MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERARY

Teacher: Mrs. Joyze Anne J. Pilien

Lesson 9: Media and Information Literate Individual

Implication of Media and Information
Media and information literate individuals have the ability to find, evaluate, and use reliable information, and
communicate it through various formats and media. Such literacy is important for learning, making sound
decisions and solving problems. The following are some of its effects on the individual and society:
Personal
 It improves the quality of life.
 Communication has been made easier.
 Information has become widely accessible.
 Conducting research has become more convenient
 Long-distance communication between family members have become possible through video calls or instant
messaging.
 It provides entertainment through various cable channels and internet access.
Political
 It] generates greater political participation.
 In the fields of public service, the media and the government have a longstanding relationship.
 Media keep the public and even the government informed on what is happening in the country, helping both
sectors make political decisions.
 Through media reports of government activities and issues, the public are informed of the political affairs in
the country and are further encouraged to take a more active role in the government.
Economic
 It promotes economic opportunities.
 The new media have made it possible for ordinary individuals to offer their materials for consumption,
whether free or paid.
 YouTube, a free video host, is also an advertising medium. Advertisers pay to display their ads with the
videos. YouTube then pays video contributors if their videos get enough views or if their channels have a high
subscriber rate.
 It creates new job opportunities. For example, new positions like social media managers or multimedia
specialists are now indemand. Likewise, programmers for various platforms can easily find projects or
permanent jobs. More specialized jobs lead to higher pay and therefore result in a better economy.
Educational
 Media and information literacy improves learning environment through different interactive media
platforms.
 Reinvention of learning modalities makes knowledge accessible to more people.
 Information can be easily accessed and assessed, thus, making studying convenient for students.
 Learning resources can be easily improvised and customized to suit the aptitudes of different types of
learners.
Social
 Media and information-literate individuals form groups that are said to be more cohesive units than those
formed by people who are not, creating a bond that does not only have relational implications but also create
social impact.
 People are being connected in ways that were possible before.
 Media and information literate people would rarely, if ever, fall victim to fake news and consequently react
to it in a way that would destroy social relationship.
 It allows people to develop camaraderie and interaction.
 Different social networks sites like Facebook and Instagram can be used to build support groups engaging in
different advocacies.
Professional
 It builds professional networks.
 Looking and applying for a job becomes easy by checking different websites.
 Job hunting becomes convenient for applicants who can share their personal profiles and other credentials
to prospected companies.
 An individual can conveniently work from home through the use of different media.

ASSESSMENT No. 1
Multiple Choice. Directions: Analyze the following situations. Identify the implication of media and
information literacy to the individual and to the society. Write only the letter of the best answer. Use a 1/4
sheet of paper for your answer.

1. Jun and Leny advertised their street food stall in different media platforms. After a year, it became a
profitable business.
2. Riza made new friends and reconnected with old pals using social media.
3. A Grab driver uses the Waze app to reach destination.
4. Shiela and Cas find it convenient to order their foods using an online app.
5. A mayor uses social media to update the public of the city’s activities, projects, and programs to encourage
people to take active role in beautifying the city.
6. The university uses a website portal as a learning management system (LMS), which both the teacher and
the student can access and can serve as an essential tool for e-Learning.
7. Carmen, an environment advocate, uploaded her global warming vlog on YouTube. After a month, it got
thousands of shares.
8. A senate hearing was aired live in broadcast media.
9. An accountant gets hired through LinkedIn.
10. Janine and Jackie use trusted websites to gather related literature for their research.
11. Randy James, a candidate for local election, created social media accounts to post his campaign online and
be more interactive with the people.
12.An advocate to clean the Ilog-Pasig uploaded his blog on social media and was “trending” soon after. He
has encouraged people with the same interest and advocacy to support his endeavor.
13.Lyn, an Overseas Filipino Worker, uses Skype to have a video call with her son, EJ.
14.Peter watches cable channels to entertain himself during his days-off.
