every Session. These are important occasions when he/she gets
to know the mood of various parties on a wide spectrum of issues. The Speaker has to see to it that
Parliament functions the way that it is intended to under the Constitution. All in all, it is always a tight-rope
walk for the Speaker.
Powers of the Lok Sabha Speaker
According to the Constitution of India, a Speaker is vested with immense administrative and
discretionary powers, some of which are enumerated below:
▪ The Speaker presides over the meetings in the Lower House. In other words, the Speaker conducts
business in Lok Sabha by ensuring discipline and decorum among members.
▪ S/he guards the rights and privileges of the members of Lok Sabha, deciding who should speak
at what time, the questions to be asked, the order of proceedings to be followed, among others.
▪ A Speaker uses his/her power to vote, in order to resolve a deadlock. That is, when the House
initiates a voting procedure, the speaker does not cast a vote in the first instance. It is only when
the two sides receive equal number of votes that the Speaker's vote breaks the deadlock, making
his/her position impartial.
▪ In the absence of a quorum in the House, it is the duty of the Speaker to adjourn the House or to
suspend any meeting, until a quorum is met.
▪ The Speaker decides the agenda that must be discussed in a meeting of the Members of the
Parliament.
▪ The Speaker is invested with the immense powers of interpreting the Rules of Procedure. Since
s/he is a member of the House as well as the Presiding Officer, s/he ensures the discipline of the
House.
o The Speaker ensures that MPs are punished for unruly behaviour.
o A Speaker can also disqualify a Member of Parliament from the House on grounds of
defection (under the Tenth Schedule of the Constitution).

187
o A member who flouts the Speaker’s orders or directions may be named by the Speaker and
in such cases, the member may have to withdraw from the House.
o S/he also issues warrants to execute the orders of the House, wherever necessary and
delivers reprimands on behalf of the House.
▪ The Speaker also permits various parliamentary procedures like the motion of adjournment, the
motion of no confidence, the motion of censure, among others.
▪ The Speaker presides over the joint sitting of the two Houses of Parliament.
▪ Once a Money Bill is transmitted from the Lower House to the Upper House, the Speaker is solely
responsible for endorsing his or her certificate on the Bill. In other words, s/he is given the pivotal
power to decide whether any Bill is a Money Bill. His/her decision is considered final.
▪ Except for the no-confidence motion, all other motions which come before the House come
only after the Speaker permits them.
▪ The Speaker also decides on granting recognition to the Leader of the Opposition in the Lok
Sabha.
▪ The Speaker has under his or her jurisdiction, a number of Parliamentary Committees such
as the Rules Committee, the Business Advisory Committee and the General Purposes Committee.
The Speaker nominates the various Chairmen to these Committees while monitoring the
committees’ workings as well.
▪ S/he is the ultimate arbiter and interpreter of those provisions which relate to the functioning of
the House. His/her decisions are final and binding and ordinarily cannot be questioned, challenged
or criticized.
Speaker’s Administrative Role
▪ The Speaker is also the head of the Lok Sabha Secretariat.
▪ The Speaker's authority over the Secretariat staff of the House and its security arrangements is
supreme.
▪ No alteration or addition can be made in the Parliament House and no new structure can be
erected in the Parliament Estate without the Speaker’s permission.
▪ It is through the Speaker that the decisions of the House are communicated to individuals and
authorities outside the Parliament.
▪ Speaker decides the form and manner in which the proceedings of the House are published.
Other Roles and Responsibilities
▪ Speaker’s approval is sought for the date on which the House will start before it is convened by the
President.

188
▪ The Speaker decides the form in which amendments may be moved to the Motion of Thanks to the
President’s address.
▪ With regard to moving amendments to a Bill, the permission of the Speaker is required.
▪ It depends solely on the Speaker to refer any question of privilege to the Committee of Privileges
for examination, investigation and report.
▪ When a decision of the House is to be ascertained on a motion made by a member, the question is
put by the Speaker before the House to obtain the decision.
▪ The Speaker makes obituary references in the House, formal references to important national and
international events and the valedictory address at the conclusion of every Session of the Lok Sabha
and also when the term of the House expires.
Speaker and Inter-Parliamentary Relations
▪ S/he is the ex-officio President of the Indian Parliamentary Group. It was set up in 1949 and
functions as the National Group of the Inter-Parliamentary Union and the main branch of the
Commonwealth Parliamentary Association.
o Inter-Parliamentary Union is an organization made up of national parliaments from around

the world.
o The Commonwealth Parliamentary Association (CPA) has been the voice of parliamentary
democracy across the Commonwealth for more than nine decades.
▪ In that capacity, members of various Indian Parliamentary Delegations going abroad are nominated
by him/her after consulting the chairman of the Rajya Sabha. Most often, the Speaker leads such
delegations.
▪ Besides, the Speaker is the Chairman of the Conference of Presiding Officers of Legislative
Bodies in India.
Removal of the Speaker
▪ The Speaker’s term is coterminous with the term of the Lok Sabha i.e. 5 years.
▪ However, the constitution has given the Lower House authority to remove the Speaker if
needed. The House can remove the Speaker through a resolution passed by an effective
majority (more than 50% of the total strength of the house present and voting) as per Articles 94
and 96 of the Indian Constitution.

189
▪ The Speaker can also be removed on getting disqualified from being a Lok Sabha member
under sections 7 and 8 of the Representation of the People Act, 1951.
▪ A speaker can also tender his resignation to a Deputy Speaker.
o Dr. Neelam Sanjiva Reddy is the only Speaker who resigned from the office.
o Dr. Reddy also has the distinction of being the only Speaker who was later elected as the
President of India.
Conclusion
The Office of the Speaker in India is a living and dynamic institution which deals with the actual
needs and problems of Parliament in the performance of its functions. The Speaker is the constitutional and
ceremonial head of the House. He/She is the principal spokesperson of the House. It is in him/her that the
responsibility of conducting the business of the House in a manner befitting the place of the institution in a
representative democracy is invested. The founding fathers of our Constitution had recognised the
importance of this Office in our democratic set-up and it was this recognition that guided them in
establishing this Office as one of the prominent and dignified ones in the scheme of governance of the
country. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, one of the chief architects of India's freedom and a moving force behind
its Constitution, placed the Office of the Speaker in India in the proper context when he said:
The Speaker represents the House. He/She represents the dignity of the House, the freedom of the
House and because the House represents the nation, in a particular way, the Speaker becomes a symbol of
nation's freedom and liberty. Therefore that should be an honoured position, a free position and should be
occupied always by persons of outstanding ability and impartiality.
This would explain why this Office still remains one of the most crucial ones in the life of every
Lok Sabha.

190
● We were able to learn the working of the institute.
● Understood the vision, mission and aim of the institution
● Visited and analysed various departments
● Visited Legislative Assembly Hall
● We were able to learn the structure of the institute.
● Understood the governing body

191

192
VERITAE LEGAL (LAW FIRM)
ABOUT THE FIRM
“VERITAE” is Latin for "the truth" and surely enough VERITAE LEGAL is a full
service Law Firm providing credible, specialised, constructive legal solutions to
industry specific corporate houses and corporate individuals. Founded by an
enthused team of second generation attorneys who have had ample experience in
litigation and corporate law practice with an impressive track record to boast about,
VERITAE LEGAL provides premium legal services to a diversified range of clients
in all branches of law. The Firm best understands the requirements, needs and
nuances of the corporate client and it is only natural therefore that the principal
object of the firm is to cater to these sensitive, time constrained compelling needs in
the most competent and professional manner without compromising on the highest
benchmark of standards it has set for itself.
We, at VERITAE LEGAL, fully understand that the unbridled application of
intellect, strategy, commitment and diligence coupled with relentless hard work to
consistently provide excellent results for the client which are the hallmarks of any
successful enterprise. Our specialists come together to see that this requirement is
intrepidly catered to, using the best of their efforts and the firm's superior resources.

193
With the finest possible exploitation of the latest technology available, an ever-
growing library and the most powerful of research tools, our firm marches on,
providing timely & efficient qualitative legal services.
VERITAE LEGAL deserves special mention that ours is a Firm with a right blend
of virtues; while true to our name, we cherish as sacrosanct – the traditional values
of honesty, good faith, perseverance, dedication and dogged determination; we also
uphold the new age corporate mantras of solidarity, friendliness and accessibility. It
is a matter of pride and honour that VERITAE LEGAL formed with the specific
objective of keeping abreast of the changing dynamics and practicalities in the field
of law, is considered one of the most distinguished corporate law chambers in town
with a strong technological edge over its contemporaries.
Services rendered by the firm
● Acquisition
● Arbitration – Domestic & International
● Asset Restructuring
● Aviation Law
● Banking and finance

194
● Branding and trademarks
● Commercial agreements & Contracts
● Commercial dispute resolution
● Construction and engineering
● Consumer law
● Contentious insolvency proceedings
● Corporate law compliances
● Customs & Central Excise
● Due Diligence – Corporate, IP & Real Estate
● E-commerce
● Employment and labour Law
● Entertainment, Film & Media Law
● Financial services dispute resolution
● Franchising
● Fraud and financial crime
● Immigration
● Intellectual property (IP) - Patents, Copyright,
Trademark, Design, Geographical Indication
● Infrastructure
● International trade

195
● IT, technology and telecoms
● Litigation and dispute management
● Mergers and acquisitions (M & A)
● Music
● Outsourcing and offshoring
● Privacy and data protection
● Private equity
● Project finance
● Public international law (PIL)
● Real estate
● Shipping
● Tax
● Trading and distribution
● Training
● Venture capital
● Worldwide compliance

196
● I was able to study drafting practically.
● Understood the vision, mission and aim of the firm
● Analysed case files on various fields
● Did research on Family Law, Constitution of India, Company Law,
Administrative Law, Criminal Procedural Law, Civil Procedural Law
● Got a chance to understand the procedures involved in registering a firm
● Understood the hierarchy of organisation.
RESEARCH REPORT SUBMITTED AS PART OF INTERNSHIP

Task: Research into the power of the HC for revision/ review of orders of subordinate courts,
specifically interim orders
Submitted by
Manu Krishna S K
Introduction
The Judiciary in States consists of a High Court and a system of Courts subordinate to the High Court.
Article 214 says that there shall be a High Court in each State. However, under Art.231(1) Parliament
can establish by law a common High Court for two or more States and a Union Territory. The High
Court stands at the head of the Judiciary in the State.
According to the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, when a party is aggrieved by the decree passed by
the court, he can approach the superior court by way of appeal, against the decree passed by the trial
court. Generally, under appeal, the whole dispute is re-heard by the appellate court. But in cases
where there are technical/procedurals errors, the aggrieved party need not take the pain of
approaching the higher court for going through the hassle of contesting another suit which is in the
form of appeal. For the same purpose, the Code of Civil procedure has introduced the concepts
called Reference, Review and Revision under Sections 113, 114 & 115 respectively. An application
for Reference, Review and Revision can be filed in the concerned courts as provided by the Code and
the proceedings under these applications do not deal with merits of the case. They are solely based
on technical grounds.

