KV SECTOR 47 CHANDIGARGH

CLASS : 12

SUBJECT : Geography

BOOK : India people And Economy

CHAPTER 9 – Planning And Sustainable Development

Notes
Approaches of Planning
There are two approaches of planning which are as follows:

 Sectoral Planning Approach In this approach, the development of

various sectors of economy, e.g. agriculture, irrigation,
manufacturing, power, construction, transport, communication,
social infrastructure and services, etc, are are taken into
consideration to which various sets of schemes or programmes are
to be formulised and implemented.
 Regional Planning Approach In this approach, the main emphasis
is on to draw such plans which may help to reduce regional
disparities and bring uniform economic development.

Target Area Planning

The core focus of planning process is in promoting economically backward
areas. It is important that for proper economic development of a region,
there is a need of resource base as well as technology and investment
simultaneously, because sometimes resources rich regions also remain
backward.
After having about one and half decade planning experience, it is realised
that our economic development is still facing the regional imbalances. In
order to encounter both regional and social disparities, the Planning
Commission introduced the ‘Target area’ and ‘target group approaches’ to
planning.
Some of the programmes which are directed towards the development of
these two approaches are as follows:
Target Area Programmes
Target area has the following programmes such as:

1. Command Area Development programme

2. Drought Prone Area Development Programme
3. Desert Development Programme
4. Hill Area Development Programme
Target Group Programmes
Target groups has the following programmes such as:

1. The Small Farmers Development Agency (SFDA)

2. Marginal Farmers Development Agency (MFDA)

In the Eighth Five Year Plan, hill areas, North-Eastern states, tribal areas
and backward areas were taken into consideration in order to develop
special area programmes.
Planning Related to Area Development Programme
Hill Area Development Programme

 It covers 15 districts comprising all the hilly districts of Uttar

Pradesh (present Uttarakhand), Mikir hill and North Cachar hills of
Assam, Darjiling district of West Bengal and Nilgiri district of Tamil
Nadu. It was stated in Fifth five year plan.
 It was recommended in 1981, by the National committee on the
Development of Backward Area, that the hill areas having a height
above 600 m and not covered under tribal sub-plan be treated as
backward hill areas.

The aims of Hill Area Development Programmes are as follows:

1. Development of horticulture, plantation agriculture, animal

husbandry, poultry, forestry and small scale and village industry
were the main objectives of the programme through which
exploitation of local resources may become possible.
2. The detailed plans were based on topographical, ecological,
economic and social conditions of the hill areas.

Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP)

This programme was started during the Fourth Five Year Plan. The main
objectives of Drought Prone Area Programme are as follows:

1. This plan mainly emphasised on generating employment

opportunities to the people of drought prone areas along with
creating productive assets.
2. Besides, irrigation projects, land development programmes,
afforestation, grassland development and creation of basic rural
infrastructure such as rural electrification, roads, market, credit and
services were also its main priorities.
3. The National Committee on Development of Backward Areas found
that this programme was mostly confined to the development of
agriculture and allied sectors along with restoration of ecological
balance.
4. The society due to burden of population was bound to utilise the
marginal lands for agriculture and as a result led ecological
degradation.
Thus, it was observed that there is an urgent need to generate alternative
employment opportunities in these regions.
Drought Prone Regions

 There are 67 districts (entire or partly) in India identified by planning

commission (1967) as drought prone regions.
 Irrigation commission (1972), demarcated the drought affected
areas and also introduced the criterion of 30% irrigated land.
 These areas are semi-arid and arid tract of Rajasthan, Gujarat,
Western Madhya Pradesh, Marathwada, region of Maharashtra,
Rayalseema and Telangana plateaus of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka
plateau and Higlands and interior parts of Tamil Nadu.

Due to the advancement in irrigation facilities, Haryana, Punjab and

Northern Rajasthan have become protected regions.
Integrated Tribal Development Project in Bharmaur Region

 The region lies between 32° 111 N and 32° 41′ N latitudes and 76°
22′ E and 76° 53′ E longitudes. Spread over an area of about 1818
sq km, the region mostly lies between 1500 m to 3700 m above the
mean sea level.
 This region popularly known as the homeland of Gaddis and is
surrounded by lofty mountains on all sides. It has Pir Panjal in the
North and Dhaula Dhar in the South. In the east, the extension of
Dhaula Dhar converges with Pir Panjal near Rohtang pass.
 The river Ravi and its tributaries, the Budhil and the Tundahen,
drain this territory and carve out deep gorges.
 These rivers divide the region into four physiographic divisions
called Holi, Khani, Kugti and Tundah areas. Bharmaurs experiences
freezing weather conditions and snowfall in winter. It means
monthly temperature in January remains 4°C and in July 26°C.

