BUL257

Farm Ponds in Florida Irrigation Systems 1

G. A. Clark, C. D. Stanley, F. Z. Zazueta, E. E. Albregts2

Introduction Uses of Farm Ponds

Many areas of Florida annually receive between The intended use of the pond will be one factor
50 and 60 inches of rainfall (Butson and Prine, 1968). considered in determining the size of a pond. Site
However, while the levels of rainfall meet or exceed selection and available water supply will be other
the annual potential evapotranspiration (ETp) levels factors discussed later. Ponds may be used in one or
of 46 to 56 inches (Smajstrla, et al., 1984), the several locations to provide water for livestock in
distribution in rainfall and the low water holding pastures. A uniform distribution of ponds would
characteristics of sandy soils necessitate irrigation of minimize over-grazing in the areas around a
most crops. particular water site.

Most of the rainfall occurs during the summer Irrigation ponds are generally limited to small
months when many seasonal crops are not in production acreage such as some vegetable,
production. Also, rainfall events which occur during strawberry, and nursery operations. The water may be
the growing season often exceed the infiltration used for crop establishment, seasonal water
capacities of the fields, resulting in surface runoff. requirements, cold protection, or water for spray
Both of these circumstances produce free water equipment.
which is not utilized for crop production. Ponds can
capitalize on this free resource for many benefits, Aquaculture, or the production of aquatic foods,
This bulletin discusses the uses of ponds, types, and is becoming popular in some areas of Florida.
some procedures for designing and sizing excavated Catfish, crawfish, and prawns can be produced in
ponds. An appendix contains specific examples to ponds as a commercial operation, or the pond may be
help with the understanding of this material. used as a private fishing reservoir.

Other uses include fire protection, boating and

swimming recreation, a habitat for waterfowl, and

1. This document is BUL257, one of a series of the Agricultural and Biological Engineering Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of
Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Original publication date April, 1999. Reviewed July, 2002. Visit the EDIS Web Site at
http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu.
2. G. A. Clark, Former Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural Engineering; C. D. Stanley, Professor, Department of Soil and Water Science; F. Z.
Zazueta, Acting Program Director and Professor, Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering; E. E. Albregts, Former Professor, Agricultural
Research and Education Center, Dover, Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville,
32611.

The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) is an Equal Employment Opportunity - Affirmative Action Employer authorized to provide
research, educational information and other services only to individuals and institutions that function without regard to race, creed, color, religion,
age, disability, sex, sexual orientation, marital status, national origin, political opinions or affiliations. For information on obtaining other extension
publications, contact your county Cooperative Extension Service office. Florida Cooperative Extension Service / Institute of Food and Agricultural
Sciences / University of Florida / Larry R. Arrington, Interim Dean
Farm Ponds in Florida Irrigation Systems 2

watering sites for other wildlife. These uses may be into the pond. Florida has high levels of
combined for multiple purposes. However, if more evapotranspiration, therefore sizing a pond to meet
than one purpose is intended, the water supply must annual or seasonal needs may not be feasible. The
be adequate to meet all needs and the uses must be pond may be sized to provide sufficient storage for a
compatible. For example, livestock may pollute a shorter period of time, such as a one or two week
pond intended for recreation. period. See the Appendix for specific examples.

Site Selection Specialty irrigation requirements such as frost

and freeze protection, or crop cooling and transplant
Site selection and placement of the pond are establishment may have calculable levels of need.
critical to the success of the pond. The water source (Figure 4) can be used to determine the required
for the pond may be surface runoff from the pond acre-feet of storage per irrigated acre for continuous
watershed (the area that drains into the pond) or it operation up to 12 hours. Return flow is defined as
may come from subsurface seepage in areas with the surface runoff from irrigation which returns to the
high water tables. pond. Return flow can be accounted for by
subtracting the fraction of expected return flow from
Size
the total application. This is useful for cases in which
The size of the pond watershed should be the system is run daily for several days in a row,
investigated before construction. A watershed which resulting in a contribution back into the system by
is too large may produce excessive runoff which surface runoff of irrigation' water. See the Appendix
could cause erosion at the pond site or failure of the for an example.
embankment of embankment ponds. In these cases
excessively large emergency spillways or diversion
terraces may need to be constructed to route the
excessive runoff away from the pond. If the
watershed is too small, the surface runoff may not be
sufficient to fill the pond.