15.Teacher Jeric used audio-visual materials to discuss the lesson

Lesson 10: Text Information and Media

Text Information
Text information can be writer in script using the Roman alphabet or a different script that is appropriate to
the language of the reader. Text information or textual information can be written in the language most
appropriate to the reader. For example, Japanese, Chinese, and Korean textbooks are using their own
language.
Creators of Text Information
Readers are influenced and persuaded by the power of written words. A reputable and well-organized
material or written work is a collective effort between writers and members of the editorial team. Below are
the several kinds of writers.
1. Author – someone who writes books, stories, or articles on different kinds of topics. However, there is a
difference in the focus of their writing. Usually, an author writes stories or articles that are lengthy, like a
novel. They are also connected to scholarly works, such as general reference materials or a textbooks. An
author is someone whose work has already been published.
2. Writer – a writer is more associated with writing literary works like poems and short stories. A writer is
usually a person who writes stories or articles as an occupation, like a journalist, blogger or screenwriter.
3. Contributor – Like a writer, the contributor spends time writing articles about topics that are of particular
interest. Contributors can only submit articles depending on the theme or space available. Most writers work
full time in a publication or publishing companies but some work as freelance writers or contributors. A
freelance writer is self-employed and is not connected to a specific publication or company.
4. Columnist – someone who writes and shares his opinion, insights, and commentaries about social or
political issues. In a newspaper or a magazine, articles written by columnists appear on a regular basis. Even
though columnists are free to express their opinion, they must abide by the professional code of ethics for
journalists. This means that columnists should avoid using and making biased and derogatory remarks.
5. Blogger – a blogger is someone who writes personal opinions on topics or issues that interest them. Their
work can be seen and read in online journals or websites. Rather than writing a column for a magazine or a
newspaper, a blogger shares their insights, ideas, reflections, experiences, and activities through a blog entry.
6. Editor – someone who coordinates with the author or writer in planning, reviewing, and revising content for
publication. In addition, an editor’s task is to coordinate with the layout artists to ensure that all corrections
are carried out from start to end. The editor also gives the final say to the final content of the written text.
7. Publisher – someone who is responsible for preparing, acquiring, and managing a publication. The publisher
works with a team of writers, authors, and layout artists and decides on the type and theme of the material to
be published.
Classifications of Text Information
The different sources of text information was presented in the previous section. Print media, such as books,
newspapers, and magazines contain various information. Text information is classified into two: fiction and
nonfiction.
1. Fiction – This refers to stories that are products of the writer’s imagination. Fairy tales, mythologies, and
legends are examples of fiction texts. Most works of fiction are considered as forms of literature.
2. Nonfiction – Text information is classified as nonfiction if it is based on facts and reality. Examples of
nonfiction works are biographies, news, and scientific researches. Text information like these are often
present in textbooks, encyclopedias, periodicals, and journals.
How Text Information is Produced
Text information is produced through the following steps:
1. The writer selects a topic or an issue worth writing about.
2. The writer does a thorough gathering of information about the topic.
3. The writer constructs an outline of the topic and composes the draft.
4. The writer goes back to the draft and develops it into a full text.
5. The writer turns in the article to the editor or publisher.
For articles in newspapers or magazines, the editor decides whether the material is worthy of publication,
based on the quality of the material and the publication house’s style and theme. For manuscripts written for
possible publication as a textbook or novel, the publisher usually has a team of reviewers who checks the
quality of the manuscripts in terms of content and genre. If the manuscript gets the approval of the screening
committee, it is forwarded to the editorial department and later endorsed for printing.
Assessing and Evaluating Text Information
The following criteria should be considered in assessing and evaluating text information.
1. Accuracy and Factuality. Text information should be precise and must be based on facts. It should be
thoroughly researched and the data should be based on valid findings.
2. Objectivity. Text information should not contain any biases, prejudice, or discrimination. If the material
contains information favoring any side side or groups, each must be discussed fairly and exhaustively.
3. Language appropriateness. The level and kind of language should be appropriate for the target audience or
readers.
4. Curriculum alignment. The textbook material should be consistent with the curriculum and international
standards prescribed.
