240 Chapter 7: Sampling Distributions

CHAPTER 7
7.1 PHstat output:
Common Data
Mean 100
Standard Deviation 2
Probability for a Range
Probability for X <= From X Value 95
X Value 95 To X Value 97.5
Z Value -2.5 Z Value for 95 -2.5
P(X<=95) 0.0062097 Z Value for 97.5 -1.25
P(X<=95) 0.0062
Probability for X > P(X<=97.5) 0.1056
X Value 102.2 P(95<=X<=97.5) 0.0994
Z Value 1.1
P(X>102.2) 0.1357 Find X and Z Given Cum. Pctage.
Cumulative Percentage 35.00%
Probability for X<95 or X >102.2 Z Value -0.38532
P(X<95 or X >102.2) 0.1419 X Value 99.22936
(a) P( X < 95) = P(Z < – 2.50) = 0.0062
(b) P(95 < X < 97.5) = P(– 2.50 < Z < – 1.25) = 0.1056 – 0.0062 = 0.0994
(c) P( X > 102.2) = P(Z > 1.10) = 1.0 – 0.8643 = 0.1357
10
(d) P( X > A) = P(Z > – 0.39) = 0.65 X = 100 – 0.39( ) = 99.22
25

7.2 PHStat output:

Common Data
Mean 50
Standard Deviation 0.5
Probability for a Range
Probability for X <= From X Value 47
X Value 47 To X Value 49.5
Z Value -6 Z Value for 47 -6
P(X<=47) 9.866E-10 Z Value for 49.5 -1
P(X<=47) 0.0000
Probability for X > P(X<=49.5) 0.1587
X Value 51.5 P(47<=X<=49.5) 0.1587
Z Value 3
P(X>51.5) 0.0013 Find X and Z Given Cum. Pctage.
Cumulative Percentage 65.00%
Probability for X<47 or X >51.5 Z Value 0.38532
P(X<47 or X >51.5) 0.0013 X Value 50.19266

Probability for X >

X Value 51.1
Z Value 2.2
P(X>51.1) 0.0139
(a) P( X < 47) = P(Z < – 6.00) = virtually zero
(b) P(47 < X < 49.5) = P(– 6.00 < Z < – 1.00) = 0.1587 – 0.00 = 0.1587
(c) P( X > 51.1) = P(Z > 2.20) = 1.0 – 0.9861 = 0.0139
(d) P( X > A) = P(Z > 0.39) = 0.35 X = 50 + 0.39(0.5) = 50.195

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 Solutions to End-of-Section and Chapter Review Problems 241

7.3 (a) For samples of 25 customer receipts for a supermarket for a year, the sampling
distribution of sample means is the distribution of means from all possible samples of 25
customer receipts for a supermarket for that year.
(b) For samples of 25 insurance payouts in a particular geographical area in a year, the
sampling distribution of sample means is the distribution of means from all possible
samples of 25 insurance payouts in that particular geographical area in that year.
(c) For samples of 25 Call Center logs of inbound calls tracking handling time for a credit
card company during the year, the sampling distribution of sample means is the
distribution of means from all possible samples of 25 Call Center logs of inbound calls
tracking handling time for a credit card company during that year.

7.4 (a) Sampling Distribution of the Mean for n = 2 (without replacement)

Sample Number Outcomes Sample Means X i
1 1, 3 X1 = 2
2 1, 6 X 2 = 3.5
3 1, 7 X3 = 4
4 1, 9 X4 = 5
5 1, 10 X 5 = 5.5
6 3, 6 X 6 = 4.5
7 3, 7 X7 = 5
8 3, 9 X8 = 6
9 3, 10 X 9 = 6.5
10 6, 7 X 10 = 6.5
11 6, 9 X 11 = 7.5
12 6, 10 X 12 = 8
13 7, 9 X 13 = 8
14 7, 10 X 14 = 8.5
15 9, 10 X 15 = 9.5
(a) Mean of All Possible Sample Means: Mean of All Population Elements:
90 1 + 3 + 6 + 7 + 9 + 10
μX = =6 μ= =6
15 6
Both means are equal to 6. This property is called unbiasedness.

