Electric Circuits

Grade-X
Electric Circuit Symbols
Series Circuit
 In a series circuit, the current at every point in a series circuit is the
same.
Parallel Circuit

In a parallel circuit, the potential difference.

across devices in parallel in a circuit are
equal.
Series and Parallel Circuits
 Series and Parallel Circuits | Electricity | Physics | FuseSchool (youtube.com)
 Resistors in Series | Electricity and Circuits | Don't Memorise (youtube.com)
 RESISTORS IN PARALLEL (youtube.com)
 Circuit symbols (SP10a) (youtube.com)
 Circuit Construction Kit: DC (colorado.edu)
RESISTANCE & RESISTIVITY
Electric Power & Electrical Energy
 Electrical Energy
 Electrical energy is the product of power and time, the unit of
electric energy is, therefore, watt hour (W h)

 One watt hour is the energy consumed when 1 watt of power is

used for 1 hour. The commercial unit of electric energy is
kilowatt hour (kW h), commonly known as ‘unit’.
Energy meter
 Electric Bill
 https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/how-your-electricity-bill-calculated-sachin-
bhise
Series and Parallel Circuit
 Series And Parallel Circuits
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Z0jhQeYDUE
 https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/circuit-construction-kit-dc
Resistors in Series and Parallel
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pd3RkGs1Tsg
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fzn3Un8vKRs
A 4.5V battery is connected across three
resistors of values 3Ω, 4Ω and 5Ω connected
in series.
a. Calculate the current flowing through the
resistors. Combined resistance of resistors in
series
b. Calculate the potential difference across
the 4Ω resistor
A potential difference of 24V from a battery
is applied to the network of resistors in
Figure .a
What is the combined resistance of the 6Ω
and 12Ω resistors in parallel?

What is the current in the 8Ω resistor?

Group-1
Dangers of electricity, Electric Shock, Fire Risks
Group-2
Electric lighting
Group-3
Electric Heating
Group-4
House Circuits
Group-5
Fuses and Circuit Breakers
Group-6
Earthing, Double Insulation
Diodes

 A Diode is a component that

allows electric current to flow
in one direction only.

 The arrow in the diode symbol

shows the direction in which
conventional current can flow
through the diode
V-I Characteristics of Diode
 What is a diode? (youtube.com)
 Voltage Divider Circuits
 What is a Potential Divider or Voltage Divider Circuit (youtube.com)
 To obtain a smaller potential difference, or a variable potential difference,
this fixed potential difference must be split up using a circuit called a
potential divider.
Potential Divider Circuits
 Electric Motor
 Electric Motors work on the principle of force on a
current carrying conductor

 The motor effect shows that a straight current carrying

wire in a magnetic field experiences a force.
 The turning effect increases if:
 (i) the number of turns on the coil increases
 (ii) the current flowing in the coil increases
 (iii) the strength of the magnetic field increases.
Electric Motor
Construction Of Electric Motor
 Motors have the following features:

(i) A coil of many turns wound on a soft iron cylinder or core

which rotates with the coil. This makes it more powerful. The
coil and core together are called the armature.

(ii) Several coils each in a slot in the core and each having a
pair of commutator segments. This gives increased power and
smoother running.

(iii) An electromagnet (usually) to produce the field in which

the armature rotates or a Permanent Magnet
Dc Motor
Flemings Left Hand Rule
 Working Of Electric Motor

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LAtPHANEfQo&t=18s&ab_channel=Lesics

 Working Principle of DC Motor (animation of elementary model)

(youtube.com)
 An electric motor uses a split-ring commutator to produce continuous
rotation.

 GCSE Physics - How the Electric Motor Works #80 (youtube.com)

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3HyORmBip-
w&t=264s&ab_channel=IkenEdu
Speed Of Rotation
Electromagnetic Induction
 Bing Videos

 Electromagnetic induction is the process by which a changing magnetic field

creates an electric current in a conductor. This phenomenon was discovered by
Michael Faraday in 1831

 The process occurs when a conductor moves through a magnetic field or when
the magnetic field around a stationary conductor changes, causing a voltage
(electromotive force, or EMF) to be induced in the conductor. Faraday's Law of
Induction quantifies this by stating that the induced EMF is directly
proportional to the rate of change of the magnetic flux.
 Electric Generator
 Generators have three things in common:

• a magnetic field (provided by magnets or electromagnets)

• a coil of wire (fixed or moving)

• movement (the coil and magnetic field move relative to one

another).
 ELECTRIC GENERATOR

 Generator is a device which converts mechanical energy into

electrical energy using the principle of electromagnetic
induction
 Electric
Generator
Construction and its Main Parts
Increasing the Induced Emf

 There are three ways to increase the e.m.f. induced in a coil or

wire:

• use a stronger magnet

• move the wire or coil more quickly relative to the magnet

• use a coil with more turns of wire.

