Mansoura University

Faculty of Computers and Information

Structured Programming
Introduction

Dr. Mohamed Handosa

Computer Science Department
[email protected]
Introduction

Computer System Components Structured Programming

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Computer system organization Unstructured Programming

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Computer Software Algorithms

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Programming Languages Flowcharts

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Computer System Components

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Computer System Components

User

Application Programs

Operating System

Computer Hardware

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Computer System Components
Hardware
• Provides the basic computing resources for the system.
• E.g., the central processing unit (CPU), the memory, and the input/output (I/O) devices.

Application programs
• Define the ways in which these resources are used to solve users' computing problems.
• E.g., word processors, spreadsheets, compilers, and Web browsers

Operating system
• Controls the hardware and coordinates its use among the various application programs for the various users.
• E.g., Microsoft Windows, Apple iOS, Google Android.

Users
• Commonly humans but can be machines as well.

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Computer System Organization

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Computer System Organization

Computer
Input Devices

Processor Memory User

Output Devices

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Computer Examples

Laptop Smartphone Desktop Computer

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Computer Software

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Computer Software

• A user needs computer software to use computer hardware.

• A program is a collection of instructions to perform a specific task.
• Software is a collection of programs that can perform various tasks.

User Software Hardware

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Computer Instructions

Input Devices Input Instructions

Output Devices Output Instructions

Memory Memory Instructions

Processor Processing Instructions

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Programming Languages

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Programming Language

• A computer program is written by a computer programmer.

• A computer program is written using a programming language.
• There are several programming languages with different syntax.
• The programmer writes the source code representing instructions.
• The programmer must obey the rules of the programming language.
• Once the source code is ready, it can be
• Executed directly using an interpreter (e.g., Python).
• Converted into an executable program using a compiler (e.g., C++).

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Interpreter

Source Code Source Code

Interpreter Interpreter

Programmer’s Computer User’s Computer

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Compiler

Source
Program
Code
Program
Compiler

Programmer’s Computer User’s Computer

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Programming Language Levels

High-Level Languages Low-Level Languages

• User-oriented • Machine-oriented
• Easier to write code • Requires detailed coding

• Example: • Example:
x = a + b LOAD r1, a
LOAD r2, b
ADD r1, r2
STORE x, r1
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Programming Language Types

Programming
Languages

Structured Unstructured
Programming Programming
Languages Languages
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Unstructured Programming

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Unstructured Programming

• The code is written as a single whole block.

• The code can get very complex for big programs.

• Used in earlier versions of BASIC, COBOL, and FORTRAN.

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Unstructured Programming

Simple Programs Big Programs

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Structured Programming

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Structured Programming

• The code is divided into functions or modules.

• The code remains organized even for big programs.

• Structured programming languages include C++, C#, Java, and Python.

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Structured Programming

Program

Module 1 Module 2 … Module n

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Structured vs. Unstructured Programming

Readability Purpose Complexity Application

Code Testing and

Modification Data Types
Duplication Debug

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Readability

Structured Programming

• Programs are easy to read.

Unstructured Programming

• Programs are hard to read.

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Purpose

Structured Programming

• Makes the code more efficient and easier to understand.

Unstructured Programming

• Just to creates a program to solve the problem.

• Does not create a logical structure to organize the code.

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Complexity

Structured Programming

• Easier because of modules.

Unstructured Programming

• Harder and more complex.

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Applications

Structured Programming

• Can be used for small and medium scale projects.

Unstructured Programming

• Not applicable for medium and complex projects.

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Modifications

Structured Programming

• It is easy to do changes.

Unstructured Programming

• It is hard to do modifications.
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Data Types

Structured Programming

• Uses many data types.

Unstructured Programming

• Uses a limited number of data types.

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Code Duplication

Structured Programming

• Avoids code duplication.

Unstructured Programming

• Can have code duplication.

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Testing and Debugging

Structured Programming

• Easy to test and debug.

Unstructured Programming

• Hard to test and debug.

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Algorithms

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Algorithms

• Algorithm is a set of step-by-step instructions to solve a problem.

• Humans can follow algorithms too, such as recipes for cooking.

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Problem Solving

Inputs
• A phone book that is sorted alphabetically.
• A name to look for in the sorted phone book.
Output
• The phone number associated with the name.
• Or “Not found” if the name does not exist in the phone book.

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Problem Solving

Algorithm 1 (correct but slow)

• Start from the first page, looking for the name one page at a time.

Algorithm 2 (fast but has a bug)

• Start from the first page, flip through the book two pages at a time.

Algorithm 3 (correct and fast)

• Open the phone book to the middle and decide which half contains the name.
• Repeat this and dividing the problem in half each time until we find the name.
• With 1024 pages to start, we will only need 10 steps to find the name if it exists.

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Problem Solving

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Pseudocode

• An English-language-like representation of an algorithm.

• Does not have a standard syntax and can take different forms.
• It is a compact and informal high-level description of a program.
• Not a programming language and cannot be compiled into a program.

• Example:

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Flowchart

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Flowchart Definition

• A flowchart is simply a graphical representation of steps.

• It uses a set of symbols that are connected using arrows.

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Uses of a Flowchart

• It originated from computer science as a tool to represent algorithms.

• Nowadays, it has extended to other fields as it plays an important role

in displaying information and assisting reasoning.

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Flowchart Symbols

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Terminator

• It represents the starting or ending point of the system.

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Process

• A box indicates some operation.

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Decision

• A diamond represents a decision or branching point.

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Input / Output

• It represents information entering or leaving the system.

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Arrow

• It represents the flow of the sequence and direction of a process.

Start Stop

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Flowchart Examples

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Printing “Hello World” to the Screen

Start

Output “Hello World!”

Stop

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Adding Two Numbers

Start Input x Input y

sum = x + y Output sum Stop

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Print Grade Based on Score

Start Input score

yes No
score ≥ 50?

Output “Pass” Stop Output “Fail”

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Print Numbers from 1 to 1000

Start x=1

yes No
x ≤ 1000?

Output x x=x+1 Stop

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Development Environment

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What is Visual Studio?

• An Integrated Development Environment (IDE).

• Allows a programmer to use several languages such as C#.
• Provides an environment to write code and compile it into a program.

• The C# compiler compiles the C# code into a simple language called

Common Intermediate language (CIL).

• A computer needs to have the .NET Framework to run CIL program.

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Required Software to Develop using C#

C#
Program
Code
Program

Visual Studio .NET Framework

Programmer’s Computer User’s Computer

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Installing Visual Studio

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Visual Studio Installation Steps

• Go to https://visualstudio.microsoft.com/
• Select Visual Studio or Visual Studio for mac.
• Select the free community edition and download the file.
• Run the downloaded file to install the visual studio installer.
• Run the visual studio installer and select the modules to install.
• For Desktop apps, select the .NET Desktop Development module.

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C# on Your Smartphone

Android iOS

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Thank You

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