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242 Chapter 7: Sampling Distributions

7.4 (b) Sampling Distribution of the Mean for n = 3 (without replacement)

cont.
Sample Number Outcomes Sample Means X i
1 1, 3, 6 X 1 = 3 1/3
2 1, 3, 7 X 2 = 3 2/3
3 1, 3, 9 X 3 = 4 1/3
4 1, 3, 10 X 4 = 4 2/3
5 1, 6, 7 X 5 = 4 2/3
6 1, 6, 9 X 6 = 5 1/3
7 1, 6, 10 X 7 = 5 2/3
8 3, 6, 7 X 8 = 5 1/3
9 3, 6, 9 X9 = 6
10 3, 6, 10 X 10 = 6 1/3
11 6, 7, 9 X 11 = 7 1/3
12 6, 7, 10 X 12 = 7 2/3
13 6, 9, 10 X 13 = 8 1/3
14 7, 9, 10 X 14 = 8 2/3
15 1, 7, 9 X 15 = 5 2/3
16 1, 7, 10 X 16 = 6
17 1, 9, 10 X 17 = 6 2/3
18 3, 7, 9 X 18 = 6 1/3
19 3, 7, 10 X 19 = 6 2/3
20 3, 9, 10 X 20 = 7 1/3
120
μX = =6 This is equal to μ , the population mean.
20
(c) The distribution for n = 3 has less variability. The larger sample size has resulted in sample
means being closer to μ .
(d) (a) Sampling Distribution of the Mean for n = 2 (with replacement)

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 Solutions to End-of-Section and Chapter Review Problems 243

7.4
cont.
Sample Number Outcomes Sample Means X i
1 1, 1 X1 = 1
2 1, 3 X2 = 2
3 1, 6 X 3 = 3.5
4 1, 7 X4 = 4
5 1, 9 X5 = 5
6 1, 10 X 6 = 5.5
7 3, 1 X7 = 2
8 3, 3 X8 = 3
9 3, 6 X 9 = 4.5
10 3, 7 X 10 = 5
11 3, 9 X 11 = 6
12 3, 10 X 12 = 6.5
13 6, 1 X 13 = 3.5
14 6, 3 X 14 = 4.5
15 6, 6 X 15 = 6
16 6, 7 X 16 = 6.5
17 6, 9 X 17 = 7.5
18 6, 10 X 18 = 8
19 7, 1 X 19 = 4
20 7, 3 X 20 = 5
21 7, 6 X 21 = 6.5
22 7, 7 X 22 = 7
23 7, 9 X 23 = 8
24 7, 10 X 24 = 8.5
25 9, 1 X 25 = 5
26 9, 3 X 26 = 6
27 9, 6 X 27 = 7.5
28 9, 7 X 28 = 8
29 9, 9 X 29 = 9
30 9, 10 X 30 = 9.5
31 10, 1 X 31 = 5.5
32 10, 3 X 32 = 6.5
33 10, 6 X 33 = 8
34 10, 7 X 34 = 8.5
35 10, 9 X 35 = 9.5
36 10, 10 X 36 = 10

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244 Chapter 7: Sampling Distributions

7.4 (d) (a) Mean of All Possible Mean of All

cont. Sample Means: Population Elements:
216 1+ 3 + 6 + 7 + 7 + 12
μX = =6 μ= =6
36 6
Both means are equal to 6. This property is called unbiasedness.
(b) Repeat the same process for the sampling distribution of the mean for n = 3 (with
replacement). There will be 63 = 216 different samples.
μX = 6 This is equal to μ , the population mean.
(c) The distribution for n = 3 has less variability. The larger sample size has resulted in
more sample means being close to μ .

7.5 (a) Because the population diameter of tennis balls is approximately normally distributed, the
sampling distribution of samples of 9 will also be approximately normal with a mean of
σ
μ X = μ = 2.63 and σ X = = 0.01.
n
(b) P( X < 2.61) = P(Z < – 2.00) = 0.0228
Probability for X <=
X Value 2.61
Z Value -2
P(X<=2.61) 0.0227501
(c) P(2.62 < X < 2.64) = P(-1.00 < Z < 1.00) = 0.6827
Probability for a Range
FromX Value 2.62
To X Value 2.64
Z Value for 2.62 -1
Z Value for 2.64 1
P(X<=2.62) 0.1587
P(X<=2.64) 0.8413
P(2.62<=X<=2.64) 0.6827
(d) P(A < X < B) = P( −1.000 < Z < 1.000) = 0.68
Find X and Z Given Cum. Pctage. Find X and Z Given Cum. Pctage.
Cumulative Percentage 20.00% Cumulative Percentage 80.00%
Z Value -0.841621 Z Value 0.841621
X Value 2.621584 X Value 2.638416
Lower bound: X = 2.6216
Upper bound: X = 2.6384