Area and Life of People in Bharmaur

The area and life of people of Bharmaur region are as follows:

1. The tribal area covers Bharmaur and Holi tehsils of Chamba district
of Himachal Pradesh.
2. It is one of the most backward area economically as well as socially
in Himachal Pradesh and also a notified tribal region since 21st
November,
1975.
3. The area is occupied by a tribal group of community named ‘Gaddi’,
who practised transhumance and speak ‘Gaddiali’ dialect.
4. According to 2001 census, the total population of the area was
39113 i.e. 21 persons per sq km.
5. People of the area face major problems as the economy is mostly
affected by its harsh climate, low resource base and fragile
environment.
Economy in the Area of Bharmaur
Traditionally, subsistence agriculture-cum-pastoral activities such as
growing food grains and animal husbandry like sheep and goat are the
main activities of these people.
Integrated Tribal Development Project (ITDP)

 In 1970s, Gaddis were included in the list of scheduled tribes and in

the same period the development process of tribal area of this
region started.
 Later in 1974 under the Fifth Five Year Plan, the tribal sub-plan was
introduced and Bharmaur was designed as one of the five
Integrated Tribal Development Project (ITDP) in Himachal Pradesh.

Aims and priorities of the Intergrated Tribal Development Project are as

follows:

1. Improving the quality of life of the Gaddis.

2. Narrowing the gap in the level of development between Bharmaur
and other districts of Himachal Pradesh.
3. The highest priority was on development of transport and
communications, agriculture and allied activities as well as social
and community services.

The main achievements of the tribal sub-plan are as follows:

Infrastructural Facilities
Infrastructural facilities of tribal sub-plan are as follows:

1. Development of infrastructure i.e schools, health care facilities,

potable water, roads, communications and electricity supply.
2. Villages located along the river Ravi in Holi and Khani areas are
main beneficiaries infrastructural development.

Social Benefits
Social benefits of tribal sub-plan are as follows:

1. There are tremendous increase in literacy rate, e.g, the female

literacy rate in the region increased from 1.88% in 1971 to 65% in
2011.
2. Decline in gender inequality i.e. between male and female literacy
rate.
3. Improvement in sex-ratio.
4. Decline in child marriage.

Economic Benefits
As the Gaddis had practiced traditionally, subsistence agriculture cum-
pastroral economy, later on during the last three decades of twentieth
century, pulses and other cash crops became one of the main crops of the
region.
Some Shortcomings to ITDP
 1. In terms of infrastructural facilities, the remote villages in Tundah
and Kugti areas are still remained unaffected.
2. The technology is still traditional in nature.
3. The importance of pastoralism has been decreasing day-by-day as
only about one tenth of the total households practice transhumance.
4. But, still a sizeable portion of the Gaddis migrate to Kangra and its
Fringing Zone in order to earn living from wage labour during cold
season.

Overview of Planning Perspective in India

India has centralised planning and the Planning Commission has been
assigned to administer the
functions of planning in India.
Being a statutory body, Planning Commission is headed by the Prime
Minister and has a Deputy Chairman and members. Five year plans are
responsible to carry out the planning in India which are as follows:

 The First Five Year Plan launched in 1951 and covered the period,
1951-52 to 1955-56.
 Second and Third Five Year Plans covered the period from 1956-57
to 1960-61 and 1961-62 to 1965-1966, respectively.
 Two successive droughts during mid sixties (1965-66 and 1966-67)
and war with Pakistan in 1965 forced plan Holiday in 1966-67 and
1968-69. This period was covered by annual plans which are also
termed as rolling plans.
 The Fourth Five Year Plan began in 1969-70 and ended in 1973-74.
 Following this the Fifth Five Year Plan began in 1974-75, but it was
terminated by the government one year earlier i.e. in 1977-78.
 The Sixth Five Year Plan took off in 1980.
 The Seventh Five Year Plan covered the period between 1985 and
1990.
 Once again, due to the political instability and initiation of
liberalisation policy, the Eighth Five Year Plan got delayed. It
covered the period from 1997 to 2002.
 The Tenth Five Year Plan began in 2002 and ended in 2007.
 The Eleventh Five Year Plan started in 2007 and ended in 2012. It
was entitled ” Towards faster and more inclusive growth”.
 The Twelfth Five Year Plan in 2012 and it is still in progress. It will
come to an end in 2017.

Sustainable Development

 In the 1960, this was the period when people throughout the world
were much concerned about the environmental issues because of
undesirable effects of industrial development and thus, the concept
of sustainable development emerged in western world.
 This level of fear among environmentalists and common people
reached at its peak with the publication of The population Bomb’ by
Ehrlich in 1968 and ‘The Limits to Growth’ by Meadows
Aims of Sustainable
Development

 The main aim of sustainable development is to take care of

economic, social and ecological spheres of development during the
present times as well as conserve all the resources in such a
manner that these can be retain for future generations.
 So, there is a need of changing our attitude towards nature as well
as economic development.

