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Laboratory Exercise 5
DIGITAL PROCESSING OF CONTINUOUS-TIME SIGNALS
5.1 THE SAMPLING PROCESS IN THE TIME-DOMAIN

Project 5.1 Sampling of a Sinusoidal Signal

A copy of Program P5_1 is given below:

< Insert program code here. Copy from m-file(s) and paste. >

Answers:

Q5.1 The plots of the continuous-time signal and its sampled version generated by running Program
P5_1 are shown below:

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and paste. >

Q5.2 The frequency of the sinusoidal signal in Hz is -

The sampling period in seconds is -

Q5.3 The effects of the two axis commands are -

Q5.4 The plots of the continuous-time signal and its sampled version generated by running Program
P5_1 for the following four values of the sampling period are shown below:

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and paste. >

Based on these results we make the following observations -

Q5.5 The plots of the continuous-time sinusoidal signal of frequency 3 Hz and its sampled version
generated by running a modified Program P5_1 are shown below:

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and paste. >

The plots of the continuous-time sinusoidal signal of frequency 7 Hz and its sampled version
generated by running a modified Program P5_1 are shown below:

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and paste. >

Based on these results we make the following observations -

Project 5.2 Aliasing Effect in the Time-Domain

A copy of Program P5_2 is given below:

 < Insert program code here. Copy from m-file(s) and paste. >

Answers:

Q5.6 The plots of the discrete-time signal and its continuous-time equivalent obtained by running
Program P5_2 are shown below:

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and paste. >

Q5.7 The range of t in the Program is -

The value of the time increment is -

The range of t in the plot is -

The plot generated by running Program P5_2 again with the range of t changed so as to
display the full range of ya(t) is shown below:

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and paste. >

Based on these results we make the following observations -

Q5.8 The plots of the discrete-time signal and its continuous-time equivalent obtained by running
Program P5_2 with the original display range restored and with the frequency of the sinusoidal
signal changed to 3 Hz are shown below:

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and paste. >

The plots of the discrete-time signal and its continuous-time equivalent obtained by running
Program P5_2 with the original display range restored and with the frequency of the sinusoidal
signal changed to 7 Hz are shown below:

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and paste. >

Based on these results we make the following observations –

These results can be explained as follows –

5.2 EFFECT OF SAMPLING IN THE FREQUENCY-DOMAIN

Project 5.3 Aliasing Effect in the Frequency-Domain

A copy of Program P5_3 is given below:

< Insert program code here. Copy from m-file(s) and paste. >

Answers:

Q5.9 The continuous-time function xa(t) in Program P5_3 is -

The CTFT of xa(t) is being computed by -

Q5.10 The plots generated by running Program P5_3 are shown below:

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and paste. >

Based on these results we make the following observations -

Q5.11 The plots generated by running Program P5_3 with sampling period increased to 1.5 are shown
below:

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and paste. >

Based on these results we make the following observations -

Q5.12 The modified Program P5_3 for the case of is given below:

< Insert program code here. Copy from m-file(s) and paste. >

The plots generated by running the modified Program P5_3 are shown below:

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and paste. >

Based on these results we make the following observations -

The plots generated by running the modified Program P5_3 with sampling period increased to
1.5 are shown below:

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and paste. >

Based on these results we make the following observations -

5.3 DESIGN OF ANALOG LOWPASS FILTERS

Project 5.4 Design of Analog Lowpass Filters

A copy of Program P5_4 is given below:

< Insert program code here. Copy from m-file(s) and paste. >

Answers:

Q5.13 The passband ripple Rp in dB is -

The minimum stopband attenuation Rs in dB is -

The passband edge frequency in Hz is -

The stopband edge frequency in Hz is -

Q5.14 The gain response obtained by running Program P5_4 is shown below:

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and paste. >
 Based on this plot we conclude that the filter designed _______ the given specifications.

The filter order N is -

The 3-dB cutoff frequency in Hz of the filter is -

Q5.15 The required modifications to Program P5_4 to design a Type 1 Chebyshev lowpass filter
meeting the same specifications are given below:

< Insert program code here. Copy from m-file(s) and paste. >

The gain response obtained by running the modified Program P5_4 is shown below:

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and paste. >

Based on this plot we conclude that the filter designed _______ the given specifications.