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 Solutions to End-of-Section and Chapter Review Problems 245

7.6 (a) When n = 4 , the shape of the sampling distribution of X should closely resemble the
shape of the distribution of the population from which the sample is selected. Because the
mean is larger than the median, the distribution of the sales price of new houses is
skewed to the right, and so is the sampling distribution of X although it will be less
skewed than the population.
(b) If you select samples of n = 100, the shape of the sampling distribution of the sample
mean will be very close to a normal distribution with a mean of $322,100 and a standard
σ
deviation of σ X = = $9,000.
n
σ 90000
(c) σX = = = 9000
n 100
PHStat output:
Probability for X <=
X Value 346000
Z Value 2.6555556
P(X<=346000) 0.9960
P( X < 346,000) = P(Z < 2.6556) = 0.9960

(d) PHStat output:

Probability for a Range
From X Value 326000
To X Value 341000
Z Value for 326000 0.433333
Z Value for 341000 2.1
P(X<=326000) 0.6676
P(X<=341000) 0.9821
P(326000<=X<=341000) 0.3145
P(326,000 < X < 341,000) = P(0.4333 < Z < 2.1) = 0.3145

σ 5
7.7 (a) σX = = =1
n 25
PHStat output:
Probability for a Range
From X Value 19.5
To X Value 20.5
Z Value for 19.5 -0.5
Z Value for 20.5 0.5
P(X<=19.5) 0.3085
P(X<=20.5) 0.6915
P(19.5<=X<=20.5) 0.3829
P(19.5 < X < 20.5) = P(– 0.50 < Z < 0.50) = 0.3829

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246 Chapter 7: Sampling Distributions

7.7 (b) PHStat output:

cont.
Probability for a Range
From X Value 19
To X Value 20
Z Value for 19 -1
Z Value for 20 0
P(X<=19) 0.1587
P(X<=20) 0.5000
P(19<=X<=20) 0.3413
P(19 < X < 20) = P(– 1 < Z < 0) = 0.3413
σ 5
(c) σX = = = 0.5
n 100
PHStat output:
Probability for a Range
From X Value 19.5
To X Value 20.5
Z Value for 19.5 -1
Z Value for 20.5 1
P(X<=19.5) 0.1587
P(X<=20.5) 0.8413
P(19.5<=X<=20.5) 0.6827
P(19.5 < X < 20.5) = P(– 1.00 < Z < 1.00) = 0.6827
(d) With the sample size increasing from n = 25 to n = 100, more sample means will be
closer to the distribution mean. The standard error of the sampling distribution of size
100 is much smaller than that of size 25, so the likelihood that the sample mean will fall
within ±0.5 minutes of the mean is much higher for samples of size 100 (probability =
0.6827) than for samples of size 25 (probability = 0. 3829).

7.8 PHStat output:

Probability for X > Find X and Z Given Cum. Pctage.
X Value 26 Cumulative Percentage 85.00%
Z Value -1.0000 Z Value 1.0364
P(X>26) 0.8413 X Value 28.0364
(a) P( X > 26) = P(Z > – 1.0) = 0.8413
(b) P( X < A) = P(Z < 1.0364) = 0.85 X = 27 + 1.0364 (1) = 28.0364
(c) To be able to use the standard normal distribution as an approximation for the area under
the curve, we must assume that the population is symmetrically distributed such that the
central limit theorem will likely hold for samples of n = 16.
(d) PHStat output:
Find X and Z Given Cum. Pctage.
Cumulative Percentage 85.00%
Z Value 1.0364
X Value 27.51822
P( X < A) = P(Z < 1.0364) = 0.85 X = 27 + 1.0364 (0.5) = 27.5182

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 Solutions to End-of-Section and Chapter Review Problems 247