The required volume of water depends on the

intended use of the pond. (Table 1) provides (Figure 4) .
estimates of livestock water requirements. (Figure 3)
can be used to convert from gallons to acre-feet of Water requirements for field and orchard
storage. spraying are generally small. Field sprayings may
require about 100 gallons per acre per spraying.
Orchards can require up to 1000 gallons per acre per
spraying.

A pond should never be designed to provide just

enough water to meet the needs of the system but
should have surplus storage to maintain a base of at
least 10 percent of full storage.

Location
(Figure 3) .
Factors such as soil characteristics and the
Irrigation requirements depend on several existence of local springs must be considered in site
factors such as the length of the growing season, selection. A dependable spring may reduce the size of
effective rainfall, crop water requirements, the required watershed for a given size of pond.
application efficiency of the irrigation system, Conversely, highly permeable soils which are typical
number of acres to be irrigated, and expected inflows in most of Florida, may increase the size of the
Farm Ponds in Florida Irrigation Systems 3

required watershed for a given pond size. Some ponds impounded area should hold water with minimum
may require supplemental recharge from another seepage.
water source such as a well during high demand
periods. An example of this would be a frost/freeze Soils with high amounts of clay are good for the
protection pond in strawberry production. ponded area. However, sandy clays and loam soils
will still impound water. Soils with high levels of
The primary use of the pond is another factor to sand or gravel may have excessive seepage unless
consider in pond location. A fire protection pond water tables are naturally high. A pond sealer or
should be located as near as possible to the structures lining may be necessary in these situations, but will
to be protected. Irrigation ponds should be located significantly increase the cost of the pond. Nearby
near the crop to be irrigated, especially if recovery of existing ponds can provide clues to local
irrigation runoff is desired. Sites which would requirements and the possibility of success for
contain runoff from barn lots, sewage disposal fields, impounding water.
or other pollutant sources should be avoided.
Additional Design Considerations
Embankment ponds should be located where they
would impound the greatest volume of water with the Side slopes depend on the stability of the
least amount of fill. Ideal sites have narrow valleys at excavated material. Side slopes of excavated ponds
the dam site with large reservoir areas. should be no steeper than the natural angle of repose
of the material being excavated. The angle of repose
Depth varies with the soil. For example, clay soils have a
steeper angle of repose than sandy soils. The side
Large areas of shallow water should be avoided
slopes should always be flatter than 1:1.
unless the site is to be used to attract waterfowl.
Evaporative losses are higher at these sites than at Another safety factor to be considered is
sites with deeper water. Also, aquatic plants are more freeboard. Freeboard is the added height of the soil
difficult to control in shallow water. surface over the design water surface elevation. This
is included to keep water from washing over the sides
In Florida, ponds should be at least 6 to 8 feet
of the pond due to wave action or flooding. Ponds
deep. Evaporation losses are higher in some areas
less than 660 feet long should have a minimum of 1
than others and vary from year to year and within the
foot of freeboard. Larger ponds with lengths of 660 to
year. Seasonally used ponds may have low
1320 feet should use 1.5 feet of freeboard. Ponds with
evaporative conditions during the period of intended
lengths in excess of 1320 up to 2600 feet should have
use. However, evaporative losses could approach 6
a minimum freeboard of 2 feet.
inches per month during the summer. Water losses by
seepage vary depending upon the soil conditions at Spillways supply another measure of safety by
the pond and local water table conditions and may providing a controlled conveyance route for excess
range from 1 to 4 feet per year. water. Concrete, steel, or PVC pipe spillways are
used for directing and controlling flood waters. These
Estimated losses from evaporation and seepage are placed to maintain the pond water surface at some
should be added to the recommended depth of the
desired level and must be properly stabilized to
pond. Schwab et al. (1971) suggest computing
prevent a washout. A trained engineer or technician
minimum depth by adding 40% to 60% of total
should be consulted for sizing of the spillways.
storage for evaporation, seepage, and other
non-usable requirements. Storage Estimation
Soils Because the sides of the pond are sloped, surface
area is not constant and will vary with depth.
Soil properties at the pond site should be
Therefore, computing the volume of stored water is
determined prior to construction. The soils in the
not always an easy task, but is necessary to obtain the
Farm Ponds in Florida Irrigation Systems 4

