BIOSTATISTICS PRACTICALS

KEY ANSWERS

1. Frequency distribution
1. Below data shows blood group of 30 MBBS students in a class at CIMS.
Construct suitable frequency distribution table.
Blood group : O, A, A, B, AB, A, B, O, O, AB, O, A, A, B, B, AB, A,
B, A, O, O, B, O, B, A, A, B, A, B, O.

Solution : Discrete frequency distribution

Table 1: Frequency distribution of Blood group
Blood group Tally mark Frequency Relative Cumulative
frequency frequency
O ;::: 8 0.27 8
A ;; 10 0.33 18
B ;:::: 9 0.3 27
AB ::: 3 0.1 30

2. Below data shows Pulse rate of 30 MBBS students in a class at CIMS. Con-
struct suitable frequency distribution table.

Pulse rate : 62, 74, 75, 68, 82, 85, 69, 79, 78, 84, 90, 64, 88, 94, 100, 73, 76, 81,
91, 66, 69, 91, 97, 67, 70, 79, 83, 92, 80, 72.

Solution: Continuous frequency distribution

Minimum: 62 Maximum: 100

Range=Maximum-Minimum=100-62=38

Range 38
Class interval = = = 3.8 ≈ 4
width 10

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 Table 2: Frequency distribution of Pulse rate.
Pulse rate Tally mark Frequency Relative Cumulative
per minute frequency frequency
61 – 70 ;::: 8 0.27 8
71 – 80 ;:::: 9 0.3 17
81 – 90 ;:: 7 0.23 24
91 – 100 ;: 6 0.2 30

3. Below data shows Height (cm) of 30 MBBS students in a class at CIMS. Construct suitable
frequency distribution table.
Height in cm : 153, 155.5, 148.5, 165.9, 170.5, 163.2, 178.4, 180.1, 181.5, 159.7, 156.2, 169.7,
186.4, 176.4, 164.3, 191.1, 186.2, 172.1, 176.3, 168.9, 183.5, 179.6, 190.5, 188.4, 187.4, 175.3,
166.8, 176.5, 184.5, 189.1.

Solution: Continuous frequency distribution

Minimum: 148.5 Maximum: 191.1

Range=Maximum-Minimum=192-149=43

Range 43
Class interval = = = 4.3 ≈ 5
width 10

Table 3: Frequency distribution of Height.

Height in cm Tally mark Frequency Relative Cumulative
frequency frequency
145 – 155 :: 2 0.07 2
155 – 165 ::: 3 0.1 5
165 – 175 ;::: 8 0.27 13
175 – 185 ;;: 11 0.37 24
185 – 195 ;: 6 0.2 30

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 2. Charts and Graphs
1. Distribution of leprosy patients according to blood group in a hospital is given below,
draw suitable diagram.
Blood group No. of Leprosy patients
A 26
B 20
AB 16
O 58
Total 120

Solution: Simple bar chart.

2. Distribution of leprosy patients by type and their blood group in a hospital is given
below, draw suitable diagram.
Blood group Lepromatous Leprosy Nonlepromatous leprosy
A 06 20
B 08 12
AB 07 09
O 22 36
Total 43 77

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 Solution: Multiple bar chart.

3. The following table shows the number of admissions in a teaching hospital during
2001 - 2005 according to specialities, draw (i) Component bar diagram and (ii) Per-
centage bar diagram.
Year Medical Pediatrics Surgical Obs & Gyne ENT Others
2001 180 60 50 65 40 80
2002 200 65 40 75 25 50
2003 170 80 45 70 40 90
2004 250 40 60 40 30 70
2005 150 70 40 65 40 150

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Solution: (i) Component bar diagram.

(ii) Percentage bar diagram.

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4. The following table shows Causes of Neonatal Deaths in India, draw pie chart.

Cause Deaths (%)

Preterm 35
Sepsis 15
Birth asphyxia 20
Pneumonia 16
Diarrhea 2
Malformations 9
Others 3

Solution: Pie chart

Cause Deaths (%) Degree = (Death X 360)/100
Preterm 35 126
Sepsis 15 54
Birth asphyxia 20 72
Pneumonia 16 58
Diarrhea 2 7
Malformations 9 32
Others 3 11

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5. Following data shows HIV prevelance among pregnant women aged 15-24 (%), draw
line chart.

Year HIV Prevelance( %)

2004 0.86
2005 0.89
2006 0.57
2007 0.49
2008 0.48
2010-11 0.39
2012-13 0.32

Solution:Line chart

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6. Below data showing height of students in a class. Draw (i) Histogram (ii) Frequency
polygon (iii) Frequency curve (iv) Ogive (Cumulative frequency curve)

Height in cm Frequency
160 – 170 4
170 – 180 5
180 – 190 12
190 – 200 14
200 – 210 72
210 – 220 38
220– 230 18
230 – 240 19
240 – 250 13
250 – 260 5

Solution:
1. Histogram

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2. Frequency polygon

3. Frequency curve

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4. Ogive or cumulative frequency curve

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 3. Measures of Central Tendency
1. The systolic blood pressure in mm Hg of Ten students are as follows: 116, 118,
122,120, 120, 124, 122, 116, 118. Compute Mean, Median and Mode.

