67

CHAPTER IV
Curriculum
and Planning
 68

LESSON 1 Planning and Management of the Teaching and Learning

Process

Observation

A. Check whether the following teaching and learning tools are present in the
classroom that you have observed.

Teaching Tools Present None

1. Lesson Plan

2. K to 12 Curriculum Guide

3. Teacher's Manual or Textbook

4. Reference Materials

5. Instructional Materials

Other teaching tools present:

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
__________________

B. Ask the cooperating teacher to show his or her lesson plan to you.
Analyze the lesson plan by checking the appropriate box.

Subject

Grade Level

Topic

Standards Yes No

1. The objectives are measurable and developmentally

appropriate for the grade level of the students

2. The content is appropriate for the grade level of the

students
 69

3. The instructional materials needed for the lesson are

identified.

4. The sequence of instruction (instructional procedure) is

easy to follow and logical.

5. The sequence of instruction follows an appropriate

instructional design or learning theory.

6. Creative learning experiences are used in the lesson.

7. Differentiated learning is used in the selection of

learning activities.

8. Assessment of learning is included in the instructional

procedure.

A. Check ( ) the box that corresponds to what you have observed in class.
You may write further remarks in the last column.

Developmentally Not
Appropriate Teaching Observed
Observed Remarks
Practices

1. Uses different teaching The teacher mixes

strategies methods to keep
lessons engaging.

2. Promotes positive The classroom feels

classroom welcoming and safe
environment for all students.

3. Respects the learning The teacher

styles and abilities of acknowledges that
the learners students learn in
different ways.

4. Differentiates learning Activities are tailored

activities to meet varying skill
levels.

5. Promotes active Students are

learning encouraged to
 70

participate and
engage in their
learning.

6. Uses different A variety of resources

instructional materials are available to
support learning.

7. Uses effective The teacher motivates

motivation strategy students with praise
and rewards.

8. Presents the objective Lesson goals are

of the lessons clearly stated at the
effectively start.

9. Recalls prerequisite The teacher checks

knowledge and what students already
experiences of the know before teaching
learners before new topics.
proceeding to the
lesson

10. Presents lesson in Concepts are

meaningful way that is explained in a simple
easy to understand and relatable manner.

11. Provides clear Examples help clarify

examples to explain and illustrate key
concepts points.

12. Provides opportunity Students get chances

for students to to use what they’ve
practice/apply what learned in activities.
they learned

13. Processes questions The teacher

and difficulties of addresses students’
students questions thoughtfully.

14. Uses learning Activities encourage

strategies that students to think
develops creativity and outside the box.
critical thinking
 71

15. Provides helpful Feedback is

feedback to help constructive and
students understand guides improvement.
the lesson

16. Encourages students The teacher supports

to do their best in students in striving for
accomplishing each their best work.
learning task

17. Promotes positive Lessons reinforce

learning behavior and good behavior and
values in the lesson values.

18. Observes The teacher maintains

professionalism in a calm and respectful
handling students approach to discipline.
behavior

19. Shows enthusiasm The teacher’s passion

and interest in every makes learning
aspect of teaching enjoyable.

20. Uses appropriate Assessments are fair

assessment tools to and relevant to what
measure learning was taught.
outcomes

Processing

Read carefully and answer the following questions.

1. What developmentally appropriate learning principles and strategies are

observed in class?
The teacher uses different ways to teach, which keeps students
interested. They also respect how each student learns and provide
activities that match their skills.
2. What are the things that need to be improved by the teacher?
The teacher could give more personal feedback to help each
student grow. They might also use more technology and interactive tools
to make lessons even more engaging.
 72

3. How do the developmentally appropriate teaching practices improve the

students' learning ability?
These practices create a friendly and encouraging classroom
where students feel safe to learn. When lessons match their needs,
students understand better and enjoy learning more.
Reflection

Complete the following:

1. I realized that
effective teaching involves using a variety of strategies to meet the
needs of all students. This approach not only helps students learn better
but also makes the classroom more engaging and enjoyable.
2. I believe that
creating a positive classroom environment is essential for student
success. When students feel safe and respected, they are more likely to
participate and take risks in their learning.
3. I feel that
providing personalized feedback is crucial in helping students
understand their strengths and areas for improvement. It motivates them
to keep trying and to develop their skills further.
4. When I become a teacher, I will
focus on using different teaching methods to reach all my students.
I will also encourage a supportive classroom culture where everyone feels
valued and motivated to learn.
 73

LESSON 2 Aligning Learning Outcomes with Learning

Competencies

Observation

A. Answer the following questions:

1. Does the school have a copy of the whole K to 12 curriculum guide?
Yes.
2. Is the curriculum guide available to all teachers?
Yes.
3. Are the teachers using the K to 12 curriculum guide in planning their
lessons?
Yes.
4. Are the teachers aware of the differences between content standards,
performance standards, and learning competencies?
Yes.
B. From the lesson plans of five cooperating teachers, provide five examples
of learning outcomes based on each of the three learning domains.