197
Revision
According to Section 115 of the Code of Civil Procedure, A High Court has the power to entertain a
revision in any case decided by a subordinate Court in certain circumstances. This jurisdiction is known
as revisional jurisdiction of the High court .Revision meaning the action of revising, especially critically
or careful examination or perusal with a view to correcting or improving.
When there occurs any illegality, irregularity or impropriety coming to the notice of High court, it has
the jurisdiction to examine the records relating to the ‘’any order’’ and/or proceedings is capable of
being corrected by the High Court by passing such appropriate order or direction as the law requires
and the justice demands but only limitation on the scope of the High Court’s jurisdiction is that the
order or proceeding sought to be scrutinized by the subordinate court. Revisional Jurisdiction doesn’t
allow the High Court to interfere and correct errors of facts or of law. When the order is within the
Jurisdiction of the subordinate Court, even if the order is right or wrong or in accordance with the law
or not, unless it has exercised its jurisdiction illegally or with material irregularity the high Court has no
jurisdiction to interfere. The high Court will not interfere in revision until it comes to the conclusion that
the impugned order has occasioned a failure of justice or has caused an irreparable injury to the party
against when it is made. The revisional power under Section 115 of the Code is clearly is the nature
of a power to issue a writ of certiorari.Its ambit is not as large as certiorari as revisional Jurisdiction
can only be exercised in the failure of Jurisdictional error but not in any other manner.
Nature and Scope

In Major S.S Khanna v. Brig F.J Dillon1, the Court stated “The section consists of two parts, the first
prescribes the conditions in which the jurisdiction of the High Court arises, i.e. there is a case decided
by a subordinate Court in which no appeal lies to the High Court, the second sets out the
circumstances in which no appeal lies to the High court, the second out the circumstances in which
the Jurisdiction may be exercised.’’
For the effective exercise of the High court’s superintending and visitorial powers over subordinate
courts, this revisional jurisdiction has been conferred by the High Court under S.115; the powers given
are clearly limited to the keeping of subordinate courts within the bound of their jurisdiction.It is a part
of general appellate jurisdiction of the High court though the jurisdiction is strictly restricted by the
terms of S.115 investing it.Though revisional Jurisdiction is only a part of appellate jurisdiction, it
cannot be equated with full that of a full fledged appeal.
Section 115 authorizes the High Court to satisfy on three matters:

(i) That the order of the subordinate court is within jurisdiction.
(ii) That the case is one in which the court ought to exercises its jurisdiction;
(iii) that in exercising jurisdiction the court has not acted illegally, that is, in breach of some provision
of the law, or with material irregularity, that is, by committing some error of procedure in the course of
the trial which is material in that it may have affected the ultimate decision.
1
AIR 1964 SC 497

198
Circumstances for revision
An application for revision can be made by the parties to the suit under the following circumstances
where the subordinate court has:
● not exercised jurisdiction as conferred by law (wrongful assumption of the court regarding the
jurisdiction)
● failed to exercise jurisdiction that is vested in it (non-exercise of jurisdiction by the court)
● illegally exercised its jurisdiction (irregular exercise of jurisdiction by the court)
Pandurang Ramchandra Manddlik v. Maruti ramchandra Ghatge2

In this case the court held that it was held that ’’..But an erroneous decision on a question of law
reached by the subordinate court which has no relation to questions of jurisdiction of that court, cannot
be corrected by the High court under S. 115."
Difference between S.115 and Art 227

A revision under section 115 and Superintendence under Article 227 are two separate and distinct
proceeding. One can’t be overindulging with the other.
Differences are as follows:

1) Revisional power is only judicial while Article 227 which empowers Superintendence is both Judicial
as well as administrative.
2) Revisional power is statutory and it can be taken away by legislation but the power of
superintendence is constitutional and cannot be curtailed or taken away by the statue.
3) Revisional power has less peripheral application as compared to Article 227 as S.115 are restricted
and cannot be exercised in all the conditions.
Review
Review is dealt under order 114 and Ruler 47 of Code of Civil Procedure. Review means to
reconsider, to look again or to re examine. In legal sense, it is a judicial re-examination of the case by
the same court and by the same Judge.
A person aggrieved by a decree or order may apply for review of a Judgment. A person aggrieved has
been understood to mean who has a genuine grievance because an order has been made which
prejudicially affects his interests.But the concept, purpose and provisions ‘’person aggrieved’’ varies
according to the context, purpose and provisions of the statue.A person who is neither a party to the
proceedings nor a decree or order binds him, cannot apply for review as the decree or order does not
adversely or prejudicially affect him. The remedy of review, which is a reconsideration of the Judgment
by the same Court and by the same Judge, has been borrowed from the Court of equity. This remedy
has a remarkable resemblance to the writ of error. Rectification of an order stems from the fundamental
principle that justice is above all. It is exercised to remove error and not to disturb finality.
2
1989 AIR 2240

199
The application for review shall be filed within 30 days from the date of order/decree. The order
or decree passed after such review shall be final and in force. The review petition is discretionary of a
court, meaning, it can either choose to entertain or reject the application.
Nature and Scope

According to the general principle of law, once the judgment is passed the court becomes functus
officio. A power of review should not be confused with the appellate powers which enables an
appellate court to enable all errors committed by the subordinate Court. Greater care, seriousness and
restraint should be given in the review application as it would not be fair to the court to deal with the
same case with the same party over and again and it would increase the backlog of the case over the
court.
A right of review is both substantive as well as procedural. As a substantive right, it has to be conferred
by law, either expressly or by necessary implications. There can be no inherent right of review. As a
procedural provision, every Court or tribunal can correct an inadvertent error which has crept in the
order due to procedural defect or mathematical or clerical error or by misrepresentation or fraud of a
party to the proceeding, which can be corrected asex debito justitae. If a review is not maintainable
I, it cannot be allowed by describing such application as an ‘’clarification’’ or ‘’modification’’
Circumstances for Reviews

A) No Right of appeal is allowed
Where no right of appeal is allowed to an aggrieved party, he can file a review application. When an
appeal is dismissed on the ground that it was incompetent or was time –barred, the provisions of
review would get attracted.
Right of appeal lies but not availed.

A review petition is also maintainable in cases where appeal is provided but no such appeal is
preferred by the aggrieved party. An application for review can be presented so long as no appeal is
preferred against the order. However when appeal is already pending in the Court, no review petition
can be entertained. But if the review petition is filed first and subsequently appeal is filed, the
jurisdiction of the court to deal with the review application is not affected. If review is granted before
the disposal of the appeal, the decree or order ceases to exist and the appeal will not remain. If appeal
is decided on the merits before an application of review is heard, such petition becomes infructuous
and is liable to be dismissed.
E. Grounds for review

(i) Discovery of new facts
A review is permissible on the grounds of discovery by the applicant of some new and important matter
or evidence which, after exercise of due diligence, was not within his knowledge or could not be
produced by him at the time when the decree is passed. The underlying object of this provision is
neither to enable the Court to write a second Judgment nor to give a second innings to the party who
has lost the case because of his negligence or indifference. Therefore, a party seeking a review must
show that there was no remiss on his part in adducing all possible evidence at the trial.
The new evidence must be such as presumably to be believed, and if believed to be conclusive. In
other words, such evidence must be:-
(a) Relevant

200
(b) Or of such character that if it had been given it might possibly have altered the judgment.
(ii) Error apparent on the face of the record

What is an error apparent on the face of the record cannot be defined precisely or exhaustively, and
it should be determined on the facts of the each case. Such error may be one of fact or of the law.No
error can be said to be apparent on the face of the record if it is not self-evident and requires an
examination or argument to establish it.
Thungabhadra Industries ltd v. Govt of A.P3, In this case the Supreme Court rightly observed:
“…….where without any elaborate argument one could point to the error and say here is a substantial
point of law which stares one in the face, and there could reasonably be no two opinions entertained
about it, a clear case of apparent on the face of the record would be made out.
(iii) Other sufficient reason.

The other sufficient reason has not been defined in the Code. There are the reasons which has been
observed in the number of cases are following;-
(a) Where the statement of the judge is not correct.
(b) The decree or order has been passed under a misapprehension of the true state of circumstances.
(c) Where a party had no notice or fair opportunity to produce his evidence.
(d) Where a Court has failed to consider a material issue, fact or evidence.
(e) Misconception by the court of a concession made by the advocate.
(f) The court has omitted to notice or consider material statutory provisions.
(g) Ground which goes to the root of the matter and affects inherent jurisdiction of the Court.
(h) manifest wrong has been done and it is necessary to pass an order to do full and effective justice.
Conclusion
The review is made by the same court which has passed the decree to rectify the mistake or error on
the record. Revision application is made to only High court when the decree passed by subordinate
court is not in accordance with appropriate jurisdictions. These two provisions enable the judiciary by
way of the High Court to provide Justice for the aggrieved.
3
AIR 1966 AP 85

201

202
OMBUDSMAN FOR LOCAL SELF

GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS
INTRODUCTION
The word Ombudsman originated from the Swedish word ‘ombuds’ that means an
officer or commissioner. In its special sense, it is a quasi-judicial administrative
authority i.e., the commissioner who has the duty of investigating and reporting to
Parliament on citizens complaints against the public servants or public agencies.
Ombudsman is a high powered quasi judicial body constituted for Local Self
Government Institutions at the State level for conducting investigations and
enquiries in respect of any action involving corruption or maladministration or
irregularities in the discharge of administrative functions by Local Self Government
Institutions with its HeadQuarters in the State Capital Thiruvananthapuram.

203
MISSION OF OMBUDSMAN FOR LSGI

To realise the Gandhian concept of “Grama Swaraj” and to act as a system ensuring
the proper functioning of the 3 tier local bodies and Local Self Government
Institutions Government of Kerala constituted the Ombudsman with effect from 29-
5-2000 (S.R.O. No.454/2000 dated 29-5-2000) as per section 271 G of Kerala
Panchayat Raj Act (13 of 1994) for conducting investigations and enquiries in
respect of any action involving corruption or maladministration or irregularities in
the discharge of administrative functions by Local Self Government Institutions or
by an employee or an officer working under the Local Self Government Institutions
or by an employee or an officer working in any office or institution transferred to
such Local Self Government Institutions or by elected member of the Local Self
Government Institution including its President or Chairperson and for the disposal
of such complaints in accordance with the provisions of the Act.