0.70(0.30)
7.9 (a) p = 48/64 = 0.75 (b) σp = = 0.0573
64

( 0.45)( 0.55 )
7.10 (a) p = 20/50 = 0.40 (b) σp = = 0.0704
50

0.30(0.70)
7.11 (a) p = 14/40 = 0.35 (b) σp = = 0.0725
40
π (1 − π ) 0.501(1 − 0.501)
7.12 (a) μ p = π = 0.501 , σ p = = = 0.05
n 100
Partial PHstat output:
Probability for X >
X Value 0.55
Z Value 0.98
P(X>0.55) 0.1635
P(p > 0.55) = P (Z > 0.98) = 1 – 0.8365 = 0.1635
π (1 − π ) 0.6 (1 − 0.6 )
(b) μ p = π = 0.60 , σ p = = = 0.04899
n 100
Partial PHstat output:
Probability for X >
X Value 0.55
Z Value -1.020621
P(X>0.55) 0.8463
P(p > 0.55) = P (Z > – 1.021) = 1 – 0.1539 = 0.8461
π (1 − π ) 0.49 (1 − 0.49 )
(c) μ p = π = 0.49 , σ p = = = 0.05
n 100
Partial PHstat output:
Probability for X >
X Value 0.55
Z Value 1.2002401
P(X>0.55) 0.1150
P(p > 0.55) = P (Z > 1.20) = 1 – 0.8849 = 0.1151
(d) Increasing the sample size by a factor of 4 decreases the standard error by a factor of 2.

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248 Chapter 7: Sampling Distributions

7.12 (d) (a) Partial PHstat output:

cont.
Probability for X >
X Value 0.55
Z Value 1.9600039
P(X>0.55) 0.0250
P(p > 0.55) = P (Z > 1.96) = 1 – 0.9750 = 0.0250
(b) Partial PHstat output:
Probability for X >
X Value 0.55
Z Value -2.041241
P(X>0.55) 0.9794
P(p > 0.55) = P (Z > – 2.04) = 1 – 0.0207 = 0.9793
(c) Partial PHstat output:
Probability for X >
X Value 0.55
Z Value 2.4004801
P(X>0.55) 0.0082
P(p > 0.55) = P (Z > 2.40) = 1 – 0.9918 = 0.0082
If the sample size is increased to 400, the probably in (a), (b) and (c) is smaller,
larger, and smaller, respectively because the standard error of the sampling
distribution of the sample proportion becomes smaller and, hence, the sampling
distribution is more concentrated around the true population proportion.

7.13 (a) Partial PHstat output:

Probability for a Range
From X Value 0.5
To X Value 0.6
Z Value for 0.5 0
Z Value for 0.6 2.828427
P(X<=0.5) 0.5000
P(X<=0.6) 0.9977
P(0.5<=X<=0.6) 0.4977
P(0.50 < p < 0.60) = P(0 < Z < 2.83) = 0.4977
(b) Partial PHstat output:
Find X and Z Given Cum. Pctage.
Cumulative Percentage 95.00%
Z Value 1.644854
X Value 0.558154
P(– 1.645 < Z < 1.645) = 0.90
p = .50 – 1.645(0.0354) = 0.4418 p = .50 + 1.645(0.0354) = 0.5582
(c) Partial PHstat output:
Probability for X >
X Value 0.65
Z Value 4.2426407
P(X>0.65) 0.0000
P(p > 0.65) = P (Z > 4.24) = virtually zero

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 Solutions to End-of-Section and Chapter Review Problems 249

7.13 (d) Partial PHstat output:

cont.
Probability for X >
X Value 0.6
Z Value 2.8284271
P(X>0.6) 0.0023
If n = 200, P(p > 0.60) = P (Z > 2.83) = 1.0 – 0.9977 = 0.0023

Probability for X >

X Value 0.55
Z Value 3.1622777
P(X>0.55) 0.00078
If n = 1000, P(p > 0.55) = P (Z > 3.16) = 1.0 – 0.99921 = 0.00079
More than 60% correct in a sample of 200 is more likely than more than 55% correct in a
sample of 1000.

π (1 − π ) 0.80 (1 − 0.80 )
7.14 (a) μ p = π = 0.80, σ p = = = 0.04
n 100
Partial PHStat output:
Probability for X <=
X Value 0.85
Z Value 1.2500
P(X<=0.85) 0.8944
P(p < 0.85) = P (Z < 1.2500) = 0.8944
(b) Partial PHStat output:
Probability for a Range
FromX Value 0.75
To X Value 0.85
Z Value for 0.75 -1.2500
Z Value for 0.85 1.2500
P(X<=0.75) 0.1056
P(X<=0.85) 0.8944
P(0.75<=X<=0.85) 0.7887
P(0.75 < p < 0.85) = P (-1.2500< Z < 1.2500) = 0.7887
(c) Partial PHStat output:
Probability for X >
X Value 0.82
Z Value 0.5000
P(X>0.82) 0.3085
P(p > 0.82) = P (Z > 0.5000) = 0.3085