Teacher A: Students will be able to identify and explain the

properties of geometric shapes, including triangles,
Knowledge
quadrilaterals, and circles.

Teacher B: Students will describe the steps of the scientific

method and its application in solving mathematical problems.

Teacher C: Students will recall and explain the order of

operations (PEMDAS) and apply it to solve mathematical
expressions.

Teacher D: Students will recognize and articulate the

differences between various types of numbers (e.g., integers,
rational numbers, and irrational numbers).

Teacher E: Students will summarize the concepts of mean,

median, mode, and range, and explain their significance in
data analysis.

Teacher A: Students will solve multi-step algebraic

 74

Skills equations, demonstrating the ability to isolate variables and

check their solutions.

Teacher B: Students will use graphing tools to plot linear

equations and interpret the meaning of the slope and y-
intercept.

Teacher C: Students will apply mathematical reasoning to

solve real-world problems, such as budgeting or calculating
distances.

Teacher D: Students will perform operations with fractions

and decimals, including addition, subtraction, multiplication,
and division.

Teacher E: Students will construct and analyze various types

of graphs (bar, line, pie) to represent and interpret data
effectively.

Teacher A: Students will demonstrate perseverance by

tackling challenging mathematical problems and reflecting on
Values
their problem-solving processes.

Teacher B: Students will appreciate the importance of

mathematics in everyday life, recognizing its role in finance,
engineering, and technology.

Teacher C: Students will collaborate respectfully in group

settings, valuing diverse approaches to solving mathematical
problems.

Teacher D: Students will show integrity by completing

assessments honestly and acknowledging when they need
help in understanding concepts.

Teacher E: Students will cultivate a growth mindset by

embracing challenges in mathematics and viewing mistakes
as opportunities for learning.
 75

C. Check if the learning outcomes used by the cooperating teachers in their

lesson plans are aligned with the appropriate learning competency from
the K to 12 curriculum guide. Write down some of the learning outcomes
and learning competencies then check the appropriate box that
corresponds to your findings.

Learning Outcomes Learning Competency (Based on Not

K to 12) Aligned
Aligned

Lesson 1: Students will Identify and describe the properties

be able to identify and of geometric shapes.
explain the properties
of geometric shapes.

Lesson 2: Students will Apply the scientific method to solve

describe the steps of problems.
the scientific method
and its application in
solving mathematical
problems.

Lesson 3: Students will Use the order of operations in

recall and explain the solving mathematical expressions.
order of operations
(PEMDAS).

Lesson 4: Students will Classify and work with different

recognize and types of numbers.
articulate the
differences between
types of numbers.

Lesson 5: Students will Analyze data using measures of

summarize the mean, central tendency.
median, mode, and
range.

D. Check the alignment of the leaming outcomes with the teaching and
learning strategies used by the corresponding teachers in their lesson
plans. Write down the learning outcomes and teaching strategies and then
check the box that corresponds to your findings
 76

Not
Aligne
Learning Outcomes Teaching Strategies Aligne
d
d

Students will solve Direct instruction and guided

multi-step algebraic practice.
equations.

E. Check the alignment of the learning outcomes with the assessment tools
used by the cooperating teachers in their lesson plans. Write down the
learning outcomes and assessment tools, then check the box that
corresponds to your findings.

Not
Aligne
Learning Outcomes Assessment Tools Aligne
d
d

Students will Reflective journals and self-

demonstrate assessments.
perseverance by
tackling challenging
mathematical
problems.

Processing

Read carefully and answer the following questions.