204
FUNCTIONS OF OMBUDSMAN
The Ombudsman shall perform all or any of the following functions, namely:-
● Investigate into any allegation contained in a complaint or on a reference from
Government, or that has come to the notice of the Ombudsman
● Enquire into any complaint in which corruption or maladministration of a
public servant or a Local Self Government Institution is alleged
● Pass an order on the allegation in the following manner, namely:- Where the
irregularity involves a criminal offence committed by a public servant, the
matter shall be referred to the appropriate authority for investigation. Where
the irregularity causes loss or inconvenience to a citizen, direct the Local Self
Government Institution to give him compensation and to reimburse the loss
from the person responsible for the irregularity
● Where the irregularity involves loss or waste or misuse of the fund of the
Local Self Government Institution, realize such loss from those who are
responsible for such irregularity, and Where the irregularity is due to omission
or inaction cause to supply the omission and to rectify the mistake. In addition
to the functions enumerated in sub-section (1), the Ombudsman may pass an
interim order restraining the Local Self Government Institution from doing

205
anything detrimental to the interest of the complainant if it is satisfied that
much loss or injury will be caused to the complainant due to the alleged act.
The Ombudsman may by order, impose penalty in addition to compensation
if it is of opinion that the irregularity involves corrupt practice for personal
gain.

206
HISTORY AND CONSTITUTION

As per section 271 G of Kerala Panchayat Raj Act (13 of 1994) Government of
Kerala constituted the Ombudsman with effect from 29-5-2000 (S.R.O.
No.454/2000 dated 29-5-2000). Originally the State level authority had seven
members. The Chairman was the person who was holding the post of a High Court
Judge and the other six members were drawn from the Judicial, Administrative
Sections as well as from eminent social activists.
Thereafter the Government, by Act 12 of 2001 dissolved the 7 member
authority and the single Ombudsman system came into existence as per
notification S.R.O. No.1105/2001 dated 11-12-2001 by appointing a person who has
held the post of a Judge of the High Court. The term of the Ombudsman is for three
years from the date on which he enters upon his office. The person appointed as
Ombudsman shall be entitled for salary and allowances as are admissible to a Judge
of the High Court of Kerala.
Address 3rd Floor
Saphalyam Complex
Palayam
University P.O.

207
Thiruvananthapuram – 695 034
Tel: 0471-2333542
Fax: 0471-2333542, 2330541
E-mail: [email protected]
Website www.ombudsmanlsgiker.gov.in

208
ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE OF
INSTITUTION
Head of Institution:
Ombudsman
Justice P S Gopinathan
Officials:
1. Secretary
Smt. Yamuna Rani V G
(Additional Law Secretary) on deputation
2. Administrative officer:
Sri. C Rajendran Chettiyar
(Joint Secretary to Govt. on Deputation)
3. Finance Officer:
Sri. P V Jayan
(Deputy Secretary) Finance Department on Deputation

209
4. Section Officer:
Sri. Latheesh S Dharan
(on deputation from Secretariat)
5. Court Officer
Sri. Sibi S

210
FUNCTIONING
Under the present law only a former judge of a High Court can be appointed
as Ombudsman. He can conduct investigations and enquiries into instances of
maladministration, corruption, favouritism, nepotism, lack of integrity, excessive
action, inaction, abuse of position, etc. on the part of officials and elected
representatives of all Local Bodies (Corporations, Municipalities, and Panchayats of
all three levels). He can even register cases suo moto if instances of the above kind
come to his notice. His sittings can be anywhere in the State and at his discretion.
He is not fully bound by the rigid provisions of the Indian Evidence Act and the
Procedure Codes. Advocates can appear in the cases before the Ombudsman, only if
specifically permitted to do so for stated reasons.
These provisions make the functioning of the Institution very flexible and
enable conduct of cases fast and inexpensive. In addition to the Sitting conducted at
the headquarters, Ombudsman conducts camp sittings at the district headquarters of
Ernakulam, Thrissur, Palakkad, Kozhikode and Kannur districts. Camp sittings at
Ernakulam and Kozhikode are conducted every month and camp sittings at Thrissur,
Palakkad and Kannur are conducted in alternate months. Complaints from
Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam, Pathanamthitta districts are considered in
Thiruvananthapuram sitting and Complaints from Ernakulam, Alappuzha, Kottayam
and Idukki districts are considered in Ernakulam sitting and complaints from

211
Thrissur districts are considered in Thrissur sitting and complaints from Palakkad
district are considered in Palakkad sitting and complaints from Kozhikode,
Malappuram, wayanad districts are considered in Kozhikode sitting and complaints
from Kannur and Kasargod districts are considered in Kannur sitting.
Court Fee necessary for filing a complaint is only Rs.10/- and that services of
Advocate are unnecessary for conducting the case make this institution unique,
inexpensive and fast functioning. Complaints to the Ombudsman are to be addressed
to the Secretary. They are to be prepared in ordinary paper and accompanied by
Form A duly filled up and with stamps worth Rs.10 affixed therein. Form A can be
obtained from any office of the Local Bodies. Complaints, prepared as above and
accompanied by as many copies as 3 there are respondents in the case, can be
presented in person to the Secretary, or sent to him in the address.
Each complaint filed before the Ombudsman shall be filed directly before the
secretary to the Ombudsman or by registered/ordinary post. Other than the fee for
the court fee stamp for ten rupees, no other fees will be levied from the parties. The
petitioner can appear before the Ombudsman, directly and fearlessly and can seek
the disposal of the cases by presenting their arguments, without the help of a legal
practitioner or any other help from others.

212
DICTUMS LAID DOWN ON IMPORTANT
CASES
1. O.P.NO.10/2000 : Grama Sabha has power order dated 3.11.00 to review its own
decisions.
2. O.P.NO.104/200 order dated 6.11.2000 : Any decision of the Grama Sabha can
be reviewed by the Grama Sabha when illegalities or irregularities are brought to its
notice by competent authorities otherwise it is final.
3. O.P.NO.91/2000 Order dated 20.12.2000 : The rights of the ordinary citizen
cannot be obliterated by the local authorities by adopting an unwarranted and
arbitrary attitude.
4. O.P.NO. 749/2000 Order dated 19.3.01 : When an application is given for building
permit, if there is a delay in passing the order under section 390, it will definitely
amount to inaction on the part of the Secretary. As far as the second point is
concerned, Section 392 (2) allows the applicant to execute the work on the basis of
deemed approval but the applicant is not entitled to make any construction
contravening the provisions of the Kerala Municipalities Act and Rules. He cannot
execute the work without following the requirements provided in the Act and Rules.

213
5. O.P.(SM) No.84/2000
O.P.(SM) No.951/00
O.P.(SM) NO.952/01
O.P.(SM) NO.180/01
O.P.(SM) NO.184/01
Order dated 06.06.01 : The "Municipal Authority'' as envisaged in Rule 2 means
"Municipal Corporation. Municipality, Nagar Palika, Naga Nigam, Nagar
Panchayat/Municipal Council or any other local body and where the Municipal Solid
Waste is entrusted to an agency: such an agency" (Rule 3 m sub Rule XI) . In view
of the extended definition of the word "Municipal Authority'', all the Corporations
Municipalities and Grama Panchayats in the state shall within their territorial area
be responsible for the implementation of the provisions of the Municipal Solid Waste
(Management and Handling) Rules, 1999 and for any infrastructure development for
collection, storage, segregation, processing and disposal of Municipal Solid Waste.
In other words, all the Corporation, Municipalities and Grama Panchayats are duty
bound to implement within their territorial area the Municipal Solid Wastes
(Management and Handling) Rules, 1999 passed by the Central Government in
exercise of powers conferred by the provisions of Environment (Protection) Act,
1986".

214
6. O.P.(SM) NO.509/2000 Interim Order dated 5.6.2001 : The Kozhikode
Corporation/Municipality, directed to remove garbage accumulated in NH,
pathways etc.
7. O.P.(SM) No.41/2000 Order dated 29.11.00 : Guidelines to 3 tier local bodies to
give optimum utilization of scarce resources, with specific reference to periodic
maintenance of roads in the respective areas.
8. O.P(SM) NO.22/2000 Order darted 5.5.01 : President of Panchayat, Kulathoor
and Chairman of Standing Committee were found guilty of demanding bribes
amounting Rs.25,000/- each for fixation of building tax by Panchayat on Tourist
Resort case. The case was referred to DVI for further action.
9. O.P.(SM) NO.494/2000 Order dated 24.1.01 : An application was filed on
29.03.2000 by the father of a bride for registering the marriage of his daughter which
took place on 16.03.2000. The Clerk in charge of marriage registration insisted on
the presence of the couple who were out of station. The couple reported on
15.04..2000. In the meanwhile another marriage had been registered. Ettumanoor
Panchayat refused to register Rules, 1957 had already elapsed. It was held that the
time limit prescribed in Rule 6 is applicable only to the filling of the report of the

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marriage and not to the registering of the marriage. The application filed on
29.03.2000 was directed to be treated as report under rule 6 of the said rules and the
marriage was directed to be registered.
The procedure to be followed in the Panchayat office on receipt of
petitions/complaints was also laid down in detail.
10. O.P.(SM) No.967/00 Order dated 31.03.01 : It was found that the houses built
under the Thanal Scheme are not in conformity with the prescribed specifications
and the facility is being used as an additional source for the construction of the house.
Hence Nagaroor Grama Panchayat was directed to take steps to recover the amount
from persons who have built houses beyond the prescribed size or spending more
than the amount allotted.
11. O.P.No.482/2000 Order dated 2.5.01 : In this O.P. The Secretary of the
Panchayat has shown undue interest in allotting a house number to a house without
placing the matter before the Panchayat Committee. The allegation that the Secretary
has demanded Rs.3000/-- as bribe for the above purpose assumes significance in this
connection though there is no evidence to prove that the Secretary had demanded a
bribe. The Ombudsman has observed that it is very clear that the Secretary has
misled the Panchayat Committee without placing sufficient facts before the

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Committee and requesting the Panchayat to take a decision. As the action of the
former Secretary was found highly improper OMBUDSMAN has recommended the
Panchayat Director to take suitable disciplinary action against the accused Secretary.
12. O.P.No.64/2001 Order dated 28.2.01 : The case in question is to issue a direction
to the Grama Panchayat for a licence to the petitioner to run a piggery farm. Though
the District Medical Officer has reported that there is no possibility of health hazards
the Panchayat has refused to issue a licence for which a request was given as early
as on 24.01.2000. The Panchayat Committee has decided to get the opinion of the
Director of Health Service. However the petitioner has not received the licence
within the stipulated period specified in the Rules and hence the petitioner started
functioning piggery unit presuming that the is entitled to the benefit of deemed
licence as per Rule 236 (3) of the Kerala Panchayat Raj Act. Ombudsman has held
that in view of the fact that the District Medical Officer has given final report that
there is no possibility of health hazards, there is no need to refer the matter to the
Director of Health Services since the Panchayat has not formulated any rules
requiring the advise of the Director of Health Services as necessary for taking a
decision in the matter, If the Panchayat wanted the opinion of the Director of Health
Services, they should have referred the matter to the Director of Health Services at
the first instance without referring the matter to the District Medical Officer. As the

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application has been filed on 24.02.2000 the Panchayat cannot further delay to take
decision in the matter and they have to take a decision within a period of one month
from the date of this order.
Regarding the request for the staying the proceeding before the Panchayat for
auction of the pig etc., it is just and proper that the steps for auction may kept pending
till the disposal of the application for the issue of license of the application for the
issue of license by the Panchayat within one month as specified in the order.