The filter order N is -

The passband edge frequency in Hz of the filter is -

Q5.16 The required modifications to Program P5_4 to design a Type 2 Chebyshev lowpass filter
meeting the same specifications are given below:

< Insert program code here. Copy from m-file(s) and paste. >

The gain response obtained by running the modified Program P5_4 is shown below:

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and paste. >

Based on this plot we conclude that the filter designed _______ the given specifications.

The filter order N is -

The stopband edge frequency in Hz of the filter is -

Q5.17 The required modifications to Program P5_4 to design an elliptic lowpass filter meeting the
same specifications are given below:

< Insert program code here. Copy from m-file(s) and paste. >

The gain response obtained by running the modified Program P5_4 is shown below:

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and paste. >

Based on this plot we conclude that the filter designed _______ the given specifications.

The filter order N is -

The passband edge frequency in Hz of the filter is -

5.4 A/D AND D/A CONVERSIONS

Project 5.5 Binary Equivalent of a Decimal Number

Answers:

Q5.18 The function of the operator == is -

Q5.19 The binary equivalents in sign-magnitude form of the decimal fractions are:

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Project 5.6 Decimal Equivalent of a Binary Number

Answer:

Q5.20 The decimal equivalents of the binary fractions along with the errors in conversion are as
follows:
(a) 0.796875 (error=0.004775); 0.80078125 (error=0.00086875)
(b) -0.796875 (error=-0.004775); -0.80078125 (error=-0.00086875)
(c) 0.640625 (error=0.002705); 0.64062500 (error=0.002705)
(d) -0.90625 (error=-0.00625); -0.91015625 (error=-0.00234375)

Project 5.7 Binary Number Representation Schemes

Answers:

Q5.21 The function of the operator ~= is - Toán tử “~” thực hiện phép đảo theo bit. Nó biến mỗi “bit 0”
thành “bit 1” và mỗi “bit 1” thành “bit 0”.

Q5.22 The ones'-complement representations of the binary numbers developed in Question Q5.19 are
as follows:

(a) 0 1 1 0 0 1 1; 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1
(b) 1 0 0 1 1 0 0; 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0
(c) 0 1 0 1 0 0 1; 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
(d) 1 0 0 0 1 0 1; 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0

Q5.23 The function of the operator | is – “|” toán tử thực hiện phép toán OR logic theo bit trên toán
hạng của nó.

The function of the operator & is – Toán tử “&” thực hiện phép toán AND logic theo bit trên các
toán hạng của nó.

Q5.24 The two's-complement representations of the binary numbers developed in Question Q5.19 are
as follows:
 (a) 0 1 1 0 0 1 1; 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1

(b) 1 0 0 1 1 0 1; 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1

© 0 1 0 1 0 0 1; 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

(d) 1 0 0 0 1 1 0; 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1

Project 5.8 D/A Converter Droop Compensation

Answer:

Q5.25 The MATLAB program to determine and plot the magnitude responses of the uncompensated
and the droop-compensated D/A converters is given below:

% Program Q5_25.m

T = 1.0;

wa = 0: (pi/T)/511: (pi/T);

Lwa = length (wa);

Hra = T * ones (1, length (wa));

Hza = zeros(1,Lwa);

Hza(1) = 1;

wa2 = wa (2:Lwa);

Hza (2:Lwa) = exp(-i*wa2*T*0.5).*sin(0.5*T*wa2) ./ (0.5*T*wa2);

MagHza = abs (Hza);

GainHza = 20*log10 (MagHza);

Hfira = (1/16)*(-1+ 18*exp(-i*wa*T) - exp(-i*2*T*wa));

HfiraComp = Hfira .* Hza;

MagHfiraComp = abs(HfiraComp);

GainHfiraComp = 20*log10(MagHfiraComp);

Hiira = 9*ones(1, Lwa) ./ (8+ exp(-i*wa*T));

HiiraComp = Hiira .* Hza;

MagHiiraComp = abs(HiiraComp);

GainHiiraComp = 20*log10(MagHiiraComp);

plot (wa, GainHza, wa, GainHfiraComp,'--',wa, GainHiiraComp,'-.');

 grid;

xlabel('Frequency');

ylabel('Gain, dB');

axis([0 pi/T -4 1]);

legend('DAC', 'FIR', 'IIR');

The plot of the magnitude responses is shown below:

From this plot we make the following observations: Cả DACS bù FIR và IIR đều có cải tiến
đáng kể về mặt giảm độ võng của DAC không bù. Độ lớn phổ của DAC bù IIR phẳng hơn một
chút trong dải thông và giảm chậm hơn một chút so với DAC bù FIR.

Date: Signature: