STATICTICS

Important Concepts & Results

(i) Assumed Mean method or Shortcut method
𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖𝑑𝑖
Mean = 𝑎 + 𝑛 𝑓𝑖
𝑖=1

Where a = assumed mean And di= Xi - a

𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖𝑢𝑖
(ii) Step deviation method. Mean = = 𝑎 + 𝑛 𝑓𝑖 ×𝑕
𝑖=1

Where a = assumed mean

h = class size And ui= (Xi – a)/h

(iii) Median of a grouped frequency distribution can be calculated by

𝑛
− 𝑐𝑓
2
Median= 𝑙 + ×𝑕
𝑓
Where,
l = lower limit of median class n = number of observations
cf = cumulative frequency of class preceding the median class f = frequency of median class
h = class size of the median class.

(iv)Mode of grouped data can be calculated by the following formula.

𝑓1−𝑓0
Mode = 𝑙 + 2𝑓1−𝑓0−𝑓2 × 𝑕
Where
l = lower limit of modal class
h = size of class interval
f1 = Frequency of the modal class
fo = frequency of class preceding the modal class
f2= frequency of class succeeding the modal class

(v) Empirical relationship between the three measures of central tendency.

3 Median = Mode + 2 Mean
Or, Mode = 3 Median – 2 Mean.

Multiple Choice Questions (5x1)

1. The relationship between mean, median and mode for a moderately skewed distribution is
A. mode = median – 2 mean C. mode = 2 median – 3 mean
B. mode = 3 median – 2 mean D. mode = median – mean
2. Mean of 100 items is 49. It was discovered that three items which should have been 60, 70,
80 were wrongly read as 40, 20, 50 respectively. The correct mean is
A. 48 C. 50
B. 49 D. 60
3. Which of the following can not be determined graphically?
A. Mean C. Mode
B. Median D. None of these

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4. Mode is the
A. middle most frequent value C. maximum frequent value
B. least frequent value D. none of these
Directions: In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement
of reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:

5. Assertion (A): If the value of mode and mean is 60 and 66 respectively, then the value of
median is 64.
Reason (R): Median = (mode + 2 mean)

(a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the correct
explanation of assertion (A).
(b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but reason (R) is not the correct
explanation of assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.

1. Answer: B
2. Answer: C
3. Answer: A
4. Answer: C
5. Correct Answer is Option (c)

MCQ (for practise)

1. If the arithmetic mean of x, x + 3, x + 6, x + 9 and x + 12 is 10, then x = ?
A. 1 C. 6
B. 2 D. 4
2. If the mean of first n natural numbers is 5n/9, then n =?
A. 6 C. 9
B. 7 D. 10
3. If 35 is removed from the data, 30, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40 then the median increases
by:
A. 2 C. 1
B. 1.5 D. 0.5
4. The Median when it is given that mode and mean are 8 and 9 respectively, is:
A. 8.57 C. 8.97
B. 8.67 D. 9.24
5. Directions: In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a
statement of reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:

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 Assertion: the mode of the call received on 7 consecutive day 11,13,13,17,19,23,25 is
13.

Reason: Mode is the value that appears most frequent;

a)Both Assertion and Reason are correct and reason is correct explanation for the.
b)Both Assertion and Reason are false but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
c)Assertion is correct but reason is false.
d)Both Assertion and reason are false.

1. Answer: D
2. Answer: C
3. Answer: D
4. Answer: B
5. a) both assertion and reason are correct but reason is not correct explanation for
assertion.

CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS

Case Study 1: PARK

A decision has been made by an agency XYZ to install specially tailored playground
equipment in multiple parks within different colonies. In order to determine the age group of
children who frequent a specific park in a particular colony, a study was conducted. The table
below illustrates the categorization of children based on their ages and their corresponding
park activities.
Based on the above information, answer the following questions.
(i) The maximum number of children are of the age-group
a) 12-14 c) 14-16
b) 10-12 d) 8-10
(ii) The lower limit of the modal class is
a) 10 c) 14
b) 12 d) 8
(iii) Frequency of the class succeeding the modal class is
a) 58 c) 42
b) 70 d) 27
(iv) The mode of the ages of children playing in the park is
(a) 9years (c) 11.5years
(b) 8years (d) 10.6 years
(v) If mean and mode of the ages of children playing in the park are same, then median
will be equal to
(a) Mean (c) Both (a) and (b)
(b) Mode (d) Neither (a) nor (b)