1. Are the teachers aware of the function of the K to 12 curriculum guide?

Explain your answer.
 77

Yes, the teachers understand the K to 12 curriculum guide’s

purpose. Their lesson plans show they know how to meet the educational
goals it sets.
2. Are the teachers using the curriculum guide in planning their lesson?
Explain your answer.
Yes, the teachers use the curriculum guide when planning. Their
learning outcomes match the competencies in the guide, showing they
follow it.
3. What types of learning outcomes are emphasized in every lesson
(knowledge, skills, and values)?
The teachers emphasize knowledge, skills, and values in their
lessons. They want students to understand math concepts, develop
problem-solving skills, and show positive attitudes
4. Are the learning outcomes of the teachers aligned with the learning
competency?
Yes, the teachers’ learning outcomes align with the learning
competencies. Each outcome matches what students are expected to
learn according to the curriculum.
5. Are the learning strategies of the teachers aligned with the learning
outcomes?
Yes, the teachers’ learning strategies support the learning
outcomes. The methods they use, like hands-on activities, help students
achieve the goals set in the outcomes.
6. Are the assessment tools of the teachers aligned with the learning
outcomes?
Yes, the assessment tools match the learning outcomes. The
quizzes and projects they use effectively measure what students have
learned.
Reflection

Complete the following:

1. I realized that
good lesson planning is very important for helping students learn.
When teachers follow the curriculum, students can gain the skills they
need.
2. I believe that
using different ways to teach makes learning more interesting. It’s
important to help all students since they learn in different ways.
 78

3. I feel that
having a kind and welcoming classroom helps students feel safe.
When students feel respected, they are more likely to join in and try new
things.
4. When I become a teacher, I will
always look for ways to improve my teaching. I will ask for
feedback, work with other teachers, and change my methods to help my
students learn better.
 79

LESSON 3 Relevance and Responsiveness of Learning Programs

Observation

A. Before starting your observation, it is important to read the annual plan (if
private) or school improvement plan (if public) of the school where you are
assigned. Write a request letter to the principal noted by your student
teaching supervisor.

Mr. Paciano M. Resuena Jr.

Maragusan National High School

Talisay Street Poblacion Maragusan Davao de Oro

Dear Mr. Resuena,

I hope this message finds you well. My name is Gerald G. Gayoso, and I
am currently assigned to Maragusan National High School as part of my
student teaching program under the supervision of Ms. Rheamie Fuyunan.
As I prepare for my observation, I recognize the importance of
understanding the foundational goals and strategies of the school.

To ensure that my observations align with the objectives set forth by the
school, I would like to kindly request access to the annual plan or the
school improvement plan. Reviewing these documents will provide me
with valuable insights into the school's vision and help me better
understand the context in which I will be teaching.

Thank you for considering my request. I appreciate your support and

guidance as I embark on this important phase of my professional
development.

Sincerely,

Gerald Gayoso
BSED- Mathematics
Davao de Oro State College

B. Based on the annual plan or the school improvement plan, what learning
programs are provided for the students?
 80

Learning Programs Months Implemented

C. Request an interview with the teachers and the principal. Ask the following
questions:
1. How does the school plan for each learning program?
The school looks at what students need to learn and what rules they
must follow. They set goals and make a plan for how to teach the lessons.
2. Who are involved in planning?
Teachers, school leaders, and sometimes parents are involved in
planning. They work together to create the best programs for the students.
3. Are the stakeholders involved in planning the different learning programs?
If yes, how are they involved?
Yes, stakeholders like parents and community members help with
planning. They share their ideas and feedback to improve the programs.
4. How does each learning program contribute to the development of the
curriculum goals?
Each program is designed to help students reach the goals set by
the school. They make sure that what students learn fits with the overall
educational plan.
5. How does the school monitor and evaluate the implementation of each
learning program?
The school checks how well each program is working by looking at
student progress. They also gather feedback from teachers and students
to make improvements.
D. If the school is private, gather the following data and information: (NOT
APPLICABLE)
1. What type of curriculum is implemented?
 81

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
__________
2. What are the special features of the school's curriculum?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
_______________
3. What learning programs are implemented to support the curriculum?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
_______________
4. How does the learning programs support the philosophy of the school?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
_______________
E. Identify the extra- and co-curricular programs being implemented in the
school.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
_______________

Processing

Read carefully and answer the following questions.

1. How do the different learning programs support the development of the

students?
Different learning programs help students grow by teaching them
new skills and knowledge. They also build confidence and encourage
teamwork among students.
2. How does each learning program support the goals and objectives of the
curriculum?
 82

Each program is designed to meet specific goals set by the

curriculum. They ensure students learn what is needed for their grade
level and prepare them for future learning.
3. How does the school monitor and evaluate the implementation of each
learning program?
The school checks how well each program is working by looking at
student results and performance. They also collect opinions from teachers
and students to see what is effective and what needs change.
4. What are the challenges and problems in the implementation of each
learning program?
Some challenges include limited resources, such as materials and
time for teachers. There can also be difficulties in meeting the diverse
needs of all students in the classroom.
Reflection

Complete the following:

1. I realized that
effective learning programs are essential for helping students
achieve their full potential. They must be carefully planned and regularly
evaluated to meet the needs of all learners.
2. I believe that
involving teachers, parents, and students in the planning process
makes programs more successful. Collaboration helps ensure that
everyone's perspectives and needs are considered.
3. I feel that
continuous feedback is crucial for improving learning programs.
When everyone shares their thoughts, it leads to better teaching strategies
and student outcomes.
4. When I become a teacher, I will
prioritize open communication with my students and their families. I
will also seek to create engaging and inclusive lessons that support
diverse learning styles.
 83

LESSON 4 Enriching Teaching Practices through Professional

Collaboration

Observation

A. Ask permission from any school to gather the following data and answer
the succeeding questions.

Total Enrolment

Enrolment per Grade Level

Number of Sections Per

Grade Level

Average Class Size

Total Number of Teachers

Number of Teachers with MA

units

Number of Teachers with MA

Number of Teachers with

Doctorate Degree

Number of Master Teachers

Average Year of Service for

Teachers

1. Does the school implement a mentoring program for its teachers? How?
Yes, the school has a mentoring program where experienced
teachers guide new teachers. They meet regularly to discuss teaching
strategies and classroom management.
2. Does the school conduct professional meetings to discuss learning issues
and problems?
Yes, the school holds monthly meetings for teachers to address
learning challenges. These meetings provide a space for sharing ideas
and finding solutions together.
 84

3. Does the school support the continuing education and development of its
teachers? How?
N/A
4. How do expert teachers help other teachers in improving their teaching
practices?
Expert teachers assist their colleagues by modeling lessons and
co-teaching. They also provide feedback after classroom observations and
share helpful resources.
5. What are the different collaboration activities available or done by the
teachers to improve their teaching practices?
Teachers collaborate through team teaching and planning lessons
together. They also observe each other’s classes and work on
interdisciplinary projects.
6. Is there an existing academic collaboration between the school/teachers
and higher education institutions? If yes, what forms of collaboration are
done?
Yes, the school collaborates with a local university. They invite
guest speakers, offer internships for education students, and conduct joint
research projects.
B. Ask permission to attend a faculty meeting or a professional meeting in
the school. Answer the following questions: (NOT APPLICABLE)
1. Is sharing of good teaching practices part of the meeting? What types of
good teaching practices are shared?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
_______________
2. How do teachers discuss issues and problems related to teaching and
learning?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
_______________
3. How do teachers observe professionalism during the meeting?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
_______________
 85

4. Do the teachers include in their agenda how the result of learning

assessment should be utilized to improve instruction?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
_______________

C. Identify the different continuing education and development programs

offered to teachers to understand the instructional demands of the K to 12
curriculum.

Workshops and Seminars provide short-term training on specific topics relevant

to the K to 12 curriculum, such as new teaching strategies and assessment
methods.
Professional Learning Communities (PLCs) enable educators to collaborate
regularly on instructional practices and discuss challenges related to student
learning.
Online Courses offer flexibility for teachers to learn about various aspects of the
K to 12 curriculum, including curriculum design and differentiated instruction.
Degree and Certification Programs allow teachers to pursue advanced
education in specializations related to K to 12 teaching, curriculum, and
educational leadership.
Mentorship Programs pair less experienced teachers with veteran educators for
personalized guidance on understanding curriculum demands and effective
practices.
Conferences allow teachers to learn from experts about the latest research and
trends in K to 12 educations.
Peer Observation and Feedback involve teachers observing each other's
classrooms to reflect on their practices and gain insights.
Curriculum Development Workshops focus on helping teachers create and
implement effective lesson plans that align with K to 12 curriculum standards.

Processing

Read the questions carefully and answer the following questions.

1. What are the implications of the data gathered during the preliminary
activity?
The data shows areas where teachers are strong and areas that
need improvement. It helps the school understand where support is
needed to improve teaching and student learning.
2. How can the school utilize the data to develop better professional
collaboration among teachers to improve their teaching practices?
 86

The school can use the data to help teachers set common goals
and work together on improving lessons. Teachers can share ideas and
resources based on the needs shown in the data.
3. How can the school promote stronger collaboration among its teachers?
The school can encourage teamwork by setting up regular
meetings for teachers to plan together. It can also create times for
teachers to observe each other and give feedback.
4. How does the school support and sustain a culture of excellence among
teachers and other staff?
The school can support excellence by offering training and
celebrating teachers’ successes. Leaders can also provide feedback and
set a clear path for teachers to grow professionally.