stage/storage relationship of the pond. This Pond Maintenance

relationship, generally expressed as a graph or
column of paired numbers, can be used as a guide by Proper management of the pond can insure good
the user to determine the volume of stored water at life and service from the pond. Timely maintenance
different pond stages or depths for irrigation or can prevent expensive repair costs.
whatever the intended use might be. (Figure 5)
The sides of the pond should be maintained in a
demonstrates the stage/storage relationship for a
stabilized condition to avoid erosion. Compacting
particular pond.
and seeding the soil with a hardy grass seed works
well. The grass should be perennial and able to
withstand short term periods of excessive or deficit
moisture. Bermuda and Bahia grasses work well for
Florida conditions. Rainfall can erode bare areas.
Therefore inspect the pond after heavy rainfall events
and fill and reseed exposed rills and gullies. Check to
see that wave action does not damage the ends of the
pond. Stabilization and protection with rock rip-rap
(Figure 5) . or similar material may he necessary. Spillways
should be maintained clear and free of trash at all
Excavated ponds are generally constructed times to insure proper operation when needed.
uniformly so that calculation of surface area and
storage is simplified. For example, (Figure 2) shows Algae blooms can result in depletion of
the plan and profile views of a rectangular shaped dissolved oxygen. This can result in fish kills and
pond. Surface area can be determined by multiplying near anaerobic conditions. Some ponds may require
the length times the width of the water surface. The periodic aeration to prevent this from occurring. Also
width (W) or length (L) of the water surface at any some species of fish which feed on algae and other
depth (D) can he determined from the length of the plant matter can be placed in the pond.
base (B w or B L )and the side slope ratio (Z) from:
where the factors are as previously defined. Summary

Storage capacity of excavated ponds does not The applications of ponds for use in Florida were
vary linearly with depth, unless the sides are vertical. discussed in terms of livestock water needs, irrigation
The storage capacity or volume (V, Ac-ft) at any uses, aquaculture, fire protection, and recreation. Site
depth (D, ft) can be calculated by using the two base selection requires input on the type of pond, size,
lengths (B w and BL, ft) and the side slope ratio (Z) depth, water source for recharge, and soils. Design
as: considerations for sizing and construction of
excavated ponds were discussed, and example design
It is important to keep the base lengths and depth problems were included in an appendix.
in units of feet, then storage volume will be in
acre-feet. (Table 2) can be used to determine base References
lengths from known surface lengths or vice-versa by
keeping in mind that the base length will always be Baldwin, L. B. and R. R. Carriker. 1985. Water
smaller. (Table 3) , (Table 4) , and (Table 5) can be Resource Management In Florida. IFAS Bulletin
used to determine pond storage volumes for selected 206, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. 16 pp.
base lengths and depths with side slope ratios of 1:1, Butson, K. D. and G. M. Prine. 1968. Weekly
2:1, and 3:1, respectively. Rainfall Frequencies In Florida. IFAS Circular
S-187, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. 41 pp.
Farm Ponds in Florida Irrigation Systems 5

Harrison, D. S., J. F. Gerber, and R. E. Choate. (Note: 1 acre = 43560 square feet)
1974. Sprinkler Irrigation For Cold Protection. IFAS
Circular 348, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. 1. A grower wishes to have a pond for irrigation
19 pp. water to be used for frost and freeze protection of
40 acres of cropped area. The irrigation system
Schwab, G. O., R. K. Frevert, K. K. Barnes, and delivers water at 0.25 inches per hour. The pond
T. W. Edminster. 1971. Farm Reservoirs, p. is to be sized to hold water for three consecutive
189-204. In: Elementary Soil and Water Engineering. freeze nights with twelve hours of protection
John Wiley And Sons, Inc New York. each night.

Smajstrla, A. G., G. A. Clark, S. F. Shih, F. Z. Size the pond assuming negligible losses from
Zazueta, and D. S. Harrison. 1984. Potential evaporation or seepage during the period the pond is
Evapotranspiration Probabilities and Distributions In needed. Also consider two cases: (1) no return flow
Florida. IFAS Bulletin 205, University of Florida, from surface runoff; and (2) 50% return flow from
Gainesville, FL. 24 pp. surface runoff.