5. Style and Format. Most books are based on the Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS) when it comes to all
editorial concerns like capitalization, punctuation, and citation. On the other hand, academic papers follow the
American Psychological Association (APA) Style. Newspapers follow a particular house style, depending on the
news agency to which they belong.
Advantages of Text Information
❖ Text information covers a wide variety of topics.
❖ One can access text information easily.
❖ It is well-researched and comprehensively discussed. Limitations of Text Information
❖ The book should be updated regularly to ensure accuracy and timeliness.
❖ Text information can be lengthy, making it difficult or tiresome to read.
Text as Visual
a. The representation or style of a text in the digital formal is called a typeface.
b. A typeface, (also referred as font, font type, or type) is usually composed of alphabets, numbers,
punctuation marks, symbols and other special characters.
c. Different emotions and meanings are expressed when various font types are used. In case there is an
absence of images and drawings, the easiest way to communicate to people is through text.
Types of Typefaces
1. Serif
One common form of a typeface is called serif. It pertains to a short line at the top or bottom of some styles of
printed letters. This kind of typeface entails familiarity and readability in large amounts of texts. Some
publications such as books, newspapers, magazines, and researches normally use serif typeface for the body
of the text. Serif fonts are also used to achieve a classic and elegant look in publications.
Examples: Times New Roman, Garamond, Baskerville
2. Sans Serif
A typeface which does not contain serif in the letters is called sans serif. This typeface conveys a clean and
minimalist look to the text. To express clear and straightforward meaning of the text, road signages, building
directories, and nutrition facts in food packaging use this typeface. Moreover, sans serif fonts are mainly used
in designing web pages to achieve a modern style look.
Examples: Arial, Helvetica, Tahoma, Verdana, Calibri
3. Slab Serif
A heavy and solid look to the text is expressed by slab serif. Usually, large advertising signs on billboards use
the slab serif typeface.
Examples: Rockwell, Playbill, Blackoak
4. Script
The brush-like strokes of the script typeface draws people’s attention to it. The reason behid why this font
must be used sparingly must be given. Most formal events such as weddings or evening charity balls use the
script typeface.
Examples: Edwardian, Vladimir, Kunstler
5. Decorative
Display or decorative typeface are artistic and eye-catching since it can show a wide variety of emotions (such
as happiness, fear, horror, etc.) or decorative fonts also cater to various themes (such as spaceships, carnivals,
holidays, seasons, kiddie, etc.)
Examples: Chiller, Jokerman, Curlz MT
Design Principles and Elements
1. Emphasis – pertains to the force or intensity of expression which contributes to the importance or vivid
impression to something. To do this, a text can be enlarged, be bold or italicized, darkened or lightened, or
underlined.
2. Appropriateness – refers to how suitable or appropriate the text is for the target audience, intention or
purpose, or event. The selection criteria (tone, style, purpose, clarity) should be followed in the creation of
text-based content. The discussion of font characteristics must be considered when choosing the typefaces to
be used in an output. Large bodies of text must use fonts which are readable and clear.
3. Proximity – refers to the distance of text elements from each other. Things that are closely related should
be brought together. Otherwise, text elements should be placed far from each other. For example, the
placements of the main title and subtitle are usually close to each other.
4. Alignment – refers to the proper positioning or state of adjustment of parts in relation to each other
(Merriam-Webster Dictionary). The text positioned in the page can be left, right, center or justified
5. Organization – refers to the act or process of organizing various elements of text in a page. Although
elements of text are sorted away from each other (based on the principle of proximity), the organization sees
to it that somehow, they are still connected with the rest of the elements in the page.
6. Repetition – the unity of the entire design and consistency of elements are the concerns of repetition. The
repetition of some typefaces within the page are encouraged. However, when various typefaces are used on a
page, it might result in distraction and failure to communicate the content of the text.
7. Contrast – refers to the degree of difference between things having similar or comparable natures
(Merriam-Webster Dictionary). Visual interest in text elements is generated by contrast. Contrast can be
achieved when we combine the following elements like: large fonts with small fonts, serif and sans serif, thin
and thick elements, and warm and cool colors.