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ACTS/RULES/ORDERS IN CONNECTION TO
OMBUDSMAN
1.The Kerala Panchayat Raj Act 1994 – Acts regarding Ombudsman for Local Self
Government Institutions.
2. The Ombudsman for Local Self Government Institutions (Inquiry of complaints
and service conditions) Rules, 1999.
3. Orders regarding the constitution of the Ombudsman for Local Self Government
Institutions.
Nowadays the common man finds it very difficult to approach the District
Court/High Court for the redress of their legitimate claims due to the hike in the
legal expenses. But under the decentralized "Ombudsman" system the party can
straight away submit their petitions to the Ombudsman after affixing a court fee
stamp of Rs.10/- (Rupees ten only). The party can represent this case in the forum
even without the help of an Advocate. Here are the procedures to be followed by a
person.

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FILING OF COMPLAINT
Section 271 J of the Kerala Panchayat Raj (Amendment) Act, 1999 empowers any
person to file a complaint in the prescribed form to Ombudsman. Government have
issued Ombudsman for Local Self Government Institutions (Complaint enquiry, trial
and conditions of service ) Rues 1999 Prescribing the form and manner in which
complaints have to filed under the Act, As per Rule 7, complaint should be in the
form prescribed in the appendix to the Rules. As per Rule 11, complaints should be
filed before the Secretary of OMBUDSMAN or sent by registered post. Every
petitioner, except a person authorized by Government shall file his/her complaint
after affixing the court fee stamp worth Rs.10/-. Rule 15 specifically provides that a
complaint which does not comply with any of the requirements of the Rules shall
not be entertained. But there is a provision which permits the defective complaints
to be cured of all defects within a period of 15 days.
Each complaint filed before the Ombudsman shall be filled directly before the
Secretary to the Ombudsman or by registered post.
The complaint shall be in writing and as far as may be in Form ‘A’. Each complaint
and the documents, thereto, shall be accompanied with such number of copies as
there are respondents in the complaint. ( For example if the number of petitioners is

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two, original complaint and three copies of the same have to be submitted (ie.
Number of respondents + 2).
Each Complaint shall be along with a Statement of affirmation that all the
matters mentioned in the complaint are true and correct in one’s behalf and
knowledge. If the complainant desires to produce any document the complaint shall
be filed along with four self attested copies of such documents and such additional
copies as there are respondents in the complaint. The conditions mentioned in sub-
rule(1) shall be applicable to the complaints filed on behalf of the Government. Each
complaint filed before the Ombudsman shall be filed directly before the Secretary
to the Ombudsman or by registered post. The complainant shall affix Court fees
Stamp of Rupees Ten on each complaint as fees. Provided that no fees shall be paid
if a complaint is submitted on behalf of the Government by a person authorised by
the Government. An acknowledgement receipt in Form ‘C’ that the complaint has
been received and registered shall be given.

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APPLICATION FORM
A complaint shall be filed in Form 'A; prescribed in Appendix to the Rules for the
Ombudsman for Local Self Government Institutions (enquiry trial and conditions of
service) Rules, 1999 issued under Section 271 of the Kerala Panchayat Raj Act 1994.
FOLLOW UP ACTIONS ON COMPLAINTS

The respondent of the complaint shall be served with a notice in Form ‘D’ by the
Ombudsman after registering a complaint and giving acknowledgement receipt to
the complainant along with a copy of the complaint and copies of the relevant
documents intimating that a written statement of his averments on that and
documents connected with which are to be submitted within fifteen days of receipt
of the notice and if it is not submitted, the complaint will be disposed of exparte.
If opportunity for personal deposition before the Ombudsman is requested by
complainant or the respondent or the respondent such opportunity shall be given and
the complaint shall be disposed of, after examining the documents produced and the
evidence adduced by them.

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COMPLAINTS THAT SHOULD NOT BE
SUBMITTED TO OMBUDSMAN
1. Any matter in respect of which a formal and public enquiry has been ordered by
Government.
2. Any matter in respect of which a remedy is available from the Tribunal for Local
Self Government Institutions constituted under Section 271S.
3. Any matter in respect of which an enquiry has been ordered under the
Commission of Inquiries Act, 1952 ( Central Act 60 of 1952) or any matter
pending before a Court.
4. Any Complaint filed after the expiry of three years from the date on which the
matter complained against has taken place. Provided that the Ombudsman may
entertain such a complaint if the complainant satisfies that he had sufficient
reason for not filing the complaint within the specified period.

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DEFECTIVE COMPLAINTS
No complaint not in conformity with the provisions of Panchayat Act and these
rules shall be considered. Provided that defective complaints shall be returned to the
complainant and the defects of the complaints so returned shall be intimated to the
complainant in Writing.
● If the complaint so received back is resubmitted after curing the defects within
fifteen days from the date of receipt by the complainant, further action shall
be taken considering the same as complaint filed under rule 13 of the
Ombudsman for Local Self Government Institutions (Inquiry of Complaints
and Service Conditions) Rules 1999.
DISPOSAL OF COMPLAINTS
After completing the initial processes of registration of complaint, issuing notices to
parties concerned, receiving statement of averments of the respondents on the
complaint, opportunity for personal deposition of complainant and respondent is
given.

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If the Ombudsman is satisfied that, in any matter mentioned in the matter
complaint filed before the Ombudsman, investigation by any police officer or other
Government Officers or any technical experts is necessary, that may be subjected
to the investigation by police officer or other Government officers or any technical
experts, as the case may be, and the investigation report so received may be
considered for the disposal of the complaint. Ombudsman may visit the building,
office or place involved in or connected with the complaint as part of the
investigation.
After the deposition of the parties concerned and examining the documents
produced and the evidence adduced by them, the Ombudsman may consider and
dispose of complaints other than those involving criminal offences, in the following
manner, -
A. Award of compensation, to citizen in case of loss or grievance;
B. Order the recovery of loss caused to the Local Self Government Institution
from the person responsible;
C. Order the supply of omission or rectification of defects due to inaction;
D. Order the recovery of loss from the accused failing which, order realisation
through Revenue Recovery Proceedings;

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E. Order other necessary remedial measures considering the facts and
circumstances of the case.
Where the Ombudsman finds that the procedure or practice regarding the
administration of Local Self Government Institution gives room for complaint, it
may give suggestions to the Government or Local Self Government Institutions
relating to the measure for avoiding the recurrence of such complaint.All the persons
concerned are liable to enforce the orders of Ombudsman and action may be taken
by the Ombudsman against those who make default in it.
Where the Ombudsman finds that the allegation contained in a complaint is
without any substance or trivial in nature it may by order direct the complainant to
pay to the opposite party so much of the amount specified in the order by way of
cost.
The copy of the final disposal of the complaints before the Ombudsman shall
be given to each party to the complaint within one month from the date of disposal.
The Orders issued by the Ombudsman shall bear the signature and office seal of the
Ombudsman and in the cases where copies of the said Orders are issued they shall
bear the signature and office seal of the Secretary.

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Writ Petition may be filed before the Hon’ble High Court, challenging the
Orders of the Ombudsman.
HEARINGS ATTENDED
I got the opportunity to attend the hearings held during the course of my internship.
Photos and orders of the said sessions are attached herewith.

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PHOTOS

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STATE RESOURCE CENTRE
ABOUT
State Resource Centre, Kerala is an institution working under the Ministry of Human
Resource Development, Government of India and managed by the General
Education Department, Government of Kerala. Secretary, General Education
Department, Government of Kerala is the Chairman of SRC. A ‘Governing Body’
comprising 15 official and non official members governs the functioning of SRC.
The ultimate objective of the Centre is to provide academic and technical resource
support for comprehensive and sustained Non-formal/Adult/Continuing and
Lifelong Education.
OBJECTIVES OF SRC KERALA

1. To provide training to key functionaries engaged in Non-formal/ Adult/
Continuing and Lifelong Education in the State
2. To prepare and publish teaching/ learning materials for Non-formal/ Adult/
Continuing and Lifelong Education programmes
3. To organize workshops / seminars / conferences on related topics
4. To conduct research studies based on the functions in the field.

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5. To monitor the programme continuously and to suggest practical remedies.
6. Observance of days of National & International importance.
7. To evaluate the progress of programmes and projects in the field of Non-
formal/ Adult/ Continuing and Lifelong Education
8. Production & Publication of non print and printed teaching learning materials
for various clientele groups.
9. To create a proper environment for the successful conduct of the Continuing
Education Programme.
10.To ensure the support of Media for Non-formal/ Adult/ Continuing and
Lifelong Education in the State.
SRC's Community College
Community College provides an alternative system of education which aims to
empower individuals through appropriate skill development leading to gainful
employment in collaboration with the local industry and the community.
It generally have 6-months’ Certificates/ one year Diploma and two year
curriculum that leads to an Associate degree. Community Colleges are institutions
run “for the community, by the community, and of the community” offering
opportunities to all sections of society.

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Experience in conducting Community College
SRC Kerala has prior experience in organising various courses since 2009 under the
Community College scheme of Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU),
New Delhi. SRC Community College was affiliated to Indira Gandhi National Open
University (IGNOU), New Delhi. IGNOU provided certificates and SRC was
responsible for the preparation of curriculum, organization of courses and conduct
of examinations. Due to some technical / administrative problems of IGNOU, the
SRC Community College Courses were discontinued. Now SRC revived the
Community College with an independent entity and named as SRC Community
College. SRC Kerala has framed a set of rules and regulations for the SRC
Community College.
Motto
Empower to Learn
Encourage to Lead

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Vision
To become a leading institution which provides locale specific, target oriented and
tailor made academic programmes necessary for the skill development and
knowledge updation of people in different walks of life.
Mission
Offer programmes in areas of general interest and have significant demand in the job
market.
1. Ensure education leading to skill development of individuals in the
community especially, the marginalised and the disadvantaged
2. Give alternative education to the needy who currently pursue higher
education, but are actually interested in entering the workforce, at the earliest
3. Provide opportunities for the recognition of prior learning and bridge the gap
between the skill and learning outcomes

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The activities under SRC Community College are

supervised and administered by the following
committees.
1. Community College Board
2. Academic Committee
3. Examination Committee
Certification
Evaluation/ Examination and Certification is the responsibility of SRC. SRC
Director signs all the certificates.
Head Quarters
SRC Office is the headquarters of the Community College. Sufficient space for CC
office and classes are provided by SRC.
Chairman of SRC Community College
Chairman of the Governing Body of SRC, Kerala is the Chairman of SRC
Community College and is responsible for the overall supervision of SRC
Community College.

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Director
SRC Director is the Director of the Community College. The Director of CC is the
Chairman of the CC Board. The overall control of the CC and CC Board is vested
with the Director.
Principal
The day to day administration and supervision of all activities of SRC Community
College is vested with the Principal of SRC Community College.
Vice Principal
Vice Principal is responsible to assist principal of SRC Community College in the
day to day administration and supervision of all activities of Community College. In
the absence of principal she/he will be the in-charge of the Principal of Community
College.
Course Coordinators
The academic staff members of SRC will be the Course Coordinator of each course.
Planning and implementation of courses, organization of counselling classes,
examination etc. will be the responsibility of the Course Coordinator.