Answer: Case study 1

1. (i) (b)Since, the highest frequency is 70,

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 therefore, the maximum number of children are of the
age-group 10-12.
(ii) (a) Since, the modal class is 10-12
Lower limit of modal class = 10
(iii) (c) Here, f0 = 58, f1 = 70 and f2 = 42
Thus, the frequency of the class succeeding the modal
class is 42.
𝒇𝟏−𝒇𝟎
(iv) (d) Mode = 𝒍 + 𝟐𝒇𝟏−𝒇𝟎−𝒇𝟐
×𝒉
𝟕𝟎−𝟓𝟖
= 𝟏𝟎 + 𝟏𝟒𝟎−𝟓𝟖−𝟒𝟐
×𝒉
=10.6
|(v) (c) Given that, Mean = Mode
By Empirical relation, we have
Mode = 3 Median - 2 Mean
Mode=3Median-2Mode
3 Mode =3 Median
Median=Mode= Mean
CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS (for practice)

CASE STUDY 1:COVID-19

COVID-19 Pandemic The COVID-19 pandemic, also known as coronavirus pandemic, is an

ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease caused by the transmission of severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) among humans.
The following tables show the age distribution of case admitted during a day in two different
hospitals.
Table 1
Age (in years) 5-15 15-25 25-35 35-45 45-55 55-65

No. of cases 6 11 21 23 14 5
Table 2
Age (in years) 5-15 15-25 25-35 35-45 45-55 55-65
No. of cases 8 16 10 42 24 12
Refer to table 1
1. The average age for which maximum cases occurred is
a) 32.24 c) 36.82
b) 34.36 d) 42.24

2. The upper limit of modal class is

a) 15 c) 35
b) 25 d) 45
3. The mean of the given data is
a) 26.2 b) 32.4

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 c) 33.5 d) 35.4
Refer to table 2
4. The mode of the given data is
a) 41.4 c) 55.3
b) 48.2 d) 64.6
5. The median of the given data is

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 a) 32.7
b) 40.2
c) 42.3
d) 48.6

CASE STUDY 2:
Electricity consumption pertains to the utilization of electric energy. The worldwide
consumption of electricity rises t a faster pace compared to the population growth, which
results in an augmented average consumption of electricity per person, otherwise known as
per capita electricity consumption.

A survey is conducted for 56 families of a Colony A. The following tables gives the weekly
consumption of electricity of these families.
Weekly consumption (in units) 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60
No. of families 16 12 18 6 4 0

The similar survey is conducted for 80 families of Colony B and the data is recorded
as below:
Weekly consumption (in units) 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60
No. of families 0 5 10 20 40 5

Refer to data received from Colony A

1. The median weekly consumption is
a) 12 units
b) 16 units
c) 20 units
d) None of these

2. The mean weekly consumption is

a) 19.64 units
b) 22.5 units
c) 26 units
d) None of these

3. The modal class of the above data is I

a) 0-10
b) 10-20
c) 20-30
d) 30-40

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Refer to data received from Colony B
4. The modal weekly consumption is
a) 38.2 units
b) 43.6 units
c) 26 units
d) 32 units

5. The mean weekly consumption is

a) 15.65 units
b) 32.8 units
c) 38.75 units
d) 48 units

Case Study 3 -Toll Tax Collection

On a particular day, National Highway Authority of India (NHAI) checked the toll tax
collection of a particular toll plaza in Rajasthan. The following table shows the toll tax paid
by drivers and the number of vehicles on that particular day.
Toll tax (in Rs) 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80

No. of vehicles 80 110 120 70 40

Based on the above information, answer the following questions.

(i) If A is taken as assumed mean, then the possible value of A is

a) 32 c) 85
b) 42 d) 55
(ii) The mean of toll tax received by NHAI by assumed mean method is
(a) 52 (c) 52.50
(b) 52.14 (d) 53.50
(iii) „The mean of toll tax received by NHAI by direct method is
(a) equal to the mean of toll tax received by NHAI by assumed mean method
(b) greater than the mean of toll tax received by NHAI by assumed mean method
(c) less than the mean of toll tax received by NHAI by assumed mean method
(d) none of these

(iv) The average toll tax received by NHAI in a day, from that particular toll plaza, is
(a) 21000
(b) 21900
(c) 30000
(d) none of these
Solutions:
Case study 1
Answer: c) 36.82
Answer: d) 45