ASSESSMENT No. 2
Multiple Choice. Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
¼ sheet of paper.
1. Which is NOT a characteristic of a serif typeface?
a. classic c. formality
b. readability d. extravagant
2. Which of the following material is suited for a script typeface?
a. newspapers c. wedding invitations
b. magazines d. billboards and ads
3. Text information generally has the following characteristics except:
a. instant information c. time-consuming
b. limited topics d. well-researched
4. The responsibility of transforming texts into soft copy using an office computer application is the
responsibility of the:
a. data encoder c. graphic artist
b. publisher d. editor
5. Which text information should one use when they need data for a research paper?
a. legends c. magazine
b. fable d. encyclopedia
6. Text information is produced through the following steps except?
a. The writer composes an article about their chosen topic.
b. The writer develops the article into a publishable material.
c. The writer turns in the article to the editor or publisher.
d. The writer submits articles randomly to every media platform.
7. Which of the following is NOT the editor’s responsibility?
a. acquires and manages a publication c. reviews and revises content for publication
b. coordinates with the author or writer d. ensures that corrections are done from start to
end.
8. The following items comprise a typeface except:
a. alphabet c. emoticons
b. numbers d. symbols
9. Which does not belong to the group?
a. language appropriateness c. formality and readability
b. accuracy and factuality d. style and format
10. Which typeface has a clean and minimalist look to the text?
a. serif
b. sans serif
c. slab serif
d. script
Lesson 11: Visual Information and Media
Visual Information
Visual information is the artistic or creative representation or interpretation of an idea, concept, or emotion
using different media.
1. Visual media and information – materials, programs, applications, and the like that teachers and students
use to formulate new information to aid learning through the use, analysis, evaluation, and production of
visual images.
2. Types of visual media – photography, video, screenshots, infographics, data visualization (charts and
graphs), comic strips/cartoons, memes, visual notetaking, etc.
3. Formally and informally produced visual media – visual media produced by formal organizations such as
schools, government, and established media/publishing outfits are considered formally produced. Other visual
media are considered informally produced.
4. Purpose of visual information - the primary purpose of visual information is to gain attention, create
meaning, and facilitate retention.
5. Visual design elements – the building blocks or basic units in the construction of a visual image. The Design
Elements are:
a. Line – describes a shape or outline. It can create texture and can be thick or thin. Lines may be actual,
implied, vertical, horizontal, diagonal, or contour.
b. Shape – usually a geometric area that stands out from the space next to or around it, or because of
differences in value, color, or texture. Shape may also be organic.
c. Value – the degree of light and dark in a design. It is the contrast between black and white and all the tones
in between. Value can be used with color as well as black and white. Contrast is the extreme changes between
values.
d. Texture – the way a surface feels or is perceived to feel. Texture can be added to attract or repel interest of
a visual element. Visual texture is the illusion of the surfaces peaks and valleys, resulting in a feeling of
smoothness or roughness in objects.
e. Color – determined by its hue (name of color), intensity (purity of the hue), and value (lightness or darkness
of hue). Color and color combination can play a large role in the design. Color may be used for emphasis or to
elicit emotions from viewers. Color may be warm, cool, or neutral. It plays a major role in our visual
perception, as it influences our reactions of the world around us. It is therefore important to create color
palettes that will evoke the appropriate audience reactions.
f. Form – a figure having volume and thickness. An illusion of a 3-dimensional object can be implied through
the use of light and shading. Form can be viewed from many angles.
 ASSESSMENT No. 3
Multiple Choice. Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
1/4 sheet of paper.