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250 Chapter 7: Sampling Distributions

π (1 − π ) 0.80 (1 − 0.80 )
7.14 (d) μ p = π = 0.80, σ p = = = 0.02
n 400
cont. (a) Partial PHStat output:
Probability for X <=
X Value 0.85
Z Value 2.5000
P(X<=0.85) 0.9938
P(p < 0.85) = P (Z < 2.5000) = 0.9938
(b) Partial PHStat output:
Probability for a Range
FromX Value 0.75
To X Value 0.85
Z Value for 0.75 -2.5000
Z Value for 0.85 2.5000
P(X<=0.75) 0.0062
P(X<=0.85) 0.9938
P(0.75<=X<=0.85) 0.9876
P(0.75 < p < 0.85) = P (-2.5000< Z < 2.5000) = 0.9876
(c) Partial PHStat output:
Probability for X >
X Value 0.82
Z Value 1.0000
P(X>0.82) 0.1587
P(p > 0.82) = P (Z > 1.0000) = 0.1587

π (1 − π ) 0.57 (1 − 0.57 )
7.15 (a) μ p = π = 0.57, σ p = = = 0.0495
n 100
PHStat output:
Probability for X <=
X Value 0.57
Z Value 0.0000
P(X<=0.57) 0.5000
P(p < 0.57) = P(Z < 0) = 0.5
(b) Partial PHStat output:
Probability for a Range
FromX Value 0.52
To X Value 0.62
Z Value for 0.52 -1.0099
Z Value for 0.62 1.0099
P(X<=0.52) 0.1563
P(X<=0.62) 0.8437
P(0.52<=X<=0.62) 0.6875
P(0.52 < p < 0.62) = P(-1.0099< Z < 1.0099) = 0.6875

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 Solutions to End-of-Section and Chapter Review Problems 251

7.15 (c) Partial PHStat output:

Probability for X >
X Value 0.62
Z Value 1.0099
P(X>0.62) 0.1563
P(p > 0.62) = P(Z > 1.0099) = 0.1563
π (1 − π ) 0.57 (1 − 0.57 )
(d) μ p = π = 0.57, σ p = = = 0.0248
n 400
(a) PHStat output:
Probability for X <=
X Value 0.57
Z Value 0.0000
P(X<=0.57) 0.5000
P(p < 0.57) = P(Z < 0) = 0.5
(b) Partial PHStat output:
Probability for a Range
FromX Value 0.52
To X Value 0.62
Z Value for 0.52 -2.0199
Z Value for 0.62 2.0199
P(X<=0.52) 0.0217
P(X<=0.62) 0.9783
P(0.52<=X<=0.62) 0.9566
P(0.52 < p < 0.62) = P(-2.0199< Z < 2.0199) = 0.9566
(c) Partial PHStat output:
Probability for X >
X Value 0.62
Z Value 2.0199
P(X>0.62) 0.0217
P(p > 0.62) = P(Z > 2.0199) = 0.0217

7.16 (a) PHStat output:

Probability for a Range
FromX Value 0.12
To X Value 0.18
Z Value for 0.12 -1.1882
Z Value for 0.18 1.1882
P(X<=0.12) 0.1174
P(X<=0.18) 0.8826
P(0.12<=X<=0.18) 0.7652
Since n = 200, which is quite large, we use the sample proportion to approximate the
population proportion and, hence, π = 0.15. Also the sampling distribution of the sample
proportion will be close to a normal distribution according to the central limit theorem.

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252 Chapter 7: Sampling Distributions

π (1 − π ) 0.15 (1 − 0.15 )
7.16 μ p = π = 0.15, σ p = = = 0.0252
n 200
cont. P(0.12 < p < 0.18) = P (-1.1882< Z < 1.1882) = 0.7652
(b)
Find X and Z Given Cum. Pctage. Find X and Z Given Cum. Pctage.
Cumulative Percentage 5.00% Cumulative Percentage 95.00%
Z Value -1.6449 Z Value 1.6449
X Value 0.1085 X Value 0.1915
P(A < p < B) = P(– 1.6449 < Z < 1.6449) = 0.90
A = 0.1085
B = 0.1915
(c) PHStat output:
Find X and Z Given Cum. Pctage. Find X and Z Given Cum. Pctage.
Cumulative Percentage 2.50% Cumulative Percentage 97.50%
Z Value -1.9600 Z Value 1.9600
X Value 0.1005 X Value 0.1995
P(A < p < B) = P(– 1.96< Z < 1.96) = 0.95
A = 0.1005
B = 0.1995