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 Answer: d) 35.4
Answer: a) 41.4
Answer: b) 40.2
Case Study 2
Answer: c) 20 units
Answer: a) 19.64 units
Answer: c) 20-30
Answer: b) 43.6 units
Answer: c) 38.75 units

Case Study 3 :
Answer:

(i) (d): Clearly, the possible values of assumed mean (A) are 35,45, 55, 65, 75.
𝒏
𝒊=𝟏 𝒇𝒊𝒅𝒊
(ii) (b): Required Mean = 𝒂 + 𝒏 𝒇𝒊
𝒊=𝟏
𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎
= 𝟓𝟓 − 𝟒𝟐𝟎
=52.14
(iii) (a): Mean by direct and assumed mean method are always equal.
(iv) (d): Average toll tax received by a vehicle =Rs 52.14
Total number of vehicles = 420
Average toll tax received in a day = 52.14 x 420
Rs 21898.80

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 Long answer type question (solved)

1 Find the mode of the following distribution:

Class 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30 30-35 35-40

Interval
Frequency 30 45 75 35 25 15
Answer:
f1  75 f 0  45 f 2  35
Model class= 20-25 h=5 l=20
f1  f 0
Mode= l  h
2 f1  f 0  f 2
75  45
= 20  5
2  75  45  35
30
= 20   5 = 22.14
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2 Find the median marks for the following distribution:

Classes 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50

Number of 2 12 22 8 6
students
Answer:
Class Frequency c.f.
0-10 2 2
10-20 12 14
20-30 22 36
30-40 8 44
40-50 6 50

N
N=50  25 median class=20-30
2
l= 20 f=22 cf=14 h=10
N
 cf 25  14
Median  l  2  h = 20   10 =20+5=25
f 22

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 Long answer type question (Practise)
1 The given distribution shows the number of runs scored by some top batsman of the
world in one day international cricket matches.

RUNS SCORED NUMBER OF

BATSMAN
3000-4000 4
4000-5000 18
5000-6000 9
6000-7000 7
7000-8000 6
8000-9000 3
9000-10000 1
10000-11000 1

Find the mode of the data.

2 If the median of the distribution given below is 28.5. Find the value of „x‟ and „y‟.

C.I FREQUENCY
0-10 5
10-20 x
20-30 20
30-40 15
40-50 y
50-60 5

3 Find the median of the following frequency distribution

MARKS 0- 100- 200- 300- 400- 500- 600- 700- 800- 900-
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
FREQUENCY 2 5 9 12 17 20 15 9 7 4

4 The median of the following data is 20.75. Find the missing frequencies „x‟ and „y‟ .
If the total frequency is 100.

CI 0-5 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30 30-35 35-40

FREQUENCY 7 10 x 13 y 10 14 9

5 If the mean of the following distribution is 6, find the value of‟p‟.

X 2 4 6 10 P+6
Y 3 2 3 1 2

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 6 The following distribution gives the weight of 60 students of a class. Find the mean
and mode weights of the students.

Weight 40-44 44-48 48-52 52-56 56-60 60-64 64-68 68-72

(in kg)
No. of 4 6 10 14 10 8 6 2
Students

7 The mean of the following frequency distribution is 62.8 and the sum of all
frequencies is 50. Compute the missing frequencies f 1 and f2:

Class 0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100 100-120 Total

Frequency 5 f1 10 f2 7 8 50

Answers :
(1) 4608.7 runs
 x8
(2)  
 y 8
(3) 525
(4) y = 20 , x = 17
(5) P = 7
(6) By using formula for mean and mode.Correct mean=55.2 mode=54
(7)By using direct method to find mean. We get f1+f2=20 and 3f1+7f2=108
After solve f1=8 and f2=12

TEST-1 (20 Marks)

1 The mean of the first 10 multiples of 6 is (1)

A. 3.3

B. 33

C. 34

D. none of these
2 While computing mean of the grouped data, we assume that the frequencies are: (2)
A. evenly distributed over all the classes
B. centered at the class marks of the classes
C. centered at the upper limits of the classes
D. centered at the lower limits of the classes

3 CASE STUDY (5)

Analysis of Electricity Consumption in a Locality

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 x 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100
f 6 10 16 X 10 5 2
An inspector in an enforcement squad of electricity department visit to a locality of 100
families and record their |monthly consumption of electricity, on the basis of family
members, electronic items in the house and wastage of electricity, which is summaries in the
following table.