Soil Conservation Service. 1973. Building a Case 1:

Pond. Farmer's Bulletin No. 2256. United States
Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Use (Figure 4) to determine the volume of water
Service, Washington, D.C. 13 pp. required each night.

Soil Conservation Service. 1984. Ponds And From (Figure 4) the required volume per 12 hour
Reservoirs, Chapter 11. In: Engineering Field night is 0.25 Ac-Ft per acre. Therefore, for 40 acres
Manual . United States Department of Agriculture, the nightly requirement is:
Soil Conservation Service, Washington, D.C.
Nightly Requirement: (40 acres) x (0.25 Ac
Appendix Ft/acre) = 10 Acre-Feet

Therefore, the requirement for three nights

Examples
would be 30 acre feet. Adding 10% or 3 acre feet for
1. What volume of water is required for a small base storage requires a 33 acre-foot pond.
dairy operation with 75 cows?
Case 2:
From (Table 1) , dairy cows require 15 gallons
This situation has a similar approach to case 1
per head per day for drinking needs and 20 gallons per
except that the second and third days each receive
head per day for barn needs.
return flow from the previous night's irrigation. A
Water requirements: simple table will be used to determine the pond
volume requirement.
1. Assuming annual replenishment, what size pond
would be required for the dairy operation in 1. The grower in Example 4 has a location where
Example 1? an excavated pond can be constructed with
surface lengths of 200 and 600 feet, can be 16
1. What is the area of the water surface of an feet In total depth, and has 1:1 side slopes. What
excavated pond 12 feet deep, with 2 to 1 (2:1) storage volume can this pond hold using a 3 foot
side slopes, and base lengths of 150 and 225 freeboard?
feet?
The following information is entered into (Table
Use equations la and lb to determine the length 4) to obtain the base lengths.
and width of the water surface (Table 2 could be used
for approximation) : A freeboard of 3 feet allows the water to be 13
feet deep in a 16 foot deep pond. (Table 6) can be
Farm Ponds in Florida Irrigation Systems 6

used to provide an estimate of the pond storage The required volume of recharge can be
volume. Because the exact dimensions are not determined using Table 3 with the following
available in this table, available values will be used to information:
provide estimates. A water depth of 12 feet will
provide an estimate of the 13 foot values, base (Figure 3) can be used to convert this value to its
lengths of 100 and 200 feet will be used to bracket the equivalent in gallons. A volume of 6.80 Acre-Feet is
152 foot base length, and base lengths of 500 and 600 approximately equal to 2,200,000 gallons. Therefore
feet will be used to bracket the 552 foot base length. the time required to supply this volume at 1100gpm
is:
For B W = 200, B L = 600, and D = 12; V =
35.76 Ac-Ft

For B W = 100, B L = 500, and D = 12; V =

15.81 Ac-Ft

The extra foot of depth would add some to these

storage volume values, so that the actual storage is
somewhere between 20 and 40 Acre-Feet. An average
value of 30 acm-feet can be assumed.

The following equation can be used to provide a

more accurate value for the available storage.

This would not be enough storage for case 1 in

example 4 which required 33 Acre-Feet. However,
suppose the depth could be increased to 14 feet.
What would the extra foot of depth yield in storage?

This extra storage can be obtained by

multiplying the depth (1 foot) by the average area of
the water surface between 13 and 14 feet. Equations
la and lb are rearranged to determine the water
surface lengths at the 13.5 foot depth. This
rearrangement is as follows:

This extra 1 foot of depth would bring the total

storage to (31.40 + 2.66) = 34.06 Acre-Feet.
Therefore a pond with surface dimensions of 200 ft
by 600 ft, 16 feet deep, 2:1 side slopes, and 2 feet of
freeboard would be sufficient for the 33 Acre-Foot
requirement of case 1 in example

1. A rectangular excavated pond with base lengths

of 100 ft and 400 ft, and 1:1 side slopes is to be
used for irrigation purposes. The pond has a
current water depth of 6 feet and must be
recharged to a 12 foot depth with water from a
nearby well. How much water will the recharge
require, an how much time is required to
recharge if the pump from the well delivers 1100
gpm?
Farm Ponds in Florida Irrigation Systems 7

Table 1.