π (1 − π ) 0.49 (1 − 0.49 )
7.17 (a) μ p = π = 0.49, σ p = = = 0.0500
n 100
PHStat output:
Probability for a Range
From X Value 0.48
To X Value 0.53
Z Value for 0.48 -0.20004
Z Value for 0.53 0.80016
P(X<=0.48) 0.4207
P(X<=0.53) 0.7882
P(0.48<=X<=0.53) 0.3675
P(0.48 < p < 0.53) = P(-0.2000 < Z < 0.8002) = 0.3675
(b) PHStat output:
Find X and Z Given Cum. Pctage. Find X and Z Given Cum. Pctage.
Cumulative Percentage 5.00% Cumulative Percentage 95.00%
Z Value -1.6449 Z Value 1.6449
X Value 0.4078 X Value 0.5722
P(A < p < B) = P(– 1.6449 < Z < 1.6449) = 0.90
A = 0.4078
B = 0.5722

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 Solutions to End-of-Section and Chapter Review Problems 253

7.17 (c) Partial PHStat output:

cont.
Find X and Z Given Cum. Pctage. Find X and Z Given Cum. Pctage.
Cumulative Percentage 2.50% Cumulative Percentage 97.50%
Z Value -1.9600 Z Value 1.9600
X Value 0.3920 X Value 0.5880
P(A < p < B) = P(– 1.9600< Z < 1.9600) = 0.95
A = 0.3920
B = 0.5880

π (1 − π ) 0.49 (1 − 0.49 )
(d) (a) μ p = π = 0.49, σ p = = = 0.0250
n 400
PHStat output:
Probability for a Range
From X Value 0.48
To X Value 0.53
Z Value for 0.48 -0.40008
Z Value for 0.53 1.60032
P(X<=0.48) 0.3445
P(X<=0.53) 0.9452
P(0.48<=X<=0.53) 0.6007
P(0.48 < p < 0.53) = P(-0.4001 < Z < 1.6003) = 0.6007
(b) PHStat output:
Find X and Z Given Cum. Pctage. Find X and Z Given Cum. Pctage.
Cumulative Percentage 5.00% Cumulative Percentage 95.00%
Z Value -1.6449 Z Value 1.6449
X Value 0.4489 X Value 0.5311
P(A < p < B) = P(– 1.6449 < Z < 1.6449) = 0.90
A = 0.4489
B = 0.5311
(c) Partial PHStat output:
Find X and Z Given Cum. Pctage. Find X and Z Given Cum. Pctage.
Cumulative Percentage 2.50% Cumulative Percentage 97.50%
Z Value -1.9600 Z Value 1.9600
X Value 0.4410 X Value 0.5390
P(A < p < B) = P(– 1.9600< Z < 1.9600) = 0.95
A = 0.4410
B = 0.5390

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254 Chapter 7: Sampling Distributions

π (1 − π ) 0.36 (1 − 0.36 )
7.18 (a) μ p = π = 0.36, σ p = = = 0.0480
n 100
Partial PHStat output:
Probability for X <=
X Value 0.3
Z Value -1.25
P(X<=0.3) 0.1056
P(p < 0.3) = P (Z < -1.25) = 0.1056
π (1 − π ) 0.36 (1 − 0.36 )
(b) μ p = π = 0.36, σ p = = = 0.0240
n 400
Probability for X <=
X Value 0.3
Z Value -2.5
P(X<=0.3) 0.0062
P(p < 0.3) = P (Z < -2.5) = 0.0062
(c) Increasing the sample size by a factor of 4 decreases the standard error by a factor of
4 . The sampling distribution of the proportion becomes more concentrated around the
true proportion of 0.36 and, hence, the probability in (b) becomes smaller than that in (a).

7.19 Because the average of all the possible sample means of size n is equal to the population mean.

7.20 The variation of the sample means becomes smaller as larger sample sizes are taken. This is due
to the fact that an extreme observation will have a smaller effect on the mean in a larger sample
than in a small sample. Thus, the sample means will tend to be closer to the population mean as
the sample size increases.