Concept of Development

 Development is a dynamic concept and has evolved in the second

half of twentieth century, used to describe the state of particular
societies and the process of changes experienced by them.
 In early human history, the main criteria of determination of a
society’s state was the interaction process between human societies
and their bio-physical environment.
 Societies helped in the development of various levels of technology
and institutions upon which human-environment process depend.
 These have helped in increasing the pace of human environment
interaction, therefore, the momentum generated and festinated
technological progress and transformation and creation of
institutions.
 After the period of World War II, the two important terms i.e.
development and economic growth considered as one concept. But
due to unequal distribution, a faster rate of growth in poverty is
experienced by even the developed nations having high economic
growth.
 Then, redistribution with growth and ‘growth and equity’ broaden
the term development in 1970s. Now, the concept of development
not only restricted to economic sphere alone, but also incorporates
balance and equality among people in term of welfare and quality of
life of people, health education and other facilities, equal
opportunity to all and ensuring political and civil rights.
 Hence, the concept of development has become multi-dimensional
and stands for postive, irreversible transformation of the economy,
society and environment.

World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED)

 The United Nations established a World Commission on Environment

and Development (WCED), after concerning the opinion of world
community on the environmental issues.
 The WCED was headed by the Norwegian Prime Minister, Gro
Harlem Brundtland. The commission gave its report entitled ‘Our
Common Future’ in 1987, also known as Brundtland Report.
 In this report, ‘sustainable development’ took into consideration and
defined as ‘A development that meets the needs of the present
 without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their
own needs’.

Measures for Promotion of Sustainable Development

As we have seen that this project has affected the ecological sustainablity
and physical environment of the region badly. So, attaining the goal of
sustainable development in command area requires such measures that
can achieve ecological, social and economic sustainabality,
simultaneously.
Hence, five of the seven measures have been proposed in this respect
such as:

1. Rigorous implementation of water management policy is the first

and foremost requirement of this project. Stage I and Stage II
comprising of protective irrigation and extensive irrigation for crops
and pasture development, respectively according to the canal
project.
2. By and large water intensive crops shall be avoided and plantation
crops such as fruits shall be encouraged by folks.
3. In order to reduce the conveyance loss of water, few important
programmes shall be taken into account such as the CAD
(Command Area Development) programmes i.e.
o Lining of water courses.
o Land development and levelling.
o Warabandi system (means equal distribution of canal water in
the command area of outlet).
4. The areas should be reclaimed that got affected by water logging
and soil salinity.
5. The eco-development is a must, especially in the fragile
environment of Stage II, through afforestation, shelterbelt,
plantation and pasture development activities.
6. By providing a decent financial and institutional support for
cultivation of the land, allottees who have poor economic
background, can be prove a positive step towards achieving the
social sustainability in the region.
7. The economic sustainability can be attained through expanding the
economic sector which must include agriculture and allied activities
along with other economic sectors, as a whole. Hence, we will then
find diversification of economic base and establishment of functional
linkages between basic villages, agro-service centres and market
centres.

Promotion of Sustainable Development in Indira Gandhi Canal

Command Area

 It is one of the largest canal systems in India, conceived by Kanwar

Sain in 1948. This project was launched on 31st March 1958 that
transformed a desert into green land.
  The origin place of the canal is at Harike barrage in Punjab state and
goes parallel to Pakistan Border at an average distance of 40 km in
Thar Desert of Rajasthan (Marusthali).
 9060, km is the total planned length of the system catering to the
irrigation needs of a total culturable command area of 19.63 lakh
hectares.
 The canal has two irrigation system such as ‘flow system’ and ‘lift
system’. Around 70% land of the command area is irrigated by flow
system and rest 30% land by lift system.
There are tw’O stages through which the construction work of the
canal system has been done such as:

Stage I of Indra Gandhi Canal Command Area

 This command area covers Ganganagar, Hanumangarh and

Northern part of Bikaner districts.
 Its culturable command area is 5.53 lakh hectares along with gentle
undulating topography.
 In this stage, the irrigation system was introduced in early 1960s.

Stage II of Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area

This stage covers 14.10 lakh hectares cultarable area of Bikaner,
Jaisalmer, Barmer, Jodhpur, Nagpur and Churu districts.
The main characteristics of the area are:

1. Hot desert with shifting sands dunes.

2. Summer temperature upto 50°C.

Irrigation system was introduced in this stage in mid- 1980s. In the lift
canal, water is lifted up to make it to flow against the slope of the land. All
the lift canals of this system originate at the left bank of main canal while
all the canals on the right bank of main canal are flow channels.
Effects of Indira Gandhi Canal Irrigation
There are various effects of Indira Gandhi Canal irrigation on environment
and on agricultural economy:
Effects on Environment
The environment of the areas is influenced by this project both positively
and negatively:

 Positive Effect Now, there is sufficient soil moisture availability for

a longer duration. Various afforestation and pasture development
programme came into being.
A considerable reduction in wind erosion and siltation of canal
systems have also been recorded.
 Negative Effect Due to intensive irrigation and excessive use of
water, an alarming rate of water logging and soil salinity have been
recorded.
Effects on Agriculture
There are some positive and negative effect on agriculture:

 Positive Effect This canal irrigation led to increase in cultivated

land and intensity of cropping. Main commercial crops i.e. wheat,
rice, cotton, groundnut replaced the drought resistant crops like
gram, bajra, and Jowar.
 Negative Effect Intensive irrigation has also became a cause of
water logging and soil salinity. So, in the near future it may hampers
the sustainability of agriculture.