Table 1. Daily water consumption of livestock

Livestock Consumption
(Gal/Head/Day)

Beef Cattle and Horses 12-15

Dairy Cows (drinking only) 15

Dairy Cows (barn needs) 20

Hogs 4

Sheep 2

Chickens (per 100 head) 6-9

* From Soil Conservation Service (1984) and Schwab et. al.

(1971).
Farm Ponds in Florida Irrigation Systems 8

Table 2.

Table 2. Base lengths (B) for excavated ponds with different side lengths (L) and depths (D).
Base Length, B (ft)
Depth, D (ft)

Length L (ft) Z 4 8 12 16
100 1 92 84 76 68
200 1 192 184 176 168
300 1 292 284 276 268
400 1 392 384 376 368
500 1 492 484 476 468
600 1 592 584 576 568
700 1 692 684 676 668
800 1 792 784 776 768
900 1 892 884 876 868
1000 1 992 984 976 968

100 2 84 68 52 36
200 2 184 168 152 136
300 2 284 268 252 236
400 2 384 368 352 336
500 2 484 468 452 436
600 2 584 568 552 536
700 2 684 668 652 636
800 2 784 768 752 736
900 2 884 868 852 836
1000 2 984 968 952 936

100 3 76 52 28 4
200 3 176 152 128 104
300 3 276 252 228 204
400 3 376 352 328 304
500 3 476 452 428 404
600 3 576 552 528 504
700 3 676 652 628 604
Farm Ponds in Florida Irrigation Systems 9

Table 2.

800 3 776 752 728 704

900 3 876 852 828 804
1000 3 976 952 928 904

Table 3.

Table 3. Storage volume (V) for rectangular excavated ponds with side slopes of 1:1, Z = 1. Selected base lengths (B and B ) and
W L
depths (D) are presented.

Pond Volume (Ac-ft)

Z=1 Depth, D (ft)

B B 2 4 6 9 12 15
W L

100 100 0.48 0.99 1.55 2.46 3.47 4.58

200 200 1.87 3.82 5.85 9.03 12.39 15.94

400 400 7.42 14.99 22.71 34.57 46.77 59.33

800 800 29.53 59.36 89.48 135.23 181.65 228.75

1000 1000 46.10 92.56 139.40 210.35 282.15 354.79

100 200 0.95 1.95 3.01 4.71 6.55 8.54

200 400 3.73 7.57 11.52 17.67 24.07 30.75

400 800 14.80 29.83 45.08 68.37 92.17 116.49

800 1600 58.99 118.42 178.30 268.95 360.60 453.27

Farm Ponds in Florida Irrigation Systems 10

Table 3.

1000 2000 92.10 184.76 277.97 418.82 560.93 704.30

100 300 1.41 2.90 4.47 6.96 9.64 12.50

200 600 5.58 11.32 17.20 26.30 35.76 45.56

400 1200 22.19 44.67 67.44 102.17 137.57 173.66

800 2400 88.45 177.49 267.11 402.67 539.56 677.79

1000 3000 138.11 276.95 416.54 627.30 839.72 1053.82

100 400 1.88 3.86 5.93 9.22 12.73 16.46

200 800 7.44 15.06 22.87 34.94 47.44 60.36

400 1600 29.57 59.51 89.81 135.97 182.97 230.82

800 3200 117.91 236.55 355.93 536.39 718.51 902.31

1000 4000 184.11 369.15 555.10 835.77 1118.51 1403.34

100 500 2.35 4.81 7.39 11.47 15.81 20.42

200 1000 9.29 18.81 28.55 43.58 59.12 75.17

400 2000 36.95 74.35 112.18 169.77 228.37 287.98

800 4000 147.36 295.61 444.74 670.10 897.46 1126.83

1000 5000 230.12 461.34 693.67 1044.24 1397.30 1752.86

Farm Ponds in Florida Irrigation Systems 11

Table 4.

Table 4. Storage volume (V) for rectangular excavated ponds with side slopes of 2:1, Z = 2. Selected base lengths (B and B ) and
W L
depths (D) are presented.