Solution:1. Given n=9

n
P
xi
i=1 1076
Mean = x̄ = =
= 119.5 mmHg
n 9
Arranged data: 116, 116, 118, 118, 120, 120, 122, 122, 124
n + 1 th
 
Median(M) = item in the arranged series
2
 th
10
= item in the arranged series
2
= 5th item = 120 mmHg

Mode = There are four modes in the given data set, so mode is ill-defined.

2. In a hospital ward, the following are the number of days of stay of patients: 13, 42,
9, 9, 7, 3, 6, 52, 8, 2, 11, 11, 10, 9. Find average (Mean, Median and Mode) no. of
days of stay in hospital.
Solution: n
P
xi
i=1 192
Mean = x̄ = = = 13.7 days
n 14
Given n=14
Arranged data: 2,3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 9, 9, 10, 11, 11, 13, 42, 52

( n2 )th item + ( n2 + 1)th item

Median =
2
( 2 ) item + ( 14
14 th
2
+ 1)th item
=
2
(7) item + (8)th item
th
=
2
9+9
= = 9 days
2
Mode = Most frequently occurred value = 9 days.

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3. The following table shows the frequency distribution of students in a hostel according
to the number of illness suffered in a year, find average (Mean, Median and Mode)
number of illness sufferd in a year by students.

No. of illnesses No. of students

0 24
1 76
2 114
3 115
4 86
5 51
6 26
7 18

Solution:
No. of illnesses(x) No. of students(f) xf
0 24 0
1 76 76
2 114 228
3 115 345
4 86 344
5 51 255
6 26 156
7 18 126
P P
Total f = 510 xf = 1530
n
P
xi f i n
i=1
X
Mean = x̄ = , where N = fi
N i=1
1530
= =3
510

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 No. of illnesses(x) No. of students(f) Cumulative frequency(cf)
0 24 24
1 76 100
2 114 214
3 115 329
4 86 415
5 51 466
6 26 492
7 18 510
P
Total f = 510
Median= value corresponding to just above ( N2 )th value in the cumulative frequency.
that is,
N 510
= = 255
2 2

so, Median = 3
Mode = Value corresponding to highest frequency = 3.

4. Below data is Height of 30 MBBS students in a class at CIMS. Find mean height of
students.
Height in cm Frequency
145 – 155 2
155 – 165 3
165 – 175 8
175 – 185 11
185 – 195 6

Solution:
Height in cm mid-value(x) Frequency(f) fx
145 – 155 150 2 300
155 – 165 160 3 480
165 – 175 170 8 1360
175 – 185 180 11 1980
185 – 195 190 6 1140
Total 30 5260
13
 n
P
xi f i n
i=1
X
Mean = x̄ = , where N = fi
N i=1
5260
= = 175 cm.
30

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 4. Measures of dispersion
1. The systolic blood pressure in mm Hg of Ten students are as follows: 116, 118,
122,120, 120, 124, 122, 116, 118. compute (i) Range, (ii) Mean devition, (iii) Standard
deviation, (iv) variance, (v) Coefficient of Variation and (vi )Standard Error
Solution:
(i) Range:
Given Maximum= 124 and Minimum= 116

Range = M ax − M in = 124 − 116 = 8 mmHg

(ii )Mean Deviation from mean (MD(x̄)):

n
P
xi
i=1 1076
Mean = x̄ = = = 119.5 mmHg
n 9

n
|xi − x̄|
P
i=1
M D(x̄) =
n

xi |xi − x̄|
116 3.5
118 1.5
122 2.5
120 0.5
120 0.5
124 4.5
122 2.5
116 3.5
118 1.5
|xi − x̄|= 20.5
P

20.5
M D(x̄) = = 2.3 mmHg
9

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 (iii) Mean Deviation from median (MD(M )):
Arranged data: 116, 116, 118, 118, 120, 120, 122, 122, 124

n + 1 th
 
Median(M) = item in the arranged series
2
 th
10
= item in the arranged series
2
= 5th item = 120 mmHg

n
|xi − M |
P
i=1
M D(M ) =
n

xi |xi − M |
116 4
118 2
122 2
120 0
120 0
124 4
122 2
116 4
118 2
|xi − M |= 20
P

