Problem Set 12.

1
1. Given an example of a set which is closed under certain binary operation but a
closed under the same operation. sub-set of
2. Sis a given set and x, ve S. Show that the operation xon Sas given with S
confirm the
with it.
(i) S= (2.4. 6, 8,.......x*y=xty is a binary operation stalement altg
(i) S= {1.3,5.7,...... r*y=xy isa binary operation
(2) S=the set of integers : x*y=x-yis a binary operation
(i) S=the set of integers : x*y=x+y is not abinary operation
() S= the set of positive integers :x*y=xt log y isnot a binary operation.
3. On the set Nof all natural numbers, define the operation *on Nby x*y= gcd (i, y) for
all
Show that * is commutative and associative.
4. Show that the operation * on the set Q- {1} of all rational numbers except 1,
xyex,
defined by a* b=
b-absatisfies (i) the closure property (ii) the commutative law and (i) the associative Jau.
What is the identity element? Find the inverse e Q- {l}.
5. An operation *is defined on the set of positive rational number Q* by a * b= ab/2 for all a, b
Show that (i) * is a binary operation on Q(i) * is commutative (üi) * is associative. eQ.
6. Show that each element of {-2,-1, 0, 1, 2,} has a unique inverse element for the operation arihri
addition, as defined on Z.
7. Which of the following are associative binary operations ?
() (Z, *), where x* y=(rty) -(*.y) for all x, ye Z.
(ii)(R, *), where x*y= |x+y | for all x, y Z.
8. Show that the binary operation * definedby a*b= a.b', a, b e Ris not associative.
9. An operation * defined on the set Zof integers as (a, b) *(c, d) =(atc,b+).
Show that * is commutative as well as associative (-a, - b) is an inverse of (a, b).
10. For each operation * defined below, determine whether it is commutative and whether it is associative:
() on Z, a *b= b-a (ii) on Q, a * b=ab + 2
(iii) onR,a * b=atb+ ab (iv) on N, a* b= a+ 2.
(v) on R0=R- {0}, where x*y= |x|y
(vi) on R° =R- {0}, where x*y = min (x, y}
(vii) on R, wherea*b= ab/3 commutative.
but not
11. Give examples of binary operations on a finite set which is () associative
(i) Commutative but not associative.
12. Ifa set Ahas nelements, then () what is the number of binary composition on A?
(ii) What is the number of commutative composition in A?
13. Let A = {a, b}
() Prepare a composition table for each of the binary operations that can be defined ou
(i) Using part (), identify the binary operations on Athat are commutative. byi
14. Let X-{0, 1,2, 3}.Given a, b'e X define a*b=a. Prepare a composition taole. divided
after a + bis
15. Let X= {0, 1, 2}. Given a, b e X definea*b=e where cis the remainder
Prepare a composition table and show that 0 is the identity element.
 FHEORy
487
operation on s, defined by the
.}and is an table given below:
b C
a C d
C

operation on S?
binary
k Commutative.
lab,c,d,. Compute the missing entries in the table so that the composition may be associative.
C

bd
C C d
d

B that for the binary operation a * b = a.b on G={1, -1, i, i} all

the following properties are
aisfed (i) associativity (ii) the existence of unit element (iii)existence of inverse for each
element.
Poblem Set 12,2
Statethe axioms which a set must obey so that it may forn a group.
2 Define agroup, giving at least two examples. If G a group, then show that the identity element of G
is unique and every a e G has a unique inverse in G.
3Show that the set of even integers (including Zero) form an additive group. Show further that the group
is abelian. If the set be of odd integers., then prove that it does not form a group with respect to addition.
4 1*isa binaryoperation in Q* defined by () axb= ab/3 and (ii) a x b= ab/2, a, be Q(the set of all
positive rational numbers). Show that (Q*, ) are abelian groups.
Hints. (i) e=3, a = 9la (i) e =2, a = 4/a].
PTOve that (G, X)is a abelian group in each of the following cases where x denotes multiplication of
Dumbers.
(i) G= (2n :n e Z}
i) G= fa +ib: a,be R}
(in) G=-1,
6 Examine which1}.of the following are groups. Forthose which fail to be groups mention which group
axioms do not hold.
fa) The set R with respect to * where a*b=a, for all a e R.
(b)TThe set Z with respect to *, where a * b=a+b+ 1 for a, be Z.
(c) The set R with respect to, where a * b=a+b-ab for alla, be Z
b=labl for all a, b eZ.
The
1. Show thatset Z
1,2,with3}respect to, where a * modulo
under multiplication 4is not a group but that l, 2, 3, 4} under multiplication
modulo 5
8. Show that is a1, 5,7, 11} is agroup under multiplication modulo 12.
group.
9. Show that {0, 1, 2,3} forms a group with respect to addition modulo 4.
0, Is the set {1,2,3,4, 5} a group under addition modulo 6?
|, Which hof the following sets are groups under multiplication modulo 11?

(i) {1,3,5,7, 8} (in) {1, 8} (iii) {1, 10}. ) is a group what happens when
2, Let, abe any real number and let S na:n¬ Z). Provethat (S,
a=0?
 488 ATEXTBOOK OF DISCRETE
13. PrOve that cach of the following sets of matrices is a group with respect to
MATHEMATICS
matrix multiplicatie
(a) Thc set of matrices of the forn
:d 0, 4, b, de R. Is the group abelian?
(6) The set of matrices of thc form

(c) The set of matrices of the form

|0 a
a #0, ae R. Is the group abelian ?
COS sin o.
(d) The set of matrices of the form a. e R.
-Sin o. COS

14. (a) If in a group G, the elements a and b commutate, then prove that,
(i) al *b--b*al
(ii) al*b= b* a!
(iii) a *h-1 = b!*a.
(b)Suppose that , ye G and that (xy) 2=y'x. Show that xand ycommute.
15. Let (G, *) be a group and a, b e G. Suppose that a* b=b * al and b * a=a* bl.
Show that a = b = e.
16. Letg= {(a, b): a, b eR, b 0}. Define abinary operation * on G by
(i) (a, b) * (c,d) = (a t bc, bd) and (i) (a, b) * (c, d) = (a tc, b + d) for all (a, b) (c, d) e G. Show that
(i) is anon commutative group and (ii) is a commutative group.
17. IfG-{1, w, w²}, then find order of everyelement of G. 1, w, w² are cube roots of unity.
18. In any group, show that identity is the only element whose order is one.
19. Determine whether the set together withthe binary operation is a semigroup, a monoid or neither. If it
is a monoid, specify the identity element.
(a) N, where * is defined as ordinary addition.
(b) Z*, where a*b= max (a, b) for all a, beZ*.
(c) Z, where a*b= a for all a, be Z*.
(d) S = {1, 2, 3, 6} where a * b=gcd (a, b).
(e) S = N N, where (a, b) * (a', b') =(ad', bb').
that inverses
20. Let S be a semi group with identity e, andband b' be inverse of a. Show that b = b' i.e..
are unique if they exist.
*) is a semi group.
21. A binary operation * is defined on Z by x * y=x+y- xy, x, ye Z. Show that (Z,
22. Let A= fx e Z:xs 1}. Show that {A, *} is a sub-semi group of (Z *).
then
23. Let (S, *) be a commutative semi groúp. Show that if x * x=x and y* y=y,
(x *y) (x * y) =x *y
24. Let (x, v}, )be a semi group where x.x=y show that () x.y =y.x (ii) y.y=y
*c=c* aand b *c=c* b. then (a b)e
25. Let (A, *) be a semigroup. Showthat for a, b, c in A, if a
-c*(a * b).
Problem Set 12.3
1. Define a subgroup. Give examples.
2. Show by means of cxamplesthat the union of two subgroups may or may not be subgroup.
3. Ifujs any element ofa group G, then {a:ne Z} is a subgroup of G.
IfG is a group, then show that C c e : c x =Xc for all x e G} is a subgroup of G.
4. 8 must
group of order
5. What is least order ofa non-abelian group ? Show that all proper subgroups of a
be abelian.