Pond Volume (Ac-ft)

Z=2 Depth, D (ft)

B B 2 4 6 9 12 15
W L

100 100 0.50 1.07 1.73 2.90 4.29 5.92

200 200 1.91 3.97 6.20 9.84 13.88 18.32

400 400 7.49 15.29 23.39 36.12 49.58 63.77

800 600 29.68 59.95 90.83 138.27 187.10 237.33

1000 1000 46.28 93.30 141.07 214.14 288.92 365.43

100 200 0.97 2.06 3.28 5.34 7.70 10.40

200 400 3.78 7.79 12.04 18.85 26.22 34.16

400 800 14.91 30.27 46.09 70.67 96.30 123.00

800 1600 59.21 119.31 180.30 273.48 368.70 465.98

1000 2000 92.38 185.87 280.47 424.47 571.01 720.11

100 300 1.45 3.06 4.82 7.78 11.12 14.88

200 600 5.66 11.61 17.88 27.86 38.56 50.00

Farm Ponds in Florida Irrigation Systems 12

Table 4.

400 1200 22.33 45.26 68.79 105.21 143.02 182.23

800 2400 88.74 178.67 269.78 408.68 550.29 694.63

1000 3000 138.48 278.43 419.86 634.80 853.10 1074.79

100 400 1.93 4.05 6.36 10.21 14.54 19.35

200 800 7.53 15.43 23.72 36.87 50.90 65.84

400 1600 29.75 60.25 91.49 139.76 189.74 241.46

800 3200 118.27 238.02 359.26 543.89 731.89 923.28

1000 4000 184.57 370.99 559.26 845.13 1135.20 1429.48

100 500 2.41 5.04 7.91 12.65 17.95 23.83

200 1000 9.40 19.25 29.56 45.87 63.24 81.68

400 2000 37.17 75.23 114.19 174.30 236.46 300.69

800 4000 147.81 297.38 448.73 679.10 913.49 1151.93

1000 5000 230.67 463.55 698.65 1055.46 1417.29 1784.16

Farm Ponds in Florida Irrigation Systems 13

Table 5.

Table 5. Storage volume (V) for rectangular excavated ponds with side slopes of 3:1, Z = 3. Selected base lengths (B and B ) and
W L
depths (D) are presented.

Pond Volume (Ac-ft)

Z=3 Depth, D (ft)

B B 2 4 6 9 12 15
W L

100 100 0.52 1.16 1.93 3.38 5.21 7.47

200 200 1.95 4.13 6.56 10.70 15.46 20.90

400 400 7.57 15.59 24.08 37.72 52.49 68.42

800 800 29.83 60.55 92.18 141.36 192.65 246.11

1000 1000 46.47 94.05 142.76 217.97 295.79 376.27

100 200 1.00 2.18 3.56 6.01 8.96 12.47

200 400 3.84 8.02 12.57 20.08 28.46 37.78

400 800 15.03 30.72 47.11 73.01 100.53 129.72

800 1600 59.43 120.20 182.32 278.05 376.89 478.89

1000 2000 92.66 186.98 282.98 430.16 581.19 736.12

100 300 1.49 3.21 5.18 8.63 12.71 17.46

200 600 5.73 11.92 18.57 29.46 41.47 54.65

Farm Ponds in Florida Irrigation Systems 14

Table 5.

400 1200 22.48 45.86 70.14 108.30 148.58 191.01

800 2400 89.04 179.85 272.46 414.75 561.14 711.67

1000 3000 138.85 279.91 423.20 642.35 866.59 1095.97

100 400 1.98 4.24 6.81 11.25 16.45 22.45

200 800 7.62 15.81 24.58 38.84 54.47 71.52

400 1600 29.94 60.99 93.17 143.59 196.62 252.31

800 3200 118.64 239.50 362.59 551.44 745.38 944.46

1000 4000 185.03 372.84 563.42 854.54 1151.99 1455.82

100 500 2.46 5.27 8.43 13.88 20.20 27.44

200 1000 9.52 19.71 30.58 48.22 67.47 88.40

400 2000 37.39 76.12 116.20 178.88 244.66 313.60

800 4000 148.25 299.15 452.73 688.13 929.62 1177.24

1000 5000 231.22 465.77 703.64 1066.73 1437.39 1815.67