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Courses offered by SRC Community College
Yoga, Meditation & Personality Development – Certificate & Diploma
Acupressure & Holistic Health – Certificate & Diploma
Beauty Care & Management – Certificate & Diploma
SEO – Certificate & Diploma
Computer Management – Certificate
Arabic Language – Certificate
Malayalam language – Certificate & Diploma
Community Development – Certificate & Diploma
Entry for Certificate Course:
10th standard or equivalent certificate along with certificate for meeting the learning
outcome of the vocational/skill component. In case of experienced persons 8th
standard pass will be sufficient with the certificate of the vocation.
Entry for Diploma Course:
12th standard or equivalent certificate along with certificate for meeting the learning
outcome of the vocational/skill component. In case of experienced persons 10th

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standard pass will be sufficient with the certificate of the ‘Certificate Course’ of the
related course
Advanced Diploma
ADVANCED DIPLOMA IN MONTESSORI CHILD EDUCATION
SERVICES
Study Centres
SRC Community College can identify study centres at various levels such as district
level to Grama Panchayat level. Local institutions can apply for recognition of study
centres to SRC CC board. An institution/ agency applying to SRC – CC for
recognition of Study centre/College should be run by an educational
agency/registered society/Trust or corporate body rooted in community-based
activities. They must be credible institutions with a minimum period of five years of
proven service and be located in the community it seeks to serve. While submitting
the “Expression of Interest”, the applicant (educational agency/registered
society/Trust or corporate body) will specify the Programme Sectors and levels
(Certificate/Diploma/Associate Degree), it wishes to offer through the Community
College. The detailed programme content of the Certificate/Diploma Programmes

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of SRC-CC which the institution wishes to run should be clearly mentioned. An
MOU will be signed with SRC- CC and recognised Study centres on approved
courses. While giving approval to an institution linking with the Community College
it has to be ascertained that the institution provides the ICT facilities to develop the
soft skills of students, beyond the basic requirements.
Registration of study centre
On receiving the application, SRC-CC will scrutinise its feasibility and may
constitute an expert committee to visit the institution for interaction with the faculty
and verification of facilities. Based on the recommendations of the expert committee
the applicant will be informed of its registration with SRC- CC.
Student Registration
The Community College has enrolments twice an year ie. January and July. Course
fee including Registration fee & Certificate fee can be collected from students.
(Study Centres will be eligible to get a portion of the course fee as specified in the
MOU). The maximum period for completion of a course shall be five years from the
date of registration. The applicant should complete the credits within this period. If
he/she fails to do so, option for re-registration will be given.

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Application Form & Prospectus
Application form along with the prospectus is available from the State Resource
Centre, Kerala on request. Request for application along with the DD may be sent to
the Director, State Resource Centre.
Eligibility Criteria
The minimum qualification required for admission depends upon the nature of the
course. There is no maximum age limit; however the minimum age shall be 18 years.
Medium of Instruction
Both English and Malayalam medium are used for the courses and the candidates
have the choice to select the medium.
Duration of the Course
Minimum duration for the certificate course is 3 months and maximum is 1 year
while the Diploma courses have the minimum duration of 1 year and maximum of 3
years. The candidates who incomplete/score below the desired level can appear for
the next term-end examination by remitting additional examination fee.

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Instructional System
The courses of the community college are different from those of the other
conventional courses. They are mainly learner centered. In this approach learner is
the active participant in the teaching – learning process. Main part of the instruction
is imparted through distance mode of communication. Assignments, responses, face
to face counselling sessions, practical sessions, Project work and contact classes are
also included under the programme. In addition to print materials, Audio-visual
programmes are also imparted. Practical sessions will be arranged at various
locations where sufficient numbers of learners can attend. The expertise and
experience of different stakeholders will be utilized for the practical sessions and
contact classes.
Programmes and Curricula
In order to make education relevant and to create industry ‘industry fit’ skilled
workforce, the CCs will have to be in constant dialogue with the industry, so that
they remain updated on the requirements of the workforce for the local economy.
These colleges should also preserve and promote the cultural heritage of the locality,
be it art, craft, handicraft, music, architecture or any such thing, through
appropriately designed curriculum with proper assurance of employment including
self-employment and entrepreneurship development. CC may also offer

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opportunities for the recognition of prior skill and learning, and bridging the gap in
skill and learning outcomes to facilitate certification in one of the levels of NVEQF
/ NSQF.
The practical / hands-on portion of the vocational component of the curriculum shall
be transacted normally in face to face mode. However, if due to the nature of the
skill to be learnt, the industry prescribes its acquisition through blended or distance
mode, the same may be followed. In a nutshell, the emphasis shall be on learning
outcome and not the input and processes. The general aspect of the curriculum may
be transacted in any mode without compromising on quality. Skill component of the
programmes/courses shall be employment oriented. The CCs shall offer
Programmes/Courses in domain areas which have significant demand in the job
market locally.
The CCs offer credit-based modular programmes, wherein banking of credits shall
be permitted so as to enable multiple exit and entry. This would enable the learner
to seek employment after any level of certification and join back as and when
feasible to upgrade her/his qualification/skill competency either to move higher in
her/his job or in the higher educational system. This will also provide the learner an
opportunity to move from vocational stream to general stream and vice versa subject

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to fulfilling the entry qualification. Certification of any level of the NVEQF / NSQF
will be the entry qualification for the next level of the NVEQF / NSQF.
Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL): Currently, India’s Vocational Educational
Training (VET) system has almost to system where the prior learning of someone
who may have worked in the unorganized sector for decades is recognized and
certified. This is specifically relevant to the diverse traditional occupations of the
people in various parts of the country. Institutions with requisite experience will be
authorized by the certifying body to conduct assessment for RPL. Objectives of RPL
will be twofold: (i) recognition of prior learning or qualification acquired outside the
learning path, and (ii) recognition of credits obtained through formal learning. This
would lead to career progression and skill up-gradation of the learners as well as
engagement of the experienced practitioners as resource persons.
The CCs also offer short-term certificate programmes of various durations to the
learners which would serve the life-long learning needs of the community. The CCs
like to appropriately use Technology to improve the effectiveness of the delivery
and of courses.
The curriculum of each course shall contain the following four parts:

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Part I - Life skills
Part II - Work skills
Part III - Internship & Hands on Experience
Part IV - Preparation for Employment & Evaluation
Curriculum Committee
A Curriculum Committee should be constituted for each subject/course consisting
of 3 members. Each committee should have a Chairman and a subject expert. The
subject expert for each course will be nominated by the board.
Self Learning Materials
Self Learning Materials is developed and printed by the SRC-CC by organising
workshops and meetings. The course materials available with SRC and other
agencies for the Certificate, Diploma Programmes and the materials may be utilised
SRC-CC after mutual consent.

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Evaluation/ Examination
SRC-CC will be responsible for final evaluation/ examination. Examination
committee will conduct the examination with great secrecy and utmost care.
Evaluation can also be done either centralised or individually as per the need.
Strict regulations are to be made for Evaluation of answer sheet, field works, projects
and other skills and mode of grade system has to be determined. grade numerical
average, excellent – good descriptions and quality points are to be considered in
awarding.
Appropriate mechanism for assessment of the learners progress towards acquisition
of knowledge and skill should be developed by the Community College. Partner
industries should also be given a clear and well defined role assessment of the
learners. Practical or hands on skills should be given comparatively more weightage
in the overall assessment plan.
Certification
Award of Certificate, Diploma or Advanced Diploma, as the case may be, shall
depend on acquisition of requisite credits as prescribed by the certification body and
not on the duration of the calendar time spent in pursuing the course. The certificate

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shall mention the credits earned, course duration (in hours). Certification will be the
responsibility of SRC-CC. SRC Director will sign all the certificates and mark list
will be signed by the Principal of the CC. Special convocations can be arranged
every year for certificate distribution.
PLACEMENT ASSISTANCE
The Community College through out the years has started programmes and courses
on multiple different walks of life. The personnel that we have to support and help
our grad students are in large numbers. Our Senior staffs and associated intellectuals
grace every known centre under the central government.
Placement training courses and drives are being handled in a yearly basis. We offer
our students not only the means to learn something new but also a wide variety and
ranges were they can use their newly found knowledge to the best of their abilities
and also for the betterment of the society.
EQUIPPED LAB
State of the art practical areas or labs with up to date products and faculties with
detailed knowledge of the areas they are assigned to is present within the college

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grounds. Any practical experience in the field that a pupil is in enrolled to at the
community college would be provided under the supervision of the rightful
SRC (HRDE UNDERTAKING)
Every year the SRC takes up numerous courses under the direct supervision of the
SRC (HRDE undertaking). In the state level they are answerable to the board of
directors selected from the educational department. The courses offered in the
community college are directly sanctioned by the central figures. The certification
offered by the SRC Community College holds great value in both the Public and
Private sectors.
Work Done
● Attended Class conducted by the SRC Program Coordinator upon the
achievements made by the institute.
● Wrote an assignment on the topic- "Explain the salient features of the Right
to Education Act 2009 and critically examine its implementation"

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CRIME BRANCH
ABOUT
Crime Branch is the specialised investigation wing of Kerala Police which
investigates cases that are entrusted to it by the State Police Chief or the Government
or the High Court of Kerala. They investigate sensational crimes or complicated and
serious offenses which have state wide ramifications or undetected. It is the
storehouse of information on crimes and criminals.
Crime Branch is the Nodal agency for Interpol related matters in the State and
conducts verifications or enquiries on behalf of Interpol is the nodal agency of
Interpol in National level. ATS also functions under the aegis of Crime Branch. The
Crime Branch is headed by an officer of the rank of Additional Director General of
Police.
Crime Branch formerly known as Crime Branch CID, a specialist unit headed
by an officer of the rank of Additional Director General of Police and assisted by an
IGP and two DIGs, is responsible for the investigation of especially complicated
cases, heinous crimes or sensational cases. It also investigates communal riot cases
and cases involving counterfeit currency and passports/visas.

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The concept of the Crime Branch was conceived in view of the fact that the
district police are overburdened with a host of duties and thus cannot devote as much
time and apply as much professional expertise to the investigation of such cases as
they deserve.
For administrative convenience, the Crime Branch in Kerala is broadly divided into
three ranges under one Inspector General of Police each with their headquarters at
Thiruvananthapuram, Ernakulam and Kozhikode. The Crime Branch Ranges are
further divided into districts headed by Crime Branch Superintendents of Police. The
Crime Branch investigates cases by exception. It specializes in investigation of
complex organized crimes, financial frauds, economic offenses with huge
ramifications, undetected or sensitive crime cases, cases with inter-state
ramifications, etc.The selection of the cases to be entrusted to the CBCID is made
generally by the DGP (or the CBCID itself), the state government or the High Court.
Investigations by the CBCID are characterized by thorough and sustained
investigation involving the latest scientific techniques.