Each turn of wire will have an e.m.f. induced in it, and these all add
together to give a bigger e.m.f.
Electric Generator Working
 AC Electrical Generator Basics - How electricity is generated (youtube.com)

 How electricity is generated (3D Animation - AC&DC Generators)

(youtube.com)

 Build Flywheel Spring Machine Make Electricity Free Energy Generator 220v
15kw Alternator
 Build Flywheel Spring Machine Make Electricity Free Energy Generator 220v
15kw Alternator (youtube.com)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3HyORmBip-w&ab_channel=IkenEdu
Flemings Right Hand Rule
 Flemings Right Hand Rule
 For a straight wire moving at right angles to a magnetic field the direction
of the induced current can be found from Fleming’s right-hand rule (the
‘dynamo rule’)
 Hold the thumb and first two fingers of the right hand at right angles to
each other with the First finger pointing in the direction of the Field and
the thuMb in the direction of Motion of the wire, then the seCond finger
points in the direction of the induced Current.
 Note that the direction of motion represents the direction in which the
force acts on the conductor.
Alternating Voltage
The National Grid transmission system
 Advantages of high-voltage transmission of
electricity
(i) Lower power loss in transmission cables

(ii) Lower currents in cables so

thinner/cheaper cables can be used
 Power loss in transmission cables

The power P lost as thermal

energy in cables of resistance R
is given by In orde In order to
reduce energy losses the current
I in the cables should be kept
low.
Numericals

A power station transfers 200,000 W of electrical

power to consumers. a Calculate the current in the
transmission cables if the power is transferred at
i. 10,000 V ii. 400 000 V
Calculate the energy loss in cables of resistance 400
Ω if the power is transferred at i .10,000 V
i.400,000V
Numericals

Calculate the electrical power transferred

to thermal energy in transmission lines of
resistance 375 Ω when 210 000 W is
transferred at 700 000 V.
Transformers
Types of Transformers
Transformers
 Mutual Induction
Mutual induction: -
When the current in a coil is switched on or off or
changed in a simple iron-cored transformer, a voltage
is induced in a neighbouring coil. The effect, called
mutual induction
Transformer equation
 A step-up transformer has more turns on the secondary than the
primary and Vs is greater than Vp .
 For example, if the secondary has twice as many turns as the primary,
Vs is about twice Vp. In a step-down transformer there are fewer turns
on the secondary than the primary and Vs is less than Vp.
 A transformer has 1000 turns on the primary coil. The
voltage applied to the primary coil is 230 V A.c . How
many turns are on the secondary coil if the output
voltage is 46 V A.c .?

 A transformer steps down the mains supply from 240 V

to 12 V to operate a doorbell. a What is the turns ratio
N N p s of the transformer windings? b How many turns
are on the primary if the secondary has 80 turns?
 A transformer steps up an a.c. voltage of 240 V to
960 V. a Calculate the turns ratio of the
transformer windings. b How many turns are on
the secondary if the primary has 500 turns?

 The current in the primary is 0.05 A in a

transformer when the potential difference is 240
V. Calculate the current in the secondary where
the potential difference is 12 V.
Beams of charged particles and magnetic
fields
Fleming’s left-hand rule can also be used to find the
direction of the force on a beam of charged particles in a
magnetic field.

 An electron beam in a vacuum tube, being deflected by a

magnetic field. As with a current in a wire, reversing the field
reverses the force on the beam of electrons.

 A magnetic field can also be used to deflect a beam of

electrons, or any electrically charged particles.
 This effect is used in particle accelerators such as those at
CERN in Switzerland, to focus and to divert beams of charged
particles. The particles travel at enormously high speeds and
so have a lot of kinetic energy. Huge fields are needed to
divert them