1. Which should be the main consideration when one wants to lay out a newspaper broadsheet?
a. harmony c. rhythm
b. contrast d. balance
2. In creating an area of emphasis and showing differences between shapes, one must look at
______________
a. rhythm c. balance
b. contrast d. harmony
3. If you want objects to easily flow like beats of music in your visual output, you must incorporate
___________ to your work
a. rhythm c. balance
b. contrast d. harmony
4. The following are purposes of visual information except:
a. gain attention c. facilitate attention
b. create meaning d. build concepts
5. Which among these design elements can attract or repel interest in a visual element?
a. shape c. line
b. texture d. value
6. If one needs to interpret data and pictures on the same visual representation, they should work on
____________.
a. infographics c. screenshots
b. photographs d. videos
7. Lines can be any of the following except:
a. light c. vertical
b. implied d. contour
8. Which of the following is not a characteristic of color?
a. hue c. appeal
b. intensity d. value
9. Visual information aids learning through:
a. analysis c. abstraction
b. generalization d. synthesis
10.Which of the following is not an essential part of visual design principles?
a. typeface c. material
b. typestyles d. margin

Lesson 12: Audio and Information Media

Audio Information and Media
Audio
Audio is defined as anything connected to sound, specifically when received, recorded, transferred, or
duplicated (HarperCollins, n.d.). It is anything related to the documentation and transmission of sound
(Cambridge University, n.d.). Audio is one of the resources of media and information, along with text, visual,
and motion.
Audio Media and Audio Information
Audio Media refers to the media communication that uses audio equipment to report, document, and deliver
information through the means of sound. It may also refer to audio formats such as analog tape cassettes,
digital compact discs, and computer files containing audio. On the other hand, audio information is the file or
sound created and transferred by using high fidelity waves that are heard through certain audio tools. Types
and Categories of Audio Information There are several types of audio file:
❖ Radio Broadcast – the act of sending a live or recorded audio through radio waves meant for a large group
of listeners ❖ Music – an artistic form of auditory communication incorporating instrumental or vocal tones in
a structured and continuous manner
❖ Sound Recording – the encoding of any sound from the surroundings; the act or procedure of making a
record of a certain sound (Merriam-Webster, n.d.)
❖ Sound Clip/Sound Effect – the sound, aside from dialogue and music, artificially made to create an effect in
a movie, play, or other broadcast production (Oxford University, n.d.)
❖ Audio Podcast – an episodic series of digital audio or video file or recording that can be downloaded by a
user from a website to a media player or computer to listen
Aside from knowing the various types of audio information, you must also learn the different ways of storing
audio files:
❖ Tape – a magnetic tape sound recording format on which sound can be documented
❖ Compact Disc – a plastic-fabricated, circular tool on which audio, video, and other digital information is
recorded, stored, and played back
❖ USB Flash Drive - an external hard disk drive, small enough to fit on a keychain, that can be plugged into the
computer’s USB port
❖ Memory Card – a small, flat flash drive used to save data such as audio files, pictures, texts, and videos for
use on small, portable, or remote computing devices
❖ Computer Hard Drive – a secondary data storage device for saving digital data
❖ Internet/Cloud – a wide network of remote servers in the internet meant to operate as storage and
retrieval of audio files and other computer data
Now, before we save our audio files, we need to consider first the numerous audio file formats:
❖ MP3 (MPEG Audio Layer 3) - a coding format for consumer audio, as well as a mean of sound sequence
compression for the transmission and playback of music on most digital audio players
❖ M4A/AAC (MPEG-4 Audio/Advanced Audio Coding) - a file extension for lossy digital audio compression
❖ WAV (Waveform Audio File Format) - the Microsoft audio file format standard used for the storage of
digital audio data on personal computers
❖ WMA (Windows Media Audio) - a file extension developed by Microsoft and used with Windows Media
Player
A Friendly Reminder: Hearing vs. Listening
 “Hearing is simply the act of perceiving sound by the ear. If you are not hearingimpaired, hearing simply
happens. Listening, however, is something you consciously choose to do. Listening requires concentration so
that your brain processes meaning from words and sentences. Listening leads to learning.” (University of
Minnesota Duluth, 2011; Rosenblat, 2009
Characteristics of a Sound
The following are the characteristics of sound:
❖ Volume - the force of a sound
❖ Tone - the musical or vocal sound of a definite quality (Merriam-Webster, n.d.)
❖ Pitch - the degree of highness or lowness of a sound (Oxford University, n.d.)