Based on the above information, answer the following questions.

(i) The value of x +y is
a) 100 (b) 42 (c) 24 (d) 200

(i) If the median of the above data is 525, then x is equal to

(a) 10 b)8 c)9 (d) none of these
(iii) What will be the upper limit of the modal class?
(a) 400 (b) 600
(c) 650 (d) 700

(iv) The average monthly consumption of a family of this locality is approximately

(a) 520kwh (b) 522kwh (c) 540 kwh (d) none of these

(v) If A be the assumed mean, then A is always

(a) > (Actual mean) (b) < (Actual Mean)

(c) = (Actual Mean) (d) can't say

4 If the mode of the following distribution is 57.5. Find the value of x. (4)

5 A life insurance agent found the following data for distribution of ages of 100
policyholders. Calculate the median age, if policies are given only to persons having age 18
yrs onwards but less than 60 years. (4 mark)
Age (in Below Below Below Below Below Below Below Below Below
yrs) 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
No. of 2 6 24 45 78 89 92 98 100
policy
holders

Age (in yrs) Frequency (f) cf

Below 20 2 2
20-25 6-2=4 6
25-30 24-6=18 24
30-35 45-24=21 45( cf)

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35-40 (Median class) 33( f) 78
40-45 11 89
45-50 3 92
50-55 6 98
55-60 2 100(N)
6 Following distribution gives the marks scored by a class of 20 students. If median of
given data is 14.4, find x and y. (4)
Marks 0-6 6-12 12-18 18-24 24-30
No. of 4 X 5 Y 1
students

Answer Key TEST (20):

1 Answer: B
2 Answer: B
3 Answer:(i) (c) : Here, itis given that total frequency = 100
76+x+y=100 = x+y=24
ii) c) x=9
(iii) (b) upper limit of modal class is 600.
(iv) (b): 522
(v) d

4 Mode=57.5 model class=50-60

l=50 f0=10 f1=16 f2=x h=10
f1  f 0 16  10
Mode  l   h = 50   10
2 f1  f 0  f 2 32  10  x
60 60
57.5  50  Or 7.5 
22  x 22  x
X=14
𝑁
5 Median number = =50
2
𝑁
−𝑐𝑓
2
Median = 𝑙 + 𝑓
×h

l=35 , h=5 put value in the formula and solve

6 Median=14.4 median class=12-18

l=12 f=5 cf=4+x h=6
Put above values in median formula get x=4
x+y=10 4+y=10 or y=6
TEST-2 (30)
1 Find mode, using an empirical relation, where it is given that
mean and median are 10.5 and 9.6 respectively.

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 𝒏
2 In a frequency distribution, if a = assumed mean=55, 𝒊=𝟏 𝐟𝒊=l00, h=10
𝒏
and 𝒊=𝟏 𝒇𝒊𝒙𝒊=-30, then find mean of the distribution. (2)
3 Write the median class of the following distribution. (2)

Classes Frequency
0-10 4
10-20 4
20-30 8
30-40 10
40-50 12
50-60 8
60-70 4

4 Findpifthemeanofthegivendatais15.45 (3)

Class Frequency

0-6 6

6-12 8

12-18 p
18-24 9

24-30 7
5 The median of the distribution given below is
14.4.Findthevaluesofxandy,ifthe sum of frequency is 20. (3)

C.I Frequency

0-6 4

6-12
X
12-18 5

18-24 Y

24-30 1

6 Findthemedianofthefollowingdata (3)

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 C.I 5-15 15-25 25-35 35-45 45-55 55-65 65-75
Freq. 6 10 16 15 24 8 7

7 Determine the missing frequency x, from the following data when Mode is 67 (3)

Class 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90

Frequency 5 15 12 7
X

8 Find the mean, median and mode of the following data (4)

C.I 0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100 100-120 120-140

Freq. 6 8 10 12 6 5 3

9 Find the missing frequency (f,.f2andf3) in the following

frequency distribution when it is given that f/f3=4:3 and mean =50. (4)

C.I 0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100 Total

Frequency 17 f1 f2 f3 19 120

10 If the mean of the following frequency distribution is 65.6, find the missing
frequencies. (5)

Class -
Frequency
10-30 5
30-50 8
50-70 f1
70-90 20
90-110 f2
110-130 2
Total 50

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