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It has got seven territorial and three other special units, each headed by a
Superintendent of Police. On an average, the CBCID investigates about 450 cases
per year.
Cyber Crime Police Station of Kerala Police and the HI-Tech Cell also function
under the aegis of the Crime Branch.
Functions of Crime Branch, Crime Investigation
Department
1. Registration, investigation, detection and prosecution of specified class of cases
and cases entrusted by the Government and DGP.
2. Conducting enquiries as per laid down procedure in prescribed situations.
3. Maintenance, up-dating and use of Crime-Criminal Information System, crime
and criminal records, planning and implementation of criminal intelligence
system and crime analysis to improve prevention, detection, investigation and
prosecution of criminal cases.

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4. Coordination of investigation and related matters in the State and with other
States and National Institutions/Organizations dealing with crime investigation
and maintenance of crime & criminal records.
5. Efficient, professional and independent functioning of SCRB, FPB and their
modernization.
6. Advise, assist and report to DGP and Government on matters concerning
investigation and prosecution.
7. Coordination with the FSLs.
8. Collection, Dissemination and Utilization of criminal intelligence on subjects
dealt by the CB-CID and prevention of crime by creating public awareness.
9. Verification and Issue of NOCs for registration of vehicles, companies/firms,
cyber cafes etc.
10.Timely submission of returns and reports to the concerned Central & State Govt.
agencies.
11.Reply to Parliamentary & Assembly questions on crime and other matters
relating to the State Police department except those that relate to purely
administrative issues.

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12. In cases relating to Human trafficking launch rescue operations and attend to
post rescue victim care and protection in coordination with the NGOs.
13.Coordinate in r/o prosecution matters including with the PPs/APPs and the Law
department.
14.Legal vetting of charge-sheets forwarded by the district police by the Law Officer
in the CB-CID.
15.Monitor Timely execution of summons/warrants etc. within and outside the State.
16.Maintain Database in r/o cases under trial, court disposals and court orders.
17.Examine and report on judgments for filing appeals.
18.Examine and report on references relating to criminal law and legal matters.
19.Support presentation of prosecution evidence in important cases by way of
research work and coordination with I/Os.
20.Character & Antecedent verification.
21.Deal with administrative and accounts matters of the CB-CID as per rules and
instructions.
22.Issue of Identity Cards to the Police personnel by the photography cell.

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23.Maintain canine squads and assist through their services the district and Special
Branch in tracking of criminals, checking of narcotics and explosives and anti-
sabotage checks.
24.CB-CID will assist and support the district police either by taking up the entire
investigation of a case, or by sending one or more of the specialist investigating
officers or civilian experts to the district Police, including visits to scenes of
crime, providing technical support, criminal intelligence and information, crime
analysis and providing specific advice on investigation or coordination within the
state and other states, securing investigative assistance from other states and
countries. The district Superintendents of Police will act in a similar manner and
furnish all necessary information and assistance to the CB-CID.
25.The District Crime Record Bureau functions will be performed by a unit in the
office of Addl. SP/DySP located at the district police headquarters under the
supervision of the district SP.
26.The Crime Investigation Department in no way relieves the district police of their
responsibility towards the prevention, investigation and detection of crime.

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Structure of Crime Branch in Kerala
Crime Branch in Kerala consists of:
1) 11- Field Units
2) 4- Central Units( look after the most serious and sensational cases of
state,inter- state, national and international level)
Time Limit for Completion of Investigation
Different time limits and limitations are fixed for different offenses in Crime Branch-
For example, investigation of offences defined under UAPA are to completed within
6 Months period
AUTHORITY TO REGISTER FIR
● Both local police and Crime Branch can file FIR
● Power of Investigation - 156,157(1) CrPC
● Registration of cases( Re registration of cases within 24 hours as Crime
Branch crime)
● Plan of Investigation- Dynamic
● Investigation Report- made within 15 days

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● Registration of preliminary enquiry- must be completed within 1 month and
such preliminary inquiry may be converted to FIR
● Search and seizure procedure- 91,93,94,95,97,165 of CrPC
● Procedure after a search- 101 CrPC
● Recording of Statement by police-161(3),162
● Recording of Statement by magistrate- 164, 281 CrPC
● Statement of suspects and accused- as per 27 of evidence act- admissible if
leads to discovery
● Witness Protection sections-section 44 of UAPA and section 17 ofNIAI
● Inspection Memo(KPF Form)- made during search of accused persons
● Arrest of Woman accused-46A,51(2) CrP
Classes of crime to be investigated by the CB-CID
and the procedure thereof-

The Crime Investigation Department, will ordinarily, deal with crimes of the
following classes. Requests for taking up investigation by CB-CID can be made by
any Unit Officer without the orders of the head of CID or the DGP no such enquiry
or investigation shall be taken up by CB-CID.
1) Counterfeit currency and important thefts of currency notes.

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2) Counterfeit coining when the counterfeits are struck from dies, and other
cognate offenses in respect of coining by dies.
3) Theft of Government arms and ammunition.
4) Illicit manufacture, transport, sale, possession of firearms, ammunition,
explosives and explosive substances.
5) Important cases in which foreigners are concerned (including cases of
international criminals and trafficking in women by foreigners.
6) Frauds by means of advertisements, bogus funds and companies / societies,
impersonation of public servants, and swindling.
7) Stock market and Bank frauds.
8) Important terrorist cases and cases of bio terrorism.
9) Important defalcations of public money and theft of public property.
10) Smuggling of narcotics and psychotropic substances, drug trafficking
and serious offenses under NDPS Act.
11) Financial and Economic crimes i.e., money laundering, bank frauds,
forgeries, misappropriation, cheating, breach of trust.
12) Organized crime (Mafia type) and gang cases.
13) Important conspiracy cases whose ramifications extend to several
districts.
14) Organized offenses relating to the environment, flora and fauna.

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15) Trafficking in women, girls and children.
16) Important cases of rape and dowry deaths.
17) Pornography
18) Any serious crime, which appears to have a political motive, including
all offenses, connected with arms and explosives, which are suspected to be
of a political nature.
19) Organized thefts of motor vehicles.
20) Other cases of Inter-State or International nature require specialized
investigation and coordination.
21) Organized cases of atrocities against Scheduled Castes or Scheduled
Tribes and important communal or caste riots accompanied by murders and
arson.
22) Cases of bringing fraudulent civil suits.
23) Cases of such a nature as in the opinion of the DGP, the Addl DGP/IGP,
CID or district authorities call for investigation by an officer of the CB-CID.
Registers to be maintained by the Crime Branch
1. FIR Index register
2. Petition register

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3. PE register
4. CM portal petition register
5. Government property register
6. Arms and Ammunition File register
7. General Diary register
8. Case Alphabetic Index register
9. Tapal Distribution register
10.File Movement register
11.Personal register
Crime Branch Teams
1. Investigation Teams
2. Technical Teams
3. Record Maintenance Teams
4. Digital Repository
5. Prosecution /LegalWork Teams
6. ATU-Absconder Tracking Unit
7. Administration Team

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● Crime branch ( Field officers)+ Central Unit officers + District Units all are
commonly called as Crime Branch Outposts.
GENERAL DIARY
Every Police Station shall maintain a General Diary in a particular format as
specified by the Government from time to time and shall timely enter the abstracts
regarding all the petitions, First Information Reports, Final Reports; the name and
details of the complainants, accused/respondents, arrested persons; the offenses
charged against accused , the materials including weapons seized etc. The General
Diary shall be opened by the Station House Officer. The details as mentioned in
Sec.12 of The KP Act; Rule: 390 PSO; Circular No. 37/1975 and Circular No.
3/1986 shall be entered in the General Diary. Under no circumstances, the General
Diary shall be taken out of the Police Station building without the order of Superior
Officers [ Rule: 390(4)PSO]
CASE DIARY
Case Diary contains:

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1) Details of information receive
2) UpTime at which investigation started and closed
3) Place/Places visited by Investigating officers
4) Facts and Circumstances gathered through information
5) Progress made
6) Address of Witnesses
7) All other relevant details
8) Case Diary is a confidential document
SESSIONS ATTENDED DURING THE
INTERNSHIP
Session 1
● Had a briefing by the respected Superintendent of Police, Mr. Prashanth Kani
about Crime Branch, the relevancy of Crime Branch, basics of Penal Laws in
India and the Indian Penal Code, Tortious Liabilities and various kinds of
torts, Criminal Procedural Law etc.

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Session 2
● Had a discussion about a Motor Accident Claim Tribunal case currently being
investigated by the CB.
● The instant case mentioned above was for forgery and cheating and is taken
against a person who forged such documents and cooked up fake accidents
necessary for availing insurance benefits.
● For instance, fake victims of accidents were framed and planted to adduce
necessary evidence including medical records and other documents to claim
insurance by fraud.
● Several advocates in the district are involved in the MACT scam by cooking
up fake stories for claiming insurance by illegal means.
● Such MACT scams are on the rise in Kerala
● Witnessed a statement being recorded by the police under Sec 161 of CrPC
1. The statement was videographed,questions were asked about the
background of the person and his past criminal records which if relevant
were enough to lead to new cases.
2. Leading questions were also asked by the police
3. Body language and inconsistent statements of the person giving the
statement was noted by the police.

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● Respected DySp,Sri.KR Biju sir who was also our mentor during the course
of this Internship described the dignity of advocacy and urged us to meet the
standards of professionalism as a duty.
Session 3
● Attended a class on police districts, ranges and zones
Police Districts
For the proper administration the geographical area of the state is divided as 20
police districts as six Commissionarates and 14 police districts units as shown above.
Thiruvananthapuram City and Kochi City are headed by District Police Chiefs of the
rank of Inspector Generals of Police and the police district of Kozhikode city is
headed by an officer of the rank of Deputy Inspector General of Police whereas
heads of remaining police district units are headed by the rank of Superintendent of
Police.
The City Commissionarates are assisted by Deputy Commissioner of Police of the
rank of Deputy Inspector Generals of Police/ Superintendents of Police. All District
Police officers are assisted by Additional Superintendents of Police and ACs/DySPs
are designated as Sub Divisional Police Officers, each in charge of a SubDivision.

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A SubDivision is further divided into Police Station areas, each of which is under an
Inspector of Police with Sub Inspectors, Additional Sub Inspectors, Senior Civil
Police Officer and Civil Police Officer. Some Police Stations have outposts attached
to them, each of which is manned by a Senior Civil Police Officer assisted by some
Civil Police Officer.
Police Zones
The Police force of the Kerala State is under the general control of the Director
General of Police and State Police Chief, Kerala appointed by the State Government.
Maintaining law and order is the major duties of state police. For effective
administration, the state is divided into two zones, the North Zone and South Zone,
each zone is headed by The Inspector Generals of Police (IGP). The office of IGP
North zone is located at Nadakkavu in Kozhikode district and the office of IGP South
zone is located at Nandavanam, in Thiruvananthapuram district.
Further, each Zone is divided into two Ranges which are headed by Deputy Inspector
Generals of Police. Kannur Range and Thrissur Range come under North Zone,
whereas Ernakulam Range and Thiruvananthapuram Range come under South Zone.