❖ Loudness - the feature of a sound that determines the degree of the auditory sensation produced
(Merriam-Webster, n.d.)
Purposes of Using Sounds or Audio Media
Audio media have a vital role when it comes to the teaching and learning process. Some learners are auditory
learners. These are learners who better understand lessons by listening to the content and concepts that they
need to grasp. This is the reason why it is important to use audio media along with text and visual media since
these will make the lessons more motivating for learners. The following are some of the purposes of using
sounds or audio media in facilitating learning:
❖ These enable the learners to listen to the ideas and views of the experts and other reliable people; ❖ These
allow learners to listen to learning materials, like speeches;
❖ These serve as alternative guides for the learners when they are doing their tasks, such as experiments; and
❖ These grant the learners audio files of important past events or sounds from the settings that the learners
cannot personally visit.
Elements and Principles of Sound Design
Nowadays, sound is an essential part of any movie, play, or broadcast production. A well-created soundtrack
makes the audience enjoy any dramatic presentation. Therefore, it is a must for us to know the elements and
principles of sound design. It is important to get an understanding of what makes up an entire production
soundtrack.
Sound Design is the vivid use of sound during a production in connection to the images and contents of the
story to create an emotional response. These are the elements of sound design or the elements that one must
work with to produce soundtracks:
❖ Dialogue – a composition in the form of conversation between two people
❖ Sound Effect - the sound, aside from dialogue and music, artificially made to create an effect in a movie,
play, or broadcast production (Oxford University, n.d.)
❖ Music - an instrumental or a vocal sound that conveys emotions and ideas in significant forms through the
elements of color, harmony, melody, and rhythm
❖ Silence – the complete absence of noise or sound
Aside from these elements that one must work with in creating a soundtrack, principles of sound design, or
the audio techniques for merging the various elements or objects of sound design, should also be considered:
❖ Mixing – the balance, combination, and control of numerous sound elements
❖ Pace – the editing and the time control of sound design; it has numerous categories:
o Linear – the sounds that are permanent, used once, and will be in the same place
o Non-Linear – the sounds that are much more open in comparison to linear sounds
o Multi-Linear
❖ Transition – the process of getting from one element or fragment of sound design to another; it has various
types:
o Segue – an uninterrupted movement from one piece of music to another
o Cross-Fade – the smooth transition of a sound between two side by side audio files on the same track
o V-Fade – a switch from one volume level to another softer or louder level
o Fade to Black – a type of V-Fade which has some silence between the elements of sound design
❖ Stereo Imaging - the feature of sound documentation and duplication concerning the supposed spatial
locations of the sound sources, both sideways and in depth.

ASSESSMENT No. 4
Modified True or False. Directions: Read each statement carefully. Write True if the statement is correct, but
if it is false, change the underlined word or group of words to make the whole statement true. Write your
answer in a ¼ sheet of paper.
__________1. Mixing refers to the balance, combination, and control of numerous sound elements.
__________2. Radio Broadcast is an episodic series of digital audio or video file or recording that can be
downloaded by a user from a website to a media player or computer to listen.
__________3. USB Drive is a small, flat flash drive used to save data such as audios, pictures, texts, and videos
for use on small, portable, or remote computing devices.
__________4. Silence refers to the complete absence of noise or sound.
__________5. WMA is the Microsoft audio file format standard used for the storage of digital audio data on
personal computers.
__________6. Sound Clip is an instrumental or a vocal sound that conveys emotions and ideas in significant
forms through the elements of color, harmony, melody, and rhythm.
__________7. Audio Podcast is the sound, aside from dialogue and music, artificially made to create an effect
in a movie, play, or other broadcast production.
__________8. M4A is a coding format for consumer audio, as well as a means of sound sequence compression
for the transmission and playback of music on most digital audio players.
__________9. Compact Disc refers to a plastic-fabricated, circular tool on which audio, video, and other
digital information is recorded, stored, and played back.
__________10. Visual is defined as anything connected to sound, specifically when received, recorded,
transferred, or duplicated.