20
M D(M ) = = 2.2 mmHg
9

(iv) Standard Deviation:

x̄ = 119.5 mmHg

v
n
1 X
u
u
SD(σ) = t (xi − x̄)2
n − 1 i=1
16
 xi (xi − x̄)2
116 12.25
118 2.25
122 6.25
120 0.25
120 0.25
124 20.25
122 6.25
116 12.25
118 2.25
(xi − x̄)2 = 62.25
P

q
1
σ = 9−1
X 62.25
√
= 7.78
= 2.78 mmHg

(v) Variance:
Variance = SD2 =σ 2 = 7.78 mmHg

(vi) Coefficient of variation:

σ
CV = x̄
X 100
2.79
= 119.5
X 100
= 2.33 %

(Vii) Standard error:

σ 2.79
SE = √ = √ = 0.93 mmHg
n 9

2. The following table shows the frequency distribution of students in a hostel according
to the number of illness suffered in a year, compute (i) Mean deviation, (ii) Standard
deviation, (iii) variance, (iv) Coefficient of Variation and (v)Standard Error

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 No. of illnesses No. of students
0 24
1 76
2 114
3 115
4 86
5 51
6 26
7 18

Solution:

(i )Mean Deviation from mean (MD(x̄)):

No. of illnesses(x) No. of students(f ) fx |xi − x̄| fi |xi − x̄|

0 24 0 3 72
1 76 76 2 152
2 114 228 1 114
3 115 345 0 0
4 86 344 1 86
5 51 255 2 102
6 26 156 3 78
7 18 126 4 72
n
fi |xi − x̄| = 676
P P P
Total N= f = 510 f x= 1530
i=1

n
P
f i xi
i=1 1530
Mean = x̄ = = = 3 mmHg
N 510
n
P
Where N = fi
i=1
n
fi |xi − x̄|
P
i=1
M D(x̄) =
N
676
= = 1.33 mmHg
510

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 (ii)Mean Deviation from median (MD(M)):

No. of illnesses(x) No. of students(f) Cumulative frequency(cf)

0 24 24
1 76 100
2 114 214
3 115 329
4 86 415
5 51 466
6 26 492
7 18 510
P
Total f = 510

Median= value corresponding to just above ( N2 )th value in the cumulative fre-
quency.
that is,

N 510
= = 255
2 2

so, Median = 3

n
fi |xi − M |
P
i=1
M D(M ) =
N
676
= = 1.33.
510

(iii) Standard Deviation (σ):

v
n
1 X
u
u
SD(σ) = t fi (xi − x̄)2
N − 1 i=1
19
 No. of illnesses(x) No. of students(f) (xi − x̄)2 fi (xi − x̄)2
0 24 9 216
1 76 4 304
2 114 1 114
3 115 0 0
4 86 1 86
5 51 4 204
6 26 9 234
7 18 16 288
P
Total f = 510 1446

√
s
1
SD(σ) = X1446 = 2.54 = 1.68
(510 − 1)

(iv) Variance:

V ariance = σ 2 = 2.54

(v) Coefficient of variation:

σ
CV = X 100
x̄
1.68
= X 100
3
= 56 %

(Vi) Standard error:

σ 1.68
SE = √ = √ = 0.074
N 510

3. Below data is Height of 30 MBBS students in a class at CIMS. Compute (i) Mean
deviation from mean (ii) Standard deviation (iii) variance (iv) Coefficient of Variation
and (v)Standard Error
20
Height in cm Frequency
145 – 155 2
155 – 165 3
165 – 175 8
175 – 185 11
185 – 195 6

Solution:
Height in cm mid-value(x) f fx fi |xi − x̄| fi (xi − x̄)2
145 – 155 150 2 300 50 1250
155 – 165 160 3 480 45 675
165 – 175 170 8 1360 40 200
175 – 185 180 11 1980 55 275
185 – 195 190 6 1140 90 1350
fi |xi − x̄|=280 fi (xi − x̄)2 =3750
P P P
Total N=30 f x = 5260

n
P
xi f i n
i=1
X
Mean = x̄ = , where N = fi
N i=1
5260
= = 175 cm.
30

(i )Mean Deviation from mean (MD(x̄)):

n
fi |xi − x̄|
P
i=1
M D(x̄) =
N
280
= = 9.33 cm
30

(ii) Standard Deviation (σ):

√
s
1
SD(σ) = X3750 = 129.31 = 11.37 cm
(30 − 1)
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 (iii) Variance:

V ariance = σ 2 = 129.31 cm

(iv) Coefficient of variation:

σ
CV = X 100
x̄
11.37
= X 100
175
= 6.5 %
(V) Standard error:
σ 11.37
SE = √ = √ = 2.08 cm
N 30