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Police Range
There are four (4) Ranges in Kerala State. The Deputy Inspectors General have each
in charge of a Range. Trivandrum Range and Ernakulam Range come under the
South Zone . As such Kannur Range and Thrissur Range come under North Zone.
The Kannur Range office is stationed at Thavakkara, Thrissur Range at High Road,
Ernakulam Range at High Court Junction and Thiruvananthapuram Range at
Nandavanam in Thiruvananthapuram.
The police districts in respective Range wise are given below.
Thiruvananthapuram Range:
1. Thiruvananthapuram City
2. Thiruvananthapuram Rural
3. Kollam City
4. Kollam Rural
5. Pathanamthitta
Ernakulam Range:
1. Alappuzha
2. Kottayam

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3. Idukki
4. Ernakulam Rural
5. Kochi City
Thrissur Range:
1. Thrissur City
2. Thrissur Rural
3. Palakkad
4.Malappuram
Kannur Range:
1. Kozhikode City
2. Kozhikode Rural
3. Wayanad
4. Kannur City
5. Kannur Rural
6. Kasaragod
South Zone
The Deputy Inspector General of Police (Trivandrum Range)Nandavanam,

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Trivandrum - 695033
The Deputy Inspector General of Police (Ernakulam Range)
Changampuzha Nagar. P.O,
South Kalamassery, Ernakulam, PIN - 682033
North Zone
The Deputy Inspector General of Police (Thrissur Range)
High Road,
Thrissur - 680001
The Deputy Inspector General of Police (Kannur Range)
Thavakkara,
Kannur - 670002
● The General Executive police officers are comprised of Local
Police,Vigilance Department and Crime Branch
● Came to know about the general police hierarchy-
Sub-Inspector-Inspector-DYSP-SP-IG-DIG-ADGP-DGP

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● Commissioner will be police chief of city zone
● SP will be the police chief of rural zone
● DGP is the STATE POLICE CHIEF and shall usually be the senior most
among the ADGPs
● Had a discussion on the quality of India's educational system
● Came to know that Cyber crime as a area of specialization have more scope
nowadays
● Following officers are not general police officers-
1. Motor Vehicle Department officials
2. Forest Department officials
3. Jail Department officials
4. Fire Force Department officials
Session 4
● Had a session about the overview of the penal laws in India with special
emphasis on the Indian penal code, 1860
● Discussed sections in IPC relating to woman-
1. 304-B,354(A-D),375,376(A-E)-sexual offences
2. Chapter 20(section 493 to 498–Marriage offenses

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3. Chapter 20A(498A)-Cruelty by husband or husband's relatives
4. Chapter 22 (section 509)- Modesty against woman
Sections of Kerala Police act 2011 dealing with woman-
1. 119.A- injuring modesty of woman in a public place
2. 119.B- taking pictures, videos and sharing the same against woman's privacy
3. 119 B-2- injuring modesty of woman in workplace
● Learnt about FIR (154 CrPC) and Criminal Miscellaneous Petition(154(3)
CrPC)
● Learnt the difference between First information statement and First
information report
● Understood the 5 elements of FIR which is 5 W's, where the Ws stands for
1. What
2. When and Where
3. Why
4. Who
5. Which circumstances
● Understood that the main complainant will always be the Case Witness 1

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Session 5
● Had a class on difference between Murder and Culpable Homicide
● Discussed Provisions in IPC prescribing death penalty like -
302,376AB,376Db,464A,,121,131,194,195,307,120B
● Realized that everyone is presumed innocent until proven guilty
● Discussed CRPC 41 in detail - arrest without warrant situations
(CIPSODERM)
Session 6
● Studied a case file which dealt with IT section 67 B and section 15(1),15(2)
of POCSO act
Section 67B in The Information Technology Act, 2000(Punishment for
publishing or transmitting of material depicting children in sexually explicit
act, etc., in electronic form.) -Whoever-
(a) publishes or transmits or causes to be published or transmitted material in
any electronic form which depicts children engaged in sexually explicit act or
conduct; or

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(b) creates text or digital images, collects, seeks, browses, downloads,
advertises, promotes, exchanges or distributes material in any electronic form
depicting children in obscene or indecent or sexually explicit manner; or
(c) cultivates, entices or induces children to online relationship with one or
more children for and on sexually explicit act or in a manner that may offend
a reasonable adult on the computer resource; or
(d) facilitates abusing children online, or
(e) records in any electronic form own abuse or that of others pertaining to
sexually explicit act with children, shall be punished on first conviction with
imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to five years
and with fine which may extend to ten lakh rupees and in the event of second
or subsequent conviction with imprisonment of either description for a term
which may extend to seven years and also with fine which may extend to ten
lakh rupees:
Provided that provisions of section 67, section 67A and this section does not
extend to any book, pamphlet, paper, writing, drawing, painting
representation or figure in electronic form-
(i) the publication of which is proved to be justified as being for the public
good on the ground that such book, pamphlet, paper, writing drawing, painting

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representation or figure is in the interest of science, literature, art or learning
or other objects of general concern; or
(ii) which is kept or used for bona fide heritage or religious purposes.
Explanation. -For the purposes of this section "children" means a person who
has not completed the age of 18 years.]
Section 15(1) and 15(2) of POCSO act
Section 15 POCSO Act (The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act,
2012): Punishment for storage of pornographic material involving child.
Punishment for storage of pornographic material involving child. – (1) Any
person, who stores or possesses pornographic material in any form involving a child,
but fails to delete or destroy or report the same to the designated authority, as may
be prescribed, with an intention to share or transmit child pornography, shall be
liable to fine not less than five thousand rupees, and in the event of second or
subsequent offence, with fine which shall not be less than ten thousand rupees.
(2) Any person, who stores or possesses pornographic material in any form involving
a child for transmitting or propagating or displaying or distributing in any manner at
any time except for the purpose of reporting, as may be prescribed, or for use as
evidence in court, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description which
may extend to three years, or with fine, or with both.

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(3) Any person, who stores or possesses pornographic material in any form involving
a child for commercial purpose shall be punished on the first conviction with
imprisonment of either description which shall not be less than three years which
may extend to five years, or with fine, or with both, and in the event of second or
subsequent conviction, with imprisonment of either description which shall not be
less than five years which may extend to seven years and shall also be liable to fine.]
● Came to know about the following while studying the case file
1. Mahazar
2. Seizure mahazar
3. Identification Memo
4. Forwarding Note
5. HeALTH memo
6. DP Ticket
7. KPF form
8. Forensic Science Laboratory Report
9. Call Data records
10.Account statements
11.Medico legal examination report
12.Inventory mahazar

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13.Forensic science Laboratory report (FSL Report)
14.Scene plan drawing
15.The fact that Mobile phones and pendrives of accused can be retained
Session 7
● Had a session on The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO)
Act,2012
● Realized that an act is like flesh and the rules like blood
● Understood that T number stands for Thondi number.
● Thondi room is used in every police station for safe custody of evidence
collected.
● PW- Prosecution witness and CW- Court Witness
● Learnt that Mahazar recorded comes under the purview of section 7 of
evidence act
● The evidence collected by police must be tamper free
● Delay in filing FIR- Affects its credibility
● Defense Counsel- focus on procedural irregularities to win their case
Police must take the arrested to the magistrate within 24 hours of arrest.
During public holidays- usually taken to magistrates house

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Had discussed the different stages of trial-
1. Straight away conviction- if pleaded guilty.
2. Summoning of witness
3. Examination in Chief
4. Cross examination
5. Re examination
6. Re cross examination
7. Written arguments
8. Conviction
● Had a discussion on advocate profession and skills needed in advocacy
SESSION 8
● A look into Crime Branch Manual and gained information regarding the
structure and working of this elite investigation agency.
● In the case Lalithakumari v Union of India, guidelines for preliminary inquiry
to ascertain whether a case is cognizable or not were listed.

275
Session 9
● A class on the type of questions formulated and the manner to be asked while
taking the statement of a person.
● DGP's circular and executive directives are an important factor in law and
order adminsintion.
● Some time law itself prescribes mandatorily the offenses which must be
investigated by a particular rank.
● Laws may prescribe that a particular law shall not be investigated by a police
officer not below the rank of SP.On such instances,only a police officer of SP
rank or above can investigate on such offense.
● Otherwise,the circulars distinguish the different types of offenses that must be
investigated by different ranks.
● The head of a State's Law and Order,Crimes is DGP of the state
● District Crime Branch is now referred to as Q-Branch
● The main duty of an investigation body is evidence collection.Local police
have different duties to perform,which may hamper it from fully concentrating
on investigation.Hence,Crime Branch, a specialized wing for investigation,
takes the duty of evidence collection of the most important cases.
● A Case Diary normally has 10 columns-

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Column 1.Starting date of investigation
Column 2.Dat of registration of Case
Column 3.Name of Complainant
Column 4.Name of accused
Column 5.Particulars
Column 6.Particulars
Column 7.Name of Deceased,if any
Column 8.Date of last Case Diary,if any
Column 9.Places went to for investigation
Column10.Name of witness whose statement is received
● Courts can ask for case dairy and use it to ascertain whether the investigation
is going on the right track.If it is satisfied it may allow the Investigating officer
to continue.If the Court is not satisfied with the investigation of local
police,the court may either transfer the case to Crime Branch or make the
government decide to whom the investigation power be given

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Who is Who in Crime Branch
Dr.Shaik Darvesh Saheb IPS
Addl.Director General of Police,Crimes
Harshita Attaluri IPS
Inspector General of Police,Thiruvananthapuram
Gopesh Agarwal IPS
Inspector General of Police,Ernakulam
Anup Kuruvilla John IPS (Addl. Charge)
Deputy Inspector General of Police,Anti-terrorist Squad
Xavier sabastian
Superintendent of Police,CB HQ
A. Shanavas
Superintendent of Police
CB, Thiruvananthapuram

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A.R Premkumar IPS
CB Kollam
A.R Premkumar IPS
CB, Pathanamthitta
B.K. Prasanthan Kani
CB Alappuzha
K.M. Sabu Mathew
CB, Kottayam
C S Shahul Hameed
CB Idukki

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M.P. Mohanachandran Nair
CB, Ernakulam
K.S. Sudarsan
CB Thrissur
Salim.K
CB, Palakkad
Santhosh K.V IPS
CB Malappuram
Vikraman P
CB, Kozhikode & Wayanad

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Prajeesh Thottathil
CB Kannur & Kasaragod
Jossy Cheriyan
CB CU - I, Thiruvananthapuram
Sojan M.J
CB CU -II, Ernakulam
G Sabu
CB CU - III, Kozhikode
Jossy cheriyan
CB CU - 4, Thiruvananthapuram

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JUDICIAL MAGISTRATE OF FIRST

CLASS
Introduction
The judiciary is a constitutional body that safeguards citizens' rights. This is the
ultimate authority when it comes to legal and constitutional issues. It is crucial in the
enactment of laws and the resolution of conflicts between individuals, governments,
and other parties. To protect citizens' rights, the courts preserve law and order in the
country. Judges preside over the Supreme Court, the High Court, and other lower
courts.
The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 talks about two kinds of Magistrates namely
Judicial Magistrate and Executive Magistrate. A Judicial Magistrate has the power
to try all kinds of criminal cases whereas the functions of an Executive Magistrate
are executive in nature.

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Magistrate
In 1772, Warren Hastings established the position of District Magistrate. The
District Magistrate's key responsibilities include inspecting the general government,
recovering land revenue, and maintaining law and order in the district. He was the
director of the tax organizations at the time. He was also in charge of land
registration, field division, dispute resolution, mortgage management, farmer loan
distribution, and drought relief. Many of the district's other officeholders were
subordinate to him and reported to him on the activities of their respective offices.
The work of the District Magistrate was also entrusted to them. Being a District
Magistrate, he also inspects the police and subordinate courts of the district.
A magistrate is a civil servant who is in charge of the administration of justice in a
specific region, such as a district or city. The word 'magistrate' comes from the old
French word 'magistrat,' which means "civil officers in charge of enforcing laws"
and "a magistrate, public machinery." He is the person who hears civil and criminal
cases before making a decision. The Chief Executive, Administrative, and Revenue
Officer is, without a doubt, the District Magistrate or District Collector. He provides
the requisite coordination between the district's various government agencies.

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Chief Judicial Magistrate

Chief Judicial Magistrate (CJM) is established under section 12(1) of the CrPC
which says in every district the High Court shall appoint a judicial Magistrate of the
first class to the Chief Judicial Magistrate. CJM is one of the officers among all the
offers is selected from the cadre of judicial magistrate of first class and appointed by
CJM of High Court. Every session division has to have one CJM.
CJM is subordinate to session judge and additional session judge. One of the
duties of CJM is to distribute business among other court of judicial magistrate.
Under section 14(1) of the CrpC, chief judicial magistrate is also defined as
ilaka magistrate. It is said that CJM defined the local limits of the areas within which
the magistrate appointed under section 11 or section 13. CJM defined the area limit
of judicial magistrate of first and second class.
Section 15(2) of CrPC says, the cjm should distribute business among judicial
magistrate subordinate to him. Therefore, according to this section CJM is to
distribute business among Judicial Magistrate first class (JMFC), judicial magistrate
second class, special judicial magistrate of first and second class and sub—divisional
magistrate.

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Judicial magistrate First Class

Appointment establishment and powers of JMFC. JMFC is at the very initial stage
of the hierarchy. Applications of offences which are not of a very grievous nature
goes to JMFC. Cases like check bounce under NI and other lesser degree offence are
taken by the same.
Section 11(1) says that, in every district, there shall be established as many
Courts of Judicial Magistrate of the first class and of the second class, and at such
places, as the State Government may, after consultation with the High Court. the
whole process which includes examination and the interview is taken by the High
Court.
Section 11(2) says the presiding officer of court of JMFC and Supreme Court
shall be appointed by the High Court. 11(3) says that the HC has the power to confer
the power of JMFC OR SC to any member of the judicial service of the state function
as a judge in the civil court. it is often seen during court visits that timings are set.
Usually before lunch time a judge of the district court will be taking care of civil
cases and post lunch takes up seat of JMFC and takes cases of criminal offence. This
is done under sub-clause 3. That is why we have common examination called the
civil judge junior division examination.

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Role of a Magistrate
A magistrate is a person who takes decisions on minor or insignificant matters. In
reality, the Magistrate is the one who makes the first decisions in criminal cases. He
is said to have administrator-like abilities. The judge, on the other hand, makes
judgments in difficult and complicated situations in which legal experience and the
capacity to make a personal decision are critical. A magistrate has only minimal
authority over a judge. The High Court appoints the Judicial Magistrate and Chief
Judicial Magistrate, while the Governor appoints the District Magistrate. The
President, on the other hand, appoints Supreme Court judges, while the President
appoints High Court judges in consultation with the Chief Justice of India and the
Governor of the State. A magistrate has the authority to levy fines and sentence
people to jail for a set period of time. Judges, on the other hand, have the authority
to impose a death or life sentence.
Role of magistrate in criminal justice system
The criminal justice system plays one of the important roles in maintaining law and
order in society.
The magistrate’s main objective is to ensure the due process of law in every stage of
the investigation. It is important because the proceedings of a criminal case can be

287
hampered, it depends on the manner in which the investigation was done. Sometimes
because of the lack of evidence, investigation officers use methods in order to extract
the information which is not permitted by the law. The conclusion of the court
mainly depends on the evidence and information collected in the process of
investigation. During the whole process, the Magistrate ensures the check and
balance of the criminal justice system.
The Role of Magistrate in Investigation
Stage I: Soon after the registration of FIR
Criminal justice administration is started soon after the recording of information
about the offence. If given orally to the officer, it shall be converted into writing by
the officer as per Section 154 of Crpc. Under Section 156 of CrPc, a police officer
may investigate any cognizable cases without the order of a magistrate. If the officer
in charge has any reason to suspect the commission of an offence, they may
investigate. After this officer in charge shall be sent the same report to a magistrate.
It was mandated under Section 157 that a copy of the FIR was sent to the magistrate
as soon as possible.
Juvenile Justice Board deals with the accused under the age of 18 years and
Juveniles can not be exposed to the ordinary criminal law process. If the accused by

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the physical appearance looks below 18 to the magistrate, the court shall transfer the
child to an observation home and if during the inquiry conducted by police court and
then accused turns out to be a Juvenile then the child will immediately transfer to
the observation home the same day. Under the Delhi Juvenile justice act rules,
documents required for age inquiry are mentioned.
In the case of a juvenile, sometimes officers deliberately state the age of
juveniles above 18 years for the purpose of escaping the special provision of the
Juvenile Justice Act. To overcome this problem Delhi high court held that, if the
accused is within the age limit of 18 to 21 years, the investigation officer has to
mandatorily collect proof of age and prepare an age memo and the court can also
conduct an inquiry regarding age if the accused pleadings be heard before the court
at the time of consideration of the report.
Under Section 173 of CrPc, the option of ordering a further investigation by
a magistrate is available but this section does not lay down the ground on which the
power is exercised by the magistrate. In the case of Kashmeri Devi v. Delhi
administration, the Supreme court held that further investigation can be ordered
when the magistrate is of the opinion that police action is not neutral or they provide
a shield to the culprits.

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In Vinay Tyagi v. Irshad Ali court laid down some other considerations for
further investigation. It was also held that the result obtained from the further
investigation is called a “supplementary report” and can supplement the primary
police report and results from the earlier investigation can not be completely
neglected. The magistrate has no power to order a further investigation by a different
agency from the one who investigates first. Only the high court has the power to do
so and this happens in very rare and important cases.
● We were exposed to various case files and real time cases
● Analysed the process of litigation from filing till decision
● Understood the purpose and importance of judiciary
● Understood the hierarchy of courts
● Understood the functioning of magistrate court
● We were able to learn the structure of the court
● Analysed various cases which came before the department and powers
conferred.

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CONCLUSION
Internships are an important part of the academic curriculum because they
help one again practical knowledge and experience required to excel in their
respective fields. Legal internship is not an exception to this rule. Legal internships
help law students to decide their respective areas of interest out of a plethora of
opportunities offered by legal education be it a career in a corporate law firm,
litigation, academics or working for NGOs. The process of internship provides the
students with an opportunity to study and examine the structure and behaviour of
organisations. It shows to them the nature of the legal framework of the institutions
and concerned issues.
Students get the benefit of an exposure to law in action rather than law in
books and thus help them in due acquisition of legal expertise. I do believe that the
internships I have been a part of would help me in the future in one or the other way.

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GOVERNMENT LAW COLLEGE

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the

Report on Internship Reg No. 47318550041

6 National Association for the Blind, Kerala 8

7 Fire and Rescue Department, Thiruvananthapuram 22

8 Institute of Management in Government 40

9 Kerala State Consumer Dispute Redressal Commission 58

10 Police Training College, Thiruvananthapuram 66

11 National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) 82

12 Central Prison and Correctional Home, Trivandrum 100

13 Kerala Forest Department 134

14 Advocate Office (Supreme Court) 150

15 Centre for Parliamentary Studies and Training 160

16 Veritae Legal (Advocate Firm) 192

17 Ombudsman for Local Self Govt Institutions 202

18 State Resource Centre, Kerala 230

19 Crime Branch, Trivandrum 248

20 Judicial First-Class Magistrate, Vanchiyoor 282

Report on Internship Reg No. 47318550041

internship under our guidance and supervision as a partial fulfilment of the

internship report has earlier been submitted for any degree.

Faculty in Charge Faculty in Charge

Dr. R. BIJU KUMAR

Report on Internship Reg No. 47318550041

I really enjoyed my internship and also took this opportunity to express my

Report on Internship Reg No. 47318550041

Sl. No. Abbreviations Expansions

1 CPC Code of Civil Procedure, 1908

2 CPST Centre for Parliamentary Studies and Training

3 CrPC Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973

4 DCDRC District Consumer Dispute Redressal Commission

5 IMG Institute of Management in Government

6 IPC Indian Penal Code, 1960

7 LSGI Local Self Government Institution

8 NAB National Association for the Blind

9 NGO Non Governmental Orgainsation

10 NHRC National Human Rights Commission

11 PTC Police Training College

12 RTO Regional Transport Officer

13 SRC State Resource Centre

Report on Internship Reg No. 47318550041

Report on Internship Reg No. 47318550041

Serial Place Dates

1 National Association for the Blind, Kerala 12/04/2019-30/04/2019

3 Institute of Management in Government 12/05/2019-30/05/2019

5 Police Training College, Thiruvananthapuram 16/11/2020-07/12/2020

6 National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) 16/12/2020-30/12/2020

7 Central Prison and Correctional Home, Tvpm 18/12/2020-03/01/2021

8 Kerala Forest Department 10/03/2021-27/03/2021

9 Advocate Office (Supreme Court) 02/02/2021-13/02/2021

11 Veritae Legal (Advocate Firm) 09/08/2021-09/09/2021

12 Ombudsman for Local Self Govt Institutions 10/09/2021-25/09/2201

13 State Resource Centre, Kerala 14/03/2022-20/04/2022

14 Crime Branch, Trivandrum 22/04/2022-05/05/2022

15 Judicial First Class Magistrate, Vanchiyoor 04/06/2022-20/06/2022

Report on Internship Reg No. 47318550041

NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE

ABOUT THE ORGANISATION

Kerala is a registered non-profit, non-

governmental Organisation working for