Reflection

Complete the following:

1. I realized that
Collaboration among teachers is essential for creating a positive
learning environment. Working together helps improve teaching methods
and supports student success.
2. I believe that
Teachers can learn a lot from each other by sharing ideas and
experiences. Professional collaboration makes teaching more effective
and enjoyable.
3. I feel that
A supportive school culture motivates teachers to do their best.
Schools need to provide time and resources for teachers to grow together.
4. When I become a teacher, I will
work with my colleagues to create engaging lessons that meet all
students' needs. I will also strive to make my classroom welcoming and
inclusive for every student.
 87

LESSON 5 Utilizing Teaching and Learning Resources and ICT

Observation

A. Identify different teaching and learning resources available in the school.

Categories Examples

Print Textbooks, workbooks, handouts, posters

Audiovisual Materials Educational videos, documentaries,

slideshows

Assessment Tools Standardized tests, quizzes, rubrics,

feedback forms

Learning Objects Interactive simulations, digital lessons

Visual Materials Charts, diagrams

Audio Materials N/A

ICT-based Materials E-learning platforms, educational software,

apps, online resources
 88

B. Check whether the school has the following learning resources:

Library

Basic Science Laboratories

Internet Facilities N/A

ICT Laboratory N/A

Technology and Livelihood Education N/A

Laboratory

Audiovisual Room N/A

Gymnasium

Clinic

Guidance Office

Speech Laboratory

Auditorium N/A

Faculty Room

C. Observe the classroom environment.

Criteria for Observe Not Observation/Comments

Observation d Observe
d

1. Classrooms Positive atmosphere; encourages

are participation.
conducive
for learning.

2. Classrooms Well-lit and adequately ventilated spaces.

have
enough
lighting and
ventilation.
 89

3. Classrooms Safe environment with no visible hazards.

are free of
any hazard.

4. Classrooms Some classrooms were overcrowded,

are not affecting comfort.
crowded.

5. Classrooms Maintained cleanliness; promotes hygiene.

are clean.

D. Analyze the lesson plans of the cooperating teachers. Examine how

technology is used to support the implementation of particular learning
outcomes. Provide an example.

Learning Outcomes Topics Instructional Materials

Needed

Understand basic Algebraic Expressions PowerPoint presentations

algebraic with visual aids and
expressions. examples

Solve problems Ratios and Proportions PowerPoint presentations

involving ratios and with interactive scenarios
proportions.

Identify and classify Geometry PowerPoint presentations

geometric shapes. with diagrams and definitions

Apply the concept of Integers PowerPoint presentations

integers in real-life with real-life examples and
situations. practice problems
 90

E. Observe how technology is used to enhance teaching and learning

process.

Learning Outcomes Instructional Observation

Materials Used

Understand basic algebraic PowerPoint Engaging slides helped clarify

expressions. presentations with concepts; students participated
visual aids and actively.
examples

Solve problems involving PowerPoint Students were able to visualize

ratios and proportions. presentations with and apply concepts effectively.
interactive
scenarios

Identify and classify PowerPoint Clear visual representations

geometric shapes. presentations with facilitated better understanding of
diagrams and shapes.
definitions

Apply the concept of PowerPoint Relatable examples made the

integers in real-life presentations with topic more accessible and
situations. real-life examples interesting.
and practice
problems
 91

Processing

Read carefully and answer the following questions.

1. Are there enough teaching and learning resources available in school?

Yes, the school has many teaching and learning resources, such as
books and videos. However, some subjects might need more specific
materials.
2. How are these teaching and learning resources utilized in teaching and
learning?
Teachers use resources like PowerPoint presentations to explain
topics clearly. They also use online tools for quizzes and group projects to
keep students engaged.
3. How do these teaching and learning resources help attain learning
outcomes?
These resources help students understand lessons better by
showing information in different ways. They also allow students to practice
skills and apply what they learn.
4. How do these teaching and learning resources improve the quality of
students learning?
Resources make learning more fun and interactive, which keeps
students interested. They also help students learn at their own pace and
get quick feedback.
5. What teaching and learning resources are lacking in the school?
The school may need more computers or tablets for students to
use. There could also be a need for more hands-on materials for subjects
like science and art.

Reflection

Complete the following:

1. I realized that
 92

having the right resources is very important for good teaching.

When students have interesting materials, they understand lessons better
and enjoy learning more.
2. I believe that
using different teaching tools helps all kinds of learners. It’s
important to mix traditional methods with new technology to help everyone
succeed.
3. I feel that
technology is key to making learning more enjoyable. It allows for
fun lessons that keep students interested and involved.
4. When I become a teacher, I will
make sure to use a variety of teaching resources in my classroom. I
want to create a fun and welcoming space where every student can learn
and feel included.