7.21 As larger sample sizes are taken, the effect of extreme values on the sample mean becomes
smaller and smaller. With large enough samples, even though the population is not normally
distributed, the sampling distribution of the mean will be approximately normally distributed.

7.22 The population distribution is the distribution of a particular variable of interest, while the
sampling distribution represents the distribution of a statistic.

7.23 When the items of interest and the items not of interest are at least 5, the normal distribution can
be used to approximate the binomial distribution.

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 Solutions to End-of-Section and Chapter Review Problems 255

σ 0.004
7.24 μ X = 0.753 σX = = = 0.0008
n 5
PHStat output:
Common Data
Mean 0.753
Standard Deviation 0.0008
Probability for a Range
Probability for X <= From X Value 0.75
X Value 0.74 To X Value 0.753
Z Value -16.25 Z Value for 0.75 -3.75
P(X<=0.74) 1.117E-59 Z Value for 0.753 0
P(X<=0.75) 0.0001
Probability for X > P(X<=0.753) 0.5000
X Value 0.76 P(0.75<=X<=0.753) 0.4999
Z Value 8.75
P(X>0.76) 0.0000 Find X and Z Given Cum. Pctage.
Cumulative Percentage 7.00%
Probability for X<0.74 or X >0.76 Z Value -1.475791
P(X<0.74 or X >0.76) 0.0000 X Value 0.751819

Probability for a Range

From X Value 0.74
To X Value 0.75
Z Value for 0.74 -16.25
Z Value for 0.75 -3.75
P(X<=0.74) 0.0000
P(X<=0.75) 0.0001
P(0.74<=X<=0.75) 0.00009

(a) P(0.75 < X < 0.753) = P(– 3.75 < Z < 0) = 0.5 – 0.00009 = 0.4999
(b) P(0.74 < X < 0.75) = P(– 16.25 < Z < – 3.75) = 0.00009
(c) P( X > 0.76) = P(Z > 8.75) = virtually zero
(d) P( X < 0.74) = P(Z < – 16.25) = virtually zero
(e) P( X < A) = P(Z < – 1.48) = 0.07 X = 0.753 – 1.48(0.0008) = 0.7518

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256 Chapter 7: Sampling Distributions

σ 0.05
7.25 μ X = 2.0 σX = = = 0.01
n 5
PHStat output:
Common Data
Mean 2
Standard Deviation 0.01
Probability for a Range
Probability for X <= From X Value 1.99
X Value 1.98 To X Value 2
Z Value -2 Z Value for 1.99 -1
P(X<=1.98) 0.0227501 Z Value for 2 0
P(X<=1.99) 0.1587
Probability for X > P(X<=2) 0.5000
X Value 2.01 P(1.99<=X<=2) 0.3413
Z Value 1
P(X>2.01) 0.1587 Find X and Z Given Cum. Pctage.
Cumulative Percentage 1.00%
Probability for X<1.98 or X
>2.01 Z Value -2.326348
P(X<1.98 or X
>2.01) 0.1814 X Value 1.976737

Find X and Z Given Cum. Pctage.

Cumulative Percentage 99.50%
Z Value 2.575829
X Value 2.025758
(a) P(1.99 < X < 2.00) = P(– 1.00 < Z < 0) = 0.5 – 0.1587 = 0.3413
(b) P( X < 1.98) = P(Z < – 2.00) = 0.0228
(c) P( X > 2.01) = P(Z > 1.00) = 1.0 – 0.8413 = 0.1587
(d) P( X > A) = P( Z > – 2.33) = 0.99 A = 2.00 – 2.33(0.01) = 1.9767
(e) P(A < X < B) = P(– 2.58 < Z < 2.58) = 0.99
A = 2.00 – 2.58(0.01) = 1.9742 B = 2.00 + 2.58(0.01) = 2.0258

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 Solutions to End-of-Section and Chapter Review Problems 257

σX 0.40
7.26 μ X = 4.7 σX = = = 0.08
n 5
PHstat output:
Common Data
Mean 4.7
Standard Deviation 0.08
Probability for X > Find X and Z Given Cum. Pctage.
X Value 4.6 Cumulative Percentage 23.00%
Z Value -1.25 Z Value -0.738847
P(X>4.6) 0.8944 X Value 4.640892

Find X and Z Given Cum. Find X and Z Given Cum.

Pctage. Pctage.
Cumulative Percentage 15.00% Cumulative Percentage 85.00%
Z Value -1.036433 Z Value 1.036433
X Value 4.6170853 X Value 4.782915
(a) P(4.60 < X ) = P(– 1.25 < Z) = 1 – 0.1056 = 0.8944
(b) P(A < X < B) = P(– 1.04 < Z < 1.04) = 0.70
A = 4.70 – 1.04(0.08) = 4.6168 ounces X = 4.70 + 1.04(0.08) = 4.7832 ounces
(c) P( X > A) = P(Z > – 0.74) = 0.77 A = 4.70 – 0.74(0.08) = 4.6408

σX 0.40
7.27 μ X = 5.0 σX = = = 0.08
n 5
(a) Partial PHStat output:
Probability for X >
X Value 4.6
Z Value -5
P(X>4.6) 1.0000
P(4.60 < X ) = P(– 5 < Z) = essentially 1.0
(b) Partial PHStat output:
Find X and Z Given Cum. Pctage.
Cumulative Percentage 15.00%
Z Value -1.036433
X Value 4.917085

Find X and Z Given Cum. Pctage.

Cumulative Percentage 85.00%
Z Value 1.036433
X Value 5.082915
P(A < X < B) = P(– 1.0364 < Z < 1.0364) = 0.70
A = 5.0 – 1.0364(0.08) = 4.9171 ounces
X = 5.0 + 1.0364(0.08) = 5.0829 ounces

Copyright © 2017 Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd

258 Chapter 7: Sampling Distributions

7.27 (c) Partial PHStat output:

cont.
Find X and Z Given Cum. Pctage.
Cumulative Percentage 23.00%
Z Value -0.738847
X Value 4.940892
P( X > A) = P(Z > – 0.7388) = 0.77 A = 5.0 – 0.7388(0.08) = 4.9409

σ 20
7.28 μ X = μ = 15.23, σ X = = =5
n 16
(a) PHStat output:
Probability for X <=
X Value 0
Z Value -3.046
P(X<=0) 0.0012
P( X < 0) = P(Z < -3.046) = 0.0012
(b) PHStat output:
Probability for a Range
From X Value -10
To X Value 10
Z Value for -10 -5.046
Z Value for 10 -1.046
P(X<=-10) 0.0000
P(X<=10) 0.1478
P(-10<=X<=10) 0.1478
P(-10 < X < 10) = P(-5.0460 < Z < -1.0460) = 0.1478
(c) PHStat output:
Probability for X >
X Value 10
Z Value -1.046
P(X>10) 0.8522
P( X > 10) = P(Z > -1.046) = 0.8522

7.29 (a) μ = 3.17 σ = 10

Partiel PHStat output:
Probability for X <=
X Value 0
Z Value -0.317
P(X<=0) 0.3756
P(X < 0) = P(Z < -0.317) = 0.3756

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 Solutions to End-of-Section and Chapter Review Problems 259

7.29 (b) Partial PHStat output:

cont.
Probability for a Range
From X Value -20
To X Value -10
Z Value for -20 -2.3170
Z Value for -10 -1.3170
P(X<=-20) 0.0103
P(X<=-10) 0.0939
P(-20<=X<=-10) 0.0837
P(-20 < X < -10) = P(-2.3170 < Z < -1.3170) = 0.0837
(c) Partial PHStat output:
Probability for X >
X Value -5
Z Value -0.817
P(X>-5) 0.7930
P(X> -5) = P(Z > -0.817) = 0.7930
σ 10
(d) μ X = μ = 3.17, σ X = = =5
n 4
Partiel PHStat output:
Probability for X <=
X Value 0
Z Value -0.634
P(X<=0) 0.2630
P(X < 0) = P(Z < -0.634) = 0.2630
(e) Partial PHStat output:
Probability for a Range
From X Value -20
To X Value -10
Z Value for -20 -4.6340
Z Value for -10 -2.6340
P(X<=-20) 0.0000
P(X<=-10) 0.0042
P(-20<=X<=-10) 0.0042
P(-20 < X < -10) = P(-4.6340 < Z < -2.6340) = 0.0042
(f) Partial PHStat output:
Probability for X >
X Value -5
Z Value -1.634
P(X>-5) 0.9489
P(X> -5) = P(Z > -1.634) = 0.9489
(g) Since the sample mean of returns of a sample of stocks is distributed closer to the population
mean than the return of a single stock, the probabilities in (a) and (b) are higher than those in
(d) and (e) while the probability in (c) is lower than that in (f).

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