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 5. Normal distribution
1. The mean height of 500 students is 160 cm and the SD is 5 cm.
i. What are the chances of heights above 175 cm being normal if height follows
normal distribution?
ii. What percentage of boys will have height above 168 cm.
iii. What number of boys will have height between 168 cm and 175 cm.
Solution:
Given n = 500, x̄ = 160 cm and SD(σ) = 5 cm
We know that, X follows normal distribution and

x − x̄
Z=
σ
175−160
(i). P (X > 175) = P (Z > 5
)
= P (Z > 3) = 0.0013

Thus, only 0.0013 X 100=0.13 percent of Students have chance of being taller than
175 cm.
168−160
(ii). P (X > 168) = P (Z > 5
)
= P (Z > 1.6) = 0.0548

Thus, the percentage of boys having height above 168 cm will be 0.0548 X 100 =
5.48 % .
(iii). P (168 < X < 175) = P (X < 175) − P (X < 168)
= [1 − P (X > 175)] − [1 − P (X > 168)]
= P (x > 168) − P (x > 175)
= 0.0548 − 0.0013 = 0.0535

Thus, only 0.0535 X 100= 5.35 percent of students will have height within the
range of 168 cm and 175 cm.

2. The number of calories in a salad on the lunch menu is normally distributed with
mean x̄ = 200 and standard deviation σ = 5. Find the probability that the salad you
select will contain:
(a) More than 208 calories. (b) Between 190 and 200 calorie.

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 Solution:
Given x̄ = 200 and σ = 5.

208−200
(a). P (X > 208) = P (Z > 5
)
= P (Z > 1.6) = 0.0548

Thus, probablity that selected salad contains morethan 208 calories is 0.0548 or
0.0548 X 100= 5.48 %

(b). P (190 < X < 200) = P (X < 200) − P (X < 190)

= [1 − P (X > 200)] − [1 − P (X > 190)]
= P (x > 190) − P (x > 200)
= P (z > −2) − P (z > 0)
= P (z < 2) − 0.5
= 0.5 + P (0 < z < 2) − 0.5
= 0.4772

Thus, probablity that selected salad contains calories between 190 and 200 is 0.4772
or 0.4772 X 100= 47.72 %

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 6. Chi-square (χ2) distribution
1. Attack rate among the vaccinated and unvaccinated against measles are given below.
Prove the protective value of vaccination by χ2 test. Test at 1% level of significnace.
(Table value at α = 0.01 is 6.64)

Attacked Not attacked total

Vaccinated 10 90 100
Unvaccinated 26 74 100
Total 36 164 200

Solution:
H0 : There is no association between Attack rate and Vaccination.

H1 : There ia an association between Attack rate and Vaccination.

Attacked Not attacked total

Vaccinated 10 90 100
100X36 100X164
E1 = 200
= 18 E2 = 200
= 82
Unvaccinated 26 74 100
100X36 100X164
E3 = 200
= 18 E4 = 200
= 82
Total 36 164 200

Test statistic to test H0 is given by

2
X (Oi − Ei )2
χ =
Ei
And, E1 = 18, E2 = 82, E3 = 18 and E4 = 82
Therefore,

(10 − 18)2 (90 − 82)2 (26 − 18)2 (74 − 82)2

χ2 = + + +
18 82 18 82
χ2 = 8.670

Table value, χ21 at 1% level of significance is 6.64.

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 Since calculated value of χ2 is greater than the table value (χ2 = 8.670 > χ21 =
6.64), we reject H0 .

Conclusion: There is an association between vaccination and attack rate.

2. Determine if there is any association between whooping cough and tonsillectomy

when in a random sample of 100 children of a school, 25 had history of tonsillectomy
and 60 of whooping cough and 10 had both while 25 had none. Test at 5% level of
significnace. (Table value at α = 0.05 is 3.841)

Solution:

Group Whooping cough No whooping cough total

Tonsillectomy 10 15 25
No Tonsillectomy 50 25 75
Total 60 40 100

H0 : There is no association between Whooping cough and Tonsillectomy.

H1 : There is an association between Whooping cough and Tonsillectomy.

Group Whooping cough No whooping cough total

Tonsillectomy 10 15 25
25X60 25X40
E1 = 100
= 15 E2 = 100
= 10
No Tonsillectomy 50 25 75
75X60 75X40
E3 = 100
= 45 E4 = 100
= 30
Total 60 40 100

Test statistic to test H0 is given by

(Oi − Ei )2
χ2 =
X
Ei
And, E1 = 15, E2 = 10, E3 = 45 and E4 = 30
Therefore,

(10 − 15)2 (15 − 10)2 (50 − 45)2 (25 − 30)2

χ2 = + + +
15 10 45 30
26
 χ2 = 5.55

Table value, χ21 at 5% level of significance is 3.841.

Since calculated value of χ2 is greater than the table value (χ2 = 5.55 > χ21 =
3.841), we reject H0 .

Conclusion: There is an association between Whooping cough and Tonsillectomy.

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